ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
Practice 446 original ATI TEAS 7 Science recall and mini-scenario cards across A&P, biology, chemistry, and scientific reasoning.
Kuhusu fungu hili
Build the core Science knowledge and reasoning used for ATI TEAS 7 with 446 independently authored flashcards.
What this deck practices
- Structure or concept → function: body systems, cells, molecules, atoms, solutions, and experimental parts.
- Function, outcome, or evidence → concept: selective reverse recall when recognizing the name matters in practice.
- Cause or condition → effect: physiology, chemical changes, reaction conditions, inheritance, and experimental predictions.
- Process and order: circulation, ventilation, digestion, urine formation, gene expression, cell division, and scientific investigations.
- Application: short calculations, comparisons, data interpretations, and original mini-scenarios.
The deck does not mechanically reverse every fact. It excludes multiple-choice distractors, exhaustive anatomy lists, obscure chemical nomenclature, advanced pathophysiology, pharmacology, and nursing-school procedures because those mappings do not improve entry-level TEAS Science recall.
The sequence introduces prerequisites before dependent ideas: anatomical language before body systems, cells before genetics, atoms before reactions, and measurement before experimental design. Related forward and reverse variants are separated so one card does not immediately reveal another.
Coverage follows the four Science areas and relative emphasis in ATI's public ATI TEAS 7 content outline: Human Anatomy and Physiology, Biology, Chemistry, and Scientific Reasoning. The public outline defines scope only. Questions, answers, explanations, examples, and ordering were independently authored from common scientific knowledge checked against open educational and official public sources.
No exam question, mark scheme, paid ATI flashcard, test-bank item, or curriculum text was copied. This is an independent, unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. ATI and TEAS are marks of Assessment Technologies Institute, L.L.C.; this deck is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or produced by ATI. See ATI's official exam details for current requirements.
Kadi za fungu hili
Kadi namba 1
Swali
What posture defines the standard anatomical position?
Jibu
Standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms forward. The feet point forward, giving anatomy a consistent reference position.
Kadi namba 2
Swali
In anatomical language, what does superior mean?
Jibu
Toward the head or above another structure. Inferior means toward the feet or below.
Kadi namba 3
Swali
Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right portions?
Jibu
The sagittal plane. A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.
Kadi namba 4
Swali
Why does the body use feedback mechanisms?
Jibu
To regulate internal conditions. Feedback compares a condition with a set range and triggers responses that adjust it.
Kadi namba 5
Swali
What is the order of structural organization from simplest to most complex?
Jibu
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. Each level builds on interactions at the preceding level.
Kadi namba 6
Swali
What does anterior mean in human anatomy?
Jibu
Toward the front of the body. Posterior means toward the back.
Kadi namba 7
Swali
Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions?
Jibu
The transverse plane. It is also called the horizontal plane.
Kadi namba 8
Swali
What is homeostasis?
Jibu
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. It is dynamic rather than perfectly unchanging.
Kadi namba 9
Swali
Which major body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?
Jibu
The dorsal body cavity. Its cranial cavity holds the brain, and its vertebral cavity holds the spinal cord.
Kadi namba 10
Swali
What does medial mean in anatomical language?
Jibu
Toward the body's midline. Lateral means farther from the midline.
Kadi namba 11
Swali
A rise in body temperature triggers sweating. What control pattern is this?
Jibu
Negative feedback. The response opposes the original temperature change and moves the body toward its normal range.
Kadi namba 12
Swali
Which anatomical plane divides the body into front and back portions?
Jibu
The frontal, or coronal, plane. It separates anterior from posterior portions.
Kadi namba 13
Swali
Which major body cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Jibu
The ventral body cavity. The diaphragm separates its thoracic and abdominopelvic portions.
Kadi namba 14
Swali
What does proximal mean when describing a limb?
Jibu
Closer to the limb's point of attachment. Distal means farther from that point.
Kadi namba 15
Swali
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
Jibu
Positive feedback amplifies the initial change. Negative feedback opposes a change; positive feedback continues until a stopping event occurs.
Kadi namba 16
Swali
Which tissue type covers surfaces and lines body cavities?
Jibu
Epithelial tissue. It also forms many glands and often serves protective, absorptive, or secretory roles.
Kadi namba 17
Swali
Which tissue type mainly supports, binds, and protects other tissues?
Jibu
Connective tissue. Its cells are typically separated by an extracellular matrix.
Kadi namba 18
Swali
What shared property lets muscle tissue produce movement?
Jibu
Contractility. Muscle cells shorten or develop tension in response to stimulation.
Kadi namba 19
Swali
Which tissue type rapidly communicates by electrical signals?
Jibu
Nervous tissue. Neurons transmit signals, while supporting cells help maintain their environment.
Kadi namba 20
Swali
Why are tightly packed epithelial cells well suited for barriers?
Jibu
They leave little space between cells. This continuous arrangement limits passage across a surface.
Kadi namba 21
Swali
What distinguishes connective tissue from epithelial tissue?
Jibu
Connective tissue usually has abundant extracellular matrix. Epithelial cells are more tightly packed.
Kadi namba 22
Swali
What are the four basic human tissue types?
Jibu
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Organs contain two or more tissue types working together.
Kadi namba 23
Swali
What makes a structure an organ rather than a tissue?
Jibu
An organ combines multiple tissue types for a specific function. A tissue is a group of similar cells and matrix performing related work.
Kadi namba 24
Swali
What are the skeletal system's main functions?
Jibu
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood-cell production, and fat storage. Bones also provide levers for muscles.
Kadi namba 25
Swali
What belongs to the axial skeleton?
Jibu
The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. These structures form the body's central axis.
Kadi namba 26
Swali
How do compact and spongy bone differ?
Jibu
Compact bone is dense; spongy bone has a lattice of trabeculae. Both are organized living bone tissue.
Kadi namba 27
Swali
What is a joint?
Jibu
A place where two or more bones meet. Joint structure determines how much movement is possible.
Kadi namba 28
Swali
Which bone cell builds new bone matrix?
Jibu
An osteoblast. Osteoclasts break down bone, while osteocytes maintain mature bone tissue.
Kadi namba 29
Swali
What belongs to the appendicular skeleton?
Jibu
The limbs plus the shoulder and pelvic girdles. It attaches the limbs to the axial skeleton.
Kadi namba 30
Swali
What is the main role of red bone marrow?
Jibu
Blood-cell production. This process is called hematopoiesis.
Kadi namba 31
Swali
Which joint class allows the greatest range of motion?
Jibu
A synovial joint. A fluid-filled joint cavity reduces friction between articulating surfaces.
Kadi namba 32
Swali
Which bone cell breaks down bone matrix?
Jibu
An osteoclast. Bone resorption helps remodeling and mineral balance.
Kadi namba 33
Swali
What does a ligament connect?
Jibu
Bone to bone. A tendon connects muscle to bone.
Kadi namba 34
Swali
What is the shaft of a long bone called?
Jibu
The diaphysis. The enlarged ends are the epiphyses.
Kadi namba 35
Swali
Why is bone important to blood-calcium balance?
Jibu
Bone stores calcium and can release or absorb it during remodeling. Hormones regulate this exchange.
Kadi namba 36
Swali
What is stored mainly in yellow bone marrow?
Jibu
Fat. It serves as an energy reserve.
Kadi namba 37
Swali
What does articular cartilage do at a synovial joint?
Jibu
It reduces friction and absorbs shock. It covers the ends of articulating bones.
Kadi namba 38
Swali
Why must a broken bone receive a blood supply during healing?
Jibu
Repairing cells need oxygen and nutrients. Restored blood vessels support fracture healing.
Kadi namba 39
Swali
What is bone remodeling?
Jibu
Continuous removal and replacement of bone tissue. It repairs microdamage and helps bones adapt to stress.
Kadi namba 40
Swali
Which muscle tissue is usually under voluntary control?
Jibu
Skeletal muscle. Most skeletal muscles move the skeleton, while some, such as facial muscles, insert into skin or other soft tissue.
Kadi namba 41
Swali
What is a sarcomere?
Jibu
The basic contractile unit of striated muscle. It lies between two Z discs.
Kadi namba 42
Swali
What does a tendon connect?
