Nature in the nature–nurture question?

Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.

Central nervous system?

The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.

Main role of the spinal cord?

It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.

Scores are 4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?

7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.

Nurture in the nature–nurture question?

Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.

Peripheral nervous system?

The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.

A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.

Reflex times are 180, 190, 210, 260, 410 milliseconds. What is the median?

210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.

The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.

Autonomic nervous system?

The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.

Evolutionary perspective on behavior?

It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.

Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?

It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.

Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?

They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.

Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?

A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.

Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.

Somatic nervous system?

The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.

They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.

Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?

An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.

Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?

Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.

Sympathetic nervous system?

The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.

Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?

The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.

They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.

Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?

The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.

Parasympathetic nervous system?

The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.

The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.

Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.

Adrenaline's behavioral role?

It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.

Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.

The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.

The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.

Leptin's role in eating?

It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.

Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.

Depolarization during an action potential?

Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.

Dopamine's major psychological functions?

Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.

A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.

A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.

The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.

Serotonin's major psychological functions?

Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.

Glutamate's major psychological functions?

It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.

A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.

It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.

A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.

Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.

A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.

All-or-none principle?

A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.

Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?

Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.

GABA's major psychological function?

It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.

Oxytocin's behavioral role?

It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.

A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.

AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review

Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.

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Tentang dek ini

Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.

What the cards ask you to retrieve

Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.

The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.

What's deliberately left out

The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.

Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.

This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.

