IB Biology SL Flashcards: Complete Course Review
Review the current IB Biology Standard Level course with 960 independently written active-recall cards covering all 34 SL topics across molecules, cells, organisms, genetics, evolution, and ecology.
Tentang dek ini
Study the current IB Biology SL course with 960 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers all 34 Standard Level topics through four broad groups: molecules and cells; metabolism and genetics; organisms and systems; and evolution and ecology.
Cards move from essential terms and structures to functions, mechanisms, comparisons, predictions, and compact interpretation prompts. Useful two-way term cards are separated by at least three unrelated cards, while explanatory answers are kept in the direction that supports meaningful recall. Every card carries the root tag ib-bio-sl and exactly one broad group tag.
The order introduces prerequisite ideas before dependent ones and progresses from simpler recall to more demanding reasoning within each topic. The deck is designed for ongoing spaced review. It does not replace data-heavy practice papers, extended-response practice, laboratory work, or the scientific investigation.
Reviewed in 2026 against the current Biology Standard Level course, first assessed in 2025.
Independent, unofficial study aid based on common biological knowledge. Not affiliated with or endorsed by the International Baccalaureate Organization. No copied IB examination questions, mark schemes, or curriculum text are included.
Check the official IB Biology course page for authoritative requirements.
Kartu dalam dek ini
Kartu 1
Pertanyaan
What is water polarity?
Jawaban
The unequal sharing of electrons in a water molecule, giving oxygen a partial negative charge and the hydrogens partial positive charges.
Kartu 2
Pertanyaan
What is a hydrogen bond?
Jawaban
A weak attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative atom in another molecule.
Kartu 3
Pertanyaan
What is cohesion?
Jawaban
Attraction between molecules of the same substance.
Kartu 4
Pertanyaan
What is adhesion?
Jawaban
Attraction between molecules of different substances.
Kartu 5
Pertanyaan
Which term describes unequal charge distribution within a water molecule?
Jawaban
water polarity
Kartu 6
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the intermolecular attraction that links neighboring water molecules?
Jawaban
a hydrogen bond
Kartu 7
Pertanyaan
Which term describes attraction between molecules of the same substance?
Jawaban
cohesion
Kartu 8
Pertanyaan
Which term describes attraction between water and a different material?
Jawaban
adhesion
Kartu 9
Pertanyaan
What is a solvent?
Jawaban
A liquid that dissolves solutes to form a solution.
Kartu 10
Pertanyaan
What is specific heat capacity?
Jawaban
The energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree.
Kartu 11
Pertanyaan
What is latent heat of vaporization?
Jawaban
The energy required to vaporize a specified amount of liquid without changing its temperature.
Kartu 12
Pertanyaan
Why does ice float on liquid water?
Jawaban
Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules in an open lattice in ice, making ice less dense than liquid water.
Kartu 13
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a liquid that dissolves solutes?
Jawaban
a solvent
Kartu 14
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the energy needed to raise a unit mass by one degree?
Jawaban
specific heat capacity
Kartu 15
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the energy needed to vaporize a liquid without a temperature change?
Jawaban
latent heat of vaporization
Kartu 16
Pertanyaan
Which property of water makes sweating an effective cooling mechanism?
Jawaban
Water absorbs substantial energy as it evaporates; the highest-energy molecules leave, carrying heat away from the skin.
Kartu 17
Pertanyaan
Why does water resist rapid temperature change?
Jawaban
Many hydrogen bonds must absorb energy before molecular motion increases substantially, giving water a high specific heat capacity.
Kartu 18
Pertanyaan
How do cohesion and adhesion support water transport in narrow tubes?
Jawaban
Cohesion keeps water molecules connected, while adhesion helps the water column cling to the tube wall.
Kartu 19
Pertanyaan
How does water participate differently in hydrolysis and condensation?
Jawaban
Hydrolysis consumes water to split a bond; condensation forms a bond and releases water.
Kartu 20
Pertanyaan
How does floating ice protect aquatic life in winter?
Jawaban
Surface ice insulates the liquid water below, slowing further heat loss and preventing the whole body of water from freezing rapidly.
Kartu 21
Pertanyaan
Why is water effective for transporting many biological solutes?
Jawaban
Its polarity allows ions and other polar molecules to become surrounded and dispersed in solution.
Kartu 22
Pertanyaan
Why do nonpolar substances tend to cluster in water?
Jawaban
Clustering reduces the nonpolar surface exposed to water, allowing more water molecules to maintain hydrogen-bond interactions.
Kartu 23
Pertanyaan
What is a nucleotide?
Jawaban
A nucleic-acid monomer made of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Kartu 24
Pertanyaan
What is a nucleoside?
Jawaban
A nitrogenous base joined to a pentose sugar, without a phosphate group.
Kartu 25
Pertanyaan
What is a phosphodiester bond?
Jawaban
A covalent bond linking the phosphate of one nucleotide to the sugar of the next nucleotide.
Kartu 26
Pertanyaan
What is DNA?
Jawaban
A usually double-stranded nucleic acid that stores hereditary information in its base sequence.
Kartu 27
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a sugar-phosphate-base monomer?
Jawaban
a nucleotide
Kartu 28
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a base joined to a sugar but no phosphate?
Jawaban
a nucleoside
Kartu 29
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the covalent linkage in a nucleic-acid sugar-phosphate backbone?
Jawaban
a phosphodiester bond
Kartu 30
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the nucleic acid that usually stores hereditary information?
Jawaban
DNA
Kartu 31
Pertanyaan
What is RNA?
Jawaban
A usually single-stranded nucleic acid involved in expressing and regulating genetic information.
Kartu 32
Pertanyaan
What are antiparallel DNA strands?
Jawaban
Two DNA strands that run in opposite 5′ to 3′ directions.
Kartu 33
Pertanyaan
What is complementary base pairing?
Jawaban
Specific pairing in which adenine pairs with thymine in DNA, or uracil in RNA, and cytosine pairs with guanine.
Kartu 34
Pertanyaan
What is a purine?
Jawaban
A nitrogenous base with two fused rings; adenine and guanine are purines.
Kartu 35
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the usually single-stranded nucleic acid used in gene expression?
Jawaban
RNA
Kartu 36
Pertanyaan
Which term describes DNA strands running in opposite directions?
Jawaban
antiparallel DNA strands
Kartu 37
Pertanyaan
Which term describes specific A–T or A–U and C–G pairing?
Jawaban
complementary base pairing
Kartu 38
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a two-ring nitrogenous base?
Jawaban
a purine
Kartu 39
Pertanyaan
What is a pyrimidine?
Jawaban
A nitrogenous base with one ring; cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines.
Kartu 40
Pertanyaan
What is a genome?
Jawaban
The complete genetic material of an organism or cell.
Kartu 41
Pertanyaan
What three structural features commonly distinguish RNA from DNA?
Jawaban
RNA usually contains ribose, uses uracil instead of thymine, and is single-stranded rather than double-stranded.
Kartu 42
Pertanyaan
What determines the base sequence of the second DNA strand?
Jawaban
Complementary base-pairing rules determine it: A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.
Kartu 43
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a one-ring nitrogenous base?
Jawaban
a pyrimidine
Kartu 44
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the complete genetic material of an organism?
Jawaban
a genome
Kartu 45
Pertanyaan
What do the 5′ and 3′ labels of a nucleic-acid strand refer to?
Jawaban
They refer to numbered carbon atoms in the pentose sugar and define the strand's chemical direction.
Kartu 46
Pertanyaan
Where is genetic information encoded in DNA?
Jawaban
In the order of nitrogenous bases along the DNA strand.
Kartu 47
Pertanyaan
Why is ATP classified as a nucleotide?
Jawaban
It contains adenine, ribose, and phosphate groups, the three component types of a nucleotide.
Kartu 48
Pertanyaan
How do mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA contribute to protein synthesis?
Jawaban
mRNA carries the coding sequence, tRNA delivers amino acids, and rRNA forms the catalytic and structural core of ribosomes.
Kartu 49
Pertanyaan
How are a gene and a chromosome related?
Jawaban
A gene is a DNA sequence with a biological function; a chromosome is one long DNA molecule containing many genes and other sequences.
Kartu 50
Pertanyaan
What happens to double-stranded DNA when it is denatured by heat?
Jawaban
Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases break and the two strands separate; the covalent backbones usually remain intact.
Kartu 51
Pertanyaan
Why can each DNA strand serve as a template during replication?
Jawaban
Its base sequence determines a complementary sequence through specific base pairing.
Kartu 52
Pertanyaan
In which direction are new nucleic-acid strands synthesized?
Jawaban
Nucleotides are added to the 3′ end, so synthesis proceeds 5′ to 3′.
Kartu 53
Pertanyaan
What is a monosaccharide?
Jawaban
A single sugar unit that can serve as a carbohydrate monomer.
Kartu 54
Pertanyaan
What is a disaccharide?
Jawaban
A carbohydrate formed from two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond.
Kartu 55
Pertanyaan
What is a polysaccharide?
Jawaban
A polymer made from many monosaccharide units.
Kartu 56
Pertanyaan
What is a glycosidic bond?
Jawaban
A covalent bond joining monosaccharides in a carbohydrate.
Kartu 57
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a single sugar unit?
Jawaban
a monosaccharide
Kartu 58
Pertanyaan
Which term describes two monosaccharides joined together?
Jawaban
a disaccharide
Kartu 59
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a polymer of many sugar units?
Jawaban
a polysaccharide
Kartu 60
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the covalent linkage between monosaccharides?
Jawaban
a glycosidic bond
Kartu 61
Pertanyaan
What is a triglyceride?
Jawaban
A lipid formed from glycerol joined to three fatty acids.
Kartu 62
Pertanyaan
What is a fatty acid?
Jawaban
A hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group that can form part of many lipids.
Kartu 63
Pertanyaan
What is a saturated fatty acid?
Jawaban
A fatty acid with no carbon-carbon double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain.
Kartu 64
Pertanyaan
What is a phospholipid?
Jawaban
An amphipathic lipid with a phosphate-containing hydrophilic head and hydrophobic fatty-acid tails.
Kartu 65
Pertanyaan
Which term describes glycerol joined to three fatty acids?
Jawaban
a triglyceride
Kartu 66
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a hydrocarbon chain ending in a carboxyl group?
Jawaban
a fatty acid
Kartu 67
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a fatty acid without carbon-carbon double bonds?
Jawaban
a saturated fatty acid
Kartu 68
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a lipid with a polar head and nonpolar tails?
Jawaban
a phospholipid
Kartu 69
Pertanyaan
How is a glycosidic bond formed between two monosaccharides?
Jawaban
A condensation reaction joins them and releases a molecule of water.
Kartu 70
Pertanyaan
How is a polysaccharide broken into smaller sugars?
Jawaban
Hydrolysis adds water across glycosidic bonds, splitting the polymer.
Kartu 71
Pertanyaan
Which polysaccharides store glucose in plants and animals?
Jawaban
Starch stores glucose in plants; glycogen stores glucose in animals and fungi.
Kartu 72
Pertanyaan
Why is cellulose suitable for plant cell walls?
Jawaban
Its straight β-glucose chains hydrogen-bond into strong microfibrils that resist stretching.
Kartu 73
Pertanyaan
Why do lipids store more energy per gram than carbohydrates?
Jawaban
Lipids contain more energy-rich carbon-hydrogen bonds and are more reduced.
Kartu 74
Pertanyaan
Why do phospholipids form bilayers in water?
Jawaban
Hydrophilic heads interact with water while hydrophobic tails cluster away from water.
Kartu 75
Pertanyaan
Besides energy storage, what are three biological roles of lipids?
Jawaban
They form membranes, provide thermal insulation and cushioning, and can act as signaling molecules.
Kartu 76
Pertanyaan
How do cis double bonds affect fatty-acid packing and melting point?
Jawaban
They introduce bends that reduce close packing, usually lowering the melting point.
Kartu 77
Pertanyaan
What is an amino acid?
Jawaban
A protein monomer with an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and a variable R group attached to a central carbon.
Kartu 78
Pertanyaan
What is a peptide bond?
Jawaban
The covalent bond formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another.
Kartu 79
Pertanyaan
What is a polypeptide?
Jawaban
A chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
Kartu 80
Pertanyaan
What is protein primary structure?
Jawaban
The amino-acid sequence of a polypeptide.
Kartu 81
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a protein monomer with amino, carboxyl, and variable R groups?
Jawaban
an amino acid
Kartu 82
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the covalent linkage between amino acids?
Jawaban
a peptide bond
Kartu 83
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a chain of peptide-linked amino acids?
Jawaban
a polypeptide
Kartu 84
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a protein's amino-acid sequence?
Jawaban
protein primary structure
Kartu 85
Pertanyaan
What is protein secondary structure?
Jawaban
Local folding such as α-helices and β-sheets stabilized mainly by backbone hydrogen bonds.
Kartu 86
Pertanyaan
What is protein tertiary structure?
Jawaban
The overall three-dimensional shape of one polypeptide produced by interactions among R groups and the backbone.
Kartu 87
Pertanyaan
What is protein quaternary structure?
Jawaban
The arrangement of multiple polypeptide subunits in one functional protein.
Kartu 88
Pertanyaan
What is protein denaturation?
Jawaban
Loss of a protein's normal three-dimensional shape and therefore usually its function.
Kartu 89
Pertanyaan
Which term describes local α-helix and β-sheet folding?
Jawaban
protein secondary structure
Kartu 90
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the overall three-dimensional shape of one polypeptide?
Jawaban
protein tertiary structure
Kartu 91
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the association of multiple polypeptide subunits?
Jawaban
protein quaternary structure
Kartu 92
Pertanyaan
Which term describes loss of a protein's native shape?
Jawaban
protein denaturation
Kartu 93
Pertanyaan
What mainly gives different amino acids their different chemical properties?
Jawaban
Their variable R groups.
Kartu 94
Pertanyaan
What reaction forms a peptide bond?
Jawaban
A condensation reaction releases water as the amino and carboxyl groups join.
Kartu 95
Pertanyaan
Why can high temperature denature a protein?
Jawaban
Increased molecular motion disrupts weak interactions that maintain the protein's shape.
Kartu 96
Pertanyaan
Why can extreme pH denature a protein?
Jawaban
It changes the charges of R groups and disrupts ionic and hydrogen-bond interactions.
Kartu 97
Pertanyaan
How do fibrous and globular proteins generally differ?
Jawaban
Fibrous proteins are elongated and mainly structural; globular proteins are compact and often perform dynamic functions.
Kartu 98
Pertanyaan
Why is three-dimensional shape crucial to protein function?
Jawaban
It creates specific binding, catalytic, structural, or interaction surfaces.
Kartu 99
Pertanyaan
Name four broad biological roles of proteins.
Jawaban
Catalysis, transport, signaling, defense, movement, and structural support are major roles; any four are sufficient.
Kartu 100
Pertanyaan
How can changing one amino acid alter protein function?
Jawaban
The substitution can change R-group interactions, folding, stability, or an active or binding site.
Kartu 101
Pertanyaan
What is cell theory?
Jawaban
The principles that living organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Kartu 102
Pertanyaan
What is a prokaryotic cell?
Jawaban
A cell without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
Kartu 103
Pertanyaan
What is a eukaryotic cell?
Jawaban
A cell with DNA enclosed in a nucleus and with membrane-bound organelles.
Kartu 104
Pertanyaan
What is the nucleus?
Jawaban
The double-membrane organelle that contains most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA.
Kartu 105
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the principles describing cells as life's basic units?
Jawaban
cell theory
Kartu 106
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a cell lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
Jawaban
a prokaryotic cell
Kartu 107
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
Jawaban
a eukaryotic cell
Kartu 108
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the organelle containing most eukaryotic DNA?
Jawaban
the nucleus
Kartu 109
Pertanyaan
What is a ribosome?
Jawaban
A molecular complex of rRNA and proteins that synthesizes polypeptides.
Kartu 110
Pertanyaan
What is the cytoplasm?
Jawaban
The material inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus, including cytosol and organelles.
Kartu 111
Pertanyaan
What is the plasma membrane?
Jawaban
The selectively permeable boundary separating a cell from its environment.
Kartu 112
Pertanyaan
What is a cell wall?
Jawaban
A rigid extracellular layer that supports and protects cells in plants, fungi, and most prokaryotes.
Kartu 113
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the complex that synthesizes polypeptides?
Jawaban
a ribosome
Kartu 114
Pertanyaan
Which term describes cell contents inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus?
Jawaban
the cytoplasm
Kartu 115
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the selectively permeable cell boundary?
Jawaban
the plasma membrane
Kartu 116
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a rigid extracellular support layer?
Jawaban
a cell wall
Kartu 117
Pertanyaan
What is the nucleoid?