Jibu
Muscle to bone. It transmits muscle force to the skeleton.
Kadi namba 43
Swali
Which proteins slide past one another during muscle contraction?
Jibu
Actin and myosin. Their interaction shortens sarcomeres without shortening the filaments themselves.
Kadi namba 44
Swali
Where is smooth muscle commonly found?
Jibu
In the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels. Its contractions are generally involuntary.
Kadi namba 45
Swali
What ion exposes binding sites needed for skeletal muscle contraction?
Jibu
Calcium. Its release inside the muscle fiber allows actin and myosin interaction.
Kadi namba 46
Swali
How do antagonistic muscle pairs move a joint?
Jibu
One muscle contracts while the opposing muscle relaxes. Reversing their roles moves the joint in the opposite direction.
Kadi namba 47
Swali
Why does muscle contraction require ATP?
Jibu
ATP powers cross-bridge cycling and ion pumps. It is also needed for myosin to detach from actin.
Kadi namba 48
Swali
Which muscle tissue makes up the heart wall?
Jibu
Cardiac muscle. It is striated, involuntary, and connected for coordinated pumping.
Kadi namba 49
Swali
During a typical muscle contraction, which attachment moves more: origin or insertion?
Jibu
The insertion. The origin is generally the more fixed attachment.
Kadi namba 50
Swali
Which type of neuron sends the signal that initiates skeletal-muscle contraction?
Jibu
A somatic motor neuron. It releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, triggering an action potential in the muscle fiber.
Kadi namba 51
Swali
What is muscle tone?
Jibu
Continuous low-level muscle tension. It helps maintain posture and readiness without producing a large movement.
Kadi namba 52
Swali
How does skeletal muscle help regulate body temperature?
Jibu
Contraction releases heat. Shivering increases rapid contractions when the body is cold.
Kadi namba 53
Swali
What are the three muscle tissue types?
Jibu
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. They differ in location, structure, and control.
Kadi namba 54
Swali
What is a neuron's main function?
Jibu
To receive, process, and transmit information. Neurons use electrical signals and chemical messengers.
Kadi namba 55
Swali
What structures make up the central nervous system?
Jibu
The brain and spinal cord. They integrate information and coordinate responses.
Kadi namba 56
Swali
Which part of a neuron usually receives incoming signals?
Jibu
The dendrites. The cell body integrates much of that input.
Kadi namba 57
Swali
What does the peripheral nervous system include?
Jibu
Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. It links the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Kadi namba 58
Swali
Which neuron structure carries an impulse away from the cell body?
Jibu
The axon. Its terminals communicate with another cell.
Kadi namba 59
Swali
Which nervous-system division controls skeletal muscles voluntarily?
Jibu
The somatic nervous system. It also carries sensory information from skin, muscles, and joints.
Kadi namba 60
Swali
What is a synapse?
Jibu
A junction where one neuron communicates with another cell. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters across a small gap.
Kadi namba 61
Swali
Which nervous-system division regulates organs and glands without conscious control?
Jibu
The autonomic nervous system. It includes sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Kadi namba 62
Swali
How does myelin affect nerve signaling?
Jibu
It speeds impulse conduction along an axon. Myelin insulates segments of the axon.
Kadi namba 63
Swali
Which autonomic division prepares the body for acute activity?
Jibu
The sympathetic division. It generally increases alertness and supports a fight-or-flight response.
Kadi namba 64
Swali
What is a reflex?
Jibu
A rapid, predictable response to a stimulus. A reflex pathway can act before conscious awareness.
Kadi namba 65
Swali
Which autonomic division supports rest, digestion, and energy conservation?
Jibu
The parasympathetic division. It generally promotes routine maintenance functions.
Kadi namba 66
Swali
Which brain region is most associated with conscious thought and voluntary movement?
Jibu
The cerebrum. Its cortex also processes much sensory information.
Kadi namba 67
Swali
Which brain region fine-tunes balance and coordinated movement?
Jibu
The cerebellum. It compares intended movement with sensory feedback.
Kadi namba 68
Swali
Which brain region controls vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate?
Jibu
The brainstem. It also connects higher brain regions with the spinal cord.
Kadi namba 69
Swali
How do sensory and motor neurons differ?
Jibu
Sensory neurons carry information toward the CNS; motor neurons carry commands away. Interneurons connect and process signals within the CNS.
Kadi namba 70
Swali
What does a sensory receptor do?
Jibu
It converts a stimulus into a neural signal. Different receptors respond best to particular forms of energy or chemicals.
Kadi namba 71
Swali
What is a hormone?
Jibu
A chemical messenger released into body fluids to affect target cells. A target responds only if it has the appropriate receptor.
Kadi namba 72
Swali
Why is the pituitary gland often called a master gland?
Jibu
Several pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands. The hypothalamus controls much of pituitary activity.
Kadi namba 73
Swali
Why can one hormone affect some cells but not others?
Jibu
Only target cells have the matching receptor. Receptor binding starts the cell's response.
Kadi namba 74
Swali
Which gland produces hormones that broadly increase metabolic activity?
Jibu
The thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones influence energy use and development.
Kadi namba 75
Swali
What is insulin's main effect on blood glucose?
Jibu
It lowers blood glucose. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage after a meal.
Kadi namba 76
Swali
Which glands release a hormone that raises blood calcium?
Jibu
The parathyroid glands. Parathyroid hormone acts on bone, kidneys, and vitamin D pathways.
Kadi namba 77
Swali
Which adrenal region releases epinephrine during acute stress?
Jibu
The adrenal medulla. Its hormones reinforce sympathetic nervous-system effects.
Kadi namba 78
Swali
Which organ has both endocrine and digestive functions?
Jibu
The pancreas. Its islets release hormones, while other cells release digestive enzymes.
Kadi namba 79
Swali
What is glucagon's main effect on blood glucose?
Jibu
It raises blood glucose. It promotes release of stored glucose during fasting.
Kadi namba 80
Swali
Rising thyroid hormone reduces its own upstream stimulation. What pattern is this?
Jibu
Negative feedback. The final hormone limits further release along the control pathway.
Kadi namba 81
Swali
Which adrenal region produces steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone?
Jibu
The adrenal cortex. It surrounds the adrenal medulla.
Kadi namba 82
Swali
Which gland releases melatonin and helps regulate daily sleep timing?
Jibu
The pineal gland. Light information influences its secretion pattern.
Kadi namba 83
Swali
Which hormone directly increases collecting-duct water permeability?
Jibu
Antidiuretic hormone, or ADH. It makes collecting ducts more permeable to water, increasing water reabsorption and usually producing less, more concentrated urine.
Kadi namba 84
Swali
Which hormone strengthens uterine contractions during labor?
Jibu
Oxytocin. This is a classic positive-feedback pathway that ends after delivery.
Kadi namba 85
Swali
How does endocrine signaling generally differ from nervous signaling?
Jibu
It is usually slower to start and longer lasting. Hormones travel through body fluids, while neurons signal specific targets rapidly.
Kadi namba 86
Swali
What is plasma?
Jibu
The liquid portion of blood. It carries cells, nutrients, hormones, proteins, wastes, and dissolved gases.
Kadi namba 87
Swali
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
Jibu
The right side. The right ventricle sends deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary trunk and arteries.
Kadi namba 88
Swali
What is the main function of red blood cells?
Jibu
Transporting oxygen. Their hemoglobin also carries a smaller share of carbon dioxide.
Kadi namba 89
Swali
What defines an artery?
Jibu
It carries blood away from the heart. Oxygen content does not define it; pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood.
Kadi namba 90
Swali
What is the main function of white blood cells?
Jibu
Body defense. Different white blood cells recognize, attack, or coordinate responses to threats.
Kadi namba 91
Swali
Which side of the heart pumps blood into systemic circulation?
Jibu
The left side. The left ventricle sends oxygenated blood into the aorta.
Kadi namba 92
Swali
What is the main purpose of heart valves?
Jibu
To keep blood moving in one direction. Pressure differences open and close them.
Kadi namba 93
Swali
What defines a vein?
Jibu
It carries blood toward the heart. Many veins contain valves that limit backflow.
