ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
Practice 446 original ATI TEAS 7 Science recall and mini-scenario cards across A&P, biology, chemistry, and scientific reasoning.
Bu deste hakkında
Build the core Science knowledge and reasoning used for ATI TEAS 7 with 446 independently authored flashcards.
What this deck practices
- Structure or concept → function: body systems, cells, molecules, atoms, solutions, and experimental parts.
- Function, outcome, or evidence → concept: selective reverse recall when recognizing the name matters in practice.
- Cause or condition → effect: physiology, chemical changes, reaction conditions, inheritance, and experimental predictions.
- Process and order: circulation, ventilation, digestion, urine formation, gene expression, cell division, and scientific investigations.
- Application: short calculations, comparisons, data interpretations, and original mini-scenarios.
The deck does not mechanically reverse every fact. It excludes multiple-choice distractors, exhaustive anatomy lists, obscure chemical nomenclature, advanced pathophysiology, pharmacology, and nursing-school procedures because those mappings do not improve entry-level TEAS Science recall.
The sequence introduces prerequisites before dependent ideas: anatomical language before body systems, cells before genetics, atoms before reactions, and measurement before experimental design. Related forward and reverse variants are separated so one card does not immediately reveal another.
Coverage follows the four Science areas and relative emphasis in ATI's public ATI TEAS 7 content outline: Human Anatomy and Physiology, Biology, Chemistry, and Scientific Reasoning. The public outline defines scope only. Questions, answers, explanations, examples, and ordering were independently authored from common scientific knowledge checked against open educational and official public sources.
No exam question, mark scheme, paid ATI flashcard, test-bank item, or curriculum text was copied. This is an independent, unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. ATI and TEAS are marks of Assessment Technologies Institute, L.L.C.; this deck is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or produced by ATI. See ATI's official exam details for current requirements.
Bu destedeki kartlar
Kart 1
Soru
What posture defines the standard anatomical position?
Cevap
Standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms forward. The feet point forward, giving anatomy a consistent reference position.
Kart 2
Soru
In anatomical language, what does superior mean?
Cevap
Toward the head or above another structure. Inferior means toward the feet or below.
Kart 3
Soru
Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right portions?
Cevap
The sagittal plane. A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.
Kart 4
Soru
Why does the body use feedback mechanisms?
Cevap
To regulate internal conditions. Feedback compares a condition with a set range and triggers responses that adjust it.
Kart 5
Soru
What is the order of structural organization from simplest to most complex?
Cevap
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. Each level builds on interactions at the preceding level.
Kart 6
Soru
What does anterior mean in human anatomy?
Cevap
Toward the front of the body. Posterior means toward the back.
Kart 7
Soru
Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions?
Cevap
The transverse plane. It is also called the horizontal plane.
Kart 8
Soru
What is homeostasis?
Cevap
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. It is dynamic rather than perfectly unchanging.
Kart 9
Soru
Which major body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?
Cevap
The dorsal body cavity. Its cranial cavity holds the brain, and its vertebral cavity holds the spinal cord.
Kart 10
Soru
What does medial mean in anatomical language?
Cevap
Toward the body's midline. Lateral means farther from the midline.
Kart 11
Soru
A rise in body temperature triggers sweating. What control pattern is this?
Cevap
Negative feedback. The response opposes the original temperature change and moves the body toward its normal range.
Kart 12
Soru
Which anatomical plane divides the body into front and back portions?
Cevap
The frontal, or coronal, plane. It separates anterior from posterior portions.
Kart 13
Soru
Which major body cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Cevap
The ventral body cavity. The diaphragm separates its thoracic and abdominopelvic portions.
Kart 14
Soru
What does proximal mean when describing a limb?
Cevap
Closer to the limb's point of attachment. Distal means farther from that point.
Kart 15
Soru
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
Cevap
Positive feedback amplifies the initial change. Negative feedback opposes a change; positive feedback continues until a stopping event occurs.
Kart 16
Soru
Which tissue type covers surfaces and lines body cavities?
Cevap
Epithelial tissue. It also forms many glands and often serves protective, absorptive, or secretory roles.
Kart 17
Soru
Which tissue type mainly supports, binds, and protects other tissues?
Cevap
Connective tissue. Its cells are typically separated by an extracellular matrix.
Kart 18
Soru
What shared property lets muscle tissue produce movement?
Cevap
Contractility. Muscle cells shorten or develop tension in response to stimulation.
Kart 19
Soru
Which tissue type rapidly communicates by electrical signals?
Cevap
Nervous tissue. Neurons transmit signals, while supporting cells help maintain their environment.
Kart 20
Soru
Why are tightly packed epithelial cells well suited for barriers?
Cevap
They leave little space between cells. This continuous arrangement limits passage across a surface.
Kart 21
Soru
What distinguishes connective tissue from epithelial tissue?
Cevap
Connective tissue usually has abundant extracellular matrix. Epithelial cells are more tightly packed.
Kart 22
Soru
What are the four basic human tissue types?
Cevap
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Organs contain two or more tissue types working together.
Kart 23
Soru
What makes a structure an organ rather than a tissue?
Cevap
An organ combines multiple tissue types for a specific function. A tissue is a group of similar cells and matrix performing related work.
Kart 24
Soru
What are the skeletal system's main functions?
Cevap
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood-cell production, and fat storage. Bones also provide levers for muscles.
Kart 25
Soru
What belongs to the axial skeleton?
Cevap
The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. These structures form the body's central axis.
Kart 26
Soru
How do compact and spongy bone differ?
Cevap
Compact bone is dense; spongy bone has a lattice of trabeculae. Both are organized living bone tissue.
Kart 27
Soru
What is a joint?
Cevap
A place where two or more bones meet. Joint structure determines how much movement is possible.
Kart 28
Soru
Which bone cell builds new bone matrix?
Cevap
An osteoblast. Osteoclasts break down bone, while osteocytes maintain mature bone tissue.
Kart 29
Soru
What belongs to the appendicular skeleton?
Cevap
The limbs plus the shoulder and pelvic girdles. It attaches the limbs to the axial skeleton.
Kart 30
Soru
What is the main role of red bone marrow?
Cevap
Blood-cell production. This process is called hematopoiesis.
Kart 31
Soru
Which joint class allows the greatest range of motion?
Cevap
A synovial joint. A fluid-filled joint cavity reduces friction between articulating surfaces.
Kart 32
Soru
Which bone cell breaks down bone matrix?
Cevap
An osteoclast. Bone resorption helps remodeling and mineral balance.
Kart 33
Soru
What does a ligament connect?
Cevap
Bone to bone. A tendon connects muscle to bone.
Kart 34
Soru
What is the shaft of a long bone called?
Cevap
The diaphysis. The enlarged ends are the epiphyses.
Kart 35
Soru
Why is bone important to blood-calcium balance?
Cevap
Bone stores calcium and can release or absorb it during remodeling. Hormones regulate this exchange.
Kart 36
Soru
What is stored mainly in yellow bone marrow?
Cevap
Fat. It serves as an energy reserve.
Kart 37
Soru
What does articular cartilage do at a synovial joint?
Cevap
It reduces friction and absorbs shock. It covers the ends of articulating bones.
Kart 38
Soru
Why must a broken bone receive a blood supply during healing?
Cevap
Repairing cells need oxygen and nutrients. Restored blood vessels support fracture healing.
Kart 39
Soru
What is bone remodeling?
Cevap
Continuous removal and replacement of bone tissue. It repairs microdamage and helps bones adapt to stress.
Kart 40
Soru
Which muscle tissue is usually under voluntary control?
Cevap
Skeletal muscle. Most skeletal muscles move the skeleton, while some, such as facial muscles, insert into skin or other soft tissue.
Kart 41
Soru
What is a sarcomere?
Cevap
The basic contractile unit of striated muscle. It lies between two Z discs.
Kart 42
Soru
What does a tendon connect?
Cevap
Muscle to bone. It transmits muscle force to the skeleton.
Kart 43
Soru
Which proteins slide past one another during muscle contraction?
Cevap
Actin and myosin. Their interaction shortens sarcomeres without shortening the filaments themselves.
Kart 44
Soru
Where is smooth muscle commonly found?
Cevap
In the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels. Its contractions are generally involuntary.
Kart 45
Soru
What ion exposes binding sites needed for skeletal muscle contraction?
Cevap
Calcium. Its release inside the muscle fiber allows actin and myosin interaction.
Kart 46
Soru
How do antagonistic muscle pairs move a joint?
Cevap
One muscle contracts while the opposing muscle relaxes. Reversing their roles moves the joint in the opposite direction.
Kart 47
Soru
Why does muscle contraction require ATP?
Cevap
ATP powers cross-bridge cycling and ion pumps. It is also needed for myosin to detach from actin.
Kart 48
Soru
Which muscle tissue makes up the heart wall?
