ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
Practice 446 original ATI TEAS 7 Science recall and mini-scenario cards across A&P, biology, chemistry, and scientific reasoning.
Sellest kaardipakist
Build the core Science knowledge and reasoning used for ATI TEAS 7 with 446 independently authored flashcards.
What this deck practices
- Structure or concept → function: body systems, cells, molecules, atoms, solutions, and experimental parts.
- Function, outcome, or evidence → concept: selective reverse recall when recognizing the name matters in practice.
- Cause or condition → effect: physiology, chemical changes, reaction conditions, inheritance, and experimental predictions.
- Process and order: circulation, ventilation, digestion, urine formation, gene expression, cell division, and scientific investigations.
- Application: short calculations, comparisons, data interpretations, and original mini-scenarios.
The deck does not mechanically reverse every fact. It excludes multiple-choice distractors, exhaustive anatomy lists, obscure chemical nomenclature, advanced pathophysiology, pharmacology, and nursing-school procedures because those mappings do not improve entry-level TEAS Science recall.
The sequence introduces prerequisites before dependent ideas: anatomical language before body systems, cells before genetics, atoms before reactions, and measurement before experimental design. Related forward and reverse variants are separated so one card does not immediately reveal another.
Coverage follows the four Science areas and relative emphasis in ATI's public ATI TEAS 7 content outline: Human Anatomy and Physiology, Biology, Chemistry, and Scientific Reasoning. The public outline defines scope only. Questions, answers, explanations, examples, and ordering were independently authored from common scientific knowledge checked against open educational and official public sources.
No exam question, mark scheme, paid ATI flashcard, test-bank item, or curriculum text was copied. This is an independent, unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. ATI and TEAS are marks of Assessment Technologies Institute, L.L.C.; this deck is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or produced by ATI. See ATI's official exam details for current requirements.
Selle kaardipaki kaardid
Kaart 1
Küsimus
What posture defines the standard anatomical position?
Vastus
Standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms forward. The feet point forward, giving anatomy a consistent reference position.
Kaart 2
Küsimus
In anatomical language, what does superior mean?
Vastus
Toward the head or above another structure. Inferior means toward the feet or below.
Kaart 3
Küsimus
Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right portions?
Vastus
The sagittal plane. A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.
Kaart 4
Küsimus
Why does the body use feedback mechanisms?
Vastus
To regulate internal conditions. Feedback compares a condition with a set range and triggers responses that adjust it.
Kaart 5
Küsimus
What is the order of structural organization from simplest to most complex?
Vastus
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. Each level builds on interactions at the preceding level.
Kaart 6
Küsimus
What does anterior mean in human anatomy?
Vastus
Toward the front of the body. Posterior means toward the back.
Kaart 7
Küsimus
Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions?
Vastus
The transverse plane. It is also called the horizontal plane.
Kaart 8
Küsimus
What is homeostasis?
Vastus
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. It is dynamic rather than perfectly unchanging.
Kaart 9
Küsimus
Which major body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?
Vastus
The dorsal body cavity. Its cranial cavity holds the brain, and its vertebral cavity holds the spinal cord.
Kaart 10
Küsimus
What does medial mean in anatomical language?
Vastus
Toward the body's midline. Lateral means farther from the midline.
Kaart 11
Küsimus
A rise in body temperature triggers sweating. What control pattern is this?
Vastus
Negative feedback. The response opposes the original temperature change and moves the body toward its normal range.
Kaart 12
Küsimus
Which anatomical plane divides the body into front and back portions?
Vastus
The frontal, or coronal, plane. It separates anterior from posterior portions.
Kaart 13
Küsimus
Which major body cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Vastus
The ventral body cavity. The diaphragm separates its thoracic and abdominopelvic portions.
Kaart 14
Küsimus
What does proximal mean when describing a limb?
Vastus
Closer to the limb's point of attachment. Distal means farther from that point.
Kaart 15
Küsimus
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
Vastus
Positive feedback amplifies the initial change. Negative feedback opposes a change; positive feedback continues until a stopping event occurs.
Kaart 16
Küsimus
Which tissue type covers surfaces and lines body cavities?
Vastus
Epithelial tissue. It also forms many glands and often serves protective, absorptive, or secretory roles.
Kaart 17
Küsimus
Which tissue type mainly supports, binds, and protects other tissues?
Vastus
Connective tissue. Its cells are typically separated by an extracellular matrix.
Kaart 18
Küsimus
What shared property lets muscle tissue produce movement?
Vastus
Contractility. Muscle cells shorten or develop tension in response to stimulation.
Kaart 19
Küsimus
Which tissue type rapidly communicates by electrical signals?
Vastus
Nervous tissue. Neurons transmit signals, while supporting cells help maintain their environment.
Kaart 20
Küsimus
Why are tightly packed epithelial cells well suited for barriers?
Vastus
They leave little space between cells. This continuous arrangement limits passage across a surface.
Kaart 21
Küsimus
What distinguishes connective tissue from epithelial tissue?
Vastus
Connective tissue usually has abundant extracellular matrix. Epithelial cells are more tightly packed.
Kaart 22
Küsimus
What are the four basic human tissue types?
Vastus
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Organs contain two or more tissue types working together.
Kaart 23
Küsimus
What makes a structure an organ rather than a tissue?
Vastus
An organ combines multiple tissue types for a specific function. A tissue is a group of similar cells and matrix performing related work.
Kaart 24
Küsimus
What are the skeletal system's main functions?
Vastus
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood-cell production, and fat storage. Bones also provide levers for muscles.
Kaart 25
Küsimus
What belongs to the axial skeleton?
Vastus
The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. These structures form the body's central axis.
Kaart 26
Küsimus
How do compact and spongy bone differ?
Vastus
Compact bone is dense; spongy bone has a lattice of trabeculae. Both are organized living bone tissue.
Kaart 27
Küsimus
What is a joint?
Vastus
A place where two or more bones meet. Joint structure determines how much movement is possible.
Kaart 28
Küsimus
Which bone cell builds new bone matrix?
Vastus
An osteoblast. Osteoclasts break down bone, while osteocytes maintain mature bone tissue.
Kaart 29
Küsimus
What belongs to the appendicular skeleton?
Vastus
The limbs plus the shoulder and pelvic girdles. It attaches the limbs to the axial skeleton.
Kaart 30
Küsimus
What is the main role of red bone marrow?
Vastus
Blood-cell production. This process is called hematopoiesis.
Kaart 31
Küsimus
Which joint class allows the greatest range of motion?
Vastus
A synovial joint. A fluid-filled joint cavity reduces friction between articulating surfaces.
Kaart 32
Küsimus
Which bone cell breaks down bone matrix?
Vastus
An osteoclast. Bone resorption helps remodeling and mineral balance.
Kaart 33
Küsimus
What does a ligament connect?
Vastus
Bone to bone. A tendon connects muscle to bone.
Kaart 34
Küsimus
What is the shaft of a long bone called?
Vastus
The diaphysis. The enlarged ends are the epiphyses.
Kaart 35
Küsimus
Why is bone important to blood-calcium balance?
Vastus
Bone stores calcium and can release or absorb it during remodeling. Hormones regulate this exchange.
Kaart 36
Küsimus
What is stored mainly in yellow bone marrow?
Vastus
Fat. It serves as an energy reserve.
Kaart 37
Küsimus
What does articular cartilage do at a synovial joint?
Vastus
It reduces friction and absorbs shock. It covers the ends of articulating bones.
Kaart 38
Küsimus
Why must a broken bone receive a blood supply during healing?
Vastus
Repairing cells need oxygen and nutrients. Restored blood vessels support fracture healing.
Kaart 39
Küsimus
What is bone remodeling?
Vastus
Continuous removal and replacement of bone tissue. It repairs microdamage and helps bones adapt to stress.
Kaart 40
Küsimus
Which muscle tissue is usually under voluntary control?
Vastus
Skeletal muscle. Most skeletal muscles move the skeleton, while some, such as facial muscles, insert into skin or other soft tissue.
Kaart 41
Küsimus
What is a sarcomere?
Vastus
The basic contractile unit of striated muscle. It lies between two Z discs.
Kaart 42
Küsimus
What does a tendon connect?
Vastus
Muscle to bone. It transmits muscle force to the skeleton.
Kaart 43
Küsimus
Which proteins slide past one another during muscle contraction?
Vastus
Actin and myosin. Their interaction shortens sarcomeres without shortening the filaments themselves.
Kaart 44
Küsimus
Where is smooth muscle commonly found?
Vastus
In the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels. Its contractions are generally involuntary.
Kaart 45
Küsimus
What ion exposes binding sites needed for skeletal muscle contraction?
Vastus
Calcium. Its release inside the muscle fiber allows actin and myosin interaction.
Kaart 46
Küsimus
How do antagonistic muscle pairs move a joint?
Vastus
One muscle contracts while the opposing muscle relaxes. Reversing their roles moves the joint in the opposite direction.
Kaart 47
Küsimus
Why does muscle contraction require ATP?
Vastus
ATP powers cross-bridge cycling and ion pumps. It is also needed for myosin to detach from actin.
Kaart 48
Küsimus
Which muscle tissue makes up the heart wall?