Kadi namba 94
Swali
What is the main role of platelets?
Jibu
Helping stop bleeding. They form a platelet plug and support clotting reactions at a damaged vessel.
Kadi namba 95
Swali
Why are capillaries well suited for exchange?
Jibu
Their walls are only one cell layer thick. Their small diameter and large total surface area support diffusion and filtration.
Kadi namba 96
Swali
After blood enters the right atrium, what chamber receives it next?
Jibu
The right ventricle. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve before entering that chamber.
Kadi namba 97
Swali
What happens during ventricular systole?
Jibu
The ventricles contract and eject blood. The right ventricle pumps to the lungs, and the left pumps to the body.
Kadi namba 98
Swali
What is pulmonary circulation?
Jibu
Blood flow between the heart and lungs. It allows gas exchange and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
Kadi namba 99
Swali
What normally sets the heart's rhythm?
Jibu
The sinoatrial, or SA, node. Its spontaneous electrical activity initiates each heartbeat.
Kadi namba 100
Swali
What molecule in red blood cells binds oxygen?
Jibu
Hemoglobin. Its iron-containing heme groups bind oxygen reversibly.
Kadi namba 101
Swali
What happens during ventricular diastole?
Jibu
The ventricles relax and fill. Atrioventricular valves are open during most ventricular filling.
Kadi namba 102
Swali
What is systemic circulation?
Jibu
Blood flow between the heart and the body's tissues. It delivers oxygen and nutrients and returns wastes.
Kadi namba 103
Swali
What does arterial blood pressure measure?
Jibu
The force of blood against artery walls. It is commonly reported as systolic over diastolic pressure.
Kadi namba 104
Swali
What do coronary arteries supply?
Jibu
The heart muscle itself. Blocked coronary blood flow can deprive myocardium of oxygen.
Kadi namba 105
Swali
Which major vessels return systemic blood to the right atrium?
Jibu
The superior and inferior venae cavae. The superior vessel drains the upper body; the inferior drains the lower body.
Kadi namba 106
Swali
What is the respiratory system's primary gas-exchange function?
Jibu
Bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide. Ventilation moves air, while diffusion exchanges gases.
Kadi namba 107
Swali
What is the airflow sequence from the pharynx to the gas-exchange surfaces?
Jibu
Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. Each branch conducts air deeper into the lungs.
Kadi namba 108
Swali
Where does most gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Jibu
Across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Thin walls and a large surface area shorten diffusion distance.
Kadi namba 109
Swali
What does the diaphragm do during quiet inhalation?
Jibu
It contracts and moves downward. Thoracic volume rises, lung pressure falls, and air flows inward.
Kadi namba 110
Swali
Why does oxygen move from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries?
Jibu
Its partial pressure is higher in alveolar air than in incoming blood. Oxygen diffuses down that gradient.
Kadi namba 111
Swali
What drives quiet exhalation?
Jibu
Elastic recoil after inspiratory muscles relax. Thoracic volume falls and pressure pushes air outward.
Kadi namba 112
Swali
What is the pleura?
Jibu
A double membrane surrounding each lung. A thin fluid layer reduces friction during breathing.
Kadi namba 113
Swali
How is most oxygen transported in blood?
Jibu
Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Only a small amount dissolves directly in plasma.
Kadi namba 114
Swali
Why does carbon dioxide move from pulmonary blood into alveoli?
Jibu
Its partial pressure is higher in incoming blood than in alveolar air. It diffuses down that gradient for exhalation.
Kadi namba 115
Swali
What helps keep swallowed material out of the airway?
Jibu
The epiglottis and coordinated swallowing reflexes. The laryngeal opening is protected as food passes.
Kadi namba 116
Swali
How does the conducting airway remove trapped particles?
Jibu
Mucus traps them, and cilia move the mucus toward the throat. This is the mucociliary escalator.
Kadi namba 117
Swali
In what form is most carbon dioxide transported in blood?
Jibu
As bicarbonate ions. Red blood cells help convert carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate.
Kadi namba 118
Swali
Which blood change is a strong normal stimulus to increase breathing?
Jibu
A rise in carbon dioxide and the associated fall in pH. Brainstem centers adjust ventilation in response.
Kadi namba 119
Swali
Why must alveoli receive both air and blood?
Jibu
Gas exchange needs ventilation and perfusion. Air without blood flow, or blood without airflow, cannot exchange gases effectively.
Kadi namba 120
Swali
Why does ventilation increase during exercise?
Jibu
Active tissues use more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide. Faster, deeper breathing helps meet that demand.
Kadi namba 121
Swali
What are the digestive system's core functions?
Jibu
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Movement and secretion support those processes.
Kadi namba 122
Swali
What is the alimentary-canal sequence after the mouth?
Jibu
Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. Food passes through this continuous tube.
Kadi namba 123
Swali
What is mechanical digestion?
Jibu
Physical breakdown and mixing of food without changing its molecules. Chewing and stomach churning are examples.
Kadi namba 124
Swali
What are two major functions of the stomach?
Jibu
It stores and mixes food and begins substantial protein digestion. Acid denatures proteins, converts pepsinogen to pepsin, and provides the low pH pepsin needs.
Kadi namba 125
Swali
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
Jibu
The small intestine. Folds, villi, and microvilli create a large absorptive surface.
Kadi namba 126
Swali
Which nutrient does salivary amylase begin digesting in the mouth?
Jibu
Carbohydrates, especially starch. Salivary amylase breaks starch into smaller carbohydrates.
Kadi namba 127
Swali
What is chemical digestion?
Jibu
Enzymatic breakdown of large food molecules into absorbable units. Chemical bonds are changed during the process.
Kadi namba 128
Swali
What is peristalsis?
Jibu
Wave-like smooth-muscle contractions that move material forward. It occurs throughout much of the digestive tract.
Kadi namba 129
Swali
What is a main function of the large intestine?
Jibu
Absorbing water and electrolytes and forming feces. Resident microbes also process some undigested material.
Kadi namba 130
Swali
What digestive product does the liver make?
Jibu
Bile. Bile salts help disperse dietary fat into smaller droplets.
Kadi namba 131
Swali
What does a digestive sphincter do?
Jibu
It regulates movement between regions of the digestive tract. Circular muscle contracts to close a passage.
Kadi namba 132
Swali
What does the pancreas release into the small intestine?
Jibu
Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid. Bicarbonate helps neutralize acidic material from the stomach.
Kadi namba 133
Swali
How do intestinal villi improve absorption?
Jibu
They increase surface area. Each villus contains blood capillaries and a lymphatic lacteal for transported nutrients.
Kadi namba 134
Swali
What is the gallbladder's role?
Jibu
It stores and concentrates bile. It releases bile into the small intestine when fatty food arrives.
Kadi namba 135
Swali
Which macronutrient's absorbed products usually enter intestinal lacteals before reaching the blood?
Jibu
Most dietary lipids. Their absorbed products travel through lymph before entering the bloodstream.
Kadi namba 136
Swali
Which accessory organs help digestion without food passing through them?
Jibu
The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Teeth and the tongue act mechanically; the other accessory organs add or store digestive secretions.
Kadi namba 137
Swali
What organs make up the urinary system?
Jibu
The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Kidneys make urine; the remaining organs transport, store, and release it.
Kadi namba 138
Swali
What is a nephron?
Jibu
The kidney's functional unit. It filters blood and adjusts the filtrate to form urine.
Kadi namba 139
Swali
Where does blood filtration begin in a nephron?
Jibu
At the renal corpuscle. Pressure pushes water and small solutes from glomerular capillaries into the capsule.
Kadi namba 140
Swali
What moves urine from a kidney to the bladder?
Jibu
A ureter. Smooth-muscle contractions propel urine along the tube.
Kadi namba 141
Swali
What is the urinary bladder's main role?
Jibu
Temporary urine storage. Stretch receptors help trigger the urge to urinate as it fills.
Kadi namba 142
Swali
Which structure carries urine from the bladder out of the body?
Jibu
The urethra. It is distinct from the ureters that enter the bladder.
Kadi namba 143
Swali
What is tubular reabsorption?
Jibu
Movement of useful substances from nephron fluid back into blood. Water, glucose, and ions are common examples.