Cevap
Cardiac muscle. It is striated, involuntary, and connected for coordinated pumping.
Kart 49
Soru
During a typical muscle contraction, which attachment moves more: origin or insertion?
Cevap
The insertion. The origin is generally the more fixed attachment.
Kart 50
Soru
Which type of neuron sends the signal that initiates skeletal-muscle contraction?
Cevap
A somatic motor neuron. It releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, triggering an action potential in the muscle fiber.
Kart 51
Soru
What is muscle tone?
Cevap
Continuous low-level muscle tension. It helps maintain posture and readiness without producing a large movement.
Kart 52
Soru
How does skeletal muscle help regulate body temperature?
Cevap
Contraction releases heat. Shivering increases rapid contractions when the body is cold.
Kart 53
Soru
What are the three muscle tissue types?
Cevap
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. They differ in location, structure, and control.
Kart 54
Soru
What is a neuron's main function?
Cevap
To receive, process, and transmit information. Neurons use electrical signals and chemical messengers.
Kart 55
Soru
What structures make up the central nervous system?
Cevap
The brain and spinal cord. They integrate information and coordinate responses.
Kart 56
Soru
Which part of a neuron usually receives incoming signals?
Cevap
The dendrites. The cell body integrates much of that input.
Kart 57
Soru
What does the peripheral nervous system include?
Cevap
Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. It links the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Kart 58
Soru
Which neuron structure carries an impulse away from the cell body?
Cevap
The axon. Its terminals communicate with another cell.
Kart 59
Soru
Which nervous-system division controls skeletal muscles voluntarily?
Cevap
The somatic nervous system. It also carries sensory information from skin, muscles, and joints.
Kart 60
Soru
What is a synapse?
Cevap
A junction where one neuron communicates with another cell. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters across a small gap.
Kart 61
Soru
Which nervous-system division regulates organs and glands without conscious control?
Cevap
The autonomic nervous system. It includes sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Kart 62
Soru
How does myelin affect nerve signaling?
Cevap
It speeds impulse conduction along an axon. Myelin insulates segments of the axon.
Kart 63
Soru
Which autonomic division prepares the body for acute activity?
Cevap
The sympathetic division. It generally increases alertness and supports a fight-or-flight response.
Kart 64
Soru
What is a reflex?
Cevap
A rapid, predictable response to a stimulus. A reflex pathway can act before conscious awareness.
Kart 65
Soru
Which autonomic division supports rest, digestion, and energy conservation?
Cevap
The parasympathetic division. It generally promotes routine maintenance functions.
Kart 66
Soru
Which brain region is most associated with conscious thought and voluntary movement?
Cevap
The cerebrum. Its cortex also processes much sensory information.
Kart 67
Soru
Which brain region fine-tunes balance and coordinated movement?
Cevap
The cerebellum. It compares intended movement with sensory feedback.
Kart 68
Soru
Which brain region controls vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate?
Cevap
The brainstem. It also connects higher brain regions with the spinal cord.
Kart 69
Soru
How do sensory and motor neurons differ?
Cevap
Sensory neurons carry information toward the CNS; motor neurons carry commands away. Interneurons connect and process signals within the CNS.
Kart 70
Soru
What does a sensory receptor do?
Cevap
It converts a stimulus into a neural signal. Different receptors respond best to particular forms of energy or chemicals.
Kart 71
Soru
What is a hormone?
Cevap
A chemical messenger released into body fluids to affect target cells. A target responds only if it has the appropriate receptor.
Kart 72
Soru
Why is the pituitary gland often called a master gland?
Cevap
Several pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands. The hypothalamus controls much of pituitary activity.
Kart 73
Soru
Why can one hormone affect some cells but not others?
Cevap
Only target cells have the matching receptor. Receptor binding starts the cell's response.
Kart 74
Soru
Which gland produces hormones that broadly increase metabolic activity?
Cevap
The thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones influence energy use and development.
Kart 75
Soru
What is insulin's main effect on blood glucose?
Cevap
It lowers blood glucose. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage after a meal.
Kart 76
Soru
Which glands release a hormone that raises blood calcium?
Cevap
The parathyroid glands. Parathyroid hormone acts on bone, kidneys, and vitamin D pathways.
Kart 77
Soru
Which adrenal region releases epinephrine during acute stress?
Cevap
The adrenal medulla. Its hormones reinforce sympathetic nervous-system effects.
Kart 78
Soru
Which organ has both endocrine and digestive functions?
Cevap
The pancreas. Its islets release hormones, while other cells release digestive enzymes.
Kart 79
Soru
What is glucagon's main effect on blood glucose?
Cevap
It raises blood glucose. It promotes release of stored glucose during fasting.
Kart 80
Soru
Rising thyroid hormone reduces its own upstream stimulation. What pattern is this?
Cevap
Negative feedback. The final hormone limits further release along the control pathway.
Kart 81
Soru
Which adrenal region produces steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone?
Cevap
The adrenal cortex. It surrounds the adrenal medulla.
Kart 82
Soru
Which gland releases melatonin and helps regulate daily sleep timing?
Cevap
The pineal gland. Light information influences its secretion pattern.
Kart 83
Soru
Which hormone directly increases collecting-duct water permeability?
Cevap
Antidiuretic hormone, or ADH. It makes collecting ducts more permeable to water, increasing water reabsorption and usually producing less, more concentrated urine.
Kart 84
Soru
Which hormone strengthens uterine contractions during labor?
Cevap
Oxytocin. This is a classic positive-feedback pathway that ends after delivery.
Kart 85
Soru
How does endocrine signaling generally differ from nervous signaling?
Cevap
It is usually slower to start and longer lasting. Hormones travel through body fluids, while neurons signal specific targets rapidly.
Kart 86
Soru
What is plasma?
Cevap
The liquid portion of blood. It carries cells, nutrients, hormones, proteins, wastes, and dissolved gases.
Kart 87
Soru
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
Cevap
The right side. The right ventricle sends deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary trunk and arteries.
Kart 88
Soru
What is the main function of red blood cells?
Cevap
Transporting oxygen. Their hemoglobin also carries a smaller share of carbon dioxide.
Kart 89
Soru
What defines an artery?
Cevap
It carries blood away from the heart. Oxygen content does not define it; pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood.
Kart 90
Soru
What is the main function of white blood cells?
Cevap
Body defense. Different white blood cells recognize, attack, or coordinate responses to threats.
Kart 91
Soru
Which side of the heart pumps blood into systemic circulation?
Cevap
The left side. The left ventricle sends oxygenated blood into the aorta.
Kart 92
Soru
What is the main purpose of heart valves?
Cevap
To keep blood moving in one direction. Pressure differences open and close them.
Kart 93
Soru
What defines a vein?
Cevap
It carries blood toward the heart. Many veins contain valves that limit backflow.
Kart 94
Soru
What is the main role of platelets?
Cevap
Helping stop bleeding. They form a platelet plug and support clotting reactions at a damaged vessel.
Kart 95
Soru
Why are capillaries well suited for exchange?
Cevap
Their walls are only one cell layer thick. Their small diameter and large total surface area support diffusion and filtration.
Kart 96
Soru
After blood enters the right atrium, what chamber receives it next?
Cevap
The right ventricle. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve before entering that chamber.
Kart 97
Soru
What happens during ventricular systole?
Cevap
The ventricles contract and eject blood. The right ventricle pumps to the lungs, and the left pumps to the body.
Kart 98
Soru
What is pulmonary circulation?
Cevap
Blood flow between the heart and lungs. It allows gas exchange and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
Kart 99
Soru
What normally sets the heart's rhythm?
Cevap
The sinoatrial, or SA, node. Its spontaneous electrical activity initiates each heartbeat.
Kart 100
Soru
What molecule in red blood cells binds oxygen?
Cevap
Hemoglobin. Its iron-containing heme groups bind oxygen reversibly.
Kart 101
Soru
What happens during ventricular diastole?
Cevap
The ventricles relax and fill. Atrioventricular valves are open during most ventricular filling.
Kart 102
Soru
What is systemic circulation?
Cevap
Blood flow between the heart and the body's tissues. It delivers oxygen and nutrients and returns wastes.
Kart 103
Soru
What does arterial blood pressure measure?
Cevap
The force of blood against artery walls. It is commonly reported as systolic over diastolic pressure.
Kart 104
Soru
What do coronary arteries supply?
Cevap
The heart muscle itself. Blocked coronary blood flow can deprive myocardium of oxygen.
Kart 105
Soru
Which major vessels return systemic blood to the right atrium?
Cevap
The superior and inferior venae cavae. The superior vessel drains the upper body; the inferior drains the lower body.
Kart 106
Soru
What is the respiratory system's primary gas-exchange function?
Cevap
Bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide. Ventilation moves air, while diffusion exchanges gases.