Jawaban
The non-membrane-bound region containing the main chromosome of a prokaryotic cell.
Kartu 118
Pertanyaan
What is the cytoskeleton?
Jawaban
A dynamic network of protein filaments involved in cell shape, transport, division, and movement.
Kartu 119
Pertanyaan
What structures are shared by all cells?
Jawaban
A plasma membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, and ribosomes.
Kartu 120
Pertanyaan
Which structures distinguish a typical plant cell from a typical animal cell?
Jawaban
A plant cell has a cellulose wall, chloroplasts in photosynthetic tissues, and a large central vacuole; an animal cell lacks these.
Kartu 121
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the prokaryotic chromosome-containing region?
Jawaban
the nucleoid
Kartu 122
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the internal network of protein filaments?
Jawaban
the cytoskeleton
Kartu 123
Pertanyaan
How is genetic material commonly organized in a prokaryotic cell?
Jawaban
The main DNA is usually one circular chromosome in the nucleoid, often accompanied by smaller plasmids.
Kartu 124
Pertanyaan
How is microscope magnification calculated?
Jawaban
Magnification = image size ÷ actual size, using the same units.
Kartu 125
Pertanyaan
What does microscope resolution describe?
Jawaban
The ability to distinguish two close points as separate.
Kartu 126
Pertanyaan
Arrange these from smallest to largest: ribosome, bacterium, animal cell.
Jawaban
Ribosome, bacterium, animal cell.
Kartu 127
Pertanyaan
How does the cytoskeleton support intracellular transport?
Jawaban
Motor proteins move vesicles and other cargo along cytoskeletal filaments.
Kartu 128
Pertanyaan
Why does a small cell usually exchange materials more efficiently than a geometrically similar large cell?
Jawaban
It has a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, providing more exchange surface per unit of cell contents.
Kartu 129
Pertanyaan
Why is a cell more than a collection of isolated molecules?
Jawaban
Organized interactions among components produce emergent functions such as metabolism, regulation, and reproduction.
Kartu 130
Pertanyaan
What major advantage do membrane-bound organelles give eukaryotic cells?
Jawaban
They separate incompatible reactions and create specialized local conditions.
Kartu 131
Pertanyaan
What is a phospholipid bilayer?
Jawaban
A double layer of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads facing water and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
Kartu 132
Pertanyaan
What is the fluid mosaic model?
Jawaban
A model describing membranes as mobile phospholipids containing a changing mosaic of proteins and other components.
Kartu 133
Pertanyaan
What is an integral membrane protein?
Jawaban
A protein embedded in the bilayer, often spanning it.
Kartu 134
Pertanyaan
What is a peripheral membrane protein?
Jawaban
A protein attached to a membrane surface rather than embedded in the bilayer.
Kartu 135
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a double phospholipid layer with inward-facing tails?
Jawaban
a phospholipid bilayer
Kartu 136
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the model of a mobile lipid layer containing varied proteins?
Jawaban
the fluid mosaic model
Kartu 137
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a protein embedded within the lipid bilayer?
Jawaban
an integral membrane protein
Kartu 138
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a protein attached to a membrane surface?
Jawaban
a peripheral membrane protein
Kartu 139
Pertanyaan
What is membrane cholesterol?
Jawaban
An amphipathic lipid that buffers membrane fluidity and reduces permeability in animal cells.
Kartu 140
Pertanyaan
What is a glycoprotein?
Jawaban
A protein with an attached carbohydrate chain, often used in recognition, adhesion, or signaling.
Kartu 141
Pertanyaan
What is diffusion?
Jawaban
Net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration due to random motion.
Kartu 142
Pertanyaan
What is osmosis?
Jawaban
Net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from higher water potential to lower water potential.
Kartu 143
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the animal-membrane lipid that buffers fluidity?
Jawaban
membrane cholesterol
Kartu 144
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a carbohydrate-bearing protein?
Jawaban
a glycoprotein
Kartu 145
Pertanyaan
Which term describes net movement down a concentration gradient?
Jawaban
diffusion
Kartu 146
Pertanyaan
Which term describes net water movement across a selectively permeable membrane?
Jawaban
osmosis
Kartu 147
Pertanyaan
What is facilitated diffusion?
Jawaban
Passive movement down a gradient through a membrane channel or carrier protein.
Kartu 148
Pertanyaan
What is active transport?
Jawaban
Energy-requiring movement of a substance against its concentration or electrochemical gradient.
Kartu 149
Pertanyaan
Why is the phospholipid bilayer selectively permeable?
Jawaban
Its hydrophobic interior allows small nonpolar molecules through more readily than ions and most large or polar molecules.
Kartu 150
Pertanyaan
How do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion differ?
Jawaban
Both are passive, but facilitated diffusion uses specific membrane proteins while simple diffusion passes through the bilayer.
Kartu 151
Pertanyaan
Which term describes passive transport through a channel or carrier?
Jawaban
facilitated diffusion
Kartu 152
Pertanyaan
Which term describes energy-dependent transport against a gradient?
Jawaban
active transport
Kartu 153
Pertanyaan
How do channel and carrier proteins differ?
Jawaban
Channels provide hydrophilic pores; carriers bind solutes and change shape to move them.
Kartu 154
Pertanyaan
How can an ATP-driven pump maintain an ion gradient?
Jawaban
It couples ATP hydrolysis to a conformational change that moves ions against their electrochemical gradient.
Kartu 155
Pertanyaan
How does endocytosis move material into a cell?
Jawaban
The plasma membrane folds inward and pinches off a vesicle containing the material.
Kartu 156
Pertanyaan
How does exocytosis move material out of a cell?
Jawaban
An intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents outside.
Kartu 157
Pertanyaan
What happens to an animal cell in a strongly hypotonic solution?
Jawaban
Water enters by osmosis; without a cell wall, the cell may swell and lyse.
Kartu 158
Pertanyaan
Does molecular movement stop when diffusion reaches equilibrium?
Jawaban
No. Molecules continue moving randomly, but there is no net movement between regions.
Kartu 159
Pertanyaan
How does decreasing temperature generally affect membrane fluidity?
Jawaban
It reduces phospholipid movement and makes the membrane less fluid.
Kartu 160
Pertanyaan
Why do unsaturated fatty-acid tails increase membrane fluidity?
Jawaban
Their cis double-bond bends prevent phospholipids from packing tightly.
Kartu 161
Pertanyaan
What changes increase the rate of simple diffusion across a membrane?
Jawaban
A steeper gradient, larger surface area, higher temperature, shorter distance, and greater membrane permeability increase the rate.
Kartu 162
Pertanyaan
What is a mitochondrion?
Jawaban
A double-membrane organelle where most aerobic ATP production occurs.
Kartu 163
Pertanyaan
What is a chloroplast?
Jawaban
A double-membrane organelle where photosynthesis occurs in plants and algae.
Kartu 164
Pertanyaan
What is rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Jawaban
A membrane network bearing ribosomes that synthesizes and begins processing many secreted and membrane proteins.
Kartu 165
Pertanyaan
What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Jawaban
A membrane network involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.
Kartu 166
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the main organelle of aerobic ATP production?
Jawaban
a mitochondrion
Kartu 167
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the photosynthetic organelle of plants and algae?
Jawaban
a chloroplast
Kartu 168
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the ribosome-studded membrane network?
Jawaban
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Kartu 169
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the membrane network that lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids?
Jawaban
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Kartu 170
Pertanyaan
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Jawaban
Stacked membranes that modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids into vesicles.
Kartu 171
Pertanyaan
What is a lysosome?
Jawaban
An acidic enzyme-containing organelle that digests macromolecules and worn cellular components.
Kartu 172
Pertanyaan
What is a vesicle?
Jawaban
A small membrane-bound compartment used for transport, storage, or chemical reactions.
Kartu 173
Pertanyaan
What is the central vacuole?
Jawaban
A large plant-cell compartment that stores solutes and helps maintain turgor pressure.
Kartu 174
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the organelle that modifies and sorts cellular cargo?
Jawaban
the Golgi apparatus
Kartu 175
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the acidic digestive organelle?
Jawaban
a lysosome
Kartu 176
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a small membrane-bound transport compartment?
Jawaban
a vesicle
Kartu 177
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the large plant compartment that supports turgor?
Jawaban
the central vacuole
Kartu 178
Pertanyaan
Why can compartmentalization increase metabolic efficiency?
Jawaban
It concentrates enzymes and substrates, maintains suitable local conditions, and separates incompatible reactions.
Kartu 179
Pertanyaan
How do mitochondrial cristae support ATP production?
Jawaban
They increase inner-membrane area for electron transport chains and ATP synthase.
Kartu 180
Pertanyaan
Why are chloroplast thylakoids arranged as extensive membranes?
Jawaban
They provide a large surface for light-absorbing complexes, electron transport chains, and ATP synthase.
Kartu 181
Pertanyaan
What is the main function of the nucleolus?
Jawaban
It produces rRNA and assembles ribosomal subunits.
Kartu 182
Pertanyaan
Trace a secreted protein from synthesis to release.
Jawaban
Ribosome on rough ER → ER lumen → transport vesicle → Golgi apparatus → secretory vesicle → plasma membrane → exocytosis.
Kartu 183
Pertanyaan
Why does a lysosome maintain an acidic interior?
Jawaban
Its hydrolytic enzymes work best at low pH, and acidity helps confine their activity from the cytosol.
Kartu 184
Pertanyaan
How do the nucleus, ribosomes, ER, and Golgi cooperate in protein production?
Jawaban
DNA instructions are transcribed in the nucleus; ribosomes translate them; ER folds or modifies many products; Golgi further modifies and sorts them.
Kartu 185
Pertanyaan
How are transport vesicles directed to the correct target membrane?
Jawaban
Specific recognition proteins on vesicles and target membranes interact, allowing selective docking and fusion.
Kartu 186
Pertanyaan
What is cell differentiation?
Jawaban
The process by which a cell develops specialized structure and function.
Kartu 187
Pertanyaan
What is a stem cell?
Jawaban
An unspecialized cell able to self-renew and produce differentiated cells.
Kartu 188
Pertanyaan
What is gene expression?
Jawaban
Use of genetic information to produce a functional RNA or protein product.
Kartu 189
Pertanyaan
What is a tissue?
Jawaban
A coordinated group of similar or related cells performing a shared function.
Kartu 190
Pertanyaan
Which term describes development of specialized cell structure and function?
Jawaban
cell differentiation
Kartu 191
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an unspecialized self-renewing cell?
Jawaban
a stem cell
Kartu 192
Pertanyaan
Which term describes production of a functional product from genetic information?
Jawaban
gene expression
Kartu 193
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a group of coordinated cells with a shared function?
Jawaban
a tissue
Kartu 194
Pertanyaan
What is an organ?
Jawaban
A structure made of multiple tissues working together for particular functions.
Kartu 195
Pertanyaan
What is the organ-system level of biological organization?
Jawaban
A group of organs that coordinate to perform major functions for an organism.
Kartu 196
Pertanyaan
What is surface-area-to-volume ratio?
Jawaban
The amount of surface area available relative to the volume it must serve.
Kartu 197
Pertanyaan
How can two specialized cells have the same genome but different structures?
Jawaban
They express different sets and amounts of genes, producing different proteins and cellular features.
Kartu 198
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a structure composed of multiple tissue types?
Jawaban
an organ
Kartu 199
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the level of biological organization formed by coordinated organs?
Jawaban
an organ system
Kartu 200
Pertanyaan
Which term describes surface area available per unit volume?
Jawaban
surface-area-to-volume ratio
Kartu 201
Pertanyaan
How is a mammalian red blood cell specialized for oxygen transport?
Jawaban
Its biconcave shape increases exchange area, it is flexible, and loss of its nucleus leaves more space for hemoglobin.
Kartu 202
Pertanyaan
How is a sperm cell specialized for fertilization?
Jawaban
It has a flagellum for movement, many mitochondria for ATP, a haploid nucleus, and an acrosome containing enzymes.
Kartu 203
Pertanyaan
How is a neuron specialized for rapid communication?
Jawaban
Long processes carry signals over distance, branching dendrites receive inputs, and synaptic terminals transmit signals to other cells.
Kartu 204
Pertanyaan
How is a root hair cell specialized for mineral and water uptake?
Jawaban
Its long projection increases surface area, its thin wall shortens the pathway, and membrane transport proteins take up ions.
Kartu 205
Pertanyaan
How is a palisade mesophyll cell specialized for photosynthesis?
Jawaban
It contains many chloroplasts and is positioned near the upper leaf surface where light is strongest.
Kartu 206
Pertanyaan
How do ciliated epithelial cells help protect airways?
Jawaban
Their cilia move mucus containing trapped particles and microbes toward the throat.
Kartu 207
Pertanyaan
Why can extreme specialization reduce a cell's independence?
Jawaban
Resources and structures are committed to a narrow role, so the cell depends on other cells for functions it no longer performs well.
Kartu 208
Pertanyaan
What is water potential?
Jawaban
The potential energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water, used to predict the direction of water movement.
Kartu 209
Pertanyaan
What is solute potential?
Jawaban
The negative contribution of dissolved solutes to water potential.
Kartu 210
Pertanyaan
What is pressure potential?
Jawaban
The contribution of physical pressure to water potential.
Kartu 211
Pertanyaan
What is turgor pressure?
Jawaban
Outward pressure of a plant-cell interior against its cell wall after water uptake.
Kartu 212
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the tendency of water to move relative to pure water?
Jawaban
water potential
Kartu 213
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the water-potential component lowered by dissolved solutes?
Jawaban
solute potential
Kartu 214
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the water-potential component caused by physical pressure?
Jawaban
pressure potential
Kartu 215
Pertanyaan
Which term describes pressure of plant-cell contents against the wall?
Jawaban
turgor pressure
Kartu 216
Pertanyaan
What is plasmolysis?
Jawaban
Separation of the plasma membrane from the cell wall after a plant cell loses water.
Kartu 217
Pertanyaan
What is a flaccid plant cell?
Jawaban
A plant cell with insufficient turgor pressure to be firm.
Kartu 218
Pertanyaan
What is an isotonic condition?
Jawaban
A condition in which two solutions have equal effective water potential and no net water movement occurs.
Kartu 219
Pertanyaan
In which direction does water move across a permeable membrane?
Jawaban
From higher water potential to lower water potential.
Kartu 220
Pertanyaan
Which term describes membrane separation from the plant cell wall after water loss?
Jawaban
plasmolysis
Kartu 221
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a plant cell lacking firm turgor?
Jawaban
a flaccid plant cell
Kartu 222
Pertanyaan
Which term describes equal effective water potential across a membrane?
Jawaban
an isotonic condition
Kartu 223
Pertanyaan
What is the water potential of pure water at standard pressure?
Jawaban
Zero; adding solute makes water potential more negative.
Kartu 224
Pertanyaan
How are water potential, solute potential, and pressure potential related?
Jawaban
Water potential equals solute potential plus pressure potential: Ψ = Ψs + Ψp.
Kartu 225
Pertanyaan
Why does a plant cell usually become turgid rather than burst in a hypotonic solution?
Jawaban
Water entry raises pressure potential, while the rigid cell wall resists further expansion.
Kartu 226
Pertanyaan
What happens to a plant cell placed in a solution with much lower water potential?
Jawaban
Water leaves the cell, turgor falls, and severe loss can cause plasmolysis.
Kartu 227
Pertanyaan
Can two solutions have different solute concentrations but equal water potential?
Jawaban
Yes. A difference in pressure potential can offset a difference in solute potential.
Kartu 228
Pertanyaan
What is an enzyme?
Jawaban
A biological catalyst that increases reaction rate without being consumed.
Kartu 229
Pertanyaan
What is an active site?
Jawaban
The region of an enzyme where substrate binds and catalysis occurs.
Kartu 230
Pertanyaan
What is a substrate?
Jawaban
A reactant molecule on which an enzyme acts.
Kartu 231
Pertanyaan
What is activation energy?
Jawaban
The minimum energy input needed for a reaction to begin.
Kartu 232
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a biological catalyst?
Jawaban
an enzyme
Kartu 233
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the substrate-binding catalytic region of an enzyme?
Jawaban
an active site
Kartu 234
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a reactant bound and changed by an enzyme?
Jawaban
a substrate
Kartu 235
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the energy barrier that must be overcome for a reaction?
Jawaban
activation energy
Kartu 236
Pertanyaan
What is the induced-fit model?
Jawaban
The model in which substrate binding changes active-site shape to improve catalytic interactions.
Kartu 237
Pertanyaan
What is enzyme denaturation?
Jawaban
Loss of the active three-dimensional shape of an enzyme, usually causing loss of activity.
Kartu 238
Pertanyaan
What is competitive inhibition?