Kadi namba 144
Swali
What is the glomerulus?
Jibu
A capillary tuft that filters blood in the renal corpuscle. Cells and most large proteins normally remain in circulation.
Kadi namba 145
Swali
How does more ADH change urine?
Jibu
It makes urine more concentrated and lowers its volume. More water is reabsorbed from the collecting ducts.
Kadi namba 146
Swali
What path does filtrate follow after entering the glomerular capsule?
Jibu
Proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct. The collecting duct receives forming urine from multiple nephrons.
Kadi namba 147
Swali
What is tubular secretion?
Jibu
Movement of selected substances from blood into nephron fluid. It helps eliminate wastes and regulate ions and pH.
Kadi namba 148
Swali
Besides removing waste, what does the urinary system regulate?
Jibu
Water, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and blood volume. Kidney hormones also affect blood pressure and red-cell production.
Kadi namba 149
Swali
Why does dehydration usually reduce urine volume?
Jibu
The body conserves water by increasing renal reabsorption. ADH is an important signal in this response.
Kadi namba 150
Swali
Why do the kidneys receive a large blood flow?
Jibu
They must continuously filter plasma and regulate its composition. High flow supports waste removal and homeostasis.
Kadi namba 151
Swali
What is lymph?
Jibu
Interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels. It eventually returns to the bloodstream.
Kadi namba 152
Swali
What is innate immunity?
Jibu
Rapid, nonspecific defense present before a particular exposure. Barriers, inflammation, and several immune cells contribute.
Kadi namba 153
Swali
What is a major function of lymph nodes?
Jibu
Filtering lymph and providing sites for immune-cell activation. Swelling can reflect an active immune response.
Kadi namba 154
Swali
What does the spleen filter?
Jibu
Blood. It removes aged blood cells and supports immune responses to blood-borne antigens.
Kadi namba 155
Swali
What is a key function of B lymphocytes?
Jibu
Producing antibody-secreting cells and memory cells. Antibodies bind specific antigens.
Kadi namba 156
Swali
What distinguishes adaptive immunity?
Jibu
It targets specific antigens and develops memory. Later exposure can trigger a faster, stronger response.
Kadi namba 157
Swali
Which lymphatic organ is important for T-cell maturation?
Jibu
The thymus. It is most active early in life.
Kadi namba 158
Swali
What is the body's first physical barrier against many pathogens?
Jibu
Intact skin and mucous membranes. Their secretions and normal microbes add protection.
Kadi namba 159
Swali
What is a key function of T lymphocytes?
Jibu
Coordinating immune responses or killing infected cells. Different T-cell types perform different roles.
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What does an antibody bind?
Jibu
A specific antigen. Binding can neutralize a target or mark it for other immune defenses.
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What is the purpose of inflammation after tissue injury?
Jibu
To contain damage, recruit defenses, and begin repair. Redness, heat, swelling, and pain can accompany it.
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Why is a second adaptive response often faster than the first?
Jibu
Memory lymphocytes remain after the first exposure. They respond quickly when the same antigen appears again.
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What does a phagocyte do?
Jibu
It engulfs particles, microbes, or debris. Neutrophils and macrophages are important examples.
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How does vaccination support adaptive immunity?
Jibu
It safely exposes the immune system to antigen information. This promotes memory without requiring the full disease.
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Why is lymphatic fluid return important?
Jibu
It prevents excess interstitial fluid from accumulating. Lymphatic vessels return fluid and leaked proteins to blood.
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What structures belong to the integumentary system?
Jibu
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Together they form the body's outer covering.
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What is the epidermis?
Jibu
The outer epithelial layer of skin. It is avascular and contains protective keratinized cells.
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How does sweating cool the body?
Jibu
Evaporation removes heat from the skin. Skin blood-flow changes also help regulate heat loss.
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What is a major role of melanin in skin?
Jibu
Absorbing some ultraviolet radiation. It also contributes to skin and hair color.
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How does skin contribute to sensation?
Jibu
Sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. Nerves carry that information to the CNS.
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What is the dermis?
Jibu
The connective-tissue layer beneath the epidermis. It contains vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.
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How does skin support vitamin D production?
Jibu
Ultraviolet light starts conversion of a skin molecule into a vitamin D precursor. The liver and kidneys complete activation.
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Why does a deep skin wound bleed but a shallow epidermal scrape may not?
Jibu
Blood vessels are in the dermis, not the epidermis. A wound must reach vascular tissue to damage them.
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What is a gamete?
Jibu
A haploid reproductive cell. Human sperm and oocytes each carry 23 chromosomes.
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What are the testes' two main reproductive functions?
Jibu
Producing sperm and secreting testosterone. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules.
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What tube carries sperm from the epididymis toward the ejaculatory duct?
Jibu
The ductus, or vas, deferens. Smooth muscle propels sperm during ejaculation.
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What is ovulation?
Jibu
Release of a secondary oocyte from an ovary. A surge in luteinizing hormone helps trigger it.
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Where does fertilization usually occur?
Jibu
In a uterine tube. The early embryo then travels toward the uterus.
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What are the ovaries' two main reproductive functions?
Jibu
Producing oocytes and secreting sex hormones. Estrogen and progesterone help regulate the reproductive cycle.
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What is the uterus' main reproductive role?
Jibu
Supporting implantation and development of an embryo and fetus. Its muscular wall also contracts during birth.
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What causes menstruation when pregnancy does not occur?
Jibu
Falling ovarian hormones allow the uterine lining to shed. A new cycle then begins.
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How does a sperm cell's structure support its function?
Jibu
Its flagellum provides movement, and its head carries DNA plus enzymes used during fertilization. Mitochondria supply energy in the midpiece.
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What is the placenta's exchange role?
Jibu
It allows gases, nutrients, and wastes to move between maternal and fetal circulations. Their blood normally does not mix directly.
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Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction?
Jibu
It halves chromosome number in gametes. Fertilization then restores the diploid number.
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How do sex hormones regulate reproductive control pathways?
Jibu
They usually feed back on the hypothalamus and pituitary. This adjusts release of hormones that act on the gonads.
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What does cell theory state?
Jibu
Living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells come from existing cells. These ideas link organism structure with cell division.
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What is the defining structural feature of a prokaryotic cell?
Jibu
It lacks a membrane-bound nucleus. Its DNA occupies a nucleoid region.
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What is the cell membrane's main role?
Jibu
Regulating movement between the cell and its environment. Its phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable.
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What is the nucleus' main role?
Jibu
Storing most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA. Nuclear pores regulate exchange with the cytoplasm.
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Where are proteins assembled?
Jibu
At ribosomes. Ribosomes may float in cytosol or attach to rough endoplasmic reticulum.
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What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
Jibu
A eukaryotic cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.
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What is a mitochondrion's main function?
Jibu
Producing most cellular ATP through aerobic respiration. Its inner membrane provides a large reaction surface.
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What does rough endoplasmic reticulum mainly produce?
Jibu
Proteins for secretion, membranes, or organelles. Ribosomes on its surface make the proteins.
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Which organelle carries out photosynthesis in plants and algae?
Jibu
The chloroplast. It converts light energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules.
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What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Jibu
It modifies, sorts, and packages cell products. Vesicles carry those products to their destinations.
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What is a lysosome's role?
Jibu
Digesting worn cell parts and engulfed material. Its enzymes work best in an acidic interior.
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What are major functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Jibu
Lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage. Its membrane lacks attached ribosomes.
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What does the cytoskeleton provide?
Jibu
Cell shape, internal organization, movement, and transport tracks. It is built from protein filaments.
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What is diffusion?
Jibu
Net movement from higher to lower concentration. It is passive and continues until dynamic equilibrium is reached.
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What happens to an animal cell in a strongly hypotonic solution?
Jibu
Water enters and the cell swells. Without a cell wall, it may burst.
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What happens during interphase?
Jibu
The cell grows, performs normal functions, and copies its DNA. Interphase precedes mitotic division.
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What is the result of mitosis followed by cytokinesis?
Jibu
Two genetically similar daughter cells. Chromosome number is normally preserved.
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What is osmosis?
Jibu
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves toward the side with more nonpenetrating solute.