Kart 107
Soru
What is the airflow sequence from the pharynx to the gas-exchange surfaces?
Cevap
Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. Each branch conducts air deeper into the lungs.
Kart 108
Soru
Where does most gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Cevap
Across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Thin walls and a large surface area shorten diffusion distance.
Kart 109
Soru
What does the diaphragm do during quiet inhalation?
Cevap
It contracts and moves downward. Thoracic volume rises, lung pressure falls, and air flows inward.
Kart 110
Soru
Why does oxygen move from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries?
Cevap
Its partial pressure is higher in alveolar air than in incoming blood. Oxygen diffuses down that gradient.
Kart 111
Soru
What drives quiet exhalation?
Cevap
Elastic recoil after inspiratory muscles relax. Thoracic volume falls and pressure pushes air outward.
Kart 112
Soru
What is the pleura?
Cevap
A double membrane surrounding each lung. A thin fluid layer reduces friction during breathing.
Kart 113
Soru
How is most oxygen transported in blood?
Cevap
Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Only a small amount dissolves directly in plasma.
Kart 114
Soru
Why does carbon dioxide move from pulmonary blood into alveoli?
Cevap
Its partial pressure is higher in incoming blood than in alveolar air. It diffuses down that gradient for exhalation.
Kart 115
Soru
What helps keep swallowed material out of the airway?
Cevap
The epiglottis and coordinated swallowing reflexes. The laryngeal opening is protected as food passes.
Kart 116
Soru
How does the conducting airway remove trapped particles?
Cevap
Mucus traps them, and cilia move the mucus toward the throat. This is the mucociliary escalator.
Kart 117
Soru
In what form is most carbon dioxide transported in blood?
Cevap
As bicarbonate ions. Red blood cells help convert carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate.
Kart 118
Soru
Which blood change is a strong normal stimulus to increase breathing?
Cevap
A rise in carbon dioxide and the associated fall in pH. Brainstem centers adjust ventilation in response.
Kart 119
Soru
Why must alveoli receive both air and blood?
Cevap
Gas exchange needs ventilation and perfusion. Air without blood flow, or blood without airflow, cannot exchange gases effectively.
Kart 120
Soru
Why does ventilation increase during exercise?
Cevap
Active tissues use more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide. Faster, deeper breathing helps meet that demand.
Kart 121
Soru
What are the digestive system's core functions?
Cevap
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Movement and secretion support those processes.
Kart 122
Soru
What is the alimentary-canal sequence after the mouth?
Cevap
Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. Food passes through this continuous tube.
Kart 123
Soru
What is mechanical digestion?
Cevap
Physical breakdown and mixing of food without changing its molecules. Chewing and stomach churning are examples.
Kart 124
Soru
What are two major functions of the stomach?
Cevap
It stores and mixes food and begins substantial protein digestion. Acid denatures proteins, converts pepsinogen to pepsin, and provides the low pH pepsin needs.
Kart 125
Soru
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
Cevap
The small intestine. Folds, villi, and microvilli create a large absorptive surface.
Kart 126
Soru
Which nutrient does salivary amylase begin digesting in the mouth?
Cevap
Carbohydrates, especially starch. Salivary amylase breaks starch into smaller carbohydrates.
Kart 127
Soru
What is chemical digestion?
Cevap
Enzymatic breakdown of large food molecules into absorbable units. Chemical bonds are changed during the process.
Kart 128
Soru
What is peristalsis?
Cevap
Wave-like smooth-muscle contractions that move material forward. It occurs throughout much of the digestive tract.
Kart 129
Soru
What is a main function of the large intestine?
Cevap
Absorbing water and electrolytes and forming feces. Resident microbes also process some undigested material.
Kart 130
Soru
What digestive product does the liver make?
Cevap
Bile. Bile salts help disperse dietary fat into smaller droplets.
Kart 131
Soru
What does a digestive sphincter do?
Cevap
It regulates movement between regions of the digestive tract. Circular muscle contracts to close a passage.
Kart 132
Soru
What does the pancreas release into the small intestine?
Cevap
Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid. Bicarbonate helps neutralize acidic material from the stomach.
Kart 133
Soru
How do intestinal villi improve absorption?
Cevap
They increase surface area. Each villus contains blood capillaries and a lymphatic lacteal for transported nutrients.
Kart 134
Soru
What is the gallbladder's role?
Cevap
It stores and concentrates bile. It releases bile into the small intestine when fatty food arrives.
Kart 135
Soru
Which macronutrient's absorbed products usually enter intestinal lacteals before reaching the blood?
Cevap
Most dietary lipids. Their absorbed products travel through lymph before entering the bloodstream.
Kart 136
Soru
Which accessory organs help digestion without food passing through them?
Cevap
The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Teeth and the tongue act mechanically; the other accessory organs add or store digestive secretions.
Kart 137
Soru
What organs make up the urinary system?
Cevap
The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Kidneys make urine; the remaining organs transport, store, and release it.
Kart 138
Soru
What is a nephron?
Cevap
The kidney's functional unit. It filters blood and adjusts the filtrate to form urine.
Kart 139
Soru
Where does blood filtration begin in a nephron?
Cevap
At the renal corpuscle. Pressure pushes water and small solutes from glomerular capillaries into the capsule.
Kart 140
Soru
What moves urine from a kidney to the bladder?
Cevap
A ureter. Smooth-muscle contractions propel urine along the tube.
Kart 141
Soru
What is the urinary bladder's main role?
Cevap
Temporary urine storage. Stretch receptors help trigger the urge to urinate as it fills.
Kart 142
Soru
Which structure carries urine from the bladder out of the body?
Cevap
The urethra. It is distinct from the ureters that enter the bladder.
Kart 143
Soru
What is tubular reabsorption?
Cevap
Movement of useful substances from nephron fluid back into blood. Water, glucose, and ions are common examples.
Kart 144
Soru
What is the glomerulus?
Cevap
A capillary tuft that filters blood in the renal corpuscle. Cells and most large proteins normally remain in circulation.
Kart 145
Soru
How does more ADH change urine?
Cevap
It makes urine more concentrated and lowers its volume. More water is reabsorbed from the collecting ducts.
Kart 146
Soru
What path does filtrate follow after entering the glomerular capsule?
Cevap
Proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct. The collecting duct receives forming urine from multiple nephrons.
Kart 147
Soru
What is tubular secretion?
Cevap
Movement of selected substances from blood into nephron fluid. It helps eliminate wastes and regulate ions and pH.
Kart 148
Soru
Besides removing waste, what does the urinary system regulate?
Cevap
Water, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and blood volume. Kidney hormones also affect blood pressure and red-cell production.
Kart 149
Soru
Why does dehydration usually reduce urine volume?
Cevap
The body conserves water by increasing renal reabsorption. ADH is an important signal in this response.
Kart 150
Soru
Why do the kidneys receive a large blood flow?
Cevap
They must continuously filter plasma and regulate its composition. High flow supports waste removal and homeostasis.
Kart 151
Soru
What is lymph?
Cevap
Interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels. It eventually returns to the bloodstream.
Kart 152
Soru
What is innate immunity?
Cevap
Rapid, nonspecific defense present before a particular exposure. Barriers, inflammation, and several immune cells contribute.
Kart 153
Soru
What is a major function of lymph nodes?
Cevap
Filtering lymph and providing sites for immune-cell activation. Swelling can reflect an active immune response.
Kart 154
Soru
What does the spleen filter?
Cevap
Blood. It removes aged blood cells and supports immune responses to blood-borne antigens.
Kart 155
Soru
What is a key function of B lymphocytes?
Cevap
Producing antibody-secreting cells and memory cells. Antibodies bind specific antigens.
Kart 156
Soru
What distinguishes adaptive immunity?
Cevap
It targets specific antigens and develops memory. Later exposure can trigger a faster, stronger response.
Kart 157
Soru
Which lymphatic organ is important for T-cell maturation?
Cevap
The thymus. It is most active early in life.
Kart 158
Soru
What is the body's first physical barrier against many pathogens?
Cevap
Intact skin and mucous membranes. Their secretions and normal microbes add protection.
Kart 159
Soru
What is a key function of T lymphocytes?
Cevap
Coordinating immune responses or killing infected cells. Different T-cell types perform different roles.
Kart 160
Soru
What does an antibody bind?
Cevap
A specific antigen. Binding can neutralize a target or mark it for other immune defenses.
Kart 161
Soru
What is the purpose of inflammation after tissue injury?
Cevap
To contain damage, recruit defenses, and begin repair. Redness, heat, swelling, and pain can accompany it.
Kart 162
Soru
Why is a second adaptive response often faster than the first?
Cevap
Memory lymphocytes remain after the first exposure. They respond quickly when the same antigen appears again.
Kart 163
Soru
What does a phagocyte do?
Cevap
It engulfs particles, microbes, or debris. Neutrophils and macrophages are important examples.