Kartu dalam dek ini

Kartu 1
Pertanyaan
Nature in the nature–nurture question?
Jawaban
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
Kartu 2
Pertanyaan
Central nervous system?
Jawaban
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
Kartu 3
Pertanyaan
Main role of the spinal cord?
Jawaban
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
Kartu 4
Pertanyaan
Scores are 4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?
Jawaban
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
Kartu 5
Pertanyaan
Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
Jawaban
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
Kartu 6
Pertanyaan
Peripheral nervous system?
Jawaban
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Kartu 7
Pertanyaan
Reflex arc?
Jawaban
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
Kartu 8
Pertanyaan
Reflex times are 180, 190, 210, 260, 410 milliseconds. What is the median?
Jawaban
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
Kartu 9
Pertanyaan
Heritability?
Jawaban
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
Kartu 10
Pertanyaan
Autonomic nervous system?
Jawaban
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
Kartu 11
Pertanyaan
Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
Jawaban
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
Kartu 12
Pertanyaan
Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
Jawaban
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
Kartu 13
Pertanyaan
Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
Jawaban
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
Kartu 14
Pertanyaan
Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
Jawaban
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
Kartu 15
Pertanyaan
Natural selection?
Jawaban
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
Kartu 16
Pertanyaan
Somatic nervous system?
Jawaban
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
Kartu 17
Pertanyaan
Sensory neurons?
Jawaban
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
Kartu 18
Pertanyaan
Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
Jawaban
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
Kartu 19
Pertanyaan
Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
Jawaban
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
Kartu 20
Pertanyaan
Sympathetic nervous system?
Jawaban
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
Kartu 21
Pertanyaan
Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
Jawaban
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
Kartu 22
Pertanyaan
Motor neurons?
Jawaban
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
Kartu 23
Pertanyaan
Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
Jawaban
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
Kartu 24
Pertanyaan
Parasympathetic nervous system?
Jawaban
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
Kartu 25
Pertanyaan
Resting potential?
Jawaban
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
Kartu 26
Pertanyaan
Interneurons?
Jawaban
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
Kartu 27
Pertanyaan
Adrenaline's behavioral role?
Jawaban
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
Kartu 28
Pertanyaan
Frontal lobes?
Jawaban
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
Kartu 29
Pertanyaan
Neural threshold?
Jawaban
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
Kartu 30
Pertanyaan
Corpus callosum?
Jawaban
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
Kartu 31
Pertanyaan
Leptin's role in eating?
Jawaban
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
Kartu 32
Pertanyaan
Temporal lobes?
Jawaban
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
Kartu 33
Pertanyaan
Depolarization during an action potential?
Jawaban
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
Kartu 34
Pertanyaan
Dopamine's major psychological functions?
Jawaban
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
Kartu 35
Pertanyaan
Ghrelin's role in eating?
Jawaban
It helps stimulate hunger.
Kartu 36
Pertanyaan
Drug agonist?
Jawaban
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
Kartu 37
Pertanyaan
Action potential?
Jawaban
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
Kartu 38
Pertanyaan
Reuptake?
Jawaban
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
Kartu 39
Pertanyaan
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
Jawaban
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
Kartu 40
Pertanyaan
Glutamate's major psychological functions?
Jawaban
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
Kartu 41
Pertanyaan
Refractory period?
Jawaban
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
Kartu 42
Pertanyaan
Melatonin's role?
Jawaban
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
Kartu 43
Pertanyaan
Drug antagonist?
Jawaban
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
Kartu 44
Pertanyaan
Stimulants?
Jawaban
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
Kartu 45
Pertanyaan
Drug tolerance?
Jawaban
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
Kartu 46
Pertanyaan
Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Jawaban
Multiple sclerosis.
Kartu 47
Pertanyaan
All-or-none principle?
Jawaban
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
Kartu 48
Pertanyaan
Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
Jawaban
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
Kartu 49
Pertanyaan
GABA's major psychological function?
Jawaban
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
Kartu 50
Pertanyaan
Oxytocin's behavioral role?
Jawaban
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
Kartu 51
Pertanyaan
Reuptake inhibitor?
Jawaban
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
Kartu 52
Pertanyaan
Depressants?
Jawaban
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
Kartu 53
Pertanyaan
Drug withdrawal?
Jawaban
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
Kartu 54
Pertanyaan
Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Jawaban
Myasthenia gravis.
Kartu 55
Pertanyaan
Glial cells?
Jawaban
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
Kartu 56
Pertanyaan
Endorphins?
Jawaban