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What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?
Jibu
Water leaves and the cell shrinks. The external solution has a higher effective solute concentration.
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Why are cells generally small?
Jibu
A high surface-area-to-volume ratio supports efficient exchange. Volume grows faster than surface area as a cell enlarges.
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What is cytokinesis?
Jibu
Division of the cytoplasm. It separates one cell into two after nuclear division.
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How does active transport differ from passive transport?
Jibu
It uses energy to move substances against a gradient. Passive transport moves down a gradient without direct energy input.
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What happens to an animal cell in an isotonic solution?
Jibu
There is no net water movement. Water still crosses in both directions at equal rates.
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Which structures are typical of plant cells but not animal cells?
Jibu
A cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. Both cell types have membranes, nuclei, and mitochondria.
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How do cells contribute to a multicellular organism's organization?
Jibu
Specialized cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form systems. Division of labor supports complex functions.
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What is DNA's primary biological role?
Jibu
Storing hereditary information. Its nucleotide sequence contains instructions used to build functional RNA and proteins.
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What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
Jibu
A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides link to form each strand.
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Which bases pair in double-stranded DNA?
Jibu
Adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine. Hydrogen bonds hold complementary strands together.
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How does RNA differ from DNA?
Jibu
RNA usually has ribose, uses uracil instead of thymine, and is usually single-stranded. Several RNA types help express genes.
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What is a gene?
Jibu
A DNA sequence that contributes to a functional product. The product may be a protein or a functional RNA.
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What is a chromosome?
Jibu
A long DNA molecule packaged with proteins. It contains many genes and other sequences.
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What is DNA replication?
Jibu
Copying DNA before cell division. Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one newly made strand.
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What is the usual flow of information from a protein-coding gene?
Jibu
DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription makes RNA; translation builds the polypeptide.
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What happens during transcription?
Jibu
RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. For a protein-coding gene, that RNA functions as or is processed into messenger RNA.
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What does messenger RNA carry?
Jibu
A copy of coding information from DNA to a ribosome. Its codons specify the amino-acid sequence.
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What is a codon?
Jibu
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA. Most codons specify an amino acid; some signal start or stop.
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What is the usual role of the AUG codon?
Jibu
It starts translation and specifies methionine. The ribosome uses it to establish the reading frame.
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What happens during translation?
Jibu
A ribosome reads mRNA and joins amino acids into a polypeptide. Transfer RNAs match codons with amino acids.
kadi 446
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
Soma fungu hili bila malipoNibomo itafunguka ili uanze kusoma.
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What is transfer RNA's role in protein synthesis?
Jibu
It carries an amino acid and matches its anticodon to an mRNA codon. This places the correct amino acid in sequence.
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What is an anticodon?
Jibu
A three-base sequence on tRNA complementary to an mRNA codon. Pairing helps decode the message.
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What is a mutation?
Jibu
A change in a DNA sequence. Its effect may be harmful, neutral, or beneficial depending on location and context.
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Why can a one-base insertion in a coding sequence have a large effect?
Jibu
It can shift the reading frame. Every downstream codon may change until a stop signal appears.
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Why can changing one amino acid alter a protein's function?
Jibu
Amino-acid sequence helps determine folding and shape. Shape controls many protein interactions.
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What is ribosomal RNA's role in protein synthesis?
Jibu
It forms the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA helps align translation components and catalyzes peptide-bond formation.
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Why can different cell types contain the same DNA but perform different jobs?
Jibu
They express different sets of genes. Different proteins give cells different structures and functions.
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Which mutation can be passed to offspring?
Jibu
A mutation present in a gamete-forming lineage. A mutation limited to ordinary body cells is not inherited through reproduction.
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What is an allele?
Jibu
An alternative version of a gene. Diploid individuals usually carry two alleles for each autosomal gene.
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What is genotype?
Jibu
An organism's allele combination for a gene or set of genes. Genotype contributes to phenotype.
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What does homozygous mean?
Jibu
Having two identical alleles for a gene. Examples include AA and aa.
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What makes an allele dominant in a simple Mendelian trait?
Jibu
One copy is enough for its phenotype to appear in a heterozygote. Dominant does not mean common or beneficial.
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What does Mendel's law of segregation describe?
Jibu
The two alleles for a gene separate during gamete formation. Each gamete receives one allele.
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What is phenotype?
Jibu
An observable trait or characteristic. It can reflect genotype, environment, and their interaction.
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What does heterozygous mean?
Jibu
Having two different alleles for a gene. An example is Aa.
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When does a recessive phenotype usually appear in a simple autosomal trait?
Jibu
When both alleles are recessive. A heterozygote carries the allele without showing that phenotype.
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When does independent assortment apply most clearly?
Jibu
When genes are on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome. Their allele pairs enter gametes independently.
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What does a Punnett square predict?
Jibu
Expected offspring genotype probabilities from specified parental gametes. It does not guarantee outcomes in a small family.
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For Aa × Aa, what is the chance of an aa offspring?
Jibu
One fourth, or 25%. The genotype ratio is expected to be 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa.
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For Aa × Aa with complete dominance, what phenotypic ratio is expected?
Jibu
Three dominant-phenotype offspring to one recessive-phenotype offspring. This is a probability across many offspring.
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How can a test cross reveal the genotype behind a dominant phenotype?
Jibu
Cross the individual with a homozygous recessive partner. Recessive offspring show that the unknown parent carried a recessive allele.
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What happens in incomplete dominance?
Jibu
A heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype. Neither allele fully masks the other.
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How is the probability of two independent genetic events both occurring found?
Jibu
Multiply their individual probabilities. This is the product rule.
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What does a pedigree show?
Jibu
How a trait appears across generations of a family. Its pattern can suggest a mode of inheritance.
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Why can two parents have offspring ratios that differ from a Punnett-square expectation?
Jibu
Each fertilization is a chance event. Expected ratios become more apparent with larger numbers of offspring.
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What happens in codominance?
Jibu
Both alleles are distinctly expressed in a heterozygote. The AB blood type is a common example.
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What are major roles of carbohydrates?
Jibu
Providing quick energy, storing energy, and forming some structures. Monosaccharides are their basic building blocks.
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What is a monomer?
Jibu
A small building block that can join with others to form a larger molecule. Glucose, amino acids, and nucleotides are examples in different classes.
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What happens in a dehydration-synthesis reaction?
Jibu
Monomers join while water is removed. The reaction builds a larger biological molecule.
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What does an enzyme do?
Jibu
It lowers activation energy and speeds a reaction without being consumed. Its shape helps it bind specific substrates.
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What are major roles of lipids?
Jibu
Long-term energy storage, membranes, insulation, and signaling. Lipids are mostly nonpolar and do not mix well with water.
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What does it mean for a protein to denature?
Jibu
Its normal shape is disrupted. Heat, extreme pH, or chemicals can reduce its function.
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What happens during hydrolysis?
Jibu
Water is used to split a larger molecule into smaller units. Digestion often uses hydrolysis reactions.
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Why do phospholipids form bilayers in water?
Jibu
Their hydrophilic heads interact with water while hydrophobic tails turn inward. This arrangement forms cell-membrane structure.
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What are proteins built from?
Jibu
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Their folded shapes support enzymes, transport, signaling, structure, and movement.
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How do starch and glycogen compare?
Jibu
Both store glucose; plants use starch and animals use glycogen. Their branching patterns differ.
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How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?
Jibu
Saturated fatty acids lack carbon-carbon double bonds; unsaturated ones have one or more. Double bonds often introduce bends.
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What immediate energy-carrying molecule powers many cell processes?
Jibu
ATP. Energy released from nutrients can be transferred into ATP's phosphate bonds.
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What are nucleic acids built from?
Jibu
Nucleotides. DNA stores hereditary information, while RNA performs several roles in gene expression.
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Which elements are common in all four major biological macromolecule classes?
Jibu
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Nitrogen and phosphorus occur prominently in some classes.
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Why is three-dimensional shape important for macromolecules?
Jibu
Shape determines many interactions and functions. A changed shape can prevent a molecule from binding its target.
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What are triglycerides built from?
Jibu
One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. They join through ester bonds to form a common energy-storage lipid.