Jawaban
Inhibition caused by a molecule competing with substrate for the active site.
Kartu 239
Pertanyaan
What is noncompetitive inhibition?
Jawaban
Inhibition caused by binding away from the active site and reducing catalytic function.
Kartu 240
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the model where substrate binding reshapes the active site?
Jawaban
the induced-fit model
Kartu 241
Pertanyaan
Which term describes loss of an enzyme's functional shape?
Jawaban
enzyme denaturation
Kartu 242
Pertanyaan
Which term describes inhibition by active-site competition?
Jawaban
competitive inhibition
Kartu 243
Pertanyaan
Which term describes inhibition by binding outside the active site?
Jawaban
noncompetitive inhibition
Kartu 244
Pertanyaan
What is an enzyme optimum?
Jawaban
The condition, such as temperature or pH, at which an enzyme's activity is highest.
Kartu 245
Pertanyaan
What is feedback inhibition?
Jawaban
Control in which a pathway product inhibits an enzyme acting earlier in the pathway.
Kartu 246
Pertanyaan
How does an enzyme increase reaction rate?
Jawaban
It stabilizes the transition state and provides a pathway with lower activation energy.
Kartu 247
Pertanyaan
Why does enzyme activity often rise and then fall as temperature increases?
Jawaban
Molecular collisions initially increase, but excessive heat disrupts enzyme shape and denatures the active site.
Kartu 248
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the condition producing maximum enzyme activity?
Jawaban
an enzyme optimum
Kartu 249
Pertanyaan
Which term describes pathway control by inhibition from an end product?
Jawaban
feedback inhibition
Kartu 250
Pertanyaan
Why does each enzyme have a characteristic pH range?
Jawaban
pH changes the ionization of amino-acid side chains, affecting active-site shape and chemical interactions.
Kartu 251
Pertanyaan
Why does increasing substrate concentration eventually stop increasing enzyme rate?
Jawaban
At saturation, nearly all active sites are occupied and enzyme concentration limits the maximum rate.
Kartu 252
Pertanyaan
How does increasing enzyme concentration affect rate when substrate is abundant?
Jawaban
More active sites are available, so the initial rate increases roughly in proportion to enzyme concentration.
Kartu 253
Pertanyaan
What gives an enzyme substrate specificity?
Jawaban
The active site's shape, charge, polarity, and chemical groups complement particular substrates and transition states.
Kartu 254
Pertanyaan
What is one practical advantage of immobilizing an enzyme?
Jawaban
The enzyme can be separated from products and reused while conditions around it are controlled.
Kartu 255
Pertanyaan
Does an enzyme change a reaction's equilibrium position?
Jawaban
No. It speeds forward and reverse reactions but does not change the equilibrium constant or final equilibrium position.
Kartu 256
Pertanyaan
How can high substrate concentration reduce competitive inhibition?
Jawaban
More substrate molecules increase the chance that substrate rather than inhibitor occupies the active site.
Kartu 257
Pertanyaan
Why are metabolic reactions commonly organized into pathways?
Jawaban
A sequence of enzyme-controlled steps allows energy changes and intermediates to be controlled and coupled.
Kartu 258
Pertanyaan
What is ATP?
Jawaban
A nucleotide that transfers usable energy through coupling of its hydrolysis to cellular processes.
Kartu 259
Pertanyaan
What is cellular respiration?
Jawaban
Controlled release of energy from organic molecules to produce ATP.
Kartu 260
Pertanyaan
What is glycolysis?
Jawaban
A cytosolic pathway that splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules and yields a small amount of ATP and reduced electron carriers.
Kartu 261
Pertanyaan
What is pyruvate?
Jawaban
The three-carbon product of glycolysis that can enter aerobic or anaerobic pathways.
Kartu 262
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the cell's immediate phosphoryl-group energy carrier?
Jawaban
ATP
Kartu 263
Pertanyaan
Which term describes controlled ATP-producing breakdown of organic molecules?
Jawaban
cellular respiration
Kartu 264
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the cytosolic splitting of glucose into pyruvate?
Jawaban
glycolysis
Kartu 265
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the three-carbon product of glycolysis?
Jawaban
pyruvate
Kartu 266
Pertanyaan
What is aerobic respiration?
Jawaban
Respiration that uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor and produces much more ATP than fermentation.
Kartu 267
Pertanyaan
What is anaerobic metabolism?
Jawaban
ATP-producing metabolism that proceeds without oxygen.
Kartu 268
Pertanyaan
What is fermentation?
Jawaban
An anaerobic pathway that regenerates oxidized electron carriers so glycolysis can continue.
Kartu 269
Pertanyaan
What is oxidation?
Jawaban
Loss of electrons, often accompanied in biology by loss of hydrogen or gain of oxygen.
Kartu 270
Pertanyaan
Which term describes respiration using oxygen as final electron acceptor?
Jawaban
aerobic respiration
Kartu 271
Pertanyaan
Which term describes ATP-producing metabolism without oxygen?
Jawaban
anaerobic metabolism
Kartu 272
Pertanyaan
Which term describes anaerobic regeneration of electron carriers after glycolysis?
Jawaban
fermentation
Kartu 273
Pertanyaan
Which term describes loss of electrons?
Jawaban
oxidation
Kartu 274
Pertanyaan
What is reduction?
Jawaban
Gain of electrons, often accompanied in biology by gain of hydrogen or loss of oxygen.
Kartu 275
Pertanyaan
What is a reduced electron carrier?
Jawaban
A molecule such as NADH that carries high-energy electrons and hydrogen from one reaction to another.
Kartu 276
Pertanyaan
What is chemiosmosis?
Jawaban
ATP production driven by ions moving down an electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase.
Kartu 277
Pertanyaan
What is the overall word equation for aerobic respiration of glucose?
Jawaban
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy transferred to ATP and heat.
Kartu 278
Pertanyaan
Which term describes gain of electrons?
Jawaban
reduction
Kartu 279
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a molecule carrying high-energy electrons between reactions?
Jawaban
a reduced electron carrier
Kartu 280
Pertanyaan
Which term describes ATP production powered by an ion gradient?
Jawaban
chemiosmosis
Kartu 281
Pertanyaan
Where does glycolysis occur?
Jawaban
In the cytosol.
Kartu 282
Pertanyaan
What major stages of aerobic respiration occur in mitochondria?
Jawaban
Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle occur in the matrix; electron transport and chemiosmosis occur at the inner membrane.
Kartu 283
Pertanyaan
What is oxygen's direct role in aerobic respiration?
Jawaban
It accepts electrons and hydrogen ions at the end of the electron transport chain, forming water.
Kartu 284
Pertanyaan
Why does aerobic respiration yield much more ATP per glucose than fermentation?
Jawaban
It transfers electrons through an electron transport chain and uses oxidative phosphorylation, extracting far more of glucose's energy.
Kartu 285
Pertanyaan
What is the purpose of lactate formation in oxygen-limited animal cells?
Jawaban
It regenerates NAD⁺ so glycolysis can continue producing a small amount of ATP.
Kartu 286
Pertanyaan
What products are formed during alcoholic fermentation in yeast?
Jawaban
Ethanol and carbon dioxide, while NAD⁺ is regenerated.
Kartu 287
Pertanyaan
Why is some energy released by respiration transferred as heat rather than captured in ATP?
Jawaban
Energy conversions are not fully efficient, so part of the chemical energy becomes disordered molecular motion.
Kartu 288
Pertanyaan
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
Jawaban
Direct transfer of a phosphate group from a metabolic intermediate to ADP to form ATP.
Kartu 289
Pertanyaan
How does electron transport lead to ATP synthesis in mitochondria?
Jawaban
Electron energy pumps protons across the inner membrane; proton flow back through ATP synthase drives ATP formation.
Kartu 290
Pertanyaan
Why can intense exercise increase lactate production?
Jawaban
ATP demand can exceed oxygen delivery and aerobic capacity, so cells regenerate NAD⁺ through lactate formation to sustain glycolysis.
Kartu 291
Pertanyaan
What is photosynthesis?
Jawaban
Conversion of light energy into chemical energy used to synthesize organic molecules from carbon dioxide.
Kartu 292
Pertanyaan
What is chlorophyll?
Jawaban
A green pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
Kartu 293
Pertanyaan
What is an absorption spectrum?
Jawaban
A graph showing how strongly a pigment absorbs different wavelengths of light.
Kartu 294
Pertanyaan
What is an action spectrum?
Jawaban
A graph showing the rate or effectiveness of photosynthesis at different wavelengths.
Kartu 295
Pertanyaan
Which term describes light-driven synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide?
Jawaban
photosynthesis
Kartu 296
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the principal green photosynthetic pigment?
Jawaban
chlorophyll
Kartu 297
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a graph of pigment absorption versus wavelength?
Jawaban
an absorption spectrum
Kartu 298
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a graph of photosynthetic effectiveness versus wavelength?
Jawaban
an action spectrum
Kartu 299
Pertanyaan
What is photolysis of water?
Jawaban
Light-driven splitting of water that supplies electrons and hydrogen ions and releases oxygen.
Kartu 300
Pertanyaan
What are light-dependent reactions?
Jawaban
Photosynthetic reactions that use light to generate ATP and reduced electron carriers while releasing oxygen.
Kartu 301
Pertanyaan
What is the Calvin cycle?
Jawaban
A set of chloroplast reactions that uses ATP and reduced electron carriers to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrate precursors.
Kartu 302
Pertanyaan
What is carbon fixation?
Jawaban
Incorporation of inorganic carbon dioxide into an organic molecule.
Kartu 303
Pertanyaan
Which term describes light-driven splitting of water?
Jawaban
photolysis of water
Kartu 304
Pertanyaan
Which term describes photosynthetic reactions that directly capture light energy?
Jawaban
light-dependent reactions
Kartu 305
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the carbon-reduction cycle of photosynthesis?
Jawaban
the Calvin cycle
Kartu 306
Pertanyaan
Which term describes incorporation of carbon dioxide into organic matter?
Jawaban
carbon fixation
Kartu 307
Pertanyaan
What is the role of a stoma in photosynthesis?
Jawaban
A pore in the leaf epidermis that regulates carbon-dioxide entry as well as water loss.
Kartu 308
Pertanyaan
What is a limiting factor of photosynthesis?
Jawaban
The environmental factor whose availability currently restricts the photosynthetic rate.
Kartu 309
Pertanyaan
What is the light compensation point?
Jawaban
The light intensity at which photosynthetic carbon uptake equals respiratory carbon release.
Kartu 310
Pertanyaan
What is the overall word equation for oxygenic photosynthesis?
Jawaban
Carbon dioxide + water → carbohydrate + oxygen, using light energy.
Kartu 311
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the regulated leaf pore controlling carbon-dioxide entry for photosynthesis?
Jawaban
a stoma
Kartu 312
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the factor currently restricting photosynthetic rate?
Jawaban
a limiting factor
Kartu 313
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the light level where photosynthesis and respiration balance?
Jawaban
the light compensation point
Kartu 314
Pertanyaan
Where do the main stages of photosynthesis occur in a chloroplast?
Jawaban
Light-dependent reactions occur in thylakoid membranes; carbon-fixation reactions occur in the stroma.
Kartu 315
Pertanyaan
What energy conversion occurs during photosynthesis?
Jawaban
Light energy is converted into chemical energy stored first in ATP and reduced carriers and ultimately in organic molecules.
Kartu 316
Pertanyaan
From which reactant does the oxygen released by photosynthesis originate?
Jawaban
Water.
Kartu 317
Pertanyaan
What role does RuBisCO play in photosynthesis?
Jawaban
It catalyzes fixation of carbon dioxide by adding it to an organic acceptor molecule.
Kartu 318
Pertanyaan
What tradeoff is controlled when stomata open?
Jawaban
Opening permits carbon dioxide entry but increases water loss by transpiration.
Kartu 319
Pertanyaan
Name three leaf features that support photosynthesis.
Jawaban
A broad surface captures light, a thin structure shortens diffusion paths, and veins supply water and remove sugars; chloroplast-rich cells and stomata also help.
Kartu 320
Pertanyaan
What can a plant do with carbohydrate made by photosynthesis?
Jawaban
Use it in respiration, convert it to storage or structural carbohydrates, or use its carbon to make lipids, amino acids, and other molecules.
Kartu 321
Pertanyaan
How are products of the light-dependent reactions used in carbon fixation?
Jawaban
ATP supplies energy and NADPH supplies reducing power for conversion of fixed carbon into carbohydrate precursors.
Kartu 322
Pertanyaan
Why does increasing light intensity eventually stop increasing photosynthetic rate?
Jawaban
Another factor, such as carbon dioxide supply, temperature, or biochemical capacity, becomes limiting.
Kartu 323
Pertanyaan
How can increasing carbon dioxide concentration affect photosynthetic rate?
Jawaban
It can increase the rate until another factor becomes limiting.
Kartu 324
Pertanyaan
Why does photosynthetic rate usually have a temperature optimum?
Jawaban
Enzyme-controlled reactions accelerate with temperature up to an optimum, then decline as enzymes and membranes lose effective function.
Kartu 325
Pertanyaan
Why does an action spectrum broadly resemble the combined absorption spectra of photosynthetic pigments?
Jawaban
Wavelengths absorbed by the pigments supply more energy for photosynthesis than poorly absorbed wavelengths.
Kartu 326
Pertanyaan
What is semiconservative replication?
Jawaban
DNA replication in which each daughter molecule contains one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.
Kartu 327
Pertanyaan
What is DNA helicase?
Jawaban
An enzyme that unwinds the double helix and separates the strands by disrupting base pairing.
Kartu 328
Pertanyaan
What is DNA polymerase?
Jawaban
An enzyme that adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand using a template.
Kartu 329
Pertanyaan
What is a primer?
Jawaban
A short nucleic-acid segment providing a free 3′ end from which DNA polymerase can extend.
Kartu 330
Pertanyaan
Which term describes replication producing one old and one new strand per DNA molecule?
Jawaban
semiconservative replication
Kartu 331
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the enzyme that separates DNA strands?
Jawaban
DNA helicase
Kartu 332
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the enzyme that builds DNA from a template?
Jawaban
DNA polymerase
Kartu 333
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the short segment providing a starting 3′ end?
Jawaban
a primer
Kartu 334
Pertanyaan
What is the leading strand?
Jawaban
The new DNA strand synthesized continuously toward the replication fork.
Kartu 335
Pertanyaan
What is the lagging strand?
Jawaban
The new DNA strand synthesized discontinuously away from the replication fork.
Kartu 336
Pertanyaan
What is an Okazaki fragment?
Jawaban
A short DNA segment synthesized on the lagging strand.
Kartu 337
Pertanyaan
What is DNA ligase?
Jawaban
An enzyme that seals breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone, joining DNA fragments.
Kartu 338
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the continuously synthesized daughter strand?
Jawaban
the leading strand
Kartu 339
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the discontinuously synthesized daughter strand?
Jawaban
the lagging strand
Kartu 340
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a short newly made segment of lagging-strand DNA?
Jawaban
an Okazaki fragment
Kartu 341
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the enzyme that joins DNA fragments by sealing the backbone?
Jawaban
DNA ligase
Kartu 342
Pertanyaan
How does complementary base pairing ensure accurate DNA copying?
Jawaban
Each template base specifies the nucleotide added opposite it: A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.
Kartu 343
Pertanyaan
Why does DNA polymerase synthesize DNA only 5′ to 3′?
Jawaban
It can add a nucleotide only to the free 3′ hydroxyl group of the growing strand.
Kartu 344
Pertanyaan
When in the cell cycle is nuclear DNA replicated?
Jawaban
During S phase of interphase, before cell division.
Kartu 345
Pertanyaan
How can a replication error become a permanent mutation?
Jawaban
If it escapes proofreading and repair, the altered sequence can be copied in later cell generations.
Kartu 346
Pertanyaan
Why are leading and lagging strands synthesized differently?
Jawaban
The templates are antiparallel while DNA polymerase works only 5′ to 3′, forcing one strand to be made discontinuously.
Kartu 347
Pertanyaan
How do proofreading and repair reduce replication errors?
Jawaban
Incorrectly paired nucleotides are recognized, removed, and replaced before or after replication continues.
Kartu 348
Pertanyaan
What three repeating steps amplify DNA in PCR?
Jawaban
Strand separation by heating, primer annealing during cooling, and DNA extension by a heat-stable polymerase.
Kartu 349
Pertanyaan
What determines which DNA region PCR amplifies?
Jawaban
The sequences and positions of the two primers flanking the target region.
Kartu 350
Pertanyaan
What is transcription?
Jawaban
Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.
Kartu 351
Pertanyaan
What is RNA polymerase?
Jawaban
The enzyme that synthesizes RNA complementary to a DNA template strand.