Kart 164
Soru
How does vaccination support adaptive immunity?
Cevap
It safely exposes the immune system to antigen information. This promotes memory without requiring the full disease.
Kart 165
Soru
Why is lymphatic fluid return important?
Cevap
It prevents excess interstitial fluid from accumulating. Lymphatic vessels return fluid and leaked proteins to blood.
Kart 166
Soru
What structures belong to the integumentary system?
Cevap
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Together they form the body's outer covering.
Kart 167
Soru
What is the epidermis?
Cevap
The outer epithelial layer of skin. It is avascular and contains protective keratinized cells.
Kart 168
Soru
How does sweating cool the body?
Cevap
Evaporation removes heat from the skin. Skin blood-flow changes also help regulate heat loss.
Kart 169
Soru
What is a major role of melanin in skin?
Cevap
Absorbing some ultraviolet radiation. It also contributes to skin and hair color.
Kart 170
Soru
How does skin contribute to sensation?
Cevap
Sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. Nerves carry that information to the CNS.
Kart 171
Soru
What is the dermis?
Cevap
The connective-tissue layer beneath the epidermis. It contains vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.
Kart 172
Soru
How does skin support vitamin D production?
Cevap
Ultraviolet light starts conversion of a skin molecule into a vitamin D precursor. The liver and kidneys complete activation.
Kart 173
Soru
Why does a deep skin wound bleed but a shallow epidermal scrape may not?
Cevap
Blood vessels are in the dermis, not the epidermis. A wound must reach vascular tissue to damage them.
Kart 174
Soru
What is a gamete?
Cevap
A haploid reproductive cell. Human sperm and oocytes each carry 23 chromosomes.
Kart 175
Soru
What are the testes' two main reproductive functions?
Cevap
Producing sperm and secreting testosterone. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules.
Kart 176
Soru
What tube carries sperm from the epididymis toward the ejaculatory duct?
Cevap
The ductus, or vas, deferens. Smooth muscle propels sperm during ejaculation.
Kart 177
Soru
What is ovulation?
Cevap
Release of a secondary oocyte from an ovary. A surge in luteinizing hormone helps trigger it.
Kart 178
Soru
Where does fertilization usually occur?
Cevap
In a uterine tube. The early embryo then travels toward the uterus.
Kart 179
Soru
What are the ovaries' two main reproductive functions?
Cevap
Producing oocytes and secreting sex hormones. Estrogen and progesterone help regulate the reproductive cycle.
Kart 180
Soru
What is the uterus' main reproductive role?
Cevap
Supporting implantation and development of an embryo and fetus. Its muscular wall also contracts during birth.
Kart 181
Soru
What causes menstruation when pregnancy does not occur?
Cevap
Falling ovarian hormones allow the uterine lining to shed. A new cycle then begins.
Kart 182
Soru
How does a sperm cell's structure support its function?
Cevap
Its flagellum provides movement, and its head carries DNA plus enzymes used during fertilization. Mitochondria supply energy in the midpiece.
Kart 183
Soru
What is the placenta's exchange role?
Cevap
It allows gases, nutrients, and wastes to move between maternal and fetal circulations. Their blood normally does not mix directly.
Kart 184
Soru
Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction?
Cevap
It halves chromosome number in gametes. Fertilization then restores the diploid number.
Kart 185
Soru
How do sex hormones regulate reproductive control pathways?
Cevap
They usually feed back on the hypothalamus and pituitary. This adjusts release of hormones that act on the gonads.
Kart 186
Soru
What does cell theory state?
Cevap
Living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells come from existing cells. These ideas link organism structure with cell division.
Kart 187
Soru
What is the defining structural feature of a prokaryotic cell?
Cevap
It lacks a membrane-bound nucleus. Its DNA occupies a nucleoid region.
Kart 188
Soru
What is the cell membrane's main role?
Cevap
Regulating movement between the cell and its environment. Its phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable.
Kart 189
Soru
What is the nucleus' main role?
Cevap
Storing most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA. Nuclear pores regulate exchange with the cytoplasm.
Kart 190
Soru
Where are proteins assembled?
Cevap
At ribosomes. Ribosomes may float in cytosol or attach to rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Kart 191
Soru
What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
Cevap
A eukaryotic cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.
Kart 192
Soru
What is a mitochondrion's main function?
Cevap
Producing most cellular ATP through aerobic respiration. Its inner membrane provides a large reaction surface.
Kart 193
Soru
What does rough endoplasmic reticulum mainly produce?
Cevap
Proteins for secretion, membranes, or organelles. Ribosomes on its surface make the proteins.
Kart 194
Soru
Which organelle carries out photosynthesis in plants and algae?
Cevap
The chloroplast. It converts light energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules.
Kart 195
Soru
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Cevap
It modifies, sorts, and packages cell products. Vesicles carry those products to their destinations.
Kart 196
Soru
What is a lysosome's role?
Cevap
Digesting worn cell parts and engulfed material. Its enzymes work best in an acidic interior.
Kart 197
Soru
What are major functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Cevap
Lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage. Its membrane lacks attached ribosomes.
Kart 198
Soru
What does the cytoskeleton provide?
Cevap
Cell shape, internal organization, movement, and transport tracks. It is built from protein filaments.
Kart 199
Soru
What is diffusion?
Cevap
Net movement from higher to lower concentration. It is passive and continues until dynamic equilibrium is reached.
Kart 200
Soru
What happens to an animal cell in a strongly hypotonic solution?
Cevap
Water enters and the cell swells. Without a cell wall, it may burst.
Kart 201
Soru
What happens during interphase?
Cevap
The cell grows, performs normal functions, and copies its DNA. Interphase precedes mitotic division.
Kart 202
Soru
What is the result of mitosis followed by cytokinesis?
Cevap
Two genetically similar daughter cells. Chromosome number is normally preserved.
Kart 203
Soru
What is osmosis?
Cevap
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves toward the side with more nonpenetrating solute.
Kart 204
Soru
What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?
Cevap
Water leaves and the cell shrinks. The external solution has a higher effective solute concentration.
Kart 205
Soru
Why are cells generally small?
Cevap
A high surface-area-to-volume ratio supports efficient exchange. Volume grows faster than surface area as a cell enlarges.
Kart 206
Soru
What is cytokinesis?
Cevap
Division of the cytoplasm. It separates one cell into two after nuclear division.
Kart 207
Soru
How does active transport differ from passive transport?
Cevap
It uses energy to move substances against a gradient. Passive transport moves down a gradient without direct energy input.
Kart 208
Soru
What happens to an animal cell in an isotonic solution?
Cevap
There is no net water movement. Water still crosses in both directions at equal rates.
Kart 209
Soru
Which structures are typical of plant cells but not animal cells?
Cevap
A cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. Both cell types have membranes, nuclei, and mitochondria.
Kart 210
Soru
How do cells contribute to a multicellular organism's organization?
Cevap
Specialized cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form systems. Division of labor supports complex functions.
Kart 211
Soru
What is DNA's primary biological role?
Cevap
Storing hereditary information. Its nucleotide sequence contains instructions used to build functional RNA and proteins.
Kart 212
Soru
What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
Cevap
A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides link to form each strand.
Kart 213
Soru
Which bases pair in double-stranded DNA?
Cevap
Adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine. Hydrogen bonds hold complementary strands together.
Kart 214
Soru
How does RNA differ from DNA?
Cevap
RNA usually has ribose, uses uracil instead of thymine, and is usually single-stranded. Several RNA types help express genes.
Kart 215
Soru
What is a gene?
Cevap
A DNA sequence that contributes to a functional product. The product may be a protein or a functional RNA.
Kart 216
Soru
What is a chromosome?
Cevap
A long DNA molecule packaged with proteins. It contains many genes and other sequences.
Kart 217
Soru
What is DNA replication?
Cevap
Copying DNA before cell division. Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one newly made strand.
Kart 218
Soru
What is the usual flow of information from a protein-coding gene?
Cevap
DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription makes RNA; translation builds the polypeptide.
Kart 219
Soru
What happens during transcription?
Cevap
RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. For a protein-coding gene, that RNA functions as or is processed into messenger RNA.
Kart 220
Soru
What does messenger RNA carry?
Cevap
A copy of coding information from DNA to a ribosome. Its codons specify the amino-acid sequence.
Kart 221
Soru
What is a codon?
Cevap
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA. Most codons specify an amino acid; some signal start or stop.
Kart 222
Soru
What is the usual role of the AUG codon?
Cevap
It starts translation and specifies methionine. The ribosome uses it to establish the reading frame.
Kart 223
Soru
What happens during translation?
Cevap
A ribosome reads mRNA and joins amino acids into a polypeptide. Transfer RNAs match codons with amino acids.
446 kart
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
Bu desteyle ücretsiz çalışNibomo açılır ve hemen çalışmaya başlayabilirsiniz.