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What is a pathogen?
Jibu
An agent capable of causing disease. Not every microorganism is pathogenic.
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What type of cell is a bacterium?
Jibu
A prokaryotic cell. Bacteria usually reproduce by binary fission.
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What cell type do fungi have?
Jibu
Eukaryotic cells. Some fungi are unicellular yeasts, while others form multicellular filaments.
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What does disease transmission describe?
Jibu
How an infectious agent moves to a susceptible host. Routes include contact, droplets, airborne spread, food, water, and vectors.
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What is a biological vector?
Jibu
An organism that becomes infected with a pathogen and transmits it between hosts. The pathogen survives or reproduces inside the vector, unlike transport by a mechanical carrier.
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Why are viruses dependent on host cells?
Jibu
They lack the complete machinery for reproduction and metabolism. They use host components to make new virus particles.
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What is a protist?
Jibu
A diverse eukaryote that is not classified as an animal, plant, or fungus. Some protists cause disease, while many do not.
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Why do antibiotics not treat viral infections?
Jibu
They target bacterial structures or processes that viruses lack. Antiviral drugs use different targets.
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How can normal microbiota protect a host?
Jibu
They occupy space and use resources that pathogens might otherwise exploit. Some also support digestion or immune development.
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How does sterilization differ from disinfection?
Jibu
Sterilization destroys or removes all microbial life, including resistant forms; disinfection reduces pathogens on objects. The required method depends on use.
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How do infection and disease differ?
Jibu
Infection means an agent is established in a host; disease means normal function is impaired and signs or symptoms occur. Infection may be asymptomatic.
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How can breaking a transmission route reduce infectious disease?
Jibu
It interrupts the chain connecting a source with a susceptible host. Hand hygiene, clean water, ventilation, and vector control target different links.
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What is an atom?
Jibu
The smallest unit of an element that retains that element's chemical identity. Atoms contain a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
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What charge and location does an electron have?
Jibu
Negative charge in the electron cloud around the nucleus. Electrons drive most chemical bonding.
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Why are valence electrons important?
Jibu
They participate most directly in bonding and reactions. Their arrangement helps predict chemical behavior.
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What do elements in the same periodic-table group often share?
Jibu
Similar valence-electron patterns and chemical properties. A group is a vertical column.
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What is an ion?
Jibu
An atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. Its total numbers of protons and electrons are unequal.
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What charge and location does a proton have?
Jibu
Positive charge in the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element.
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What does an element's atomic number equal?
Jibu
Its number of protons. A neutral atom has the same number of electrons.
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How does a neutral atom form a cation?
Jibu
By losing one or more electrons. It has more protons than electrons and a positive charge.
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An atom has 8 protons. How many electrons does it have if it is neutral?
Jibu
Eight electrons. Neutral atoms have equal positive and negative charges.
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What charge and location does a neutron have?
Jibu
No electric charge, in the nucleus. Neutron number can vary among isotopes of an element.
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What does mass number equal?
Jibu
Protons plus neutrons in one atom. It is a whole number for a specific isotope.
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How does a neutral atom form an anion?
Jibu
By gaining one or more electrons. It has more electrons than protons and a negative charge.
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What does a period represent on the periodic table?
Jibu
A horizontal row. Moving across a period changes proton number one element at a time.
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What are isotopes?
Jibu
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
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What is matter?
Jibu
Anything that has mass and occupies space. Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are forms of matter.
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What distinguishes a solid from a liquid or gas?
Jibu
A solid has a definite shape and volume. Its particles vibrate around relatively fixed positions.
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What is a physical change?
Jibu
A change in form or state without changing chemical identity. Melting and cutting are examples.
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What is a physical property?
Jibu
A characteristic observed without changing a substance's identity. Density, color, and melting point are examples.
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How does an element differ from a compound?
Jibu
An element contains one kind of atom; a compound contains elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. Chemical methods can separate a compound into simpler substances.
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What distinguishes a liquid?
Jibu
It has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container. Its particles remain close while moving past one another.
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What is a chemical change?
Jibu
A process that forms one or more substances with new chemical identities. Bond rearrangement occurs.
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What is a chemical property?
Jibu
A substance's ability to undergo a particular chemical change. Flammability and reactivity with acid are examples.
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Which phase changes connect solids and liquids?
Jibu
Melting changes a solid to a liquid; freezing changes a liquid to a solid. These are opposite physical changes.
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How does a pure substance differ from a mixture?
Jibu
A pure substance has a fixed composition and is an element or compound; a mixture has variable composition and physically combined components. Mixture components retain their identities.
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What distinguishes a gas?
Jibu
It has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. It expands to fill its container.
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What is the formula for density?
Jibu
Density = mass ÷ volume. Density is an intensive property.
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Which phase changes connect liquids and gases?
Jibu
Vaporization changes a liquid to a gas; condensation changes a gas to a liquid. Evaporation is vaporization at a liquid's surface.
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What is a mixture?
Jibu
Two or more substances physically combined in variable proportions. Its components retain their chemical identities.
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How do intensive and extensive properties differ?
Jibu
Intensive properties do not depend on sample amount; extensive properties do. Density and temperature are intensive, while mass and volume are extensive.
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A 20 g sample occupies 5 mL. What is its density?
Jibu
4 g/mL. Divide 20 g by 5 mL.
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Which phase changes connect solids and gases directly?
Jibu
Sublimation changes a solid to a gas; deposition changes a gas to a solid. Neither transition passes through the liquid state.
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How do homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures differ?
Jibu
A homogeneous mixture is uniform throughout; a heterogeneous mixture is not. A solution is homogeneous.
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Where are reactants and products written in a chemical equation?
Jibu
Reactants are on the left; products are on the right. The arrow shows the direction represented.
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Why must a chemical equation be balanced?
Jibu
Atoms are conserved in ordinary chemical reactions. Each element must have the same atom count on both sides.
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What does a coefficient in a chemical equation change?
Jibu
The number of whole particles or moles represented. It multiplies every atom in the following formula.
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Why should subscripts not be changed when balancing an equation?
Jibu
Changing a subscript changes the substance's identity. Balancing changes coefficients only.
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What coefficients balance H₂ + O₂ → H₂O?
Jibu
2, 1, 2: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O. Both sides then contain four hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms.
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What pattern defines a synthesis reaction?
Jibu
Two or more reactants form a more complex product. A general pattern is A + B → AB.
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What are typical products when a hydrocarbon burns completely in oxygen?
Jibu
Carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide or carbon.
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What is the net ionic equation for a typical strong acid–strong base neutralization?
Jibu
H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l). The remaining ions are spectators and do not appear in the net ionic equation.
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What is a precipitate?
Jibu
An insoluble solid that forms from substances in solution. Its appearance can signal a chemical reaction.
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What pattern defines a decomposition reaction?
Jibu
One compound breaks into simpler products. A general pattern is AB → A + B.
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What is an exothermic reaction?
Jibu
A reaction that releases heat to the surroundings. The surroundings often warm.
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What occurs in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
Jibu
Electrons transfer or atoms change oxidation state. Oxidation is electron loss; reduction is electron gain.
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What is activation energy?
Jibu
The minimum energy barrier reactants must overcome to react. Catalysts lower this barrier.
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Which observations can provide evidence of a chemical reaction?
Jibu
Gas formation, a precipitate, sustained color change, light, or temperature change. No single sign proves a reaction without context.
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What is an endothermic reaction?
Jibu
A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings. The surroundings may cool.
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Why does raising temperature usually speed a reaction?
Jibu
Particles collide more often and with greater energy. More collisions overcome activation energy.
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Why can higher reactant concentration increase reaction rate?
Jibu
More reactant particles occupy a given volume. This raises collision frequency.
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Why does powdered solid often react faster than one large piece?
Jibu
Powder exposes more surface area. More particles are available for collisions.
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How does a catalyst speed a reaction?
Jibu
It provides a pathway with lower activation energy. The catalyst is regenerated rather than consumed overall.
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How can increasing pressure affect a reaction between gases?
Jibu
It can increase rate by bringing gas particles closer together. Collision frequency rises when volume falls.
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What does a reaction inhibitor do?