Kartu 352
Pertanyaan
What is messenger RNA?
Jawaban
RNA carrying a coding sequence from DNA to ribosomes.
Kartu 353
Pertanyaan
What is a codon?
Jawaban
A three-base sequence in mRNA that specifies an amino acid or a translation signal.
Kartu 354
Pertanyaan
Which term describes RNA synthesis from DNA?
Jawaban
transcription
Kartu 355
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the enzyme that builds RNA from a DNA template?
Jawaban
RNA polymerase
Kartu 356
Pertanyaan
Which term describes RNA that carries coding information to ribosomes?
Jawaban
messenger RNA
Kartu 357
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a three-base mRNA unit?
Jawaban
a codon
Kartu 358
Pertanyaan
What is translation?
Jawaban
Synthesis of a polypeptide using the codon sequence of mRNA.
Kartu 359
Pertanyaan
What does a ribosome do during translation?
Jawaban
It reads mRNA and catalyzes polypeptide synthesis using its rRNA-protein machinery.
Kartu 360
Pertanyaan
What is transfer RNA?
Jawaban
RNA that carries a specific amino acid and pairs its anticodon with an mRNA codon.
Kartu 361
Pertanyaan
What is an anticodon?
Jawaban
A three-base tRNA sequence complementary to an mRNA codon.
Kartu 362
Pertanyaan
Which term describes polypeptide synthesis from an mRNA sequence?
Jawaban
translation
Kartu 363
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the translation complex that reads mRNA and builds a polypeptide?
Jawaban
a ribosome
Kartu 364
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the adaptor RNA carrying an amino acid?
Jawaban
transfer RNA
Kartu 365
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the tRNA triplet that pairs with a codon?
Jawaban
an anticodon
Kartu 366
Pertanyaan
What is the genetic code?
Jawaban
The set of rules relating mRNA codons to amino acids and translation signals.
Kartu 367
Pertanyaan
What are start and stop codons?
Jawaban
mRNA signals that establish the reading frame or terminate translation.
Kartu 368
Pertanyaan
Where do transcription and translation occur in a eukaryotic cell?
Jawaban
Transcription occurs in the nucleus; translation occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm or on rough ER.
Kartu 369
Pertanyaan
How is an mRNA sequence related to its DNA template strand?
Jawaban
It is complementary and antiparallel, with uracil in RNA opposite adenine in DNA.
Kartu 370
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the codon-to-amino-acid rule set?
Jawaban
the genetic code
Kartu 371
Pertanyaan
Which term describes codons that begin or end translation?
Jawaban
start and stop codons
Kartu 372
Pertanyaan
What reaction does the ribosome catalyze as a polypeptide grows?
Jawaban
Formation of peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids.
Kartu 373
Pertanyaan
What does it mean that the genetic code is degenerate?
Jawaban
Most amino acids are specified by more than one codon.
Kartu 374
Pertanyaan
How can one mRNA produce many polypeptides quickly?
Jawaban
Multiple ribosomes can translate the same mRNA simultaneously as a polyribosome.
Kartu 375
Pertanyaan
Why is translation not the final step in producing many functional proteins?
Jawaban
The polypeptide must fold and may undergo cleavage, chemical modification, or assembly with other subunits.
Kartu 376
Pertanyaan
How does mRNA compare with the DNA coding strand?
Jawaban
It has the same base sequence except that RNA contains uracil where DNA contains thymine.
Kartu 377
Pertanyaan
What happens during eukaryotic RNA splicing?
Jawaban
Introns are removed and exons are joined to form mature mRNA.
Kartu 378
Pertanyaan
Why must codons be read in the correct reading frame?
Jawaban
Changing the starting position changes every downstream triplet and therefore the amino-acid sequence.
Kartu 379
Pertanyaan
How is the correct amino acid matched to each mRNA codon?
Jawaban
Each tRNA is charged with a particular amino acid, and its anticodon pairs with the complementary codon.
Kartu 380
Pertanyaan
How can a base substitution affect a protein?
Jawaban
It may be silent, change one amino acid, create a stop codon, or sometimes alter RNA processing.
Kartu 381
Pertanyaan
What is a mutation?
Jawaban
A change in a DNA sequence or chromosome structure that can be passed to daughter cells.
Kartu 382
Pertanyaan
What is a base substitution?
Jawaban
Replacement of one nucleotide pair by another.
Kartu 383
Pertanyaan
What is an insertion mutation?
Jawaban
Addition of one or more nucleotides to a DNA sequence.
Kartu 384
Pertanyaan
What is a deletion mutation?
Jawaban
Loss of one or more nucleotides from a DNA sequence.
Kartu 385
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a lasting DNA-sequence or chromosome change?
Jawaban
a mutation
Kartu 386
Pertanyaan
Which term describes replacement of one DNA base pair?
Jawaban
a base substitution
Kartu 387
Pertanyaan
Which term describes addition of nucleotides to DNA?
Jawaban
an insertion mutation
Kartu 388
Pertanyaan
Which term describes loss of nucleotides from DNA?
Jawaban
a deletion mutation
Kartu 389
Pertanyaan
What is a frameshift mutation?
Jawaban
A coding-sequence insertion or deletion not divisible by three that changes downstream codon grouping.
Kartu 390
Pertanyaan
What is a silent mutation?
Jawaban
A sequence change that does not alter the encoded amino acid.
Kartu 391
Pertanyaan
What is a missense mutation?
Jawaban
A mutation that changes a codon so a different amino acid is incorporated.
Kartu 392
Pertanyaan
What is a nonsense mutation?
Jawaban
A mutation that changes an amino-acid codon into a stop codon.
Kartu 393
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a mutation that shifts downstream codon grouping?
Jawaban
a frameshift mutation
Kartu 394
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a coding change that leaves the amino acid unchanged?
Jawaban
a silent mutation
Kartu 395
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a mutation causing one amino-acid substitution?
Jawaban
a missense mutation
Kartu 396
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a mutation creating a premature stop codon?
Jawaban
a nonsense mutation
Kartu 397
Pertanyaan
How do germline and somatic mutations differ in inheritance?
Jawaban
Germline mutations can enter gametes and be inherited; somatic mutations affect a cell lineage within the individual.
Kartu 398
Pertanyaan
What can cause mutations?
Jawaban
Replication errors, spontaneous chemical changes, radiation, and mutagenic chemicals can alter DNA.
Kartu 399
Pertanyaan
How does DNA repair protect genome stability?
Jawaban
Repair systems detect damaged or mismatched DNA and restore the correct structure or sequence when possible.
Kartu 400
Pertanyaan
Why are mutations essential to evolution despite often being neutral or harmful?
Jawaban
They create new alleles, providing the heritable variation on which selection and drift act.
Kartu 401
Pertanyaan
What is the basic role of guide RNA in CRISPR gene editing?
Jawaban
It directs a nuclease to a complementary DNA sequence.
Kartu 402
Pertanyaan
Why can the same type of DNA mutation have effects ranging from none to severe?
Jawaban
Effects depend on location, genetic-code redundancy, protein role, cell type, and environmental context.
Kartu 403
Pertanyaan
How can accumulated mutations contribute to cancer?
Jawaban
Mutations can activate growth-promoting genes or disable genes that restrain division, repair DNA, or trigger cell death.
Kartu 404
Pertanyaan
Why can repairing a CRISPR-induced DNA break produce different editing outcomes?
Jawaban
Different cellular repair pathways may disrupt the target sequence or use a supplied template for a specific change.
Kartu 405
Pertanyaan
What is an off-target effect in gene editing?
Jawaban
An unintended DNA change at a site sufficiently similar to the intended target.
Kartu 406
Pertanyaan
Why does heritable human genome editing raise additional ethical concerns?
Jawaban
Changes could pass to future generations who cannot consent, with uncertain long-term biological and social effects.
Kartu 407
Pertanyaan
What is the cell cycle?
Jawaban
The ordered sequence of cell growth, DNA replication, nuclear division, and cell division.
Kartu 408
Pertanyaan
What is interphase?
Jawaban
The period of growth, normal activity, and DNA replication between nuclear divisions.
Kartu 409
Pertanyaan
What is mitosis?
Jawaban
Nuclear division that usually produces genetically equivalent daughter nuclei.
Kartu 410
Pertanyaan
What is cytokinesis?
Jawaban
Division of the cytoplasm to form separate daughter cells.
Kartu 411
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the ordered sequence from one cell division to the next?
Jawaban
the cell cycle
Kartu 412
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the growth and DNA-replication period between divisions?
Jawaban
interphase
Kartu 413
Pertanyaan
Which term describes division producing genetically equivalent nuclei?
Jawaban
mitosis
Kartu 414
Pertanyaan
Which term describes physical division of the cytoplasm?
Jawaban
cytokinesis
Kartu 415
Pertanyaan
What is a chromosome?
Jawaban
One DNA molecule packaged with associated proteins.
Kartu 416
Pertanyaan
What are sister chromatids?
Jawaban
The two replicated copies of a chromosome joined before separation.
Kartu 417
Pertanyaan
What is a centromere?
Jawaban
The chromosome region that holds sister chromatids together and organizes kinetochore attachment.
Kartu 418
Pertanyaan
What is the mitotic spindle?
Jawaban
A microtubule system that attaches to and separates chromosomes during cell division.
Kartu 419
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a protein-packaged DNA molecule?
Jawaban
a chromosome
Kartu 420
Pertanyaan
Which term describes joined replicated copies of one chromosome?
Jawaban
sister chromatids
Kartu 421
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the chromosome region joining sister chromatids?
Jawaban
a centromere
Kartu 422
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the chromosome-separating microtubule system?
Jawaban
the mitotic spindle
Kartu 423
Pertanyaan
What is the basic sequence of mitosis?
Jawaban
Chromosomes condense, align at the cell equator, sister chromatids separate to opposite poles, and new nuclei form.
Kartu 424
Pertanyaan
Why must DNA replicate before mitosis?
Jawaban
Each chromosome must have two copies so each daughter nucleus can receive a complete genome.
Kartu 425
Pertanyaan
Why are daughter cells from mitosis usually genetically similar?
Jawaban
Replicated sister chromatids are separated so each daughter receives one copy of every chromosome.
Kartu 426
Pertanyaan
What are major roles of mitosis in multicellular organisms?
Jawaban
Growth, tissue repair, cell replacement, and some forms of asexual reproduction.
Kartu 427
Pertanyaan
How do homologous chromosomes differ from sister chromatids?
Jawaban
Homologs carry the same gene loci but may have different alleles; sister chromatids are replicated copies of one chromosome.
Kartu 428
Pertanyaan
What key outcome distinguishes mitosis from meiosis?
Jawaban
Mitosis usually preserves chromosome number and similarity; meiosis halves chromosome number and generates genetically varied haploid cells.
Kartu 429
Pertanyaan
How does cytokinesis commonly occur in animal cells?
Jawaban
A contractile ring tightens the plasma membrane into a cleavage furrow.
Kartu 430
Pertanyaan
How does cytokinesis commonly occur in plant cells?
Jawaban
Vesicles fuse at the center to form a cell plate that develops into new membranes and a cell wall.
Kartu 431
Pertanyaan
What is the purpose of cell-cycle checkpoints?
Jawaban
They delay progression when conditions are unsuitable or DNA and chromosome attachment are defective.
Kartu 432
Pertanyaan
How is loss of cell-cycle control related to cancer?
Jawaban
Cells can divide despite damage or growth restraints, producing an expanding abnormal clone.
Kartu 433
Pertanyaan
What is a gene?
Jawaban
A DNA sequence that contributes to a functional product and influences a characteristic or cellular process.
Kartu 434
Pertanyaan
What is an allele?
Jawaban
One of the alternative DNA-sequence forms at a gene locus.
Kartu 435
Pertanyaan
What is a gene locus?
Jawaban
The physical position of a gene on a chromosome.
Kartu 436
Pertanyaan
What is a genotype?
Jawaban
The allele combination of an organism at one or more loci.
Kartu 437
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a functional DNA sequence?
Jawaban
a gene
Kartu 438
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an alternative form of a gene?
Jawaban
an allele
Kartu 439
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a gene's chromosome position?
Jawaban
a gene locus
Kartu 440
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an organism's allele combination?
Jawaban
a genotype
Kartu 441
Pertanyaan
What is a phenotype?
Jawaban
An observable or measurable trait produced by genotype and environment.
Kartu 442
Pertanyaan
What is homozygous?
Jawaban
Having two identical alleles at a diploid locus.
Kartu 443
Pertanyaan
What is heterozygous?
Jawaban
Having two different alleles at a diploid locus.
Kartu 444
Pertanyaan
What is a dominant allele?
Jawaban
An allele expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote under a specified inheritance model.
Kartu 445
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an observable trait resulting from genes and environment?
Jawaban
a phenotype
Kartu 446
Pertanyaan
Which term describes having two identical alleles at a locus?
Jawaban
homozygous
Kartu 447
Pertanyaan
Which term describes having two different alleles at a locus?
Jawaban
heterozygous
Kartu 448
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an allele expressed in a heterozygote?
Jawaban
a dominant allele
Kartu 449
Pertanyaan
What is a recessive allele?
Jawaban
An allele whose phenotype is masked by a dominant allele in a heterozygote.
Kartu 450
Pertanyaan
What is a genetic carrier?
Jawaban
An unaffected heterozygote who can transmit a recessive disease allele.
Kartu 451
Pertanyaan
What is a test cross?
Jawaban
A cross with a homozygous recessive individual used to infer an unknown dominant phenotype's genotype.
Kartu 452
Pertanyaan
What is a pedigree?
Jawaban
A diagram showing biological relationships and occurrence of a trait across generations.
Kartu 453
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an allele masked in a heterozygote?
Jawaban
a recessive allele
Kartu 454
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an unaffected heterozygote carrying a recessive disease allele?
Jawaban
a genetic carrier
Kartu 455
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a cross used to reveal an unknown dominant genotype?
Jawaban
a test cross
Kartu 456
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a family diagram tracking a trait across generations?
Jawaban
a pedigree
Kartu 457
Pertanyaan
What does allele segregation mean during gamete formation?
Jawaban
The two alleles at a diploid locus separate so each gamete receives one.
Kartu 458
Pertanyaan
What does a Punnett square predict?
Jawaban
Expected genotype and phenotype probabilities from specified parental gametes, not guaranteed family outcomes.
Kartu 459
Pertanyaan
What phenotypic ratio is expected from Aa × Aa with complete dominance?
Jawaban
Approximately 3 dominant phenotype : 1 recessive phenotype.
Kartu 460
Pertanyaan
What genotypic ratio is expected from Aa × Aa?
Jawaban
1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa.
Kartu 461
Pertanyaan
What happens in codominance?
Jawaban
Both alleles contribute distinctly to the heterozygous phenotype.
Kartu 462
Pertanyaan
What happens in incomplete dominance?
Jawaban
The heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate between the two homozygotes.
Kartu 463
Pertanyaan
How can environment affect phenotype without changing genotype?
Jawaban
Conditions alter development, physiology, or gene expression, changing the observed trait.
Kartu 464
Pertanyaan
What is the ultimate source of new alleles?
Jawaban
Mutation.
Kartu 465
Pertanyaan
Why are X-linked recessive traits more common in XY individuals?
Jawaban
They have only one X chromosome, so one recessive allele on it can determine the phenotype.
Kartu 466
Pertanyaan
When is the product rule used in genetic probability?
Jawaban
For independent events that must both occur; multiply their probabilities.
Kartu 467
Pertanyaan
When is the sum rule used in genetic probability?
Jawaban
For mutually exclusive alternative outcomes; add their probabilities.
Kartu 468
Pertanyaan
Why do polygenic traits often show continuous variation?
Jawaban
Many loci contribute small effects, creating many possible genotypes and phenotypes, often further influenced by environment.
Kartu 469
Pertanyaan
What pedigree pattern can suggest an autosomal recessive trait?
Jawaban
Unaffected parents can have affected children, and all sexes are affected at similar frequencies.
Kartu 470
Pertanyaan
What is a species?
Jawaban
A group of organisms whose members can potentially interbreed and produce fertile offspring under natural conditions.
Kartu 471
Pertanyaan
What is binomial nomenclature?
Jawaban
The two-part scientific naming system using a genus name followed by a specific epithet.
Kartu 472
Pertanyaan
What is taxonomy?
Jawaban
The naming and classification of organisms.
Kartu 473
Pertanyaan
What is a biological domain?
Jawaban
The broadest commonly used taxonomic rank, separating Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Kartu 474
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a naturally interbreeding group producing fertile offspring?
Jawaban
a species
Kartu 475
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the genus-plus-specific-epithet naming system?
Jawaban
binomial nomenclature
Kartu 476
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the science of naming and classifying organisms?