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
Kartu 57
Pertanyaan
Substance P?
Jawaban
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
Kartu 58
Pertanyaan
Acetylcholine's major functions?
Jawaban
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
Kartu 59
Pertanyaan
Opioids?
Jawaban
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
Kartu 60
Pertanyaan
Hallucinogens?
Jawaban
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
Kartu 61
Pertanyaan
Addiction?
Jawaban
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
Kartu 62
Pertanyaan
Parietal lobes?
Jawaban
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
Kartu 63
Pertanyaan
Consciousness?
Jawaban
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
Kartu 64
Pertanyaan
Circadian rhythm?
Jawaban
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
Kartu 65
Pertanyaan
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
Jawaban
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
Kartu 66
Pertanyaan
Occipital lobes?
Jawaban
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
Kartu 67
Pertanyaan
What does split-brain research reveal?
Jawaban
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
Kartu 68
Pertanyaan
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
Jawaban
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
Kartu 69
Pertanyaan
NREM-1 sleep?
Jawaban
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
Kartu 70
Pertanyaan
Motor cortex?
Jawaban
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
Kartu 71
Pertanyaan
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
Jawaban
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
Kartu 72
Pertanyaan
Brainstem's core function?
Jawaban
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
Kartu 73
Pertanyaan
NREM-2 sleep?
Jawaban
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
Kartu 74
Pertanyaan
Somatosensory cortex?
Jawaban
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
Kartu 75
Pertanyaan
Medulla's main functions?
Jawaban
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
Kartu 76
Pertanyaan
Reticular activating system?
Jawaban
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
Kartu 77
Pertanyaan
NREM-3 sleep?
Jawaban
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
Kartu 78
Pertanyaan
Cerebellum's main functions?
Jawaban
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
Kartu 79
Pertanyaan
Thalamus?
Jawaban
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
Kartu 80
Pertanyaan
Hypothalamus?
Jawaban
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
Kartu 81
Pertanyaan
REM sleep?
Jawaban
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
Kartu 82
Pertanyaan
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
Jawaban
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
Kartu 83
Pertanyaan
Amygdala?
Jawaban
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
Kartu 84
Pertanyaan
Hippocampus?
Jawaban
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
Kartu 85
Pertanyaan
How does sleep change across a typical night?
Jawaban
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
Kartu 86
Pertanyaan
Contralateral brain control?
Jawaban
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
Kartu 87
Pertanyaan
What does an EEG measure?
Jawaban
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
Kartu 88
Pertanyaan
Reward-center activity?
Jawaban
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
Kartu 89
Pertanyaan
Neuroplasticity?
Jawaban
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
Kartu 90
Pertanyaan
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
Jawaban
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
Kartu 91
Pertanyaan
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
Jawaban
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
Kartu 92
Pertanyaan
Insomnia?
Jawaban
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
Kartu 93
Pertanyaan
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
Jawaban
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
Kartu 94
Pertanyaan
Absolute threshold?
Jawaban
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
Kartu 95
Pertanyaan
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
Jawaban
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
Kartu 96
Pertanyaan
Narcolepsy?
Jawaban
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
Kartu 97
Pertanyaan
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
Jawaban
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
Kartu 98
Pertanyaan
Difference threshold?
Jawaban
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
Kartu 99
Pertanyaan
Consolidation view of dreams?
Jawaban
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
Kartu 100
Pertanyaan
REM sleep behavior disorder?
Jawaban
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
Kartu 101
Pertanyaan
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
Jawaban
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
Kartu 102
Pertanyaan
Weber's law?
Jawaban
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
Kartu 103
Pertanyaan
Two supported functions of sleep?
Jawaban
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
Kartu 104
Pertanyaan
Sleep apnea?
Jawaban
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
Kartu 105
Pertanyaan
REM rebound?
Jawaban
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
Kartu 106
Pertanyaan
Signal detection theory?
Jawaban
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
Kartu 107
Pertanyaan
Sensory transduction?
Jawaban
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
Kartu 108
Pertanyaan
Vestibular sense?
Jawaban
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
Kartu 109
Pertanyaan
Somnambulism?
Jawaban
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
Kartu 110
Pertanyaan
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Jawaban
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
Kartu 111
Pertanyaan
What begins visual transduction?
Jawaban
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
Kartu 112
Pertanyaan
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
Jawaban
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
Kartu 113