Jibu
It slows a reaction. It may block a pathway, interfere with a catalyst, or remove reactive intermediates.
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Why can very high temperature slow an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
Jibu
The enzyme can denature and lose its active shape. Moderate warming helps only within the enzyme's stable range.
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What is dynamic equilibrium?
Jibu
Forward and reverse reactions continue at equal rates. Concentrations remain constant even though particles still react.
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Does a catalyst change the final equilibrium amounts?
Jibu
No. It speeds forward and reverse reactions, so equilibrium is reached sooner without changing its position.
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At equilibrium, what usually happens when the concentration of a dissolved or gaseous reactant increases?
Jibu
The system shifts toward consuming some added reactant. It forms more product until a new equilibrium is reached.
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What is a solution?
Jibu
A homogeneous mixture. Its components are uniformly distributed at the molecular or ionic level.
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How do solute and solvent differ?
Jibu
The solute is dissolved; the solvent is the dissolving medium. The solvent is often present in greater amount.
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What does aqueous mean in chemistry?
Jibu
Dissolved in water. The symbol
(aq)marks an aqueous species in an equation.Kadi namba 338
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What does concentration describe?
Jibu
The amount of solute in a given amount of solution or solvent. Different units express it in different ways.
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What is molarity?
Jibu
Moles of solute per liter of solution. Its unit is mol/L, written M.
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What is the molarity of 0.50 mol solute in 2.0 L of solution?
Jibu
0.25 M. Divide 0.50 mol by 2.0 L.
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What stays constant when water is added to dilute a solution without reaction?
Jibu
The moles of solute. Volume increases and concentration decreases.
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Which equation relates concentration and volume before and after a dilution?
Jibu
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂. It follows from conserving the amount of solute.
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What is solubility?
Jibu
The maximum concentration of a solute that can be achieved in a solution at equilibrium under specified conditions. Temperature and the substances involved matter.
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What is a saturated solution?
Jibu
A solution holding the maximum dissolved solute at those conditions. Extra solute remains undissolved at equilibrium.
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What is an electrolyte?
Jibu
A substance that produces mobile ions in solution and conducts electricity. Soluble ionic compounds are common examples.
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What does 'like dissolves like' predict?
Jibu
Substances with similar polarity tend to mix well. Polar solvents favor polar or ionic solutes; nonpolar solvents favor nonpolar solutes.
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Does heating always increase solubility?
Jibu
No. Many solids become more soluble in water, but gases usually become less soluble as temperature rises.
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What is an unsaturated solution?
Jibu
A solution that can dissolve more solute at the stated conditions. It is below the solubility limit.
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What does a Brønsted-Lowry acid donate?
Jibu
A proton, H⁺. In water, acid behavior increases hydronium-ion concentration.
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What does pH describe?
Jibu
The hydronium-ion concentration on a logarithmic scale. Lower pH means higher hydronium concentration.
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At 25 °C, what pH range is acidic?
Jibu
Below 7. A neutral aqueous solution is pH 7 at this temperature.
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How does hydronium concentration change when pH drops by 1 unit?
Jibu
It increases tenfold. The pH scale is logarithmic.
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What does a Brønsted-Lowry base accept?
Jibu
A proton, H⁺. Many bases in water also increase hydroxide-ion concentration.
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At 25 °C, what is the relationship between pH and pOH?
Jibu
pH + pOH = 14. pOH is the negative base-10 logarithm of hydroxide-ion concentration; this relation applies to aqueous solutions at 25 °C.
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At 25 °C, what pH range is basic?
Jibu
Above 7. Basic solutions have less hydronium and more hydroxide than neutral water.
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What are typical products of a strong acid reacting with a strong base?
Jibu
Water and an ionic salt. Hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions combine to form water.
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What does strong mean for an acid or base?
Jibu
It produces its characteristic ions essentially completely in water. Strong acids ionize; soluble ionic strong bases dissociate. Strength is separate from concentration.
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What does a buffer do?
Jibu
It resists large pH changes when small amounts of acid or base are added. A weak conjugate acid-base pair neutralizes much of the added H₃O⁺ or OH⁻.
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How does an acid-base indicator work?
Jibu
Its color depends on pH. The change occurs over a characteristic pH range.
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A solution has pH 9 at 25 °C. What is its pOH?
Jibu
5. Subtract the pH from 14.
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How does a concentrated weak acid differ from a dilute strong acid?
Jibu
Concentration tells how much acid is present; strength tells how completely it ionizes. A concentrated weak acid contains more partially ionizing acid, while a dilute strong acid contains less acid that ionizes essentially completely. Either can have the lower pH.
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What is the SI base unit of length?
Jibu
The meter (m). Centimeters and millimeters are decimal subdivisions of a meter.
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Which tool directly measures mass in a laboratory?
Jibu
A balance. A spring scale measures force, often reported as weight.
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What is the SI base unit of mass?
Jibu
The kilogram (kg). Laboratory mass is also commonly reported in grams.
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A student needs to measure about 35 mL of liquid and can choose a beaker or graduated cylinder. Which should they use?
Jibu
A graduated cylinder. Read the scale at eye level.
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What is the SI base unit of time?
Jibu
The second (s). Minutes and hours are accepted for many everyday uses.
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Where should the volume of a clear water-based liquid be read in a graduated cylinder?
Jibu
At the bottom of the meniscus. Keep your eye level with the liquid surface.
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What is the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature?
Jibu
The kelvin (K). Degrees Celsius are widely used for laboratory and body temperatures.
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Which tool measures temperature?
Jibu
A thermometer. Its range and resolution should match the task.
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What factor does the metric prefix kilo- represent?
Jibu
One thousand, or 10³. One kilometer equals 1,000 meters.
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A ruler's smallest marking is 1 mm. To what place should a careful analog reading usually be estimated?
Jibu
One place beyond the smallest marking, when the scale allows it. The final digit is uncertain.
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What is measurement accuracy?
Jibu
Closeness to an accepted or true value. A systematic error can make precise measurements inaccurate.
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How do mass and weight differ?
Jibu
Mass is the amount of matter; weight is gravitational force on that mass. Mass stays constant when gravity changes, but weight does not.
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What factor does the metric prefix milli- represent?
Jibu
One thousandth, or 10⁻³. One milliliter is 0.001 liter.
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How can the volume of an irregular solid be measured with water?
Jibu
Use water displacement. Subtract the initial water volume from the final volume after submerging the object.
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What is measurement precision?
Jibu
Closeness of repeated measurements to one another. Precise results can still be consistently wrong.
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What is an instrument's resolution?
Jibu
The smallest change it can meaningfully display or distinguish. Higher resolution does not automatically guarantee accuracy.
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How many centimeters are in 2.5 meters?
Jibu
2.5 × 10² cm (250 cm). Multiply meters by the exact conversion factor 100 cm/m.
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Why must a numerical measurement include a unit?
Jibu
The unit identifies the quantity's scale. A bare number is ambiguous and cannot be compared reliably.
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What is a scientific observation?
Jibu
Information recorded with senses or instruments. It should be distinguished from an explanation of what was observed.
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What makes a hypothesis scientifically useful?
Jibu
It is testable and falsifiable. Evidence must be able to count against it.
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What is a scientific theory?
Jibu
A broad, well-supported explanation of natural phenomena. It is not a casual guess and can be revised with new evidence.
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Which claim is falsifiable: 'No possible observation could count against this treatment's effectiveness' or 'This treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour'?
Jibu
The claim that the treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour. An observation could count against it, so evidence can test it.
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What is an inference?
Jibu
A logical interpretation based on observations and prior knowledge. It goes beyond the raw measurement.
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How does a prediction relate to a hypothesis?
Jibu
It states an expected result if the hypothesis is correct. Experiments compare observed results with that expectation.
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How does a scientific law differ from a scientific theory?
Jibu
A law describes a consistent pattern; a theory explains how or why patterns occur. One does not mature into the other.
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What does reliability mean for a measurement or procedure?
Jibu
It produces consistent results under the same conditions. Repetition helps assess reliability.
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What does a correlation show?
Jibu
Two variables change together in a patterned way. Correlation alone does not establish that one causes the other.
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What is bias in scientific work?