Jawaban
taxonomy
Kartu 477
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the broadest common taxonomic rank?
Jawaban
a biological domain
Kartu 478
Pertanyaan
What is biodiversity?
Jawaban
Variation of life at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels.
Kartu 479
Pertanyaan
What is an autotroph?
Jawaban
An organism that makes organic compounds from inorganic carbon using light or chemical energy.
Kartu 480
Pertanyaan
What is a heterotroph?
Jawaban
An organism that obtains organic carbon by consuming other organisms or their products.
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Kartu 481
Pertanyaan
What is a unicellular organism?
Jawaban
An organism consisting of one cell that carries out all essential life functions.
Kartu 482
Pertanyaan
Which term describes variation of life across genes, species, and ecosystems?
Jawaban
biodiversity
Kartu 483
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an organism that builds organic matter from inorganic carbon?
Jawaban
an autotroph
Kartu 484
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an organism obtaining organic carbon from other organisms?
Jawaban
a heterotroph
Kartu 485
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an organism made of one cell?
Jawaban
a unicellular organism
Kartu 486
Pertanyaan
What is a multicellular organism?
Jawaban
An organism composed of many cooperating cells, often with specialized cell types.
Kartu 487
Pertanyaan
What is a karyotype?
Jawaban
An ordered display of chromosomes used to examine their number and large-scale structure.
Kartu 488
Pertanyaan
What broad feature distinguishes both Bacteria and Archaea from Eukarya?
Jawaban
Their cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Kartu 489
Pertanyaan
What features characterize most plant cells?
Jawaban
Cellulose walls, chloroplasts in photosynthetic tissues, and large vacuoles are typical features.
Kartu 490
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an organism made of many cooperating cells?
Jawaban
a multicellular organism
Kartu 491
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an ordered display of an individual's chromosomes?
Jawaban
a karyotype
Kartu 492
Pertanyaan
How do fungi obtain nutrients?
Jawaban
They secrete digestive enzymes and absorb soluble products; their cells usually have chitin-containing walls.
Kartu 493
Pertanyaan
What distinguishes animal nutrition and cell structure?
Jawaban
Animals ingest organic material, and their cells lack cell walls and chloroplasts.
Kartu 494
Pertanyaan
Why are scientific names useful across languages?
Jawaban
A standardized name identifies the same organism internationally and reduces ambiguity from local common names.
Kartu 495
Pertanyaan
Why can genetic diversity improve a population's resilience?
Jawaban
More heritable variation increases the chance that some individuals tolerate new diseases or environmental changes.
Kartu 496
Pertanyaan
What does ecosystem diversity measure?
Jawaban
The variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes within a region.
Kartu 497
Pertanyaan
Why are Archaea classified separately from Bacteria?
Jawaban
They differ in genetic sequences, membrane chemistry, cell-wall composition, and aspects of molecular machinery.
Kartu 498
Pertanyaan
Why is the biological species concept difficult to apply to fossils or asexual organisms?
Jawaban
Their ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring cannot be tested in the usual way.
Kartu 499
Pertanyaan
Does a larger chromosome number necessarily mean a more complex organism?
Jawaban
No. Chromosome number varies through fusion, fission, and duplication and does not directly measure biological complexity.
Kartu 500
Pertanyaan
Does genome size reliably predict organismal complexity?
Jawaban
No. Large amounts of noncoding and repeated DNA make genome size a poor simple measure of complexity.
Kartu 501
Pertanyaan
What evidence can be combined when classifying organisms?
Jawaban
Molecular sequences, cell structure, anatomy, development, physiology, and reproductive evidence can all contribute.
Kartu 502
Pertanyaan
What is gas exchange?
Jawaban
Diffusion of respiratory gases between an organism and its environment or transport fluid.
Kartu 503
Pertanyaan
What is ventilation?
Jawaban
Bulk movement of air or water over a gas-exchange surface.
Kartu 504
Pertanyaan
What is an alveolus?
Jawaban
A microscopic air sac in the lung where gases diffuse between air and blood.
Kartu 505
Pertanyaan
What is pulmonary surfactant?
Jawaban
A substance lining alveoli that lowers surface tension and reduces collapse.
Kartu 506
Pertanyaan
Which term describes diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across a respiratory surface?
Jawaban
gas exchange
Kartu 507
Pertanyaan
Which term describes bulk movement of respiratory medium over an exchange surface?
Jawaban
ventilation
Kartu 508
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a microscopic lung air sac?
Jawaban
an alveolus
Kartu 509
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the alveolar lining that lowers surface tension?
Jawaban
pulmonary surfactant
Kartu 510
Pertanyaan
What is the diaphragm?
Jawaban
A sheet of skeletal muscle whose contraction increases thoracic volume during inhalation.
Kartu 511
Pertanyaan
What is tidal volume?
Jawaban
The volume of air moved in or out during a normal breath.
Kartu 512
Pertanyaan
What is a stoma?
Jawaban
A regulated epidermal pore through which gases diffuse in leaves.
Kartu 513
Pertanyaan
What is countercurrent exchange?
Jawaban
Exchange between fluids moving in opposite directions, maintaining a gradient along most of the surface.
Kartu 514
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the muscle sheet that expands the thorax during inhalation?
Jawaban
the diaphragm
Kartu 515
Pertanyaan
Which term describes air volume moved in one normal breath?
Jawaban
tidal volume
Kartu 516
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a regulated leaf gas-exchange pore?
Jawaban
a stoma
Kartu 517
Pertanyaan
Which term describes opposite fluid flow that maintains an exchange gradient?
Jawaban
countercurrent exchange
Kartu 518
Pertanyaan
What features make an efficient gas-exchange surface?
Jawaban
Large area, short diffusion distance, permeability, and maintained concentration gradients.
Kartu 519
Pertanyaan
How is a steep oxygen gradient maintained across alveoli?
Jawaban
Ventilation replenishes alveolar oxygen and blood flow removes absorbed oxygen.
Kartu 520
Pertanyaan
How does diaphragm contraction cause inhalation?
Jawaban
Thoracic volume increases, lung pressure falls below atmospheric pressure, and air flows inward.
Kartu 521
Pertanyaan
What drives quiet exhalation?
Jawaban
The diaphragm relaxes and elastic recoil reduces thoracic and lung volume, raising pressure and pushing air out.
Kartu 522
Pertanyaan
Why do ventilation rate and depth increase during exercise?
Jawaban
They increase oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal to support higher cellular respiration.
Kartu 523
Pertanyaan
How does leaf structure shorten the pathway for carbon dioxide diffusion?
Jawaban
Stomata open into air spaces, and mesophyll cells expose moist surfaces close to those spaces.
Kartu 524
Pertanyaan
Why does carbon dioxide diffuse from tissues into blood?
Jawaban
Respiring cells produce carbon dioxide, making its partial pressure higher in tissues than in incoming blood.
Kartu 525
Pertanyaan
How does countercurrent flow improve oxygen uptake at fish gills?
Jawaban
Blood continually meets water with a higher oxygen concentration, preserving diffusion along the lamella.
Kartu 526
Pertanyaan
Why does closing stomata reduce both water loss and photosynthesis?
Jawaban
It limits water-vapor diffusion out but also restricts carbon dioxide diffusion into the leaf.
Kartu 527
Pertanyaan
What is a circulatory system?
Jawaban
A transport system that moves a fluid carrying gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and heat through an organism.
Kartu 528
Pertanyaan
What is an artery?
Jawaban
A blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart under relatively high pressure.
Kartu 529
Pertanyaan
What is a vein?
Jawaban
A blood vessel carrying blood toward the heart, usually with low pressure and often valves.
Kartu 530
Pertanyaan
What is a capillary?
Jawaban
A microscopic thin-walled vessel where substances exchange between blood and tissues.
Kartu 531
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an internal fluid-transport system?
Jawaban
a circulatory system
Kartu 532
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a vessel carrying blood away from the heart?
Jawaban
an artery
Kartu 533
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a vessel carrying blood toward the heart?
Jawaban
a vein
Kartu 534
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a microscopic exchange blood vessel?
Jawaban
a capillary
Kartu 535
Pertanyaan
What is the cardiac cycle?
Jawaban
The repeating sequence of heart-chamber contraction and relaxation that pumps blood.
Kartu 536
Pertanyaan
What is hemoglobin?
Jawaban
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen reversibly.
Kartu 537
Pertanyaan
What is xylem?
Jawaban
Plant vascular tissue that transports water and mineral ions and provides structural support.
Kartu 538
Pertanyaan
What is phloem?
Jawaban
Plant vascular tissue that transports sucrose and other organic solutes between sources and sinks.
Kartu 539
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the repeating pumping sequence of the heart?
Jawaban
the cardiac cycle
Kartu 540
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the oxygen-carrying protein of red blood cells?
Jawaban
hemoglobin
Kartu 541
Pertanyaan
Which term describes plant tissue carrying water and minerals?
Jawaban
xylem
Kartu 542
Pertanyaan
Which term describes plant tissue carrying organic solutes?
Jawaban
phloem
Kartu 543
Pertanyaan
What is transpiration?
Jawaban
Loss of water vapor from plant surfaces, mainly through stomata.
Kartu 544
Pertanyaan
What is phloem translocation?
Jawaban
Movement of organic solutes through phloem from sources to sinks.
Kartu 545
Pertanyaan
How do a source and a sink differ in plant transport?
Jawaban
A source releases assimilates to phloem; a sink removes them for use or storage.
Kartu 546
Pertanyaan
What makes human circulation a double circulation?
Jawaban
Blood passes through the heart once in the pulmonary circuit and again in the systemic circuit during one complete journey.
Kartu 547
Pertanyaan
Which term describes water-vapor loss from plant surfaces?
Jawaban
transpiration
Kartu 548
Pertanyaan
Which term describes movement of organic solutes through phloem?
Jawaban
phloem translocation
Kartu 549
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the exporting and importing regions of phloem transport?
Jawaban
source and sink
Kartu 550
Pertanyaan
How is an artery adapted to high pressure?
Jawaban
It has thick elastic and muscular walls and a relatively narrow lumen.
Kartu 551
Pertanyaan
How is a vein adapted to return low-pressure blood?
Jawaban
It has a wide lumen, thinner walls, and valves that reduce backflow.
Kartu 552
Pertanyaan
How does capillary structure support exchange?
Jawaban
One-cell-thick walls give a short diffusion distance; extensive branching gives a large total area; narrow lumens slow flow and keep blood close to tissues.
Kartu 553
Pertanyaan
What determines whether a heart valve opens or closes?
Jawaban
Pressure differences across the valve.
Kartu 554
Pertanyaan
Trace water from soil to the atmosphere through a plant.
Jawaban
Soil → root hairs → root tissues → xylem → leaf mesophyll → leaf air spaces → stomata → atmosphere.
Kartu 555
Pertanyaan
Why may root cells use active transport to absorb mineral ions?
Jawaban
Ion concentrations can be lower in soil than in root cells, so uptake must occur against a gradient.
Kartu 556
Pertanyaan
Why do large multicellular organisms need bulk transport systems?
Jawaban
Their low surface-area-to-volume ratio and long diffusion distances make diffusion alone too slow for whole-body supply.
Kartu 557
Pertanyaan
Why does hemoglobin unload more oxygen in actively respiring tissues?
Jawaban
Lower oxygen and often higher carbon dioxide and acidity reduce hemoglobin's oxygen affinity.
Kartu 558
Pertanyaan
How does transpiration pull water upward through xylem?
Jawaban
Evaporation lowers leaf water potential and creates tension; cohesion transmits the pull through the continuous water column.
Kartu 559
Pertanyaan
How do wind and low humidity generally affect transpiration?
Jawaban
Both maintain a steep water-vapor gradient outside the leaf, increasing transpiration if stomata remain open.
Kartu 560
Pertanyaan
What drives mass flow in phloem?
Jawaban
Sugar loading draws in water and raises pressure at a source; unloading lowers pressure at a sink, producing bulk flow.
Kartu 561
Pertanyaan
Can the same plant organ be a source at one time and a sink at another?
Jawaban
Yes. A storage organ may import sugars while filling and export them later during growth or germination.
Kartu 562
Pertanyaan
What is a neuron?
Jawaban
An excitable cell specialized to receive, process, and transmit information.
Kartu 563
Pertanyaan
What is a sensory neuron?
Jawaban
A neuron carrying information from a receptor toward the central nervous system.
Kartu 564
Pertanyaan
What is a motor neuron?
Jawaban
A neuron carrying commands from the central nervous system to an effector.
Kartu 565
Pertanyaan
What is the resting potential?
Jawaban
The voltage difference across an unstimulated neuron's membrane, with the inside negative relative to outside.
Kartu 566
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an excitable information-transmitting cell?
Jawaban
a neuron
Kartu 567
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a neuron carrying receptor information to the CNS?
Jawaban
a sensory neuron
Kartu 568
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a neuron carrying CNS commands to an effector?
Jawaban
a motor neuron
Kartu 569
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the negative-inside voltage of an unstimulated neuron?
Jawaban
the resting potential
Kartu 570
Pertanyaan
What is an action potential?
Jawaban
A brief, self-propagating reversal and restoration of membrane potential along an excitable membrane.
Kartu 571
Pertanyaan
What is depolarization?
Jawaban
A change that makes membrane potential less negative, and during an action potential often positive.
Kartu 572
Pertanyaan
What is repolarization?
Jawaban
Return of membrane potential toward its resting negative value after depolarization.
Kartu 573
Pertanyaan
What is a synapse?
Jawaban
A junction where one cell communicates with another cell.
Kartu 574
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a brief propagating change in neuron membrane voltage?
Jawaban
an action potential
Kartu 575
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a membrane-voltage change toward a less negative value?
Jawaban
depolarization
Kartu 576
Pertanyaan
Which term describes return toward resting membrane voltage?
Jawaban
repolarization
Kartu 577
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a communication junction between cells?
Jawaban
a synapse
Kartu 578
Pertanyaan
What is a neurotransmitter?
Jawaban
A chemical released by a neuron that changes the activity of a target cell.
Kartu 579
Pertanyaan
What is the refractory period?
Jawaban
A brief period after an action potential when another is impossible or requires a stronger stimulus.
Kartu 580
Pertanyaan
What is myelin?
Jawaban
An insulating sheath around some axons that speeds impulse conduction.
Kartu 581
Pertanyaan
What happens when membrane depolarization reaches threshold?
Jawaban
Voltage-gated channels trigger the self-amplifying events of an action potential.
Kartu 582
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a neuron-released signaling chemical?
Jawaban
a neurotransmitter
Kartu 583
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the recovery interval after an action potential?
Jawaban
the refractory period
Kartu 584
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the insulating axon sheath?
Jawaban
myelin
Kartu 585
Pertanyaan
What does the all-or-none principle mean for an action potential?
Jawaban
Once threshold is reached, the action potential has a characteristic size; stronger stimuli increase frequency, not its amplitude.
Kartu 586
Pertanyaan
How does myelin increase conduction speed?
Jawaban
Depolarizing current travels rapidly beneath myelin and action potentials regenerate mainly at gaps in the sheath.
Kartu 587
Pertanyaan
What is the basic sequence at a chemical synapse?
Jawaban
An impulse triggers neurotransmitter release; it diffuses across the cleft, binds receptors, and alters the postsynaptic cell.
Kartu 588
Pertanyaan
Why can a reflex response be rapid?
Jawaban
A short neural pathway produces an automatic response without waiting for conscious processing.
Kartu 589
Pertanyaan
What is sensory transduction?
Jawaban
Conversion of a physical or chemical stimulus into an electrical signal in a receptor cell.
Kartu 590
Pertanyaan
How does an action potential propagate along an axon?
Jawaban
Local current depolarizes the next membrane region to threshold, opening voltage-gated channels there.
Kartu 591
Pertanyaan
Why does an action potential normally travel in one direction along an axon?
Jawaban
The membrane just behind it is refractory and cannot immediately fire again.
Kartu 592
Pertanyaan
How is neurotransmitter action ended?
Jawaban
The transmitter is removed by enzymatic breakdown, reuptake, or diffusion away.
Kartu 593
Pertanyaan
What is sensory adaptation?
Jawaban
Reduced receptor or neural response during a constant, unchanging stimulus.
Kartu 594
Pertanyaan
How can a drug alter synaptic transmission?
Jawaban
It may mimic or block a transmitter, change its release, or change its removal from the synaptic cleft.
Kartu 595
Pertanyaan
What is an organ system?
Jawaban
A group of organs coordinating to perform major functions for an organism.
Kartu 596
Pertanyaan
What is a hormone?
Jawaban
A signaling molecule released into transport fluid and acting on target cells with suitable receptors.
Kartu 597
Pertanyaan
What is an endocrine gland?