Vastus
Cardiac muscle. It is striated, involuntary, and connected for coordinated pumping.
Kaart 49
Küsimus
During a typical muscle contraction, which attachment moves more: origin or insertion?
Vastus
The insertion. The origin is generally the more fixed attachment.
Kaart 50
Küsimus
Which type of neuron sends the signal that initiates skeletal-muscle contraction?
Vastus
A somatic motor neuron. It releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, triggering an action potential in the muscle fiber.
Kaart 51
Küsimus
What is muscle tone?
Vastus
Continuous low-level muscle tension. It helps maintain posture and readiness without producing a large movement.
Kaart 52
Küsimus
How does skeletal muscle help regulate body temperature?
Vastus
Contraction releases heat. Shivering increases rapid contractions when the body is cold.
Kaart 53
Küsimus
What are the three muscle tissue types?
Vastus
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. They differ in location, structure, and control.
Kaart 54
Küsimus
What is a neuron's main function?
Vastus
To receive, process, and transmit information. Neurons use electrical signals and chemical messengers.
Kaart 55
Küsimus
What structures make up the central nervous system?
Vastus
The brain and spinal cord. They integrate information and coordinate responses.
Kaart 56
Küsimus
Which part of a neuron usually receives incoming signals?
Vastus
The dendrites. The cell body integrates much of that input.
Kaart 57
Küsimus
What does the peripheral nervous system include?
Vastus
Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. It links the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Kaart 58
Küsimus
Which neuron structure carries an impulse away from the cell body?
Vastus
The axon. Its terminals communicate with another cell.
Kaart 59
Küsimus
Which nervous-system division controls skeletal muscles voluntarily?
Vastus
The somatic nervous system. It also carries sensory information from skin, muscles, and joints.
Kaart 60
Küsimus
What is a synapse?
Vastus
A junction where one neuron communicates with another cell. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters across a small gap.
Kaart 61
Küsimus
Which nervous-system division regulates organs and glands without conscious control?
Vastus
The autonomic nervous system. It includes sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Kaart 62
Küsimus
How does myelin affect nerve signaling?
Vastus
It speeds impulse conduction along an axon. Myelin insulates segments of the axon.
Kaart 63
Küsimus
Which autonomic division prepares the body for acute activity?
Vastus
The sympathetic division. It generally increases alertness and supports a fight-or-flight response.
Kaart 64
Küsimus
What is a reflex?
Vastus
A rapid, predictable response to a stimulus. A reflex pathway can act before conscious awareness.
Kaart 65
Küsimus
Which autonomic division supports rest, digestion, and energy conservation?
Vastus
The parasympathetic division. It generally promotes routine maintenance functions.
Kaart 66
Küsimus
Which brain region is most associated with conscious thought and voluntary movement?
Vastus
The cerebrum. Its cortex also processes much sensory information.
Kaart 67
Küsimus
Which brain region fine-tunes balance and coordinated movement?
Vastus
The cerebellum. It compares intended movement with sensory feedback.
Kaart 68
Küsimus
Which brain region controls vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate?
Vastus
The brainstem. It also connects higher brain regions with the spinal cord.
Kaart 69
Küsimus
How do sensory and motor neurons differ?
Vastus
Sensory neurons carry information toward the CNS; motor neurons carry commands away. Interneurons connect and process signals within the CNS.
Kaart 70
Küsimus
What does a sensory receptor do?
Vastus
It converts a stimulus into a neural signal. Different receptors respond best to particular forms of energy or chemicals.
Kaart 71
Küsimus
What is a hormone?
Vastus
A chemical messenger released into body fluids to affect target cells. A target responds only if it has the appropriate receptor.
Kaart 72
Küsimus
Why is the pituitary gland often called a master gland?
Vastus
Several pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands. The hypothalamus controls much of pituitary activity.
Kaart 73
Küsimus
Why can one hormone affect some cells but not others?
Vastus
Only target cells have the matching receptor. Receptor binding starts the cell's response.
Kaart 74
Küsimus
Which gland produces hormones that broadly increase metabolic activity?
Vastus
The thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones influence energy use and development.
Kaart 75
Küsimus
What is insulin's main effect on blood glucose?
Vastus
It lowers blood glucose. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage after a meal.
Kaart 76
Küsimus
Which glands release a hormone that raises blood calcium?
Vastus
The parathyroid glands. Parathyroid hormone acts on bone, kidneys, and vitamin D pathways.
Kaart 77
Küsimus
Which adrenal region releases epinephrine during acute stress?
Vastus
The adrenal medulla. Its hormones reinforce sympathetic nervous-system effects.
Kaart 78
Küsimus
Which organ has both endocrine and digestive functions?
Vastus
The pancreas. Its islets release hormones, while other cells release digestive enzymes.
Kaart 79
Küsimus
What is glucagon's main effect on blood glucose?
Vastus
It raises blood glucose. It promotes release of stored glucose during fasting.
Kaart 80
Küsimus
Rising thyroid hormone reduces its own upstream stimulation. What pattern is this?
Vastus
Negative feedback. The final hormone limits further release along the control pathway.
Kaart 81
Küsimus
Which adrenal region produces steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone?
Vastus
The adrenal cortex. It surrounds the adrenal medulla.
Kaart 82
Küsimus
Which gland releases melatonin and helps regulate daily sleep timing?
Vastus
The pineal gland. Light information influences its secretion pattern.
Kaart 83
Küsimus
Which hormone directly increases collecting-duct water permeability?
Vastus
Antidiuretic hormone, or ADH. It makes collecting ducts more permeable to water, increasing water reabsorption and usually producing less, more concentrated urine.
Kaart 84
Küsimus
Which hormone strengthens uterine contractions during labor?
Vastus
Oxytocin. This is a classic positive-feedback pathway that ends after delivery.
Kaart 85
Küsimus
How does endocrine signaling generally differ from nervous signaling?
Vastus
It is usually slower to start and longer lasting. Hormones travel through body fluids, while neurons signal specific targets rapidly.
Kaart 86
Küsimus
What is plasma?
Vastus
The liquid portion of blood. It carries cells, nutrients, hormones, proteins, wastes, and dissolved gases.
Kaart 87
Küsimus
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
Vastus
The right side. The right ventricle sends deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary trunk and arteries.
Kaart 88
Küsimus
What is the main function of red blood cells?
Vastus
Transporting oxygen. Their hemoglobin also carries a smaller share of carbon dioxide.
Kaart 89
Küsimus
What defines an artery?
Vastus
It carries blood away from the heart. Oxygen content does not define it; pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood.
Kaart 90
Küsimus
What is the main function of white blood cells?
Vastus
Body defense. Different white blood cells recognize, attack, or coordinate responses to threats.
Kaart 91
Küsimus
Which side of the heart pumps blood into systemic circulation?
Vastus
The left side. The left ventricle sends oxygenated blood into the aorta.
Kaart 92
Küsimus
What is the main purpose of heart valves?
Vastus
To keep blood moving in one direction. Pressure differences open and close them.
Kaart 93
Küsimus
What defines a vein?
Vastus
It carries blood toward the heart. Many veins contain valves that limit backflow.
Kaart 94
Küsimus
What is the main role of platelets?
Vastus
Helping stop bleeding. They form a platelet plug and support clotting reactions at a damaged vessel.
Kaart 95
Küsimus
Why are capillaries well suited for exchange?
Vastus
Their walls are only one cell layer thick. Their small diameter and large total surface area support diffusion and filtration.
Kaart 96
Küsimus
After blood enters the right atrium, what chamber receives it next?
Vastus
The right ventricle. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve before entering that chamber.
Kaart 97
Küsimus
What happens during ventricular systole?
Vastus
The ventricles contract and eject blood. The right ventricle pumps to the lungs, and the left pumps to the body.
Kaart 98
Küsimus
What is pulmonary circulation?
Vastus
Blood flow between the heart and lungs. It allows gas exchange and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
Kaart 99
Küsimus
What normally sets the heart's rhythm?
Vastus
The sinoatrial, or SA, node. Its spontaneous electrical activity initiates each heartbeat.
Kaart 100
Küsimus
What molecule in red blood cells binds oxygen?
Vastus
Hemoglobin. Its iron-containing heme groups bind oxygen reversibly.
Kaart 101
Küsimus
What happens during ventricular diastole?
Vastus
The ventricles relax and fill. Atrioventricular valves are open during most ventricular filling.
Kaart 102
Küsimus
What is systemic circulation?
Vastus
Blood flow between the heart and the body's tissues. It delivers oxygen and nutrients and returns wastes.
Kaart 103
Küsimus
What does arterial blood pressure measure?
Vastus
The force of blood against artery walls. It is commonly reported as systolic over diastolic pressure.
Kaart 104
Küsimus
What do coronary arteries supply?
Vastus
The heart muscle itself. Blocked coronary blood flow can deprive myocardium of oxygen.
Kaart 105
Küsimus
Which major vessels return systemic blood to the right atrium?
Vastus
The superior and inferior venae cavae. The superior vessel drains the upper body; the inferior drains the lower body.
Kaart 106
Küsimus
What is the respiratory system's primary gas-exchange function?