Kart 224
Soru
What is transfer RNA's role in protein synthesis?
Cevap
It carries an amino acid and matches its anticodon to an mRNA codon. This places the correct amino acid in sequence.
Kart 225
Soru
What is an anticodon?
Cevap
A three-base sequence on tRNA complementary to an mRNA codon. Pairing helps decode the message.
Kart 226
Soru
What is a mutation?
Cevap
A change in a DNA sequence. Its effect may be harmful, neutral, or beneficial depending on location and context.
Kart 227
Soru
Why can a one-base insertion in a coding sequence have a large effect?
Cevap
It can shift the reading frame. Every downstream codon may change until a stop signal appears.
Kart 228
Soru
Why can changing one amino acid alter a protein's function?
Cevap
Amino-acid sequence helps determine folding and shape. Shape controls many protein interactions.
Kart 229
Soru
What is ribosomal RNA's role in protein synthesis?
Cevap
It forms the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA helps align translation components and catalyzes peptide-bond formation.
Kart 230
Soru
Why can different cell types contain the same DNA but perform different jobs?
Cevap
They express different sets of genes. Different proteins give cells different structures and functions.
Kart 231
Soru
Which mutation can be passed to offspring?
Cevap
A mutation present in a gamete-forming lineage. A mutation limited to ordinary body cells is not inherited through reproduction.
Kart 232
Soru
What is an allele?
Cevap
An alternative version of a gene. Diploid individuals usually carry two alleles for each autosomal gene.
Kart 233
Soru
What is genotype?
Cevap
An organism's allele combination for a gene or set of genes. Genotype contributes to phenotype.
Kart 234
Soru
What does homozygous mean?
Cevap
Having two identical alleles for a gene. Examples include AA and aa.
Kart 235
Soru
What makes an allele dominant in a simple Mendelian trait?
Cevap
One copy is enough for its phenotype to appear in a heterozygote. Dominant does not mean common or beneficial.
Kart 236
Soru
What does Mendel's law of segregation describe?
Cevap
The two alleles for a gene separate during gamete formation. Each gamete receives one allele.
Kart 237
Soru
What is phenotype?
Cevap
An observable trait or characteristic. It can reflect genotype, environment, and their interaction.
Kart 238
Soru
What does heterozygous mean?
Cevap
Having two different alleles for a gene. An example is Aa.
Kart 239
Soru
When does a recessive phenotype usually appear in a simple autosomal trait?
Cevap
When both alleles are recessive. A heterozygote carries the allele without showing that phenotype.
Kart 240
Soru
When does independent assortment apply most clearly?
Cevap
When genes are on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome. Their allele pairs enter gametes independently.
Kart 241
Soru
What does a Punnett square predict?
Cevap
Expected offspring genotype probabilities from specified parental gametes. It does not guarantee outcomes in a small family.
Kart 242
Soru
For Aa × Aa, what is the chance of an aa offspring?
Cevap
One fourth, or 25%. The genotype ratio is expected to be 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa.
Kart 243
Soru
For Aa × Aa with complete dominance, what phenotypic ratio is expected?
Cevap
Three dominant-phenotype offspring to one recessive-phenotype offspring. This is a probability across many offspring.
Kart 244
Soru
How can a test cross reveal the genotype behind a dominant phenotype?
Cevap
Cross the individual with a homozygous recessive partner. Recessive offspring show that the unknown parent carried a recessive allele.
Kart 245
Soru
What happens in incomplete dominance?
Cevap
A heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype. Neither allele fully masks the other.
Kart 246
Soru
How is the probability of two independent genetic events both occurring found?
Cevap
Multiply their individual probabilities. This is the product rule.
Kart 247
Soru
What does a pedigree show?
Cevap
How a trait appears across generations of a family. Its pattern can suggest a mode of inheritance.
Kart 248
Soru
Why can two parents have offspring ratios that differ from a Punnett-square expectation?
Cevap
Each fertilization is a chance event. Expected ratios become more apparent with larger numbers of offspring.
Kart 249
Soru
What happens in codominance?
Cevap
Both alleles are distinctly expressed in a heterozygote. The AB blood type is a common example.
Kart 250
Soru
What are major roles of carbohydrates?
Cevap
Providing quick energy, storing energy, and forming some structures. Monosaccharides are their basic building blocks.
Kart 251
Soru
What is a monomer?
Cevap
A small building block that can join with others to form a larger molecule. Glucose, amino acids, and nucleotides are examples in different classes.
Kart 252
Soru
What happens in a dehydration-synthesis reaction?
Cevap
Monomers join while water is removed. The reaction builds a larger biological molecule.
Kart 253
Soru
What does an enzyme do?
Cevap
It lowers activation energy and speeds a reaction without being consumed. Its shape helps it bind specific substrates.
Kart 254
Soru
What are major roles of lipids?
Cevap
Long-term energy storage, membranes, insulation, and signaling. Lipids are mostly nonpolar and do not mix well with water.
Kart 255
Soru
What does it mean for a protein to denature?
Cevap
Its normal shape is disrupted. Heat, extreme pH, or chemicals can reduce its function.
Kart 256
Soru
What happens during hydrolysis?
Cevap
Water is used to split a larger molecule into smaller units. Digestion often uses hydrolysis reactions.
Kart 257
Soru
Why do phospholipids form bilayers in water?
Cevap
Their hydrophilic heads interact with water while hydrophobic tails turn inward. This arrangement forms cell-membrane structure.
Kart 258
Soru
What are proteins built from?
Cevap
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Their folded shapes support enzymes, transport, signaling, structure, and movement.
Kart 259
Soru
How do starch and glycogen compare?
Cevap
Both store glucose; plants use starch and animals use glycogen. Their branching patterns differ.
Kart 260
Soru
How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?
Cevap
Saturated fatty acids lack carbon-carbon double bonds; unsaturated ones have one or more. Double bonds often introduce bends.
Kart 261
Soru
What immediate energy-carrying molecule powers many cell processes?
Cevap
ATP. Energy released from nutrients can be transferred into ATP's phosphate bonds.
Kart 262
Soru
What are nucleic acids built from?
Cevap
Nucleotides. DNA stores hereditary information, while RNA performs several roles in gene expression.
Kart 263
Soru
Which elements are common in all four major biological macromolecule classes?
Cevap
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Nitrogen and phosphorus occur prominently in some classes.
Kart 264
Soru
Why is three-dimensional shape important for macromolecules?
Cevap
Shape determines many interactions and functions. A changed shape can prevent a molecule from binding its target.
Kart 265
Soru
What are triglycerides built from?
Cevap
One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. They join through ester bonds to form a common energy-storage lipid.
Kart 266
Soru
What is a pathogen?
Cevap
An agent capable of causing disease. Not every microorganism is pathogenic.
Kart 267
Soru
What type of cell is a bacterium?
Cevap
A prokaryotic cell. Bacteria usually reproduce by binary fission.
Kart 268
Soru
What cell type do fungi have?
Cevap
Eukaryotic cells. Some fungi are unicellular yeasts, while others form multicellular filaments.
Kart 269
Soru
What does disease transmission describe?
Cevap
How an infectious agent moves to a susceptible host. Routes include contact, droplets, airborne spread, food, water, and vectors.
Kart 270
Soru
What is a biological vector?
Cevap
An organism that becomes infected with a pathogen and transmits it between hosts. The pathogen survives or reproduces inside the vector, unlike transport by a mechanical carrier.
Kart 271
Soru
Why are viruses dependent on host cells?
Cevap
They lack the complete machinery for reproduction and metabolism. They use host components to make new virus particles.
Kart 272
Soru
What is a protist?
Cevap
A diverse eukaryote that is not classified as an animal, plant, or fungus. Some protists cause disease, while many do not.
Kart 273
Soru
Why do antibiotics not treat viral infections?
Cevap
They target bacterial structures or processes that viruses lack. Antiviral drugs use different targets.
Kart 274
Soru
How can normal microbiota protect a host?
Cevap
They occupy space and use resources that pathogens might otherwise exploit. Some also support digestion or immune development.
Kart 275
Soru
How does sterilization differ from disinfection?
Cevap
Sterilization destroys or removes all microbial life, including resistant forms; disinfection reduces pathogens on objects. The required method depends on use.
Kart 276
Soru
How do infection and disease differ?
Cevap
Infection means an agent is established in a host; disease means normal function is impaired and signs or symptoms occur. Infection may be asymptomatic.
Kart 277
Soru
How can breaking a transmission route reduce infectious disease?
Cevap
It interrupts the chain connecting a source with a susceptible host. Hand hygiene, clean water, ventilation, and vector control target different links.
Kart 278
Soru
What is an atom?
Cevap
The smallest unit of an element that retains that element's chemical identity. Atoms contain a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
Kart 279
Soru
What charge and location does an electron have?