Jawaban
A gland that secretes hormones into extracellular fluid and blood rather than through a duct.
Kartu 598
Pertanyaan
What is a hormone target cell?
Jawaban
A cell able to respond because it has the appropriate receptor.
Kartu 599
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a coordinated group of organs?
Jawaban
an organ system
Kartu 600
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a long-distance chemical messenger carried in body fluid?
Jawaban
a hormone
Kartu 601
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a ductless hormone-secreting gland?
Jawaban
an endocrine gland
Kartu 602
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a cell with a receptor for a particular hormone?
Jawaban
a hormone target cell
Kartu 603
Pertanyaan
What is digestion?
Jawaban
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into molecules small enough to absorb.
Kartu 604
Pertanyaan
What is absorption?
Jawaban
Movement of digested nutrients across an exchange surface into blood or lymph.
Kartu 605
Pertanyaan
What is peristalsis?
Jawaban
Coordinated waves of smooth-muscle contraction that move material through the digestive tract.
Kartu 606
Pertanyaan
What is an intestinal villus?
Jawaban
A finger-like projection increasing the absorptive surface of the small intestine.
Kartu 607
Pertanyaan
Which term describes breakdown of food into absorbable molecules?
Jawaban
digestion
Kartu 608
Pertanyaan
Which term describes movement of digested nutrients into transport fluids?
Jawaban
absorption
Kartu 609
Pertanyaan
Which term describes wave-like gut contractions moving contents?
Jawaban
peristalsis
Kartu 610
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a finger-like intestinal absorption projection?
Jawaban
an intestinal villus
Kartu 611
Pertanyaan
What is excretion?
Jawaban
Removal of metabolic waste products from the body.
Kartu 612
Pertanyaan
What is a nephron?
Jawaban
The microscopic functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and modifies filtrate into urine.
Kartu 613
Pertanyaan
What is ultrafiltration?
Jawaban
Pressure-driven filtration of small molecules from blood into a kidney capsule while cells and most proteins remain in blood.
Kartu 614
Pertanyaan
What is selective reabsorption?
Jawaban
Recovery of useful substances and regulated amounts of water and ions from kidney filtrate into blood.
Kartu 615
Pertanyaan
Which term describes removal of metabolic wastes?
Jawaban
excretion
Kartu 616
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the kidney's microscopic functional unit?
Jawaban
a nephron
Kartu 617
Pertanyaan
Which term describes pressure filtration at the start of a nephron?
Jawaban
ultrafiltration
Kartu 618
Pertanyaan
Which term describes return of useful substances from kidney filtrate to blood?
Jawaban
selective reabsorption
Kartu 619
Pertanyaan
What is skeletal muscle?
Jawaban
Striated voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton and used for movement and posture.
Kartu 620
Pertanyaan
What is an antagonistic muscle pair?
Jawaban
Two muscles producing opposite movements at a joint because muscles pull but do not push.
Kartu 621
Pertanyaan
How do nervous and endocrine signaling generally differ?
Jawaban
Neural signals are rapid and targeted; hormonal signals are usually slower, longer-lasting, and distributed through body fluids.
Kartu 622
Pertanyaan
Why does a circulating hormone affect only some cells?
Jawaban
Only target cells express receptors that recognize the hormone and activate a response.
Kartu 623
Pertanyaan
Which term describes voluntary striated muscle that moves the skeleton?
Jawaban
skeletal muscle
Kartu 624
Pertanyaan
Which term describes two muscles producing opposite joint movements?
Jawaban
an antagonistic muscle pair
Kartu 625
Pertanyaan
What is the final absorbable product of most dietary carbohydrate digestion?
Jawaban
Monosaccharides, especially glucose.
Kartu 626
Pertanyaan
What are the main absorbable products of protein digestion?
Jawaban
Amino acids and small peptides that are completed to amino acids during absorption.
Kartu 627
Pertanyaan
How is the small intestine adapted for absorption?
Jawaban
Folds, villi, and microvilli increase area; a thin epithelium, rich blood supply, and lymph vessels support transport.
Kartu 628
Pertanyaan
Name three integrative roles of the liver.
Jawaban
It processes absorbed nutrients, regulates blood chemistry, detoxifies substances, produces bile, and converts ammonia to urea; any three are sufficient.
Kartu 629
Pertanyaan
Why are blood cells and most plasma proteins absent from normal kidney filtrate?
Jawaban
They are too large to cross the filtration barrier.
Kartu 630
Pertanyaan
How do muscles move a bone at a joint?
Jawaban
Contraction shortens the muscle, pulling through a tendon on the bone.
Kartu 631
Pertanyaan
Why are antagonistic muscles needed at many joints?
Jawaban
A muscle can pull in one direction but cannot push itself back, so an opposing muscle produces the reverse movement.
Kartu 632
Pertanyaan
Why must organ systems be integrated rather than acting independently?
Jawaban
Each system depends on materials, signals, waste removal, and stable conditions supplied by other systems.
Kartu 633
Pertanyaan
Why do many absorbed lipids enter lymph before blood?
Jawaban
Intestinal cells package them into lipoprotein particles too large to enter ordinary blood capillaries directly.
Kartu 634
Pertanyaan
Why is glucose normally absent from final urine?
Jawaban
Filtered glucose is selectively reabsorbed into blood when transporter capacity is not exceeded.
Kartu 635
Pertanyaan
How do respiratory, circulatory, and muscular systems cooperate during exercise?
Jawaban
Ventilation supplies oxygen, circulation transports gases and fuels, and muscles use ATP while returning carbon dioxide, heat, and metabolites.
Kartu 636
Pertanyaan
How do liver, circulation, and kidneys cooperate in nitrogen-waste removal?
Jawaban
The liver converts toxic ammonia to urea, blood carries urea, and kidneys filter and excrete it.
Kartu 637
Pertanyaan
What is a pathogen?
Jawaban
A biological agent capable of causing disease.
Kartu 638
Pertanyaan
What is an antigen?
Jawaban
A molecule recognized specifically by an antibody or lymphocyte receptor.
Kartu 639
Pertanyaan
What is innate immunity?
Jawaban
Rapid, nonspecific defense mechanisms present without prior exposure.
Kartu 640
Pertanyaan
What is adaptive immunity?
Jawaban
Specific defense that develops through lymphocyte activation and can form memory.
Kartu 641
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a disease-causing biological agent?
Jawaban
a pathogen
Kartu 642
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a molecule specifically recognized by adaptive immune receptors?
Jawaban
an antigen
Kartu 643
Pertanyaan
Which term describes rapid nonspecific immune defense?
Jawaban
innate immunity
Kartu 644
Pertanyaan
Which term describes specific immune defense capable of memory?
Jawaban
adaptive immunity
Kartu 645
Pertanyaan
What is a phagocyte?
Jawaban
A cell that engulfs and digests microbes, particles, or damaged cells.
Kartu 646
Pertanyaan
What is a lymphocyte?
Jawaban
An adaptive immune cell with receptors specific to particular antigens.
Kartu 647
Pertanyaan
What is an antibody?
Jawaban
A secreted immunoglobulin that binds a specific antigen.
Kartu 648
Pertanyaan
What is a B lymphocyte?
Jawaban
A lymphocyte that can differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory cells.
Kartu 649
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an engulfing immune cell?
Jawaban
a phagocyte
Kartu 650
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an antigen-specific adaptive immune cell?
Jawaban
a lymphocyte
Kartu 651
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a secreted antigen-binding immunoglobulin?
Jawaban
an antibody
Kartu 652
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the lymphocyte lineage that produces antibody-secreting cells?
Jawaban
a B lymphocyte
Kartu 653
Pertanyaan
What is a helper T cell?
Jawaban
A lymphocyte that coordinates immune responses through contact signals and cytokines.
Kartu 654
Pertanyaan
What is an immune memory cell?
Jawaban
A long-lived lymphocyte that responds rapidly after re-exposure to its antigen.
Kartu 655
Pertanyaan
What is vaccination?
Jawaban
Deliberate exposure to a safe form or component of an antigen to generate protective immune memory.
Kartu 656
Pertanyaan
What is an antibiotic?
Jawaban
A substance that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth at clinically useful doses.
Kartu 657
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the T cell that coordinates other immune cells?
Jawaban
a helper T cell
Kartu 658
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a long-lived lymphocyte enabling faster re-exposure response?
Jawaban
an immune memory cell
Kartu 659
Pertanyaan
Which term describes safe antigen exposure used to create immune memory?
Jawaban
vaccination
Kartu 660
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a drug acting against bacteria?
Jawaban
an antibiotic
Kartu 661
Pertanyaan
What are examples of first-line defenses against pathogens?
Jawaban
Intact skin, mucus, cilia, antimicrobial secretions, stomach acidity, and competing microbiota.
Kartu 662
Pertanyaan
How does inflammation help defend damaged tissue?
Jawaban
It increases local blood flow and vessel permeability and recruits immune cells and defensive molecules.
Kartu 663
Pertanyaan
What happens during phagocytosis?
Jawaban
A cell surrounds a particle in a vesicle, then fuses it with digestive compartments to destroy or process it.
Kartu 664
Pertanyaan
How can antibodies help eliminate a pathogen?
Jawaban
They can neutralize targets, block attachment, clump particles, and mark them for phagocytosis or complement attack.
Kartu 665
Pertanyaan
Why can a vaccine generate protection without causing the full disease?
Jawaban
It presents antigen in a weakened, inactivated, partial, or encoded form that stimulates immunity with much lower risk.
Kartu 666
Pertanyaan
Why do antibiotics not treat viral infections?
Jawaban
Viruses lack the bacterial structures and independent metabolic processes targeted by antibiotics.
Kartu 667
Pertanyaan
What determines the antigen specificity of a lymphocyte?
Jawaban
The molecular shape and chemistry of its unique surface receptor.
Kartu 668
Pertanyaan
What is clonal selection?
Jawaban
An antigen activates lymphocytes with matching receptors, causing them to proliferate and differentiate.
Kartu 669
Pertanyaan
Why is a secondary adaptive immune response usually faster and stronger?
Jawaban
Memory cells are more numerous and activate rapidly, producing effective cells and antibodies sooner.
Kartu 670
Pertanyaan
How can high vaccination coverage protect some unvaccinated people?
Jawaban
Reduced transmission makes encounters with infectious individuals less likely, though protection is incomplete and pathogen-dependent.
Kartu 671
Pertanyaan
How does antibiotic use select for resistant bacteria?
Jawaban
Susceptible bacteria are removed while resistant variants survive and reproduce, increasing resistance-allele frequency.
Kartu 672
Pertanyaan
Why can unnecessary or incomplete antibiotic exposure promote resistance?
Jawaban
It creates selection favoring resistant cells while potentially leaving surviving bacteria to multiply and spread.
Kartu 673
Pertanyaan
What is an allergy?
Jawaban
An immune response to a normally harmless antigen that causes tissue symptoms or damage.
Kartu 674
Pertanyaan
What is asexual reproduction?
Jawaban
Production of offspring from one parent without fusion of gametes.
Kartu 675
Pertanyaan
What is sexual reproduction?
Jawaban
Production of offspring involving fusion of haploid gametes.
Kartu 676
Pertanyaan
What is a gamete?
Jawaban
A haploid reproductive cell able to fuse with another gamete.
Kartu 677
Pertanyaan
What is fertilization?
Jawaban
Fusion of gamete nuclei to form a diploid zygote.
Kartu 678
Pertanyaan
Which term describes reproduction without gamete fusion?
Jawaban
asexual reproduction
Kartu 679
Pertanyaan
Which term describes reproduction involving gamete fusion?
Jawaban
sexual reproduction
Kartu 680
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a haploid reproductive cell?
Jawaban
a gamete
Kartu 681
Pertanyaan
Which term describes fusion of gamete nuclei?
Jawaban
fertilization
Kartu 682
Pertanyaan
What is a zygote?
Jawaban
The diploid cell formed by fertilization.
Kartu 683
Pertanyaan
What is meiosis?
Jawaban
Cell division that halves chromosome number and usually produces genetically varied haploid cells.
Kartu 684
Pertanyaan
What is ovulation?
Jawaban
Release of a secondary oocyte from an ovary.
Kartu 685
Pertanyaan
What is implantation?
Jawaban
Attachment and embedding of an early embryo in the uterine lining.
Kartu 686
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the first diploid cell after fertilization?
Jawaban
a zygote
Kartu 687
Pertanyaan
Which term describes division producing varied haploid cells?
Jawaban
meiosis
Kartu 688
Pertanyaan
Which term describes release of an oocyte from an ovary?
Jawaban
ovulation
Kartu 689
Pertanyaan
Which term describes embedding of an early embryo in the uterine lining?
Jawaban
implantation
Kartu 690
Pertanyaan
What is the placenta?
Jawaban
A temporary organ that exchanges materials between maternal and fetal blood supplies without normally mixing them directly.
Kartu 691
Pertanyaan
What is pollination?
Jawaban
Transfer of pollen from an anther to a receptive stigma.
Kartu 692
Pertanyaan
Why does sexual reproduction usually produce more genetic variation than asexual reproduction?
Jawaban
Meiosis reshuffles alleles and random fertilization combines genomes from two gametes.
Kartu 693
Pertanyaan
Why must gametes be haploid?
Jawaban
Fusion of two haploid gametes restores the diploid chromosome number instead of doubling it each generation.
Kartu 694
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the maternal-fetal exchange organ?
Jawaban
the placenta
Kartu 695
Pertanyaan
Which term describes transfer of pollen to a stigma?
Jawaban
pollination
Kartu 696
Pertanyaan
What are major roles of FSH in the ovarian cycle?
Jawaban
It stimulates follicle development and supports estrogen secretion.
Kartu 697
Pertanyaan
What is a major role of the mid-cycle LH surge?
Jawaban
It triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum.
Kartu 698
Pertanyaan
How does estrogen contribute to the uterine cycle?
Jawaban
It promotes repair and thickening of the uterine lining after menstruation.
Kartu 699
Pertanyaan
How does progesterone contribute to the uterine cycle?
Jawaban
It maintains a thick, secretory uterine lining after ovulation.
Kartu 700
Pertanyaan
Where does human fertilization usually occur?
Jawaban
In an oviduct, before the early embryo reaches the uterus.
Kartu 701
Pertanyaan
What happens after compatible pollen reaches a flower's stigma?
Jawaban
A pollen tube grows toward an ovule and delivers male nuclei for fertilization.
Kartu 702
Pertanyaan
Why does menstruation usually begin if pregnancy does not occur?
Jawaban
The corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone and estrogen fall, and the uterine lining is no longer maintained.
Kartu 703
Pertanyaan
What substances commonly cross the placenta between mother and fetus?
Jawaban
Oxygen and nutrients move toward the fetus; carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes move toward the mother.
Kartu 704
Pertanyaan
How can contraception prevent pregnancy in different ways?
Jawaban
Methods can inhibit ovulation, block sperm from reaching an egg, prevent fertilization, or permanently interrupt the reproductive ducts.
Kartu 705
Pertanyaan
What is homeostasis?
Jawaban
Maintenance of internal conditions within ranges compatible with normal function despite change.
Kartu 706
Pertanyaan
What is negative feedback?
Jawaban
Control in which a deviation triggers responses that oppose the original change.
Kartu 707
Pertanyaan
What is a set point?
Jawaban
The target value or range around which a regulated variable is maintained.
Kartu 708
Pertanyaan
What is a homeostatic receptor?
Jawaban
A sensor that detects a change in a regulated variable.
Kartu 709
Pertanyaan
Which term describes maintenance of a stable functional internal environment?
Jawaban
homeostasis
Kartu 710
Pertanyaan
Which term describes feedback that counteracts a deviation?
Jawaban
negative feedback
Kartu 711
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the target around which a variable is regulated?
Jawaban
a set point
Kartu 712
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the sensor in a feedback system?
Jawaban
a homeostatic receptor
Kartu 713
Pertanyaan
What is a control center?
Jawaban
The component that compares information with a target and coordinates a response.
Kartu 714
Pertanyaan
What is an effector?
Jawaban
A muscle, gland, or other component that carries out a control response.
Kartu 715
Pertanyaan
What is thermoregulation?
Jawaban
Control of body temperature within a functional range.
Kartu 716
Pertanyaan
What is vasodilation?
Jawaban
Widening of blood vessels, often increasing blood flow near the skin.
Kartu 717
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the feedback component that evaluates input and directs a response?
Jawaban
a control center
Kartu 718
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the component that executes a physiological response?
Jawaban
an effector
Kartu 719
Pertanyaan
Which term describes physiological regulation of body temperature?
Jawaban
thermoregulation
Kartu 720
Pertanyaan
Which term describes widening of blood vessels?
Jawaban
vasodilation
Kartu 721
Pertanyaan
What is vasoconstriction?