Vastus
Bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide. Ventilation moves air, while diffusion exchanges gases.
Kaart 107
Küsimus
What is the airflow sequence from the pharynx to the gas-exchange surfaces?
Vastus
Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. Each branch conducts air deeper into the lungs.
Kaart 108
Küsimus
Where does most gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Vastus
Across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Thin walls and a large surface area shorten diffusion distance.
Kaart 109
Küsimus
What does the diaphragm do during quiet inhalation?
Vastus
It contracts and moves downward. Thoracic volume rises, lung pressure falls, and air flows inward.
Kaart 110
Küsimus
Why does oxygen move from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries?
Vastus
Its partial pressure is higher in alveolar air than in incoming blood. Oxygen diffuses down that gradient.
Kaart 111
Küsimus
What drives quiet exhalation?
Vastus
Elastic recoil after inspiratory muscles relax. Thoracic volume falls and pressure pushes air outward.
Kaart 112
Küsimus
What is the pleura?
Vastus
A double membrane surrounding each lung. A thin fluid layer reduces friction during breathing.
Kaart 113
Küsimus
How is most oxygen transported in blood?
Vastus
Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Only a small amount dissolves directly in plasma.
Kaart 114
Küsimus
Why does carbon dioxide move from pulmonary blood into alveoli?
Vastus
Its partial pressure is higher in incoming blood than in alveolar air. It diffuses down that gradient for exhalation.
Kaart 115
Küsimus
What helps keep swallowed material out of the airway?
Vastus
The epiglottis and coordinated swallowing reflexes. The laryngeal opening is protected as food passes.
Kaart 116
Küsimus
How does the conducting airway remove trapped particles?
Vastus
Mucus traps them, and cilia move the mucus toward the throat. This is the mucociliary escalator.
Kaart 117
Küsimus
In what form is most carbon dioxide transported in blood?
Vastus
As bicarbonate ions. Red blood cells help convert carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate.
Kaart 118
Küsimus
Which blood change is a strong normal stimulus to increase breathing?
Vastus
A rise in carbon dioxide and the associated fall in pH. Brainstem centers adjust ventilation in response.
Kaart 119
Küsimus
Why must alveoli receive both air and blood?
Vastus
Gas exchange needs ventilation and perfusion. Air without blood flow, or blood without airflow, cannot exchange gases effectively.
Kaart 120
Küsimus
Why does ventilation increase during exercise?
Vastus
Active tissues use more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide. Faster, deeper breathing helps meet that demand.
Kaart 121
Küsimus
What are the digestive system's core functions?
Vastus
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Movement and secretion support those processes.
Kaart 122
Küsimus
What is the alimentary-canal sequence after the mouth?
Vastus
Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. Food passes through this continuous tube.
Kaart 123
Küsimus
What is mechanical digestion?
Vastus
Physical breakdown and mixing of food without changing its molecules. Chewing and stomach churning are examples.
Kaart 124
Küsimus
What are two major functions of the stomach?
Vastus
It stores and mixes food and begins substantial protein digestion. Acid denatures proteins, converts pepsinogen to pepsin, and provides the low pH pepsin needs.
Kaart 125
Küsimus
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
Vastus
The small intestine. Folds, villi, and microvilli create a large absorptive surface.
Kaart 126
Küsimus
Which nutrient does salivary amylase begin digesting in the mouth?
Vastus
Carbohydrates, especially starch. Salivary amylase breaks starch into smaller carbohydrates.
Kaart 127
Küsimus
What is chemical digestion?
Vastus
Enzymatic breakdown of large food molecules into absorbable units. Chemical bonds are changed during the process.
Kaart 128
Küsimus
What is peristalsis?
Vastus
Wave-like smooth-muscle contractions that move material forward. It occurs throughout much of the digestive tract.
Kaart 129
Küsimus
What is a main function of the large intestine?
Vastus
Absorbing water and electrolytes and forming feces. Resident microbes also process some undigested material.
Kaart 130
Küsimus
What digestive product does the liver make?
Vastus
Bile. Bile salts help disperse dietary fat into smaller droplets.
Kaart 131
Küsimus
What does a digestive sphincter do?
Vastus
It regulates movement between regions of the digestive tract. Circular muscle contracts to close a passage.
Kaart 132
Küsimus
What does the pancreas release into the small intestine?
Vastus
Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid. Bicarbonate helps neutralize acidic material from the stomach.
Kaart 133
Küsimus
How do intestinal villi improve absorption?
Vastus
They increase surface area. Each villus contains blood capillaries and a lymphatic lacteal for transported nutrients.
Kaart 134
Küsimus
What is the gallbladder's role?
Vastus
It stores and concentrates bile. It releases bile into the small intestine when fatty food arrives.
Kaart 135
Küsimus
Which macronutrient's absorbed products usually enter intestinal lacteals before reaching the blood?
Vastus
Most dietary lipids. Their absorbed products travel through lymph before entering the bloodstream.
Kaart 136
Küsimus
Which accessory organs help digestion without food passing through them?
Vastus
The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Teeth and the tongue act mechanically; the other accessory organs add or store digestive secretions.
Kaart 137
Küsimus
What organs make up the urinary system?
Vastus
The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Kidneys make urine; the remaining organs transport, store, and release it.
Kaart 138
Küsimus
What is a nephron?
Vastus
The kidney's functional unit. It filters blood and adjusts the filtrate to form urine.
Kaart 139
Küsimus
Where does blood filtration begin in a nephron?
Vastus
At the renal corpuscle. Pressure pushes water and small solutes from glomerular capillaries into the capsule.
Kaart 140
Küsimus
What moves urine from a kidney to the bladder?
Vastus
A ureter. Smooth-muscle contractions propel urine along the tube.
Kaart 141
Küsimus
What is the urinary bladder's main role?
Vastus
Temporary urine storage. Stretch receptors help trigger the urge to urinate as it fills.
Kaart 142
Küsimus
Which structure carries urine from the bladder out of the body?
Vastus
The urethra. It is distinct from the ureters that enter the bladder.
Kaart 143
Küsimus
What is tubular reabsorption?
Vastus
Movement of useful substances from nephron fluid back into blood. Water, glucose, and ions are common examples.
Kaart 144
Küsimus
What is the glomerulus?
Vastus
A capillary tuft that filters blood in the renal corpuscle. Cells and most large proteins normally remain in circulation.
Kaart 145
Küsimus
How does more ADH change urine?
Vastus
It makes urine more concentrated and lowers its volume. More water is reabsorbed from the collecting ducts.
Kaart 146
Küsimus
What path does filtrate follow after entering the glomerular capsule?
Vastus
Proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct. The collecting duct receives forming urine from multiple nephrons.
Kaart 147
Küsimus
What is tubular secretion?
Vastus
Movement of selected substances from blood into nephron fluid. It helps eliminate wastes and regulate ions and pH.
Kaart 148
Küsimus
Besides removing waste, what does the urinary system regulate?
Vastus
Water, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and blood volume. Kidney hormones also affect blood pressure and red-cell production.
Kaart 149
Küsimus
Why does dehydration usually reduce urine volume?
Vastus
The body conserves water by increasing renal reabsorption. ADH is an important signal in this response.
Kaart 150
Küsimus
Why do the kidneys receive a large blood flow?
Vastus
They must continuously filter plasma and regulate its composition. High flow supports waste removal and homeostasis.
Kaart 151
Küsimus
What is lymph?
Vastus
Interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels. It eventually returns to the bloodstream.
Kaart 152
Küsimus
What is innate immunity?
Vastus
Rapid, nonspecific defense present before a particular exposure. Barriers, inflammation, and several immune cells contribute.
Kaart 153
Küsimus
What is a major function of lymph nodes?
Vastus
Filtering lymph and providing sites for immune-cell activation. Swelling can reflect an active immune response.
Kaart 154
Küsimus
What does the spleen filter?
Vastus
Blood. It removes aged blood cells and supports immune responses to blood-borne antigens.
Kaart 155
Küsimus
What is a key function of B lymphocytes?
Vastus
Producing antibody-secreting cells and memory cells. Antibodies bind specific antigens.
Kaart 156
Küsimus
What distinguishes adaptive immunity?
Vastus
It targets specific antigens and develops memory. Later exposure can trigger a faster, stronger response.
Kaart 157
Küsimus
Which lymphatic organ is important for T-cell maturation?
Vastus
The thymus. It is most active early in life.
Kaart 158
Küsimus
What is the body's first physical barrier against many pathogens?
Vastus
Intact skin and mucous membranes. Their secretions and normal microbes add protection.
Kaart 159
Küsimus
What is a key function of T lymphocytes?
Vastus
Coordinating immune responses or killing infected cells. Different T-cell types perform different roles.
Kaart 160
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What does an antibody bind?
Vastus
A specific antigen. Binding can neutralize a target or mark it for other immune defenses.
Kaart 161
Küsimus
What is the purpose of inflammation after tissue injury?
Vastus
To contain damage, recruit defenses, and begin repair. Redness, heat, swelling, and pain can accompany it.
Kaart 162
Küsimus
Why is a second adaptive response often faster than the first?
Vastus
Memory lymphocytes remain after the first exposure. They respond quickly when the same antigen appears again.