Jibu
A systematic influence that pushes observations, selection, or interpretation in one direction. Good design tries to prevent or measure it.
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What is the purpose of scientific peer review?
Jibu
Independent experts evaluate methods, reasoning, and reporting before publication. It improves scrutiny but does not guarantee truth.
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What does validity ask about a study or measurement?
Jibu
Whether it measures or tests what it claims to measure or test. Consistency alone does not ensure validity.
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What evidence most strengthens a causal claim?
Jibu
A well-controlled experiment that manipulates the suspected cause. Random assignment reduces confounding, while independent replication tests whether the result holds with new data.
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What is a primary scientific source?
Jibu
A report of original methods, data, and results. A review article synthesizes many primary studies.
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How should an unexpected outlier be handled?
Jibu
Investigate and report it rather than deleting it automatically. Exclusion needs a documented scientific reason.
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What is a confounding variable?
Jibu
An outside factor related to both the suspected cause and the outcome. It can create a misleading association.
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Why should a sample represent the population of interest?
Jibu
Results generalize poorly when important groups are missing or overrepresented. Sampling method matters as much as size.
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What is a scientific model?
Jibu
A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system. A model is useful within its assumptions and limits.
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Why should measurements report uncertainty or reasonable precision?
Jibu
Every measurement has limits. Reporting more digits than the method supports creates false precision.
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If results match a prediction once, what is the safest conclusion?
Jibu
The results support the hypothesis under those conditions. One result does not prove the hypothesis in every setting.
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What is a direct relationship between two variables?
Jibu
As one increases, the other tends to increase; as one decreases, the other tends to decrease. The relationship need not be perfectly linear.
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Which variable is usually placed on the x-axis of an experimental graph?
Jibu
The independent variable. It is the factor selected or changed by the investigator.
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What does the slope of a straight-line graph represent?
Jibu
Change in y divided by change in x. It is the response rate per unit change in the other variable.
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A line rises 12 units in y while x rises 3 units. What is its slope?
Jibu
4 units of y per unit of x. Divide 12 by 3.
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What is an inverse relationship?
Jibu
As one variable increases, the other tends to decrease. Their product is constant only in a strictly inverse proportion.
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Which variable is usually placed on the y-axis of an experimental graph?
Jibu
The dependent variable. It is the measured response.
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What does a plateau on a response graph indicate?
Jibu
The measured response has stopped changing much despite further x increases. A limiting factor may have been reached.
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What is interpolation?
Jibu
Estimating a value within the range of measured data. It is generally safer than extrapolating beyond that range.
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What pattern suggests no relationship between two plotted variables?
Jibu
The response shows no consistent change as the other variable changes. Points may scatter without a trend.
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Before comparing values in a data table, what should you check?
Jibu
Headings, units, and conditions. Numbers from different measures or scales cannot be compared directly.
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If 3 samples require 12 mL total, how much is needed for 5 equal samples?
Jibu
20 mL. The rate is 4 mL per sample, so multiply by 5.
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How is the arithmetic mean calculated?
Jibu
Add all values and divide by the number of values. A large outlier can shift the mean.
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Why is extrapolation uncertain?
Jibu
It assumes the observed trend continues outside measured conditions. The relationship may change beyond the data range.
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A culture grows from 20 to 50 cells in 6 hours. What is the average growth rate?
Jibu
5 cells per hour. The change is 30 cells divided by 6 hours.
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A measurement rises from 40 to 50. What is the percent increase?
Jibu
25%. The increase is 10, and 10 ÷ 40 × 100 = 25%.
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When can the median describe a typical value better than the mean?
Jibu
When data are skewed or contain strong outliers. In an ordered set, the median is the middle value for an odd count and the mean of the two middle values for an even count.
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How do quantitative and qualitative data differ?
Jibu
Quantitative data are numerical; qualitative data describe categories or qualities. Both can answer scientific questions.
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A response is 2 at dose 1, 4 at dose 2, and 8 at dose 4. If the relationship is linear, what response is predicted at dose 3?
Jibu
6. The observed rate is 2 response units per dose unit, so interpolation at dose 3 gives 6.
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How can a graph reveal a nonlinear relationship?
Jibu
The points follow a curve rather than a straight line. The rate of change varies across the x-range.
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What is the range of a data set?
Jibu
Maximum minus minimum. It describes total spread but ignores the distribution between the endpoints.
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What makes a scientific research question testable?
Jibu
It identifies measurable variables or observable outcomes. The needed data must be obtainable.
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In an experiment, what is the independent variable?
Jibu
The factor deliberately changed or assigned by the investigator. In a simple one-factor experiment, changing one independent variable helps isolate its effect.
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What should a hypothesis connect?
Jibu
A proposed explanation with a measurable outcome. It should lead to a prediction that evidence can challenge.
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What is a controlled variable, or constant?
Jibu
A condition kept the same across groups. Holding it constant prevents it from explaining outcome differences.
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What is the purpose of a control group?
Jibu
It provides a comparison without the experimental treatment. Differences can then be attributed more confidently to the treatment.
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In an experiment, what is the dependent variable?
Jibu
The measured response. It may change because of the independent variable.
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What form can a useful experimental prediction take?
Jibu
If the independent variable changes in a stated way, then the dependent variable should respond in a stated way. The reason links it to the hypothesis.
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What does a positive control demonstrate?
Jibu
That the setup can produce a known response. If it fails, the test system may be defective.
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Why randomly assign subjects to experimental groups?
Jibu
To distribute known and unknown differences more evenly. This reduces selection bias and confounding.
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How can blinding reduce bias?
Jibu
It keeps participants, observers, or both unaware of treatment assignments. Expectations are less likely to affect behavior or measurement.
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What is a placebo?
Jibu
An inactive treatment designed to resemble the experimental treatment. It helps separate treatment effects from expectation effects.
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What does a negative control demonstrate?
Jibu
What happens when the tested cause is absent. An unexpected response may reveal contamination or another source.
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Why does a larger sample often improve a study?
Jibu
It reduces the influence of chance variation and supports more stable estimates. It cannot repair a biased sampling method.
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Why repeat trials within an experiment?
Jibu
To estimate variability and check consistency. One unusual trial then has less influence.
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Why must an experimental procedure be detailed and standardized?
Jibu
So groups are treated consistently and others can reproduce the work. Uncontrolled procedural differences create alternative explanations.
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Why calibrate a measuring instrument before collecting data?
Jibu
To compare its readings with a known standard and reduce systematic error. Calibration improves confidence in accuracy.
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What is an operational definition?
Jibu
A precise statement of how a variable is measured or manipulated. It turns an abstract concept into a repeatable procedure.
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How does independent replication differ from repeated trials?
Jibu
Independent replication repeats a study with independently collected data, often by a different investigator; repeated trials rerun measurements within the original experiment. Replication tests consistency across separate studies.
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Why should raw data be recorded before interpretation?
Jibu
It preserves the observations separately from conclusions. Others can check calculations and reasoning.
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What should a scientific conclusion do?
Jibu
Answer the research question using the data and acknowledge limits. It should not claim more than the design supports.
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What should happen when data do not support a hypothesis?
Jibu
Revise or reject the hypothesis and consider new tests. Data should not be altered to preserve the original idea.
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What is a study limitation?
Jibu
A feature that restricts interpretation or generalization. Small samples, short duration, and imperfect measurements are examples.
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Why are ethics part of experimental design?
Jibu
Research must protect participants, organisms, and communities while balancing risks and benefits. Consent and humane treatment are key examples.
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How does an observational study differ from an experiment?
Jibu
It measures variables without assigning the exposure. It can find associations but usually supports weaker causal conclusions.
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Plants receive 0, 2, or 4 hours of added light, and growth is measured. What is the independent variable?
Jibu
Hours of added light. Plant growth is the dependent variable.
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A fertilizer study gives every plant the same water, soil, and temperature. What are these conditions?
Jibu
Controlled variables. Keeping them constant isolates the fertilizer's effect.
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A drug group improves more than a control group, but the groups were not randomly assigned. What is the main caution?
Jibu
Preexisting group differences could explain some improvement. The result is suggestive, but the design weakens a causal claim.
kadi 446
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
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