Cevap
Negative charge in the electron cloud around the nucleus. Electrons drive most chemical bonding.
Kart 280
Soru
Why are valence electrons important?
Cevap
They participate most directly in bonding and reactions. Their arrangement helps predict chemical behavior.
Kart 281
Soru
What do elements in the same periodic-table group often share?
Cevap
Similar valence-electron patterns and chemical properties. A group is a vertical column.
Kart 282
Soru
What is an ion?
Cevap
An atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. Its total numbers of protons and electrons are unequal.
Kart 283
Soru
What charge and location does a proton have?
Cevap
Positive charge in the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element.
Kart 284
Soru
What does an element's atomic number equal?
Cevap
Its number of protons. A neutral atom has the same number of electrons.
Kart 285
Soru
How does a neutral atom form a cation?
Cevap
By losing one or more electrons. It has more protons than electrons and a positive charge.
Kart 286
Soru
An atom has 8 protons. How many electrons does it have if it is neutral?
Cevap
Eight electrons. Neutral atoms have equal positive and negative charges.
Kart 287
Soru
What charge and location does a neutron have?
Cevap
No electric charge, in the nucleus. Neutron number can vary among isotopes of an element.
Kart 288
Soru
What does mass number equal?
Cevap
Protons plus neutrons in one atom. It is a whole number for a specific isotope.
Kart 289
Soru
How does a neutral atom form an anion?
Cevap
By gaining one or more electrons. It has more electrons than protons and a negative charge.
Kart 290
Soru
What does a period represent on the periodic table?
Cevap
A horizontal row. Moving across a period changes proton number one element at a time.
Kart 291
Soru
What are isotopes?
Cevap
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Kart 292
Soru
What is matter?
Cevap
Anything that has mass and occupies space. Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are forms of matter.
Kart 293
Soru
What distinguishes a solid from a liquid or gas?
Cevap
A solid has a definite shape and volume. Its particles vibrate around relatively fixed positions.
Kart 294
Soru
What is a physical change?
Cevap
A change in form or state without changing chemical identity. Melting and cutting are examples.
Kart 295
Soru
What is a physical property?
Cevap
A characteristic observed without changing a substance's identity. Density, color, and melting point are examples.
Kart 296
Soru
How does an element differ from a compound?
Cevap
An element contains one kind of atom; a compound contains elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. Chemical methods can separate a compound into simpler substances.
Kart 297
Soru
What distinguishes a liquid?
Cevap
It has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container. Its particles remain close while moving past one another.
Kart 298
Soru
What is a chemical change?
Cevap
A process that forms one or more substances with new chemical identities. Bond rearrangement occurs.
Kart 299
Soru
What is a chemical property?
Cevap
A substance's ability to undergo a particular chemical change. Flammability and reactivity with acid are examples.
Kart 300
Soru
Which phase changes connect solids and liquids?
Cevap
Melting changes a solid to a liquid; freezing changes a liquid to a solid. These are opposite physical changes.
Kart 301
Soru
How does a pure substance differ from a mixture?
Cevap
A pure substance has a fixed composition and is an element or compound; a mixture has variable composition and physically combined components. Mixture components retain their identities.
Kart 302
Soru
What distinguishes a gas?
Cevap
It has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. It expands to fill its container.
Kart 303
Soru
What is the formula for density?
Cevap
Density = mass ÷ volume. Density is an intensive property.
Kart 304
Soru
Which phase changes connect liquids and gases?
Cevap
Vaporization changes a liquid to a gas; condensation changes a gas to a liquid. Evaporation is vaporization at a liquid's surface.
Kart 305
Soru
What is a mixture?
Cevap
Two or more substances physically combined in variable proportions. Its components retain their chemical identities.
Kart 306
Soru
How do intensive and extensive properties differ?
Cevap
Intensive properties do not depend on sample amount; extensive properties do. Density and temperature are intensive, while mass and volume are extensive.
Kart 307
Soru
A 20 g sample occupies 5 mL. What is its density?
Cevap
4 g/mL. Divide 20 g by 5 mL.
Kart 308
Soru
Which phase changes connect solids and gases directly?
Cevap
Sublimation changes a solid to a gas; deposition changes a gas to a solid. Neither transition passes through the liquid state.
Kart 309
Soru
How do homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures differ?
Cevap
A homogeneous mixture is uniform throughout; a heterogeneous mixture is not. A solution is homogeneous.
Kart 310
Soru
Where are reactants and products written in a chemical equation?
Cevap
Reactants are on the left; products are on the right. The arrow shows the direction represented.
Kart 311
Soru
Why must a chemical equation be balanced?
Cevap
Atoms are conserved in ordinary chemical reactions. Each element must have the same atom count on both sides.
Kart 312
Soru
What does a coefficient in a chemical equation change?
Cevap
The number of whole particles or moles represented. It multiplies every atom in the following formula.
Kart 313
Soru
Why should subscripts not be changed when balancing an equation?
Cevap
Changing a subscript changes the substance's identity. Balancing changes coefficients only.
Kart 314
Soru
What coefficients balance H₂ + O₂ → H₂O?
Cevap
2, 1, 2: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O. Both sides then contain four hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms.
Kart 315
Soru
What pattern defines a synthesis reaction?
Cevap
Two or more reactants form a more complex product. A general pattern is A + B → AB.
Kart 316
Soru
What are typical products when a hydrocarbon burns completely in oxygen?
Cevap
Carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide or carbon.
Kart 317
Soru
What is the net ionic equation for a typical strong acid–strong base neutralization?
Cevap
H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l). The remaining ions are spectators and do not appear in the net ionic equation.
Kart 318
Soru
What is a precipitate?
Cevap
An insoluble solid that forms from substances in solution. Its appearance can signal a chemical reaction.
Kart 319
Soru
What pattern defines a decomposition reaction?
Cevap
One compound breaks into simpler products. A general pattern is AB → A + B.
Kart 320
Soru
What is an exothermic reaction?
Cevap
A reaction that releases heat to the surroundings. The surroundings often warm.
Kart 321
Soru
What occurs in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
Cevap
Electrons transfer or atoms change oxidation state. Oxidation is electron loss; reduction is electron gain.
Kart 322
Soru
What is activation energy?
Cevap
The minimum energy barrier reactants must overcome to react. Catalysts lower this barrier.
Kart 323
Soru
Which observations can provide evidence of a chemical reaction?
Cevap
Gas formation, a precipitate, sustained color change, light, or temperature change. No single sign proves a reaction without context.
Kart 324
Soru
What is an endothermic reaction?
Cevap
A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings. The surroundings may cool.
Kart 325
Soru
Why does raising temperature usually speed a reaction?
Cevap
Particles collide more often and with greater energy. More collisions overcome activation energy.
Kart 326
Soru
Why can higher reactant concentration increase reaction rate?
Cevap
More reactant particles occupy a given volume. This raises collision frequency.
Kart 327
Soru
Why does powdered solid often react faster than one large piece?
Cevap
Powder exposes more surface area. More particles are available for collisions.
Kart 328
Soru
How does a catalyst speed a reaction?
Cevap
It provides a pathway with lower activation energy. The catalyst is regenerated rather than consumed overall.
Kart 329
Soru
How can increasing pressure affect a reaction between gases?
Cevap
It can increase rate by bringing gas particles closer together. Collision frequency rises when volume falls.
Kart 330
Soru
What does a reaction inhibitor do?
Cevap
It slows a reaction. It may block a pathway, interfere with a catalyst, or remove reactive intermediates.
Kart 331
Soru
Why can very high temperature slow an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
Cevap
The enzyme can denature and lose its active shape. Moderate warming helps only within the enzyme's stable range.
Kart 332
Soru
What is dynamic equilibrium?
Cevap
Forward and reverse reactions continue at equal rates. Concentrations remain constant even though particles still react.
Kart 333
Soru
Does a catalyst change the final equilibrium amounts?
Cevap
No. It speeds forward and reverse reactions, so equilibrium is reached sooner without changing its position.
Kart 334
Soru
At equilibrium, what usually happens when the concentration of a dissolved or gaseous reactant increases?
Cevap
The system shifts toward consuming some added reactant. It forms more product until a new equilibrium is reached.
Kart 335
Soru
What is a solution?
Cevap
A homogeneous mixture. Its components are uniformly distributed at the molecular or ionic level.
Kart 336
Soru
How do solute and solvent differ?
Cevap
The solute is dissolved; the solvent is the dissolving medium. The solvent is often present in greater amount.
Kart 337
Soru
What does aqueous mean in chemistry?
Cevap
Dissolved in water. The symbol
(aq)marks an aqueous species in an equation.Kart 338
Soru
What does concentration describe?
Cevap
The amount of solute in a given amount of solution or solvent. Different units express it in different ways.
Kart 339
Soru
What is molarity?