Kaart 163
Küsimus
What does a phagocyte do?
Vastus
It engulfs particles, microbes, or debris. Neutrophils and macrophages are important examples.
Kaart 164
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How does vaccination support adaptive immunity?
Vastus
It safely exposes the immune system to antigen information. This promotes memory without requiring the full disease.
Kaart 165
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Why is lymphatic fluid return important?
Vastus
It prevents excess interstitial fluid from accumulating. Lymphatic vessels return fluid and leaked proteins to blood.
Kaart 166
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What structures belong to the integumentary system?
Vastus
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Together they form the body's outer covering.
Kaart 167
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What is the epidermis?
Vastus
The outer epithelial layer of skin. It is avascular and contains protective keratinized cells.
Kaart 168
Küsimus
How does sweating cool the body?
Vastus
Evaporation removes heat from the skin. Skin blood-flow changes also help regulate heat loss.
Kaart 169
Küsimus
What is a major role of melanin in skin?
Vastus
Absorbing some ultraviolet radiation. It also contributes to skin and hair color.
Kaart 170
Küsimus
How does skin contribute to sensation?
Vastus
Sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. Nerves carry that information to the CNS.
Kaart 171
Küsimus
What is the dermis?
Vastus
The connective-tissue layer beneath the epidermis. It contains vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.
Kaart 172
Küsimus
How does skin support vitamin D production?
Vastus
Ultraviolet light starts conversion of a skin molecule into a vitamin D precursor. The liver and kidneys complete activation.
Kaart 173
Küsimus
Why does a deep skin wound bleed but a shallow epidermal scrape may not?
Vastus
Blood vessels are in the dermis, not the epidermis. A wound must reach vascular tissue to damage them.
Kaart 174
Küsimus
What is a gamete?
Vastus
A haploid reproductive cell. Human sperm and oocytes each carry 23 chromosomes.
Kaart 175
Küsimus
What are the testes' two main reproductive functions?
Vastus
Producing sperm and secreting testosterone. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules.
Kaart 176
Küsimus
What tube carries sperm from the epididymis toward the ejaculatory duct?
Vastus
The ductus, or vas, deferens. Smooth muscle propels sperm during ejaculation.
Kaart 177
Küsimus
What is ovulation?
Vastus
Release of a secondary oocyte from an ovary. A surge in luteinizing hormone helps trigger it.
Kaart 178
Küsimus
Where does fertilization usually occur?
Vastus
In a uterine tube. The early embryo then travels toward the uterus.
Kaart 179
Küsimus
What are the ovaries' two main reproductive functions?
Vastus
Producing oocytes and secreting sex hormones. Estrogen and progesterone help regulate the reproductive cycle.
Kaart 180
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What is the uterus' main reproductive role?
Vastus
Supporting implantation and development of an embryo and fetus. Its muscular wall also contracts during birth.
Kaart 181
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What causes menstruation when pregnancy does not occur?
Vastus
Falling ovarian hormones allow the uterine lining to shed. A new cycle then begins.
Kaart 182
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How does a sperm cell's structure support its function?
Vastus
Its flagellum provides movement, and its head carries DNA plus enzymes used during fertilization. Mitochondria supply energy in the midpiece.
Kaart 183
Küsimus
What is the placenta's exchange role?
Vastus
It allows gases, nutrients, and wastes to move between maternal and fetal circulations. Their blood normally does not mix directly.
Kaart 184
Küsimus
Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction?
Vastus
It halves chromosome number in gametes. Fertilization then restores the diploid number.
Kaart 185
Küsimus
How do sex hormones regulate reproductive control pathways?
Vastus
They usually feed back on the hypothalamus and pituitary. This adjusts release of hormones that act on the gonads.
Kaart 186
Küsimus
What does cell theory state?
Vastus
Living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells come from existing cells. These ideas link organism structure with cell division.
Kaart 187
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What is the defining structural feature of a prokaryotic cell?
Vastus
It lacks a membrane-bound nucleus. Its DNA occupies a nucleoid region.
Kaart 188
Küsimus
What is the cell membrane's main role?
Vastus
Regulating movement between the cell and its environment. Its phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable.
Kaart 189
Küsimus
What is the nucleus' main role?
Vastus
Storing most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA. Nuclear pores regulate exchange with the cytoplasm.
Kaart 190
Küsimus
Where are proteins assembled?
Vastus
At ribosomes. Ribosomes may float in cytosol or attach to rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Kaart 191
Küsimus
What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
Vastus
A eukaryotic cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.
Kaart 192
Küsimus
What is a mitochondrion's main function?
Vastus
Producing most cellular ATP through aerobic respiration. Its inner membrane provides a large reaction surface.
Kaart 193
Küsimus
What does rough endoplasmic reticulum mainly produce?
Vastus
Proteins for secretion, membranes, or organelles. Ribosomes on its surface make the proteins.
Kaart 194
Küsimus
Which organelle carries out photosynthesis in plants and algae?
Vastus
The chloroplast. It converts light energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules.
Kaart 195
Küsimus
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Vastus
It modifies, sorts, and packages cell products. Vesicles carry those products to their destinations.
Kaart 196
Küsimus
What is a lysosome's role?
Vastus
Digesting worn cell parts and engulfed material. Its enzymes work best in an acidic interior.
Kaart 197
Küsimus
What are major functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Vastus
Lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage. Its membrane lacks attached ribosomes.
Kaart 198
Küsimus
What does the cytoskeleton provide?
Vastus
Cell shape, internal organization, movement, and transport tracks. It is built from protein filaments.
Kaart 199
Küsimus
What is diffusion?
Vastus
Net movement from higher to lower concentration. It is passive and continues until dynamic equilibrium is reached.
Kaart 200
Küsimus
What happens to an animal cell in a strongly hypotonic solution?
Vastus
Water enters and the cell swells. Without a cell wall, it may burst.
Kaart 201
Küsimus
What happens during interphase?
Vastus
The cell grows, performs normal functions, and copies its DNA. Interphase precedes mitotic division.
Kaart 202
Küsimus
What is the result of mitosis followed by cytokinesis?
Vastus
Two genetically similar daughter cells. Chromosome number is normally preserved.
Kaart 203
Küsimus
What is osmosis?
Vastus
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves toward the side with more nonpenetrating solute.
Kaart 204
Küsimus
What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?
Vastus
Water leaves and the cell shrinks. The external solution has a higher effective solute concentration.
Kaart 205
Küsimus
Why are cells generally small?
Vastus
A high surface-area-to-volume ratio supports efficient exchange. Volume grows faster than surface area as a cell enlarges.
Kaart 206
Küsimus
What is cytokinesis?
Vastus
Division of the cytoplasm. It separates one cell into two after nuclear division.
Kaart 207
Küsimus
How does active transport differ from passive transport?
Vastus
It uses energy to move substances against a gradient. Passive transport moves down a gradient without direct energy input.
Kaart 208
Küsimus
What happens to an animal cell in an isotonic solution?
Vastus
There is no net water movement. Water still crosses in both directions at equal rates.
Kaart 209
Küsimus
Which structures are typical of plant cells but not animal cells?
Vastus
A cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. Both cell types have membranes, nuclei, and mitochondria.
Kaart 210
Küsimus
How do cells contribute to a multicellular organism's organization?
Vastus
Specialized cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form systems. Division of labor supports complex functions.
Kaart 211
Küsimus
What is DNA's primary biological role?
Vastus
Storing hereditary information. Its nucleotide sequence contains instructions used to build functional RNA and proteins.
Kaart 212
Küsimus
What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
Vastus
A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides link to form each strand.
Kaart 213
Küsimus
Which bases pair in double-stranded DNA?
Vastus
Adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine. Hydrogen bonds hold complementary strands together.
Kaart 214
Küsimus
How does RNA differ from DNA?
Vastus
RNA usually has ribose, uses uracil instead of thymine, and is usually single-stranded. Several RNA types help express genes.
Kaart 215
Küsimus
What is a gene?
Vastus
A DNA sequence that contributes to a functional product. The product may be a protein or a functional RNA.
Kaart 216
Küsimus
What is a chromosome?
Vastus
A long DNA molecule packaged with proteins. It contains many genes and other sequences.
Kaart 217
Küsimus
What is DNA replication?
Vastus
Copying DNA before cell division. Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one newly made strand.
Kaart 218
Küsimus
What is the usual flow of information from a protein-coding gene?
Vastus
DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription makes RNA; translation builds the polypeptide.
Kaart 219
Küsimus
What happens during transcription?
Vastus
RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. For a protein-coding gene, that RNA functions as or is processed into messenger RNA.
Kaart 220
Küsimus
What does messenger RNA carry?
Vastus
A copy of coding information from DNA to a ribosome. Its codons specify the amino-acid sequence.
Kaart 221
Küsimus
What is a codon?
Vastus
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA. Most codons specify an amino acid; some signal start or stop.
Kaart 222
Küsimus
What is the usual role of the AUG codon?
Vastus
It starts translation and specifies methionine. The ribosome uses it to establish the reading frame.
Kaart 223
Küsimus
What happens during translation?
Vastus
A ribosome reads mRNA and joins amino acids into a polypeptide. Transfer RNAs match codons with amino acids.