Jawaban
Narrowing of blood vessels, often reducing blood flow near the skin.
Kartu 722
Pertanyaan
What is insulin?
Jawaban
A pancreatic hormone that lowers elevated blood glucose by promoting uptake and storage.
Kartu 723
Pertanyaan
What is glucagon?
Jawaban
A pancreatic hormone that raises low blood glucose by promoting release of stored fuel.
Kartu 724
Pertanyaan
What are the main components of a homeostatic feedback loop?
Jawaban
A regulated variable, receptor, control center, effectors, and responses that alter the variable.
Kartu 725
Pertanyaan
Which term describes narrowing of blood vessels?
Jawaban
vasoconstriction
Kartu 726
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the pancreatic hormone that lowers blood glucose?
Jawaban
insulin
Kartu 727
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the pancreatic hormone that raises blood glucose?
Jawaban
glucagon
Kartu 728
Pertanyaan
What happens when blood glucose rises after a meal?
Jawaban
Insulin secretion increases, promoting glucose uptake and storage so blood glucose falls toward its normal range.
Kartu 729
Pertanyaan
What happens when blood glucose falls during fasting?
Jawaban
Glucagon secretion increases, promoting glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver.
Kartu 730
Pertanyaan
How does sweating cool the body?
Jawaban
Evaporation of water from skin transfers heat to the environment.
Kartu 731
Pertanyaan
How does skin vasodilation increase heat loss?
Jawaban
It brings more warm blood near the surface, increasing transfer of heat to the environment.
Kartu 732
Pertanyaan
How does shivering warm the body?
Jawaban
Rapid involuntary muscle contractions increase respiration and heat production.
Kartu 733
Pertanyaan
Does homeostasis keep internal conditions perfectly constant?
Jawaban
No. Variables fluctuate within controlled ranges around target values.
Kartu 734
Pertanyaan
How does ADH help conserve water?
Jawaban
It increases water permeability in kidney collecting ducts, so more water is reabsorbed and urine becomes more concentrated.
Kartu 735
Pertanyaan
How should ADH secretion change during dehydration?
Jawaban
It should increase, promoting greater water reabsorption by the kidneys.
Kartu 736
Pertanyaan
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
Jawaban
Positive feedback amplifies a change until an endpoint; negative feedback opposes a change and stabilizes a variable.
Kartu 737
Pertanyaan
Why can diabetes mellitus cause persistently high blood glucose?
Jawaban
Insulin production may be insufficient or target cells may respond poorly to insulin.
Kartu 738
Pertanyaan
What is biological evolution?
Jawaban
Change in heritable characteristics or allele frequencies of a population across generations.
Kartu 739
Pertanyaan
What is allele frequency?
Jawaban
The proportion of gene copies in a population represented by a particular allele.
Kartu 740
Pertanyaan
What is microevolution?
Jawaban
Evolutionary change in allele frequencies within populations over relatively short timescales.
Kartu 741
Pertanyaan
What is speciation?
Jawaban
Evolutionary formation of new species.
Kartu 742
Pertanyaan
Which term describes change in a population's heritable composition across generations?
Jawaban
biological evolution
Kartu 743
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the proportion of a population's gene copies that are one allele?
Jawaban
allele frequency
Kartu 744
Pertanyaan
Which term describes short-timescale allele-frequency change within populations?
Jawaban
microevolution
Kartu 745
Pertanyaan
Which term describes formation of new species?
Jawaban
speciation
Kartu 746
Pertanyaan
What is reproductive isolation?
Jawaban
Barriers that prevent or greatly reduce gene flow between populations.
Kartu 747
Pertanyaan
What is allopatric speciation?
Jawaban
Speciation after populations become geographically separated and diverge.
Kartu 748
Pertanyaan
What is sympatric speciation?
Jawaban
Speciation without geographic separation, through reproductive isolation within the same area.
Kartu 749
Pertanyaan
What are homologous structures?
Jawaban
Structures similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor, even if their functions differ.
Kartu 750
Pertanyaan
Which term describes barriers reducing gene flow between populations?
Jawaban
reproductive isolation
Kartu 751
Pertanyaan
Which term describes speciation following geographic separation?
Jawaban
allopatric speciation
Kartu 752
Pertanyaan
Which term describes speciation within the same geographic area?
Jawaban
sympatric speciation
Kartu 753
Pertanyaan
Which term describes structures similar through common ancestry?
Jawaban
homologous structures
Kartu 754
Pertanyaan
What are analogous structures?
Jawaban
Structures with similar functions that evolved independently rather than from the same ancestral structure.
Kartu 755
Pertanyaan
What is a common ancestor?
Jawaban
An ancestral population from which two or more descendant lineages evolved.
Kartu 756
Pertanyaan
How does the fossil record provide evidence for evolution?
Jawaban
It documents organisms from different times, including appearance, change, persistence, and extinction of lineages.
Kartu 757
Pertanyaan
How do DNA and protein sequences provide evidence of common ancestry?
Jawaban
Shared sequences are inherited; greater similarity generally indicates more recent common ancestry.
Kartu 758
Pertanyaan
Which term describes functionally similar structures of independent evolutionary origin?
Jawaban
analogous structures
Kartu 759
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an ancestral population shared by descendant lineages?
Jawaban
a common ancestor
Kartu 760
Pertanyaan
What is the evolutionary significance of extinction?
Jawaban
It permanently ends a lineage and can alter ecological opportunities and the future diversification of survivors.
Kartu 761
Pertanyaan
Do individual organisms evolve during their lifetimes?
Jawaban
No. Individuals develop and acclimate; evolution is heritable change in populations across generations.
Kartu 762
Pertanyaan
Why is evolution represented as a branching tree rather than a ladder?
Jawaban
Lineages split from common ancestors; living species are not arranged as stages toward a single goal.
Kartu 763
Pertanyaan
How can island species support evolutionary explanations?
Jawaban
Their similarities to nearby mainland ancestors and unique local adaptations fit divergence after colonization and isolation.
Kartu 764
Pertanyaan
How can geographic isolation lead to reproductive isolation?
Jawaban
Separated populations accumulate different mutations and experience different selection and drift until interbreeding is reduced.
Kartu 765
Pertanyaan
Why can continuing gene flow slow speciation?
Jawaban
Movement of alleles between populations counteracts genetic divergence.
Kartu 766
Pertanyaan
Why can unrelated species evolve similar traits?
Jawaban
Similar environmental challenges can favor similar functional solutions through convergent evolution.
Kartu 767
Pertanyaan
Which parts of evolution are random and which are nonrandom?
Jawaban
Mutation and many sampling effects are random with respect to need; natural selection nonrandomly favors variants that reproduce better in a given environment.
Kartu 768
Pertanyaan
What is conservation biology?
Jawaban
The science and practice of protecting biodiversity, ecological processes, and evolutionary potential.
Kartu 769
Pertanyaan
What is habitat fragmentation?
Jawaban
Division of continuous habitat into smaller, isolated patches.
Kartu 770
Pertanyaan
What is an endangered species?
Jawaban
A species facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
Kartu 771
Pertanyaan
What is in situ conservation?
Jawaban
Protection of species in their natural habitats and ecological communities.
Kartu 772
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the protection of biodiversity and ecological processes?
Jawaban
conservation biology
Kartu 773
Pertanyaan
Which term describes division of habitat into isolated patches?
Jawaban
habitat fragmentation
Kartu 774
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a species at high risk of extinction?
Jawaban
an endangered species
Kartu 775
Pertanyaan
Which term describes conservation within natural habitat?
Jawaban
in situ conservation
Kartu 776
Pertanyaan
What is ex situ conservation?
Jawaban
Protection of organisms or genetic material outside the natural habitat.
Kartu 777
Pertanyaan
What is a population bottleneck?
Jawaban
A sharp population reduction that can remove genetic variation by chance.
Kartu 778
Pertanyaan
What is a wildlife corridor?
Jawaban
Habitat connecting isolated patches to permit movement and gene flow.
Kartu 779
Pertanyaan
What major human-driven processes threaten biodiversity?
Jawaban
Habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, and climate change.
Kartu 780
Pertanyaan
Which term describes conservation outside natural habitat?
Jawaban
ex situ conservation
Kartu 781
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a severe population reduction that loses genetic diversity?
Jawaban
a population bottleneck
Kartu 782
Pertanyaan
Which term describes habitat linking isolated populations?
Jawaban
a wildlife corridor
Kartu 783
Pertanyaan
What makes a protected area more effective than a boundary alone?
Jawaban
Adequate size, representative habitat, enforcement, connectivity, local support, and management of external threats.
Kartu 784
Pertanyaan
Why is long-term population monitoring important in conservation?
Jawaban
It reveals trends, tests whether management works, and provides early warning of decline.
Kartu 785
Pertanyaan
How can ecosystem services support the case for conservation?
Jawaban
Healthy ecosystems provide benefits such as pollination, water purification, carbon storage, soil formation, and cultural value.
Kartu 786
Pertanyaan
Why are very small populations especially vulnerable to extinction?
Jawaban
Chance events, inbreeding, low genetic diversity, and difficulty finding mates can reinforce decline.
Kartu 787
Pertanyaan
What are benefits and limits of captive-breeding programs?
Jawaban
They can prevent immediate extinction and manage breeding, but may lose diversity, alter behavior, and fail without safe habitat for release.
Kartu 788
Pertanyaan
Why can controlling an invasive species aid conservation?
Jawaban
It can reduce predation, competition, disease, or habitat alteration affecting native species.
Kartu 789
Pertanyaan
Why must conservation priorities consider more than species count?
Jawaban
Endemism, evolutionary distinctness, ecological roles, threat severity, feasibility, and human needs also matter.
Kartu 790
Pertanyaan
What is an adaptation?
Jawaban
A heritable characteristic that increases reproductive success in a particular environment.
Kartu 791
Pertanyaan
What is acclimation?
Jawaban
A reversible physiological or behavioral adjustment by an individual to environmental change.
Kartu 792
Pertanyaan
What is a structural adaptation?
Jawaban
An inherited anatomical feature that improves performance in an environment.
Kartu 793
Pertanyaan
What is a physiological adaptation?
Jawaban
An inherited functional or biochemical feature that improves performance in an environment.
Kartu 794
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a heritable trait improving reproductive success in context?
Jawaban
an adaptation
Kartu 795
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an individual's reversible adjustment to environmental change?
Jawaban
acclimation
Kartu 796
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an adaptive anatomical feature?
Jawaban
a structural adaptation
Kartu 797
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an adaptive functional or biochemical feature?
Jawaban
a physiological adaptation
Kartu 798
Pertanyaan
What is a behavioral adaptation?
Jawaban
An inherited behavior pattern that improves survival or reproduction.
Kartu 799
Pertanyaan
What is an environmental tolerance range?
Jawaban
The range of an abiotic condition within which an organism can survive and reproduce.
Kartu 800
Pertanyaan
What is evolutionary fitness?
Jawaban
Relative contribution of an individual or genotype to future generations.
Kartu 801
Pertanyaan
How can a thick cuticle and reduced leaves help a desert plant?
Jawaban
The cuticle lowers surface permeability, while smaller leaves reduce the area from which water can evaporate.
Kartu 802
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an adaptive behavior pattern?
Jawaban
a behavioral adaptation
Kartu 803
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the survivable range of an abiotic condition?
Jawaban
an environmental tolerance range
Kartu 804
Pertanyaan
Which term describes relative reproductive contribution to future generations?
Jawaban
evolutionary fitness
Kartu 805
Pertanyaan
How can a streamlined body adapt an aquatic animal to movement?
Jawaban
It reduces drag, lowering the energy needed to move through water.
Kartu 806
Pertanyaan
Does an organism develop an adaptation because it needs one?
Jawaban
No. Heritable variants arise without regard to need, and selection changes their frequencies across generations.
Kartu 807
Pertanyaan
Why may organisms from different thermal environments have enzymes with different temperature optima?
Jawaban
Selection favors protein structures that balance flexibility and stability under local temperatures.
Kartu 808
Pertanyaan
Why is an adaptation rarely beneficial in every environment?
Jawaban
Traits carry costs and their advantage depends on local resources, competitors, predators, and physical conditions.
Kartu 809
Pertanyaan
How does phenotypic plasticity differ from genetic adaptation?
Jawaban
Plasticity lets one genotype produce different phenotypes; adaptation is a heritable population trait shaped across generations.
Kartu 810
Pertanyaan
What is local adaptation?
Jawaban
A population has higher fitness in its home environment than foreign populations because selection favored local traits.
Kartu 811
Pertanyaan
What is an ecological niche?
Jawaban
The set of environmental conditions, resources, interactions, and functional roles associated with a species.
Kartu 812
Pertanyaan
What is a habitat?
Jawaban
The physical place or environment where an organism lives.
Kartu 813
Pertanyaan
What is a fundamental niche?
Jawaban
The full range of conditions and resources a species could use without limiting biotic interactions.
Kartu 814
Pertanyaan
What is a realized niche?
Jawaban
The conditions and resources a species actually uses after competition and other interactions.
Kartu 815
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a species' environmental requirements and ecological role?
Jawaban
an ecological niche
Kartu 816
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the place where an organism lives?
Jawaban
a habitat
Kartu 817
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the potential niche without limiting biotic interactions?
Jawaban
a fundamental niche
Kartu 818
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the niche actually occupied in nature?
Jawaban
a realized niche
Kartu 819
Pertanyaan
What is competition?
Jawaban
An interaction in which organisms reduce one another's access to a limited resource.
Kartu 820
Pertanyaan
What is mutualism?
Jawaban
An interaction in which both participating species benefit.
Kartu 821
Pertanyaan
What is predation?
Jawaban
An interaction in which one organism kills and consumes another.
Kartu 822
Pertanyaan
How does a habitat differ from a niche?
Jawaban
A habitat is where an organism lives; a niche includes how it uses conditions and resources and interacts there.
Kartu 823
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an interaction over a limited resource that harms both competitors?
Jawaban
competition
Kartu 824
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an interspecific interaction benefiting both partners?
Jawaban
mutualism
Kartu 825
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an interaction where one organism kills and eats another?
Jawaban
predation
Kartu 826
Pertanyaan
What kinds of factors define a niche?
Jawaban
Abiotic factors such as temperature and moisture, plus biotic factors such as food, competitors, predators, and partners.
Kartu 827
Pertanyaan
What does competitive exclusion predict?
Jawaban
Species with effectively identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely under stable conditions; one is excluded or niches diverge.
Kartu 828
Pertanyaan
How can resource partitioning reduce competition?
Jawaban
Species use different resources, places, or times, reducing niche overlap.
Kartu 829
Pertanyaan
What is a keystone species?
Jawaban
A species whose effect on community structure is disproportionately large relative to its abundance.
Kartu 830
Pertanyaan
Why can an introduced species expand rapidly in a new community?
Jawaban
It may encounter abundant resources, suitable climate, and fewer predators, pathogens, or competitors.
Kartu 831
Pertanyaan
Can an organism alter the niche conditions of other species?
Jawaban
Yes. Ecosystem engineers modify habitat structure or resource availability, changing opportunities for other organisms.
Kartu 832
Pertanyaan
What is a population?
Jawaban
Individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time.
Kartu 833
Pertanyaan
What is an ecological community?
Jawaban
Populations of different species living and interacting in an area.
Kartu 834
Pertanyaan
What is an ecosystem?
Jawaban
A community together with its physical environment and their interactions.
Kartu 835
Pertanyaan
What is carrying capacity?
Jawaban
The population size an environment can sustain over time under given conditions.
Kartu 836
Pertanyaan
Which term describes same-species individuals sharing an area and time?
Jawaban
a population
Kartu 837
Pertanyaan
Which term describes interacting populations of different species?
Jawaban
an ecological community
Kartu 838
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a community plus its abiotic environment?
Jawaban
an ecosystem
Kartu 839
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the long-term supportable population size?
Jawaban
carrying capacity
Kartu 840
Pertanyaan
What is population density?
Jawaban
The number of individuals per unit area or volume.
Kartu 841
Pertanyaan
What is a limiting factor?
Jawaban
A resource or condition that restricts population growth or distribution.
Kartu 842
Pertanyaan
What is a density-dependent factor?
Jawaban
A factor whose effect strengthens as population density increases.
Kartu 843
Pertanyaan
What is a density-independent factor?
Jawaban
A factor whose effect is not primarily determined by population density.
Kartu 844
Pertanyaan
Which term describes individuals per unit area or volume?
Jawaban
population density
Kartu 845
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a resource or condition restricting a population?
Jawaban
a limiting factor
Kartu 846
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a factor with stronger effects at higher density?
Jawaban
a density-dependent factor
Kartu 847
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a factor acting largely regardless of population density?