Cevap
Moles of solute per liter of solution. Its unit is mol/L, written M.
Kart 340
Soru
What is the molarity of 0.50 mol solute in 2.0 L of solution?
Cevap
0.25 M. Divide 0.50 mol by 2.0 L.
Kart 341
Soru
What stays constant when water is added to dilute a solution without reaction?
Cevap
The moles of solute. Volume increases and concentration decreases.
Kart 342
Soru
Which equation relates concentration and volume before and after a dilution?
Cevap
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂. It follows from conserving the amount of solute.
Kart 343
Soru
What is solubility?
Cevap
The maximum concentration of a solute that can be achieved in a solution at equilibrium under specified conditions. Temperature and the substances involved matter.
Kart 344
Soru
What is a saturated solution?
Cevap
A solution holding the maximum dissolved solute at those conditions. Extra solute remains undissolved at equilibrium.
Kart 345
Soru
What is an electrolyte?
Cevap
A substance that produces mobile ions in solution and conducts electricity. Soluble ionic compounds are common examples.
Kart 346
Soru
What does 'like dissolves like' predict?
Cevap
Substances with similar polarity tend to mix well. Polar solvents favor polar or ionic solutes; nonpolar solvents favor nonpolar solutes.
Kart 347
Soru
Does heating always increase solubility?
Cevap
No. Many solids become more soluble in water, but gases usually become less soluble as temperature rises.
Kart 348
Soru
What is an unsaturated solution?
Cevap
A solution that can dissolve more solute at the stated conditions. It is below the solubility limit.
Kart 349
Soru
What does a Brønsted-Lowry acid donate?
Cevap
A proton, H⁺. In water, acid behavior increases hydronium-ion concentration.
Kart 350
Soru
What does pH describe?
Cevap
The hydronium-ion concentration on a logarithmic scale. Lower pH means higher hydronium concentration.
Kart 351
Soru
At 25 °C, what pH range is acidic?
Cevap
Below 7. A neutral aqueous solution is pH 7 at this temperature.
Kart 352
Soru
How does hydronium concentration change when pH drops by 1 unit?
Cevap
It increases tenfold. The pH scale is logarithmic.
Kart 353
Soru
What does a Brønsted-Lowry base accept?
Cevap
A proton, H⁺. Many bases in water also increase hydroxide-ion concentration.
Kart 354
Soru
At 25 °C, what is the relationship between pH and pOH?
Cevap
pH + pOH = 14. pOH is the negative base-10 logarithm of hydroxide-ion concentration; this relation applies to aqueous solutions at 25 °C.
Kart 355
Soru
At 25 °C, what pH range is basic?
Cevap
Above 7. Basic solutions have less hydronium and more hydroxide than neutral water.
Kart 356
Soru
What are typical products of a strong acid reacting with a strong base?
Cevap
Water and an ionic salt. Hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions combine to form water.
Kart 357
Soru
What does strong mean for an acid or base?
Cevap
It produces its characteristic ions essentially completely in water. Strong acids ionize; soluble ionic strong bases dissociate. Strength is separate from concentration.
Kart 358
Soru
What does a buffer do?
Cevap
It resists large pH changes when small amounts of acid or base are added. A weak conjugate acid-base pair neutralizes much of the added H₃O⁺ or OH⁻.
Kart 359
Soru
How does an acid-base indicator work?
Cevap
Its color depends on pH. The change occurs over a characteristic pH range.
Kart 360
Soru
A solution has pH 9 at 25 °C. What is its pOH?
Cevap
5. Subtract the pH from 14.
Kart 361
Soru
How does a concentrated weak acid differ from a dilute strong acid?
Cevap
Concentration tells how much acid is present; strength tells how completely it ionizes. A concentrated weak acid contains more partially ionizing acid, while a dilute strong acid contains less acid that ionizes essentially completely. Either can have the lower pH.
Kart 362
Soru
What is the SI base unit of length?
Cevap
The meter (m). Centimeters and millimeters are decimal subdivisions of a meter.
Kart 363
Soru
Which tool directly measures mass in a laboratory?
Cevap
A balance. A spring scale measures force, often reported as weight.
Kart 364
Soru
What is the SI base unit of mass?
Cevap
The kilogram (kg). Laboratory mass is also commonly reported in grams.
Kart 365
Soru
A student needs to measure about 35 mL of liquid and can choose a beaker or graduated cylinder. Which should they use?
Cevap
A graduated cylinder. Read the scale at eye level.
Kart 366
Soru
What is the SI base unit of time?
Cevap
The second (s). Minutes and hours are accepted for many everyday uses.
Kart 367
Soru
Where should the volume of a clear water-based liquid be read in a graduated cylinder?
Cevap
At the bottom of the meniscus. Keep your eye level with the liquid surface.
Kart 368
Soru
What is the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature?
Cevap
The kelvin (K). Degrees Celsius are widely used for laboratory and body temperatures.
Kart 369
Soru
Which tool measures temperature?
Cevap
A thermometer. Its range and resolution should match the task.
Kart 370
Soru
What factor does the metric prefix kilo- represent?
Cevap
One thousand, or 10³. One kilometer equals 1,000 meters.
Kart 371
Soru
A ruler's smallest marking is 1 mm. To what place should a careful analog reading usually be estimated?
Cevap
One place beyond the smallest marking, when the scale allows it. The final digit is uncertain.
Kart 372
Soru
What is measurement accuracy?
Cevap
Closeness to an accepted or true value. A systematic error can make precise measurements inaccurate.
Kart 373
Soru
How do mass and weight differ?
Cevap
Mass is the amount of matter; weight is gravitational force on that mass. Mass stays constant when gravity changes, but weight does not.
Kart 374
Soru
What factor does the metric prefix milli- represent?
Cevap
One thousandth, or 10⁻³. One milliliter is 0.001 liter.
Kart 375
Soru
How can the volume of an irregular solid be measured with water?
Cevap
Use water displacement. Subtract the initial water volume from the final volume after submerging the object.
Kart 376
Soru
What is measurement precision?
Cevap
Closeness of repeated measurements to one another. Precise results can still be consistently wrong.
Kart 377
Soru
What is an instrument's resolution?
Cevap
The smallest change it can meaningfully display or distinguish. Higher resolution does not automatically guarantee accuracy.
Kart 378
Soru
How many centimeters are in 2.5 meters?
Cevap
2.5 × 10² cm (250 cm). Multiply meters by the exact conversion factor 100 cm/m.
Kart 379
Soru
Why must a numerical measurement include a unit?
Cevap
The unit identifies the quantity's scale. A bare number is ambiguous and cannot be compared reliably.
Kart 380
Soru
What is a scientific observation?
Cevap
Information recorded with senses or instruments. It should be distinguished from an explanation of what was observed.
Kart 381
Soru
What makes a hypothesis scientifically useful?
Cevap
It is testable and falsifiable. Evidence must be able to count against it.
Kart 382
Soru
What is a scientific theory?
Cevap
A broad, well-supported explanation of natural phenomena. It is not a casual guess and can be revised with new evidence.
Kart 383
Soru
Which claim is falsifiable: 'No possible observation could count against this treatment's effectiveness' or 'This treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour'?
Cevap
The claim that the treatment lowers mean temperature within one hour. An observation could count against it, so evidence can test it.
Kart 384
Soru
What is an inference?
Cevap
A logical interpretation based on observations and prior knowledge. It goes beyond the raw measurement.
Kart 385
Soru
How does a prediction relate to a hypothesis?
Cevap
It states an expected result if the hypothesis is correct. Experiments compare observed results with that expectation.
Kart 386
Soru
How does a scientific law differ from a scientific theory?
Cevap
A law describes a consistent pattern; a theory explains how or why patterns occur. One does not mature into the other.
Kart 387
Soru
What does reliability mean for a measurement or procedure?
Cevap
It produces consistent results under the same conditions. Repetition helps assess reliability.
Kart 388
Soru
What does a correlation show?
Cevap
Two variables change together in a patterned way. Correlation alone does not establish that one causes the other.
Kart 389
Soru
What is bias in scientific work?
Cevap
A systematic influence that pushes observations, selection, or interpretation in one direction. Good design tries to prevent or measure it.
Kart 390
Soru
What is the purpose of scientific peer review?
Cevap
Independent experts evaluate methods, reasoning, and reporting before publication. It improves scrutiny but does not guarantee truth.
Kart 391
Soru
What does validity ask about a study or measurement?
Cevap
Whether it measures or tests what it claims to measure or test. Consistency alone does not ensure validity.
Kart 392
Soru
What evidence most strengthens a causal claim?
Cevap
A well-controlled experiment that manipulates the suspected cause. Random assignment reduces confounding, while independent replication tests whether the result holds with new data.
Kart 393
Soru
What is a primary scientific source?
Cevap
A report of original methods, data, and results. A review article synthesizes many primary studies.