446 kaarti
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
Õpi seda kaardipakki tasutaNibomo avaneb, et saaksid õppimist alustada.
Kaart 224
Küsimus
What is transfer RNA's role in protein synthesis?
Vastus
It carries an amino acid and matches its anticodon to an mRNA codon. This places the correct amino acid in sequence.
Kaart 225
Küsimus
What is an anticodon?
Vastus
A three-base sequence on tRNA complementary to an mRNA codon. Pairing helps decode the message.
Kaart 226
Küsimus
What is a mutation?
Vastus
A change in a DNA sequence. Its effect may be harmful, neutral, or beneficial depending on location and context.
Kaart 227
Küsimus
Why can a one-base insertion in a coding sequence have a large effect?
Vastus
It can shift the reading frame. Every downstream codon may change until a stop signal appears.
Kaart 228
Küsimus
Why can changing one amino acid alter a protein's function?
Vastus
Amino-acid sequence helps determine folding and shape. Shape controls many protein interactions.
Kaart 229
Küsimus
What is ribosomal RNA's role in protein synthesis?
Vastus
It forms the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA helps align translation components and catalyzes peptide-bond formation.
Kaart 230
Küsimus
Why can different cell types contain the same DNA but perform different jobs?
Vastus
They express different sets of genes. Different proteins give cells different structures and functions.
Kaart 231
Küsimus
Which mutation can be passed to offspring?
Vastus
A mutation present in a gamete-forming lineage. A mutation limited to ordinary body cells is not inherited through reproduction.
Kaart 232
Küsimus
What is an allele?
Vastus
An alternative version of a gene. Diploid individuals usually carry two alleles for each autosomal gene.
Kaart 233
Küsimus
What is genotype?
Vastus
An organism's allele combination for a gene or set of genes. Genotype contributes to phenotype.
Kaart 234
Küsimus
What does homozygous mean?
Vastus
Having two identical alleles for a gene. Examples include AA and aa.
Kaart 235
Küsimus
What makes an allele dominant in a simple Mendelian trait?
Vastus
One copy is enough for its phenotype to appear in a heterozygote. Dominant does not mean common or beneficial.
Kaart 236
Küsimus
What does Mendel's law of segregation describe?
Vastus
The two alleles for a gene separate during gamete formation. Each gamete receives one allele.
Kaart 237
Küsimus
What is phenotype?
Vastus
An observable trait or characteristic. It can reflect genotype, environment, and their interaction.
Kaart 238
Küsimus
What does heterozygous mean?
Vastus
Having two different alleles for a gene. An example is Aa.
Kaart 239
Küsimus
When does a recessive phenotype usually appear in a simple autosomal trait?
Vastus
When both alleles are recessive. A heterozygote carries the allele without showing that phenotype.
Kaart 240
Küsimus
When does independent assortment apply most clearly?
Vastus
When genes are on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome. Their allele pairs enter gametes independently.
Kaart 241
Küsimus
What does a Punnett square predict?
Vastus
Expected offspring genotype probabilities from specified parental gametes. It does not guarantee outcomes in a small family.
Kaart 242
Küsimus
For Aa × Aa, what is the chance of an aa offspring?
Vastus
One fourth, or 25%. The genotype ratio is expected to be 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa.
Kaart 243
Küsimus
For Aa × Aa with complete dominance, what phenotypic ratio is expected?
Vastus
Three dominant-phenotype offspring to one recessive-phenotype offspring. This is a probability across many offspring.
Kaart 244
Küsimus
How can a test cross reveal the genotype behind a dominant phenotype?
Vastus
Cross the individual with a homozygous recessive partner. Recessive offspring show that the unknown parent carried a recessive allele.
Kaart 245
Küsimus
What happens in incomplete dominance?
Vastus
A heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype. Neither allele fully masks the other.
Kaart 246
Küsimus
How is the probability of two independent genetic events both occurring found?
Vastus
Multiply their individual probabilities. This is the product rule.
Kaart 247
Küsimus
What does a pedigree show?
Vastus
How a trait appears across generations of a family. Its pattern can suggest a mode of inheritance.
Kaart 248
Küsimus
Why can two parents have offspring ratios that differ from a Punnett-square expectation?
Vastus
Each fertilization is a chance event. Expected ratios become more apparent with larger numbers of offspring.
Kaart 249
Küsimus
What happens in codominance?
Vastus
Both alleles are distinctly expressed in a heterozygote. The AB blood type is a common example.
Kaart 250
Küsimus
What are major roles of carbohydrates?
Vastus
Providing quick energy, storing energy, and forming some structures. Monosaccharides are their basic building blocks.
Kaart 251
Küsimus
What is a monomer?
Vastus
A small building block that can join with others to form a larger molecule. Glucose, amino acids, and nucleotides are examples in different classes.
Kaart 252
Küsimus
What happens in a dehydration-synthesis reaction?
Vastus
Monomers join while water is removed. The reaction builds a larger biological molecule.
Kaart 253
Küsimus
What does an enzyme do?
Vastus
It lowers activation energy and speeds a reaction without being consumed. Its shape helps it bind specific substrates.
Kaart 254
Küsimus
What are major roles of lipids?
Vastus
Long-term energy storage, membranes, insulation, and signaling. Lipids are mostly nonpolar and do not mix well with water.
Kaart 255
Küsimus
What does it mean for a protein to denature?
Vastus
Its normal shape is disrupted. Heat, extreme pH, or chemicals can reduce its function.
Kaart 256
Küsimus
What happens during hydrolysis?
Vastus
Water is used to split a larger molecule into smaller units. Digestion often uses hydrolysis reactions.
Kaart 257
Küsimus
Why do phospholipids form bilayers in water?
Vastus
Their hydrophilic heads interact with water while hydrophobic tails turn inward. This arrangement forms cell-membrane structure.
Kaart 258
Küsimus
What are proteins built from?
Vastus
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Their folded shapes support enzymes, transport, signaling, structure, and movement.
Kaart 259
Küsimus
How do starch and glycogen compare?
Vastus
Both store glucose; plants use starch and animals use glycogen. Their branching patterns differ.
Kaart 260
Küsimus
How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?
Vastus
Saturated fatty acids lack carbon-carbon double bonds; unsaturated ones have one or more. Double bonds often introduce bends.
Kaart 261
Küsimus
What immediate energy-carrying molecule powers many cell processes?
Vastus
ATP. Energy released from nutrients can be transferred into ATP's phosphate bonds.
Kaart 262
Küsimus
What are nucleic acids built from?
Vastus
Nucleotides. DNA stores hereditary information, while RNA performs several roles in gene expression.
Kaart 263
Küsimus
Which elements are common in all four major biological macromolecule classes?
Vastus
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Nitrogen and phosphorus occur prominently in some classes.
Kaart 264
Küsimus
Why is three-dimensional shape important for macromolecules?
Vastus
Shape determines many interactions and functions. A changed shape can prevent a molecule from binding its target.
Kaart 265
Küsimus
What are triglycerides built from?
Vastus
One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. They join through ester bonds to form a common energy-storage lipid.
Kaart 266
Küsimus
What is a pathogen?
Vastus
An agent capable of causing disease. Not every microorganism is pathogenic.
Kaart 267
Küsimus
What type of cell is a bacterium?
Vastus
A prokaryotic cell. Bacteria usually reproduce by binary fission.
Kaart 268
Küsimus
What cell type do fungi have?
Vastus
Eukaryotic cells. Some fungi are unicellular yeasts, while others form multicellular filaments.
Kaart 269
Küsimus
What does disease transmission describe?
Vastus
How an infectious agent moves to a susceptible host. Routes include contact, droplets, airborne spread, food, water, and vectors.
Kaart 270
Küsimus
What is a biological vector?
Vastus
An organism that becomes infected with a pathogen and transmits it between hosts. The pathogen survives or reproduces inside the vector, unlike transport by a mechanical carrier.
Kaart 271
Küsimus
Why are viruses dependent on host cells?
Vastus
They lack the complete machinery for reproduction and metabolism. They use host components to make new virus particles.
Kaart 272
Küsimus
What is a protist?
Vastus
A diverse eukaryote that is not classified as an animal, plant, or fungus. Some protists cause disease, while many do not.
Kaart 273
Küsimus
Why do antibiotics not treat viral infections?
Vastus
They target bacterial structures or processes that viruses lack. Antiviral drugs use different targets.
Kaart 274
Küsimus
How can normal microbiota protect a host?
Vastus
They occupy space and use resources that pathogens might otherwise exploit. Some also support digestion or immune development.
Kaart 275
Küsimus
How does sterilization differ from disinfection?
Vastus
Sterilization destroys or removes all microbial life, including resistant forms; disinfection reduces pathogens on objects. The required method depends on use.
Kaart 276
Küsimus
How do infection and disease differ?
Vastus
Infection means an agent is established in a host; disease means normal function is impaired and signs or symptoms occur. Infection may be asymptomatic.
Kaart 277
Küsimus
How can breaking a transmission route reduce infectious disease?
Vastus
It interrupts the chain connecting a source with a susceptible host. Hand hygiene, clean water, ventilation, and vector control target different links.