Jawaban
a density-independent factor
Kartu 848
Pertanyaan
What is exponential population growth?
Jawaban
Growth at a constant per-capita rate, producing a J-shaped curve under ideal conditions.
Kartu 849
Pertanyaan
What is logistic population growth?
Jawaban
Growth that slows as population size approaches carrying capacity, producing an S-shaped model.
Kartu 850
Pertanyaan
What four processes directly change population size?
Jawaban
Births and immigration increase it; deaths and emigration decrease it.
Kartu 851
Pertanyaan
Under what conditions can exponential growth occur temporarily?
Jawaban
Resources are abundant and limiting effects such as competition, disease, and predation are weak.
Kartu 852
Pertanyaan
Which term describes J-shaped growth at constant per-capita rate?
Jawaban
exponential population growth
Kartu 853
Pertanyaan
Which term describes S-shaped growth that slows near carrying capacity?
Jawaban
logistic population growth
Kartu 854
Pertanyaan
Why is infectious disease often density dependent?
Jawaban
Close or frequent contact at high density increases transmission opportunities.
Kartu 855
Pertanyaan
Give an example of a density-independent population factor.
Jawaban
A severe storm, wildfire, drought, or freeze can affect populations regardless of their initial density.
Kartu 856
Pertanyaan
When is quadrat sampling useful?
Jawaban
For estimating abundance or frequency of sessile or slow-moving organisms in defined areas.
Kartu 857
Pertanyaan
What can a transect reveal?
Jawaban
How species occurrence or abundance changes along an environmental gradient.
Kartu 858
Pertanyaan
What can happen when a population overshoots carrying capacity?
Jawaban
Resource depletion may raise mortality or lower reproduction, causing decline or oscillation.
Kartu 859
Pertanyaan
What is the basic mark–recapture estimate of population size?
Jawaban
First sample marked × second sample total ÷ marked individuals recaptured.
Kartu 860
Pertanyaan
What assumptions improve a mark–recapture estimate?
Jawaban
Marks persist and do not affect survival, marked individuals mix, capture probability is similar, and the population is effectively closed.
Kartu 861
Pertanyaan
Why does a correlation between two population variables not prove causation?
Jawaban
A third factor, reverse influence, chance, or biased sampling could produce the association.
Kartu 862
Pertanyaan
What is a trophic level?
Jawaban
A feeding position in a food chain or web.
Kartu 863
Pertanyaan
What is a producer?
Jawaban
An autotroph that converts inorganic carbon into organic matter.
Kartu 864
Pertanyaan
What is a consumer?
Jawaban
An organism obtaining energy and matter by eating other organisms or organic material.
Kartu 865
Pertanyaan
What is a decomposer?
Jawaban
An organism that externally digests dead material and wastes and absorbs the products.
Kartu 866
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a feeding position in an ecosystem?
Jawaban
a trophic level
Kartu 867
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an autotroph forming organic matter?
Jawaban
a producer
Kartu 868
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an organism feeding on other organic matter?
Jawaban
a consumer
Kartu 869
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an organism digesting dead organic matter externally?
Jawaban
a decomposer
Kartu 870
Pertanyaan
What is a food chain?
Jawaban
A linear representation of feeding and energy-transfer relationships.
Kartu 871
Pertanyaan
What is a food web?
Jawaban
A network of interconnected feeding relationships in a community.
Kartu 872
Pertanyaan
What is gross primary productivity?
Jawaban
The total rate at which producers capture energy into organic matter.
Kartu 873
Pertanyaan
What is net primary productivity?
Jawaban
Producer energy stored as new biomass after subtracting producer respiration from gross primary productivity.
Kartu 874
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a linear feeding sequence?
Jawaban
a food chain
Kartu 875
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a network of connected food chains?
Jawaban
a food web
Kartu 876
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the total producer energy-capture rate?
Jawaban
gross primary productivity
Kartu 877
Pertanyaan
Which term describes producer biomass gain after respiration?
Jawaban
net primary productivity
Kartu 878
Pertanyaan
What is ecological productivity?
Jawaban
The rate of biomass or energy production per unit area or volume.
Kartu 879
Pertanyaan
What is a biogeochemical cycle?
Jawaban
Movement of an element or compound through organisms and the physical environment.
Kartu 880
Pertanyaan
Why is less energy available at each higher trophic level?
Jawaban
Not all biomass is eaten or digested, and organisms use energy in respiration, movement, maintenance, and heat loss.
Kartu 881
Pertanyaan
Why does energy flow rather than cycle through an ecosystem?
Jawaban
Energy enters mainly as light and ultimately disperses as heat, which ecosystems cannot fully recycle.
Kartu 882
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the rate of biomass or energy production?
Jawaban
ecological productivity
Kartu 883
Pertanyaan
Which term describes cycling of matter through living and nonliving reservoirs?
Jawaban
a biogeochemical cycle
Kartu 884
Pertanyaan
Why can matter cycle through an ecosystem?
Jawaban
Atoms are conserved and repeatedly transferred among organisms, detritus, soil, water, and atmosphere.
Kartu 885
Pertanyaan
Why is a pyramid of energy always upright?
Jawaban
Usable energy decreases between trophic levels because every transfer includes losses.
Kartu 886
Pertanyaan
How are gross and net primary productivity related?
Jawaban
NPP = GPP − producer respiration.
Kartu 887
Pertanyaan
How do decomposers support nutrient cycling?
Jawaban
They break down dead material and wastes, releasing inorganic nutrients for reuse.
Kartu 888
Pertanyaan
What processes move carbon rapidly between organisms and the atmosphere?
Jawaban
Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide; respiration, decomposition, and combustion release it.
Kartu 889
Pertanyaan
Why is nitrogen fixation important?
Jawaban
It converts atmospheric nitrogen gas into forms that can enter biological nitrogen metabolism.
Kartu 890
Pertanyaan
How can excess nitrogen or phosphorus cause eutrophication?
Jawaban
Nutrient enrichment drives algal growth; decomposition of the biomass consumes oxygen and can create hypoxic water.
Kartu 891
Pertanyaan
Why can a persistent pollutant reach higher concentrations at higher trophic levels?
Jawaban
Predators consume contaminant stored in many prey, and the substance is not readily broken down or excreted.
Kartu 892
Pertanyaan
How is trophic-transfer efficiency calculated?
Jawaban
Energy or biomass gained by the higher trophic level ÷ energy or biomass available at the lower level × 100%.
Kartu 893
Pertanyaan
What is phenotypic variation?
Jawaban
Differences in observable traits among individuals of a population.
Kartu 894
Pertanyaan
What is heritable variation?
Jawaban
Trait differences that can be transmitted genetically to offspring.
Kartu 895
Pertanyaan
What is a selection pressure?
Jawaban
An environmental factor causing differences in survival or reproduction among phenotypes.
Kartu 896
Pertanyaan
What is relative fitness?
Jawaban
An individual's reproductive success compared with others in the population.
Kartu 897
Pertanyaan
Which term describes observable differences among individuals?
Jawaban
phenotypic variation
Kartu 898
Pertanyaan
Which term describes genetically transmissible trait differences?
Jawaban
heritable variation
Kartu 899
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an environmental factor producing differential reproductive success?
Jawaban
a selection pressure
Kartu 900
Pertanyaan
Which term describes reproductive success relative to other individuals?
Jawaban
relative fitness
Kartu 901
Pertanyaan
What is directional selection?
Jawaban
Selection favoring one extreme phenotype and shifting a population's trait distribution.
Kartu 902
Pertanyaan
What is stabilizing selection?
Jawaban
Selection favoring intermediate phenotypes and acting against extremes.
Kartu 903
Pertanyaan
What is disruptive selection?
Jawaban
Selection favoring both extreme phenotypes over intermediates.
Kartu 904
Pertanyaan
What is sexual selection?
Jawaban
Selection arising from differences in mating success.
Kartu 905
Pertanyaan
Which term describes selection shifting a trait toward one extreme?
Jawaban
directional selection
Kartu 906
Pertanyaan
Which term describes selection favoring intermediate phenotypes?
Jawaban
stabilizing selection
Kartu 907
Pertanyaan
Which term describes selection favoring both trait extremes?
Jawaban
disruptive selection
Kartu 908
Pertanyaan
Which term describes selection caused by unequal mating success?
Jawaban
sexual selection
Kartu 909
Pertanyaan
What conditions are required for natural selection?
Jawaban
Individuals vary, some variation is heritable, more offspring are produced than can reproduce, and variants differ in reproductive success.
Kartu 910
Pertanyaan
How does natural selection produce antibiotic-resistant bacterial populations?
Jawaban
Existing resistant variants survive treatment and reproduce more than susceptible bacteria.
Kartu 911
Pertanyaan
Does an antibiotic cause bacteria to mutate specifically toward resistance?
Jawaban
No. Resistance variants arise without regard to need; treatment selects among them.
Kartu 912
Pertanyaan
Can an individual become genetically adapted through natural selection?
Jawaban
No. Selection acts on individuals, but adaptation is a population change across generations.
Kartu 913
Pertanyaan
How does artificial selection differ from natural selection?
Jawaban
Humans choose breeding traits in artificial selection; environmental conditions determine differential reproduction in natural selection.
Kartu 914
Pertanyaan
How does natural selection change a population?
Jawaban
Individuals with advantageous heritable variants leave more offspring, increasing those alleles over generations.
Kartu 915
Pertanyaan
Why is fitness environment-dependent?
Jawaban
A trait that improves reproduction in one environment may be neutral or costly in another.
Kartu 916
Pertanyaan
How does genetic drift differ from natural selection?
Jawaban
Drift changes allele frequencies by chance sampling; selection changes them through consistent fitness differences.
Kartu 917
Pertanyaan
What is ecosystem stability?
Jawaban
The capacity of an ecosystem to maintain or recover its structure and functions despite disturbance.
Kartu 918
Pertanyaan
What is an ecological tipping point?
Jawaban
A threshold beyond which feedbacks can drive a large and difficult-to-reverse ecosystem shift.
Kartu 919
Pertanyaan
What is a mesocosm?
Jawaban
A controlled, simplified ecosystem used to investigate ecological processes under more realistic conditions than a small laboratory vessel.
Kartu 920
Pertanyaan
What is a sustainable yield?
Jawaban
A harvest rate that can continue without causing long-term resource decline under prevailing conditions.
Kartu 921
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the capacity of an ecosystem to persist or recover after disturbance?
Jawaban
ecosystem stability
Kartu 922
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a threshold triggering a major hard-to-reverse ecosystem shift?
Jawaban
an ecological tipping point
Kartu 923
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a controlled model ecosystem used for experiments?
Jawaban
a mesocosm
Kartu 924
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a harvest rate that avoids long-term depletion?
Jawaban
a sustainable yield
Kartu 925
Pertanyaan
What is eutrophication?
Jawaban
Nutrient enrichment of water that stimulates excess primary production and can lead to oxygen depletion.
Kartu 926
Pertanyaan
What is biomagnification?
Jawaban
Increase in concentration of a persistent pollutant at successively higher trophic levels.
Kartu 927
Pertanyaan
What is rewilding?
Jawaban
Ecosystem restoration that rebuilds natural processes, species interactions, and self-sustaining ecological function.
Kartu 928
Pertanyaan
What features can make an ecosystem more stable?
Jawaban
Diverse functional roles, connected habitats, intact food webs, nutrient cycling, and balancing feedbacks can help the system resist or recover from disturbance.
Kartu 929
Pertanyaan
Which term describes nutrient enrichment that can deplete oxygen in water?
Jawaban
eutrophication
Kartu 930
Pertanyaan
Which term describes increasing pollutant concentration up a food chain?
Jawaban
biomagnification
Kartu 931
Pertanyaan
Which term describes restoration focused on natural processes and self-sustaining ecosystems?
Jawaban
rewilding
Kartu 932
Pertanyaan
How could extensive Amazon deforestation push the ecosystem toward a tipping point?
Jawaban
Loss of trees can reduce rainfall recycling and increase heat and fire, which cause further forest loss and may shift large areas toward a drier state.
Kartu 933
Pertanyaan
What are a benefit and a limitation of using a mesocosm?
Jawaban
It allows controlled experiments with interacting organisms, but its simplified scale cannot reproduce every process or long-term influence in a natural ecosystem.
Kartu 934
Pertanyaan
Why should a fishery harvest below an uncertain maximum sustainable yield?
Jawaban
Population estimates and recruitment vary, so a safety margin reduces the chance that error or a poor breeding year drives long-term decline.
Kartu 935
Pertanyaan
How can intensive agriculture reduce ecosystem stability?
Jawaban
Habitat loss, low crop diversity, soil degradation, heavy water use, pesticides, and nutrient runoff can weaken food webs and ecosystem processes.
Kartu 936
Pertanyaan
Why can microplastic pollution harm aquatic ecosystems?
Jawaban
Small persistent particles can be ingested, carry additives or other pollutants, damage feeding and tissues, and move through food webs.
Kartu 937
Pertanyaan
How can rewilding improve ecosystem stability?
Jawaban
Restoring native species, habitat connections, and natural disturbance or grazing processes can rebuild feedbacks and allow the ecosystem to maintain itself with less intervention.
Kartu 938
Pertanyaan
What is the greenhouse effect?
Jawaban
Warming caused when atmospheric gases absorb and re-emit outgoing infrared radiation.
Kartu 939
Pertanyaan
What is a greenhouse gas?
Jawaban
An atmospheric gas that absorbs infrared radiation at wavelengths emitted by Earth.
Kartu 940
Pertanyaan
What is carbon dioxide (CO₂)?
Jawaban
A long-lived greenhouse gas increased mainly by fossil-fuel combustion, cement production, and land-use change.
Kartu 941
Pertanyaan
What is methane (CH₄)?
Jawaban
A potent greenhouse gas emitted by sources including fossil-fuel systems, livestock, rice cultivation, wetlands, and waste.
Kartu 942
Pertanyaan
Which term describes warming from absorption and re-emission of infrared radiation?
Jawaban
the greenhouse effect
Kartu 943
Pertanyaan
Which term describes an atmospheric infrared-absorbing gas?
Jawaban
a greenhouse gas
Kartu 944
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the long-lived greenhouse gas strongly increased by fossil fuels?
Jawaban
carbon dioxide (CO₂)
Kartu 945
Pertanyaan
Which term describes the potent short-lived greenhouse gas from biological and fossil sources?
Jawaban
methane (CH₄)
Kartu 946
Pertanyaan
What is albedo?
Jawaban
The fraction of incoming radiation reflected by a surface.
Kartu 947
Pertanyaan
What is a carbon sink?
Jawaban
A reservoir that absorbs more carbon than it releases over a specified period.
Kartu 948
Pertanyaan
What is ocean acidification?
Jawaban
Decline in seawater pH caused mainly by absorption of human-emitted carbon dioxide.
Kartu 949
Pertanyaan
What is climate change?
Jawaban
A persistent change in the statistical patterns of climate over decades or longer.
Kartu 950
Pertanyaan
Which term describes surface reflectivity?
Jawaban
albedo
Kartu 951
Pertanyaan
Which term describes a reservoir with net carbon uptake?
Jawaban
a carbon sink
Kartu 952
Pertanyaan
Which term describes seawater pH decline from absorbed carbon dioxide?
Jawaban
ocean acidification
Kartu 953
Pertanyaan
Which term describes long-term change in climate patterns?
Jawaban
climate change
Kartu 954
Pertanyaan
What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?
Jawaban
Additional warming caused by human-driven increases in greenhouse-gas concentrations.
Kartu 955
Pertanyaan
How do climate mitigation and climate adaptation differ?
Jawaban
Mitigation limits the magnitude of climate change; adaptation reduces harm from changes that occur.
Kartu 956
Pertanyaan
How does increasing greenhouse-gas concentration alter Earth's energy balance?
Jawaban
Less outgoing infrared energy initially escapes to space, so the climate warms until energy balance is restored at a higher temperature.
Kartu 957
Pertanyaan
How can melting ice amplify warming?
Jawaban
Less bright ice lowers albedo, so darker land or water absorbs more solar energy and causes further warming.
Kartu 958
Pertanyaan
How can climate change alter species distributions?
Jawaban
Temperature, rainfall, seasons, sea level, and interactions shift, moving or shrinking areas with suitable conditions.
Kartu 959
Pertanyaan
Why can ocean acidification harm calcifying organisms?
Jawaban
Carbonate chemistry changes, reducing availability of carbonate ions used to build calcium-carbonate structures.
Kartu 960
Pertanyaan
How can ecosystem protection contribute to climate mitigation?
Jawaban
Protecting forests, wetlands, soils, and coastal habitats can avoid emissions and maintain or increase carbon storage.
960 kartu
IB Biology SL Flashcards: Complete Course Review
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