Kart 394
Soru
How should an unexpected outlier be handled?
Cevap
Investigate and report it rather than deleting it automatically. Exclusion needs a documented scientific reason.
Kart 395
Soru
What is a confounding variable?
Cevap
An outside factor related to both the suspected cause and the outcome. It can create a misleading association.
Kart 396
Soru
Why should a sample represent the population of interest?
Cevap
Results generalize poorly when important groups are missing or overrepresented. Sampling method matters as much as size.
Kart 397
Soru
What is a scientific model?
Cevap
A simplified representation used to explain or predict a system. A model is useful within its assumptions and limits.
Kart 398
Soru
Why should measurements report uncertainty or reasonable precision?
Cevap
Every measurement has limits. Reporting more digits than the method supports creates false precision.
Kart 399
Soru
If results match a prediction once, what is the safest conclusion?
Cevap
The results support the hypothesis under those conditions. One result does not prove the hypothesis in every setting.
Kart 400
Soru
What is a direct relationship between two variables?
Cevap
As one increases, the other tends to increase; as one decreases, the other tends to decrease. The relationship need not be perfectly linear.
Kart 401
Soru
Which variable is usually placed on the x-axis of an experimental graph?
Cevap
The independent variable. It is the factor selected or changed by the investigator.
Kart 402
Soru
What does the slope of a straight-line graph represent?
Cevap
Change in y divided by change in x. It is the response rate per unit change in the other variable.
Kart 403
Soru
A line rises 12 units in y while x rises 3 units. What is its slope?
Cevap
4 units of y per unit of x. Divide 12 by 3.
Kart 404
Soru
What is an inverse relationship?
Cevap
As one variable increases, the other tends to decrease. Their product is constant only in a strictly inverse proportion.
Kart 405
Soru
Which variable is usually placed on the y-axis of an experimental graph?
Cevap
The dependent variable. It is the measured response.
Kart 406
Soru
What does a plateau on a response graph indicate?
Cevap
The measured response has stopped changing much despite further x increases. A limiting factor may have been reached.
Kart 407
Soru
What is interpolation?
Cevap
Estimating a value within the range of measured data. It is generally safer than extrapolating beyond that range.
Kart 408
Soru
What pattern suggests no relationship between two plotted variables?
Cevap
The response shows no consistent change as the other variable changes. Points may scatter without a trend.
Kart 409
Soru
Before comparing values in a data table, what should you check?
Cevap
Headings, units, and conditions. Numbers from different measures or scales cannot be compared directly.
Kart 410
Soru
If 3 samples require 12 mL total, how much is needed for 5 equal samples?
Cevap
20 mL. The rate is 4 mL per sample, so multiply by 5.
Kart 411
Soru
How is the arithmetic mean calculated?
Cevap
Add all values and divide by the number of values. A large outlier can shift the mean.
Kart 412
Soru
Why is extrapolation uncertain?
Cevap
It assumes the observed trend continues outside measured conditions. The relationship may change beyond the data range.
Kart 413
Soru
A culture grows from 20 to 50 cells in 6 hours. What is the average growth rate?
Cevap
5 cells per hour. The change is 30 cells divided by 6 hours.
Kart 414
Soru
A measurement rises from 40 to 50. What is the percent increase?
Cevap
25%. The increase is 10, and 10 ÷ 40 × 100 = 25%.
Kart 415
Soru
When can the median describe a typical value better than the mean?
Cevap
When data are skewed or contain strong outliers. In an ordered set, the median is the middle value for an odd count and the mean of the two middle values for an even count.
Kart 416
Soru
How do quantitative and qualitative data differ?
Cevap
Quantitative data are numerical; qualitative data describe categories or qualities. Both can answer scientific questions.
Kart 417
Soru
A response is 2 at dose 1, 4 at dose 2, and 8 at dose 4. If the relationship is linear, what response is predicted at dose 3?
Cevap
6. The observed rate is 2 response units per dose unit, so interpolation at dose 3 gives 6.
Kart 418
Soru
How can a graph reveal a nonlinear relationship?
Cevap
The points follow a curve rather than a straight line. The rate of change varies across the x-range.
Kart 419
Soru
What is the range of a data set?
Cevap
Maximum minus minimum. It describes total spread but ignores the distribution between the endpoints.
Kart 420
Soru
What makes a scientific research question testable?
Cevap
It identifies measurable variables or observable outcomes. The needed data must be obtainable.
Kart 421
Soru
In an experiment, what is the independent variable?
Cevap
The factor deliberately changed or assigned by the investigator. In a simple one-factor experiment, changing one independent variable helps isolate its effect.
Kart 422
Soru
What should a hypothesis connect?
Cevap
A proposed explanation with a measurable outcome. It should lead to a prediction that evidence can challenge.
Kart 423
Soru
What is a controlled variable, or constant?
Cevap
A condition kept the same across groups. Holding it constant prevents it from explaining outcome differences.
Kart 424
Soru
What is the purpose of a control group?
Cevap
It provides a comparison without the experimental treatment. Differences can then be attributed more confidently to the treatment.
Kart 425
Soru
In an experiment, what is the dependent variable?
Cevap
The measured response. It may change because of the independent variable.
Kart 426
Soru
What form can a useful experimental prediction take?
Cevap
If the independent variable changes in a stated way, then the dependent variable should respond in a stated way. The reason links it to the hypothesis.
Kart 427
Soru
What does a positive control demonstrate?
Cevap
That the setup can produce a known response. If it fails, the test system may be defective.
Kart 428
Soru
Why randomly assign subjects to experimental groups?
Cevap
To distribute known and unknown differences more evenly. This reduces selection bias and confounding.
Kart 429
Soru
How can blinding reduce bias?
Cevap
It keeps participants, observers, or both unaware of treatment assignments. Expectations are less likely to affect behavior or measurement.
Kart 430
Soru
What is a placebo?
Cevap
An inactive treatment designed to resemble the experimental treatment. It helps separate treatment effects from expectation effects.
Kart 431
Soru
What does a negative control demonstrate?
Cevap
What happens when the tested cause is absent. An unexpected response may reveal contamination or another source.
Kart 432
Soru
Why does a larger sample often improve a study?
Cevap
It reduces the influence of chance variation and supports more stable estimates. It cannot repair a biased sampling method.
Kart 433
Soru
Why repeat trials within an experiment?
Cevap
To estimate variability and check consistency. One unusual trial then has less influence.
Kart 434
Soru
Why must an experimental procedure be detailed and standardized?
Cevap
So groups are treated consistently and others can reproduce the work. Uncontrolled procedural differences create alternative explanations.
Kart 435
Soru
Why calibrate a measuring instrument before collecting data?
Cevap
To compare its readings with a known standard and reduce systematic error. Calibration improves confidence in accuracy.
Kart 436
Soru
What is an operational definition?
Cevap
A precise statement of how a variable is measured or manipulated. It turns an abstract concept into a repeatable procedure.
Kart 437
Soru
How does independent replication differ from repeated trials?
Cevap
Independent replication repeats a study with independently collected data, often by a different investigator; repeated trials rerun measurements within the original experiment. Replication tests consistency across separate studies.
Kart 438
Soru
Why should raw data be recorded before interpretation?
Cevap
It preserves the observations separately from conclusions. Others can check calculations and reasoning.
Kart 439
Soru
What should a scientific conclusion do?
Cevap
Answer the research question using the data and acknowledge limits. It should not claim more than the design supports.
Kart 440
Soru
What should happen when data do not support a hypothesis?
Cevap
Revise or reject the hypothesis and consider new tests. Data should not be altered to preserve the original idea.
Kart 441
Soru
What is a study limitation?
Cevap
A feature that restricts interpretation or generalization. Small samples, short duration, and imperfect measurements are examples.
Kart 442
Soru
Why are ethics part of experimental design?
Cevap
Research must protect participants, organisms, and communities while balancing risks and benefits. Consent and humane treatment are key examples.
Kart 443
Soru
How does an observational study differ from an experiment?
Cevap
It measures variables without assigning the exposure. It can find associations but usually supports weaker causal conclusions.
Kart 444
Soru
Plants receive 0, 2, or 4 hours of added light, and growth is measured. What is the independent variable?
Cevap
Hours of added light. Plant growth is the dependent variable.
Kart 445
Soru
A fertilizer study gives every plant the same water, soil, and temperature. What are these conditions?
Cevap
Controlled variables. Keeping them constant isolates the fertilizer's effect.
Kart 446
Soru
A drug group improves more than a control group, but the groups were not randomly assigned. What is the main caution?
Cevap
Preexisting group differences could explain some improvement. The result is suggestive, but the design weakens a causal claim.
446 kart
ATI TEAS 7 Science Flashcards: A&P, Biology, Chemistry & Scientific Reasoning
Nibomo açılır ve hemen çalışmaya başlayabilirsiniz.