Kaart 278
Küsimus
What is an atom?
Vastus
The smallest unit of an element that retains that element's chemical identity. Atoms contain a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
Kaart 279
Küsimus
What charge and location does an electron have?
Vastus
Negative charge in the electron cloud around the nucleus. Electrons drive most chemical bonding.
Kaart 280
Küsimus
Why are valence electrons important?
Vastus
They participate most directly in bonding and reactions. Their arrangement helps predict chemical behavior.
Kaart 281
Küsimus
What do elements in the same periodic-table group often share?
Vastus
Similar valence-electron patterns and chemical properties. A group is a vertical column.
Kaart 282
Küsimus
What is an ion?
Vastus
An atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. Its total numbers of protons and electrons are unequal.
Kaart 283
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What charge and location does a proton have?
Vastus
Positive charge in the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element.
Kaart 284
Küsimus
What does an element's atomic number equal?
Vastus
Its number of protons. A neutral atom has the same number of electrons.
Kaart 285
Küsimus
How does a neutral atom form a cation?
Vastus
By losing one or more electrons. It has more protons than electrons and a positive charge.
Kaart 286
Küsimus
An atom has 8 protons. How many electrons does it have if it is neutral?
Vastus
Eight electrons. Neutral atoms have equal positive and negative charges.
Kaart 287
Küsimus
What charge and location does a neutron have?
Vastus
No electric charge, in the nucleus. Neutron number can vary among isotopes of an element.
Kaart 288
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What does mass number equal?
Vastus
Protons plus neutrons in one atom. It is a whole number for a specific isotope.
Kaart 289
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How does a neutral atom form an anion?
Vastus
By gaining one or more electrons. It has more electrons than protons and a negative charge.
Kaart 290
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What does a period represent on the periodic table?
Vastus
A horizontal row. Moving across a period changes proton number one element at a time.
Kaart 291
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What are isotopes?
Vastus
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Kaart 292
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What is matter?
Vastus
Anything that has mass and occupies space. Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are forms of matter.
Kaart 293
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What distinguishes a solid from a liquid or gas?
Vastus
A solid has a definite shape and volume. Its particles vibrate around relatively fixed positions.
Kaart 294
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What is a physical change?
Vastus
A change in form or state without changing chemical identity. Melting and cutting are examples.
Kaart 295
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What is a physical property?
Vastus
A characteristic observed without changing a substance's identity. Density, color, and melting point are examples.
Kaart 296
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How does an element differ from a compound?
Vastus
An element contains one kind of atom; a compound contains elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. Chemical methods can separate a compound into simpler substances.
Kaart 297
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What distinguishes a liquid?
Vastus
It has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container. Its particles remain close while moving past one another.
Kaart 298
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What is a chemical change?
Vastus
A process that forms one or more substances with new chemical identities. Bond rearrangement occurs.
Kaart 299
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What is a chemical property?
Vastus
A substance's ability to undergo a particular chemical change. Flammability and reactivity with acid are examples.
Kaart 300
Küsimus
Which phase changes connect solids and liquids?
Vastus
Melting changes a solid to a liquid; freezing changes a liquid to a solid. These are opposite physical changes.
Kaart 301
Küsimus
How does a pure substance differ from a mixture?
Vastus
A pure substance has a fixed composition and is an element or compound; a mixture has variable composition and physically combined components. Mixture components retain their identities.
Kaart 302
Küsimus
What distinguishes a gas?
Vastus
It has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. It expands to fill its container.
Kaart 303
Küsimus
What is the formula for density?
Vastus
Density = mass ÷ volume. Density is an intensive property.
Kaart 304
Küsimus
Which phase changes connect liquids and gases?
Vastus
Vaporization changes a liquid to a gas; condensation changes a gas to a liquid. Evaporation is vaporization at a liquid's surface.
Kaart 305
Küsimus
What is a mixture?
Vastus
Two or more substances physically combined in variable proportions. Its components retain their chemical identities.
Kaart 306
Küsimus
How do intensive and extensive properties differ?
Vastus
Intensive properties do not depend on sample amount; extensive properties do. Density and temperature are intensive, while mass and volume are extensive.
Kaart 307
Küsimus
A 20 g sample occupies 5 mL. What is its density?
Vastus
4 g/mL. Divide 20 g by 5 mL.
Kaart 308
Küsimus
Which phase changes connect solids and gases directly?
Vastus
Sublimation changes a solid to a gas; deposition changes a gas to a solid. Neither transition passes through the liquid state.
Kaart 309
Küsimus
How do homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures differ?
Vastus
A homogeneous mixture is uniform throughout; a heterogeneous mixture is not. A solution is homogeneous.
Kaart 310
Küsimus
Where are reactants and products written in a chemical equation?
Vastus
Reactants are on the left; products are on the right. The arrow shows the direction represented.
Kaart 311
Küsimus
Why must a chemical equation be balanced?
Vastus
Atoms are conserved in ordinary chemical reactions. Each element must have the same atom count on both sides.
Kaart 312
Küsimus
What does a coefficient in a chemical equation change?
Vastus
The number of whole particles or moles represented. It multiplies every atom in the following formula.
Kaart 313
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Why should subscripts not be changed when balancing an equation?
Vastus
Changing a subscript changes the substance's identity. Balancing changes coefficients only.
Kaart 314
Küsimus
What coefficients balance H₂ + O₂ → H₂O?
Vastus
2, 1, 2: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O. Both sides then contain four hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms.
Kaart 315
Küsimus
What pattern defines a synthesis reaction?
Vastus
Two or more reactants form a more complex product. A general pattern is A + B → AB.
Kaart 316
Küsimus
What are typical products when a hydrocarbon burns completely in oxygen?
Vastus
Carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide or carbon.
Kaart 317
Küsimus
What is the net ionic equation for a typical strong acid–strong base neutralization?
Vastus
H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l). The remaining ions are spectators and do not appear in the net ionic equation.
Kaart 318
Küsimus
What is a precipitate?
Vastus
An insoluble solid that forms from substances in solution. Its appearance can signal a chemical reaction.
Kaart 319
Küsimus
What pattern defines a decomposition reaction?
Vastus
One compound breaks into simpler products. A general pattern is AB → A + B.
Kaart 320
Küsimus
What is an exothermic reaction?
Vastus
A reaction that releases heat to the surroundings. The surroundings often warm.
Kaart 321
Küsimus
What occurs in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
Vastus
Electrons transfer or atoms change oxidation state. Oxidation is electron loss; reduction is electron gain.
Kaart 322
Küsimus
What is activation energy?
Vastus
The minimum energy barrier reactants must overcome to react. Catalysts lower this barrier.
Kaart 323
Küsimus
Which observations can provide evidence of a chemical reaction?
Vastus
Gas formation, a precipitate, sustained color change, light, or temperature change. No single sign proves a reaction without context.
Kaart 324
Küsimus
What is an endothermic reaction?
Vastus
A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings. The surroundings may cool.
Kaart 325
Küsimus
Why does raising temperature usually speed a reaction?
Vastus
Particles collide more often and with greater energy. More collisions overcome activation energy.
Kaart 326
Küsimus
Why can higher reactant concentration increase reaction rate?
Vastus
More reactant particles occupy a given volume. This raises collision frequency.
Kaart 327
Küsimus
Why does powdered solid often react faster than one large piece?
Vastus
Powder exposes more surface area. More particles are available for collisions.
Kaart 328
Küsimus
How does a catalyst speed a reaction?
Vastus
It provides a pathway with lower activation energy. The catalyst is regenerated rather than consumed overall.
Kaart 329
Küsimus
How can increasing pressure affect a reaction between gases?
Vastus
It can increase rate by bringing gas particles closer together. Collision frequency rises when volume falls.
Kaart 330
Küsimus
What does a reaction inhibitor do?
Vastus
It slows a reaction. It may block a pathway, interfere with a catalyst, or remove reactive intermediates.
Kaart 331
Küsimus
Why can very high temperature slow an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
Vastus
The enzyme can denature and lose its active shape. Moderate warming helps only within the enzyme's stable range.
Kaart 332
Küsimus
What is dynamic equilibrium?
Vastus
Forward and reverse reactions continue at equal rates. Concentrations remain constant even though particles still react.
Kaart 333
Küsimus
Does a catalyst change the final equilibrium amounts?
Vastus
No. It speeds forward and reverse reactions, so equilibrium is reached sooner without changing its position.
Kaart 334
Küsimus
At equilibrium, what usually happens when the concentration of a dissolved or gaseous reactant increases?
Vastus
The system shifts toward consuming some added reactant. It forms more product until a new equilibrium is reached.
Kaart 335
Küsimus
What is a solution?
Vastus
A homogeneous mixture. Its components are uniformly distributed at the molecular or ionic level.
Kaart 336
Küsimus
How do solute and solvent differ?
Vastus
The solute is dissolved; the solvent is the dissolving medium. The solvent is often present in greater amount.
Kaart 337
Küsimus
What does aqueous mean in chemistry?
Vastus
Dissolved in water. The symbol
(aq)marks an aqueous species in an equation.Kaart 338
Küsimus
What does concentration describe?
Vastus
The amount of solute in a given amount of solution or solvent. Different units express it in different ways.
Kaart 339
Küsimus
What is molarity?
Vastus
Moles of solute per liter of solution. Its unit is mol/L, written M.
Kaart 340
Küsimus
What is the molarity of 0.50 mol solute in 2.0 L of solution?
Vastus
0.25 M. Divide 0.50 mol by 2.0 L.
Kaart 341
Küsimus
What stays constant when water is added to dilute a solution without reaction?
Vastus
The moles of solute. Volume increases and concentration decreases.
Kaart 342
Küsimus
Which equation relates concentration and volume before and after a dilution?
Vastus
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂. It follows from conserving the amount of solute.
Kaart 343
Küsimus
What is solubility?
Vastus
The maximum concentration of a solute that can be achieved in a solution at equilibrium under specified conditions. Temperature and the substances involved matter.
Kaart 344
Küsimus
What is a saturated solution?
Vastus
A solution holding the maximum dissolved solute at those conditions. Extra solute remains undissolved at equilibrium.
Kaart 345
Küsimus
What is an electrolyte?
Vastus
A substance that produces mobile ions in solution and conducts electricity. Soluble ionic compounds are common examples.
Kaart 346
Küsimus
What does 'like dissolves like' predict?
Vastus
Substances with similar polarity tend to mix well. Polar solvents favor polar or ionic solutes; nonpolar solvents favor nonpolar solutes.
Kaart 347
Küsimus
Does heating always increase solubility?
Vastus
No. Many solids become more soluble in water, but gases usually become less soluble as temperature rises.
Kaart 348
Küsimus
What is an unsaturated solution?
Vastus
A solution that can dissolve more solute at the stated conditions. It is below the solubility limit.
Kaart 349
Küsimus
What does a Brønsted-Lowry acid donate?
Vastus
A proton, H⁺. In water, acid behavior increases hydronium-ion concentration.
Kaart 350
Küsimus
What does pH describe?
Vastus
The hydronium-ion concentration on a logarithmic scale. Lower pH means higher hydronium concentration.
Kaart 351
Küsimus
At 25 °C, what pH range is acidic?
Vastus
Below 7. A neutral aqueous solution is pH 7 at this temperature.
Kaart 352
Küsimus
How does hydronium concentration change when pH drops by 1 unit?
Vastus
It increases tenfold. The pH scale is logarithmic.
Kaart 353
Küsimus
What does a Brønsted-Lowry base accept?
Vastus
A proton, H⁺. Many bases in water also increase hydroxide-ion concentration.
Kaart 354
Küsimus
At 25 °C, what is the relationship between pH and pOH?
Vastus
pH + pOH = 14. pOH is the negative base-10 logarithm of hydroxide-ion concentration; this relation applies to aqueous solutions at 25 °C.
Kaart 355
Küsimus
At 25 °C, what pH range is basic?
Vastus
Above 7. Basic solutions have less hydronium and more hydroxide than neutral water.
Kaart 356
Küsimus
What are typical products of a strong acid reacting with a strong base?
Vastus
Water and an ionic salt. Hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions combine to form water.
Kaart 357
Küsimus
What does strong mean for an acid or base?
Vastus
It produces its characteristic ions essentially completely in water. Strong acids ionize; soluble ionic strong bases dissociate. Strength is separate from concentration.
Kaart 358
Küsimus
What does a buffer do?
Vastus
It resists large pH changes when small amounts of acid or base are added. A weak conjugate acid-base pair neutralizes much of the added H₃O⁺ or OH⁻.
Kaart 359
Küsimus
How does an acid-base indicator work?
Vastus
Its color depends on pH. The change occurs over a characteristic pH range.
Kaart 360
Küsimus
A solution has pH 9 at 25 °C. What is its pOH?
Vastus
5. Subtract the pH from 14.
Kaart 361
Küsimus
How does a concentrated weak acid differ from a dilute strong acid?
Vastus
Concentration tells how much acid is present; strength tells how completely it ionizes. A concentrated weak acid contains more partially ionizing acid, while a dilute strong acid contains less acid that ionizes essentially completely. Either can have the lower pH.
Kaart 362
Küsimus
What is the SI base unit of length?
Vastus
The meter (m). Centimeters and millimeters are decimal subdivisions of a meter.
Kaart 363
Küsimus
Which tool directly measures mass in a laboratory?
Vastus
A balance. A spring scale measures force, often reported as weight.
Kaart 364
Küsimus
What is the SI base unit of mass?
Vastus
The kilogram (kg). Laboratory mass is also commonly reported in grams.
Kaart 365
Küsimus
A student needs to measure about 35 mL of liquid and can choose a beaker or graduated cylinder. Which should they use?
Vastus
A graduated cylinder. Read the scale at eye level.
Kaart 366
Küsimus
What is the SI base unit of time?
Vastus
The second (s). Minutes and hours are accepted for many everyday uses.
Kaart 367
Küsimus
Where should the volume of a clear water-based liquid be read in a graduated cylinder?
Vastus
At the bottom of the meniscus. Keep your eye level with the liquid surface.
Kaart 368
Küsimus
What is the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature?
Vastus
The kelvin (K). Degrees Celsius are widely used for laboratory and body temperatures.
Kaart 369
Küsimus
Which tool measures temperature?
Vastus
A thermometer. Its range and resolution should match the task.
Kaart 370
Küsimus
What factor does the metric prefix kilo- represent?
Vastus
One thousand, or 10³. One kilometer equals 1,000 meters.
Kaart 371
Küsimus
A ruler's smallest marking is 1 mm. To what place should a careful analog reading usually be estimated?
Vastus
One place beyond the smallest marking, when the scale allows it. The final digit is uncertain.
Kaart 372
Küsimus
What is measurement accuracy?
Vastus
Closeness to an accepted or true value. A systematic error can make precise measurements inaccurate.
Kaart 373
Küsimus
How do mass and weight differ?
Vastus
Mass is the amount of matter; weight is gravitational force on that mass. Mass stays constant when gravity changes, but weight does not.
Kaart 374
Küsimus
What factor does the metric prefix milli- represent?
Vastus
One thousandth, or 10⁻³. One milliliter is 0.001 liter.
Kaart 375
Küsimus
How can the volume of an irregular solid be measured with water?
Vastus
Use water displacement. Subtract the initial water volume from the final volume after submerging the object.
Kaart 376
Küsimus
What is measurement precision?
Vastus
Closeness of repeated measurements to one another. Precise results can still be consistently wrong.
Kaart 377
Küsimus
What is an instrument's resolution?
Vastus
The smallest change it can meaningfully display or distinguish. Higher resolution does not automatically guarantee accuracy.
Kaart 378
Küsimus
How many centimeters are in 2.5 meters?
Vastus
2.5 × 10² cm (250 cm). Multiply meters by the exact conversion factor 100 cm/m.
Kaart 379
Küsimus
Why must a numerical measurement include a unit?
Vastus
The unit identifies the quantity's scale. A bare number is ambiguous and cannot be compared reliably.
Kaart 380
Küsimus
What is a scientific observation?
Vastus
Information recorded with senses or instruments. It should be distinguished from an explanation of what was observed.
Kaart 381
Küsimus
What makes a hypothesis scientifically useful?
Vastus
It is testable and falsifiable. Evidence must be able to count against it.
Kaart 382
Küsimus
What is a scientific theory?
Vastus
A broad, well-supported explanation of natural phenomena. It is not a casual guess and can be revised with new evidence.
Kaart 383
Küsimus
Which claim is falsifiable: 'No possible observation could count against this treatment's effectiveness' or 'This treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour'?
Vastus
The claim that the treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour. An observation could count against it, so evidence can test it.
Kaart 384
Küsimus
What is an inference?
Vastus
A logical interpretation based on observations and prior knowledge. It goes beyond the raw measurement.
Kaart 385
Küsimus
How does a prediction relate to a hypothesis?
Vastus
It states an expected result if the hypothesis is correct. Experiments compare observed results with that expectation.
Kaart 386
Küsimus
How does a scientific law differ from a scientific theory?
Vastus
A law describes a consistent pattern; a theory explains how or why patterns occur. One does not mature into the other.
Kaart 387
Küsimus
What does reliability mean for a measurement or procedure?
Vastus
It produces consistent results under the same conditions. Repetition helps assess reliability.
Kaart 388
Küsimus
What does a correlation show?
Vastus
Two variables change together in a patterned way. Correlation alone does not establish that one causes the other.
Kaart 389
Küsimus
What is bias in scientific work?
Vastus
A systematic influence that pushes observations, selection, or interpretation in one direction. Good design tries to prevent or measure it.
Kaart 390
Küsimus
What is the purpose of scientific peer review?
Vastus
Independent experts evaluate methods, reasoning, and reporting before publication. It improves scrutiny but does not guarantee truth.
Kaart 391
Küsimus
What does validity ask about a study or measurement?
Vastus
Whether it measures or tests what it claims to measure or test. Consistency alone does not ensure validity.
Kaart 392
Küsimus
What evidence most strengthens a causal claim?
Vastus
A well-controlled experiment that manipulates the suspected cause. Random assignment reduces confounding, while independent replication tests whether the result holds with new data.
Kaart 393
Küsimus
What is a primary scientific source?
Vastus
A report of original methods, data, and results. A review article synthesizes many primary studies.
Kaart 394
Küsimus
How should an unexpected outlier be handled?
Vastus
Investigate and report it rather than deleting it automatically. Exclusion needs a documented scientific reason.
Kaart 395
Küsimus
What is a confounding variable?
Vastus
An outside factor related to both the suspected cause and the outcome. It can create a misleading association.
Kaart 396
Küsimus
Why should a sample represent the population of interest?
Vastus
Results generalize poorly when important groups are missing or overrepresented. Sampling method matters as much as size.
Kaart 397
Küsimus
What is a scientific model?
Vastus
A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system. A model is useful within its assumptions and limits.
Kaart 398
Küsimus
Why should measurements report uncertainty or reasonable precision?
Vastus
Every measurement has limits. Reporting more digits than the method supports creates false precision.
Kaart 399
Küsimus
If results match a prediction once, what is the safest conclusion?
Vastus
The results support the hypothesis under those conditions. One result does not prove the hypothesis in every setting.
Kaart 400
Küsimus
What is a direct relationship between two variables?
Vastus
As one increases, the other tends to increase; as one decreases, the other tends to decrease. The relationship need not be perfectly linear.
Kaart 401
Küsimus
Which variable is usually placed on the x-axis of an experimental graph?
Vastus
The independent variable. It is the factor selected or changed by the investigator.
Kaart 402
Küsimus
What does the slope of a straight-line graph represent?
Vastus
Change in y divided by change in x. It is the response rate per unit change in the other variable.
Kaart 403
Küsimus
A line rises 12 units in y while x rises 3 units. What is its slope?
Vastus
4 units of y per unit of x. Divide 12 by 3.
Kaart 404
Küsimus
What is an inverse relationship?
Vastus
As one variable increases, the other tends to decrease. Their product is constant only in a strictly inverse proportion.
Kaart 405
Küsimus
Which variable is usually placed on the y-axis of an experimental graph?
Vastus
The dependent variable. It is the measured response.
Kaart 406
Küsimus
What does a plateau on a response graph indicate?
Vastus
The measured response has stopped changing much despite further x increases. A limiting factor may have been reached.
Kaart 407
Küsimus
What is interpolation?
Vastus
Estimating a value within the range of measured data. It is generally safer than extrapolating beyond that range.
Kaart 408
Küsimus
What pattern suggests no relationship between two plotted variables?
Vastus
The response shows no consistent change as the other variable changes. Points may scatter without a trend.
Kaart 409
Küsimus
Before comparing values in a data table, what should you check?
Vastus
Headings, units, and conditions. Numbers from different measures or scales cannot be compared directly.
Kaart 410
Küsimus
If 3 samples require 12 mL total, how much is needed for 5 equal samples?
Vastus
20 mL. The rate is 4 mL per sample, so multiply by 5.
Kaart 411
Küsimus
How is the arithmetic mean calculated?
Vastus
Add all values and divide by the number of values. A large outlier can shift the mean.
Kaart 412
Küsimus
Why is extrapolation uncertain?
Vastus
It assumes the observed trend continues outside measured conditions. The relationship may change beyond the data range.
Kaart 413
Küsimus
A culture grows from 20 to 50 cells in 6 hours. What is the average growth rate?
Vastus
5 cells per hour. The change is 30 cells divided by 6 hours.
Kaart 414
Küsimus
A measurement rises from 40 to 50. What is the percent increase?
Vastus
25%. The increase is 10, and 10 ÷ 40 × 100 = 25%.
Kaart 415
Küsimus
When can the median describe a typical value better than the mean?
Vastus
When data are skewed or contain strong outliers. In an ordered set, the median is the middle value for an odd count and the mean of the two middle values for an even count.
Kaart 416
Küsimus
How do quantitative and qualitative data differ?
Vastus
Quantitative data are numerical; qualitative data describe categories or qualities. Both can answer scientific questions.
Kaart 417
Küsimus
A response is 2 at dose 1, 4 at dose 2, and 8 at dose 4. If the relationship is linear, what response is predicted at dose 3?
Vastus
6. The observed rate is 2 response units per dose unit, so interpolation at dose 3 gives 6.
Kaart 418
Küsimus
How can a graph reveal a nonlinear relationship?
Vastus
The points follow a curve rather than a straight line. The rate of change varies across the x-range.
Kaart 419
Küsimus
What is the range of a data set?
Vastus
Maximum minus minimum. It describes total spread but ignores the distribution between the endpoints.
Kaart 420
Küsimus
What makes a scientific research question testable?
Vastus
It identifies measurable variables or observable outcomes. The needed data must be obtainable.
Kaart 421
Küsimus
In an experiment, what is the independent variable?
Vastus
The factor deliberately changed or assigned by the investigator. In a simple one-factor experiment, changing one independent variable helps isolate its effect.
Kaart 422
Küsimus
What should a hypothesis connect?
Vastus
A proposed explanation with a measurable outcome. It should lead to a prediction that evidence can challenge.
Kaart 423
Küsimus
What is a controlled variable, or constant?
Vastus
A condition kept the same across groups. Holding it constant prevents it from explaining outcome differences.
Kaart 424
Küsimus
What is the purpose of a control group?
Vastus
It provides a comparison without the experimental treatment. Differences can then be attributed more confidently to the treatment.
Kaart 425
Küsimus
In an experiment, what is the dependent variable?
Vastus
The measured response. It may change because of the independent variable.
Kaart 426
Küsimus
What form can a useful experimental prediction take?
Vastus
If the independent variable changes in a stated way, then the dependent variable should respond in a stated way. The reason links it to the hypothesis.
Kaart 427
Küsimus
What does a positive control demonstrate?
Vastus
That the setup can produce a known response. If it fails, the test system may be defective.
Kaart 428
Küsimus
Why randomly assign subjects to experimental groups?
Vastus
To distribute known and unknown differences more evenly. This reduces selection bias and confounding.
Kaart 429
Küsimus
How can blinding reduce bias?
Vastus
It keeps participants, observers, or both unaware of treatment assignments. Expectations are less likely to affect behavior or measurement.
Kaart 430
Küsimus
What is a placebo?
Vastus
An inactive treatment designed to resemble the experimental treatment. It helps separate treatment effects from expectation effects.
Kaart 431
Küsimus
What does a negative control demonstrate?
Vastus
What happens when the tested cause is absent. An unexpected response may reveal contamination or another source.
Kaart 432
Küsimus
Why does a larger sample often improve a study?
Vastus
It reduces the influence of chance variation and supports more stable estimates. It cannot repair a biased sampling method.
Kaart 433
Küsimus
Why repeat trials within an experiment?
Vastus
To estimate variability and check consistency. One unusual trial then has less influence.
Kaart 434
Küsimus
Why must an experimental procedure be detailed and standardized?
Vastus
So groups are treated consistently and others can reproduce the work. Uncontrolled procedural differences create alternative explanations.
Kaart 435
Küsimus
Why calibrate a measuring instrument before collecting data?
Vastus
To compare its readings with a known standard and reduce systematic error. Calibration improves confidence in accuracy.
Kaart 436
Küsimus
What is an operational definition?
Vastus
A precise statement of how a variable is measured or manipulated. It turns an abstract concept into a repeatable procedure.
Kaart 437
Küsimus
How does independent replication differ from repeated trials?
Vastus
Independent replication repeats a study with independently collected data, often by a different investigator; repeated trials rerun measurements within the original experiment. Replication tests consistency across separate studies.
Kaart 438
Küsimus
Why should raw data be recorded before interpretation?
Vastus
It preserves the observations separately from conclusions. Others can check calculations and reasoning.
Kaart 439
Küsimus
What should a scientific conclusion do?
Vastus
Answer the research question using the data and acknowledge limits. It should not claim more than the design supports.
Kaart 440
Küsimus
What should happen when data do not support a hypothesis?
Vastus
Revise or reject the hypothesis and consider new tests. Data should not be altered to preserve the original idea.
Kaart 441
Küsimus
What is a study limitation?
Vastus
A feature that restricts interpretation or generalization. Small samples, short duration, and imperfect measurements are examples.
Kaart 442
Küsimus
Why are ethics part of experimental design?
Vastus
Research must protect participants, organisms, and communities while balancing risks and benefits. Consent and humane treatment are key examples.
Kaart 443
Küsimus
How does an observational study differ from an experiment?
Vastus
It measures variables without assigning the exposure. It can find associations but usually supports weaker causal conclusions.
Kaart 444
Küsimus
Plants receive 0, 2, or 4 hours of added light, and growth is measured. What is the independent variable?
Vastus
Hours of added light. Plant growth is the dependent variable.
Kaart 445
Küsimus
A fertilizer study gives every plant the same water, soil, and temperature. What are these conditions?
Vastus
Controlled variables. Keeping them constant isolates the fertilizer's effect.
Kaart 446
Küsimus
A drug group improves more than a control group, but the groups were not randomly assigned. What is the main caution?
Vastus
Preexisting group differences could explain some improvement. The result is suggestive, but the design weakens a causal claim.
446 kaarti
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
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