Pertanyaan
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
Jawaban
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
Kartu 114
Pertanyaan
Accommodation in vision?
Jawaban
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
Kartu 115
Pertanyaan
Cones?
Jawaban
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
Kartu 116
Pertanyaan
What begins auditory transduction?
Jawaban
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
Kartu 117
Pertanyaan
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
Jawaban
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
Kartu 118
Pertanyaan
How is smell unusual among the senses?
Jawaban
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
Kartu 119
Pertanyaan
Kinesthesia?
Jawaban
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
Kartu 120
Pertanyaan
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
Jawaban
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
Kartu 121
Pertanyaan
Nearsightedness?
Jawaban
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
Kartu 122
Pertanyaan
Pheromones?
Jawaban
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
Kartu 123
Pertanyaan
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
Jawaban
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
Kartu 124
Pertanyaan
Volley theory of pitch?
Jawaban
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
Kartu 125
Pertanyaan
Farsightedness?
Jawaban
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
Kartu 126
Pertanyaan
Six taste qualities named in the course?
Jawaban
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
Kartu 127
Pertanyaan
Phantom-limb sensation?
Jawaban
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
Kartu 128
Pertanyaan
Sensory interaction?
Jawaban
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
Kartu 129
Pertanyaan
What causes most color-vision deficiency?
Jawaban
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
Kartu 130
Pertanyaan
Prosopagnosia?
Jawaban
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
Kartu 131
Pertanyaan
Rods?
Jawaban
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
Kartu 132
Pertanyaan
How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
Jawaban
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
Kartu 133
Pertanyaan
Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
Jawaban
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
Kartu 134
Pertanyaan
Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
Jawaban
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
Kartu 135
Pertanyaan
What do the semicircular canals detect?
Jawaban
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
Kartu 136
Pertanyaan
Synesthesia?
Jawaban
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
Kartu 137
Pertanyaan
Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
Jawaban
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
Kartu 138
Pertanyaan
Blindsight?
Jawaban
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
Kartu 139
Pertanyaan
Sensory adaptation?
Jawaban
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
Kartu 140
Pertanyaan
Gate-control view of pain?
Jawaban
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
Kartu 141
Pertanyaan
Bottom-up processing?
Jawaban
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
Kartu 142
Pertanyaan
Concept?
Jawaban
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Kartu 143
Pertanyaan
Fixation in problem solving?
Jawaban
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
Kartu 144
Pertanyaan
Algorithm?
Jawaban
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
Kartu 145
Pertanyaan
Top-down processing?
Jawaban
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
Kartu 146
Pertanyaan
Confirmation bias?
Jawaban
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
Kartu 147
Pertanyaan
Retinal disparity?
Jawaban
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
Kartu 148
Pertanyaan
Heuristic?
Jawaban
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
Kartu 149
Pertanyaan
Selective attention?
Jawaban
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
Kartu 150
Pertanyaan
Figure–ground organization?
Jawaban
Separating the object of attention from its background.
Kartu 151
Pertanyaan
Convergence as a depth cue?
Jawaban
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
Kartu 152
Pertanyaan
Representativeness heuristic?
Jawaban
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
Kartu 153
Pertanyaan
Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
Jawaban
Inattentional blindness.
Kartu 154
Pertanyaan
Gestalt proximity principle?
Jawaban
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
Kartu 155
Pertanyaan
Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
Jawaban
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
Kartu 156
Pertanyaan
Cocktail-party effect?
Jawaban
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
Kartu 157
Pertanyaan
Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
Jawaban
Change blindness.
Kartu 158
Pertanyaan
Gestalt similarity principle?
Jawaban
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
Kartu 159
Pertanyaan
Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
Jawaban
Linear perspective.
Kartu 160
Pertanyaan
Perceptual constancy?
Jawaban
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
Kartu 161
Pertanyaan
Perceptual set?
Jawaban
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
Kartu 162
Pertanyaan
Gestalt closure principle?
Jawaban
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
Kartu 163
Pertanyaan
One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
Jawaban
The blocking object, using interposition.
Kartu 164
Pertanyaan
Apparent motion?
Jawaban
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
Kartu 165
Pertanyaan
Availability heuristic?
Jawaban
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
Kartu 166
Pertanyaan
Divergent thinking?
Jawaban
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
Kartu 167
Pertanyaan
A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
Jawaban
Relative clarity.
Kartu 168
Pertanyaan
Prototype?
Jawaban
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
Kartu 169
Pertanyaan
Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
Jawaban
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
Kartu 170
Pertanyaan
Convergent thinking?
Jawaban
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
Kartu 171
Pertanyaan
A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
Jawaban
Texture gradient.
Kartu 172
Pertanyaan
Belief perseverance?
Jawaban
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
Kartu 173
Pertanyaan
Explicit memory?
Jawaban
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
Kartu 174
Pertanyaan
Three stores in the multi-store model?
Jawaban
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Kartu 175
Pertanyaan
Seeing an object only in its usual role?
Jawaban
Functional fixedness.
Kartu 176
Pertanyaan
Mental set?
Jawaban
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
Kartu 177
Pertanyaan
Episodic memory?
Jawaban
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
Kartu 178
Pertanyaan
Working memory?
Jawaban
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
Kartu 179
Pertanyaan
Insight?
Jawaban
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
Kartu 180
Pertanyaan
Framing effect?
Jawaban
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
Kartu 181
Pertanyaan
Implicit memory?
Jawaban
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
Kartu 182
Pertanyaan
Overconfidence bias?
Jawaban
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
Kartu 183
Pertanyaan
Anchoring bias?
Jawaban
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
Kartu 184
Pertanyaan
Schema in thinking?
Jawaban
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
Kartu 185
Pertanyaan
Procedural memory?
Jawaban
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
Kartu 186
Pertanyaan
Gambler's fallacy?
Jawaban
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
Kartu 187
Pertanyaan
Sunk-cost fallacy?
Jawaban
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
Kartu 188
Pertanyaan
Executive functions?
Jawaban
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
Kartu 189
Pertanyaan
How can priming affect judgment?
Jawaban
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
Kartu 190
Pertanyaan
Central executive in working memory?
Jawaban
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
Kartu 191
Pertanyaan
Serial-position effect?
Jawaban
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
Kartu 192
Pertanyaan
Semantic memory?
Jawaban
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
Kartu 193
Pertanyaan
Levels-of-processing principle?
Jawaban
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
Kartu 194
Pertanyaan
Automatic processing?
Jawaban
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
Kartu 195
Pertanyaan
Maintenance rehearsal?
Jawaban
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
Kartu 196
Pertanyaan
Prospective memory?
Jawaban
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
Kartu 197
Pertanyaan
Primacy effect?
Jawaban
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
Kartu 198
Pertanyaan
Long-term memory?
Jawaban
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
Kartu 199
Pertanyaan
Highly superior autobiographical memory?
Jawaban
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
Kartu 200
Pertanyaan
Effortful processing?
Jawaban
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
Kartu 201
Pertanyaan
Elaborative rehearsal?
Jawaban
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
Kartu 202
Pertanyaan
Memory consolidation?
Jawaban
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
Kartu 203
Pertanyaan
Recency effect?
Jawaban
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
Kartu 204
Pertanyaan
Spacing effect?
Jawaban
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
Kartu 205
Pertanyaan
Testing effect?
Jawaban
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
Kartu 206
Pertanyaan
Chunking?
Jawaban
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
Kartu 207
Pertanyaan
Mnemonic?
Jawaban
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
Kartu 208
Pertanyaan
Why organize material into a hierarchy?
Jawaban
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
Kartu 209
Pertanyaan
How can a schema help encoding?
Jawaban
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
Kartu 210
Pertanyaan
Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
Jawaban
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
Kartu 211
Pertanyaan
Iconic memory?
Jawaban
A very brief visual sensory memory.
Kartu 212
Pertanyaan
Recall?
Jawaban
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
Kartu 213
Pertanyaan
Retrieval cue?
Jawaban
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
Kartu 214
Pertanyaan
Encoding-specificity principle?
Jawaban
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
Kartu 215
Pertanyaan
Context-dependent memory?
Jawaban
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
Kartu 216
Pertanyaan
Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
Jawaban
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
Kartu 217
Pertanyaan
Echoic memory?
Jawaban
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
Kartu 218
Pertanyaan
Anterograde amnesia?
Jawaban
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
Kartu 219
Pertanyaan
Phonological loop?
Jawaban
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
Kartu 220
Pertanyaan
Cerebellum's memory role?
Jawaban
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
Kartu 221
Pertanyaan
Why is short-term memory described as limited?
Jawaban
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
Kartu 222
Pertanyaan
Retrograde amnesia?
Jawaban
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
Kartu 223
Pertanyaan
Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
Jawaban
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
Kartu 224
Pertanyaan
How can the amygdala affect memory?
Jawaban
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
Kartu 225
Pertanyaan
Visuospatial sketchpad?
Jawaban
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
Kartu 226
Pertanyaan
Long-term potentiation?
Jawaban
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
Kartu 227
Pertanyaan
Infantile amnesia?
Jawaban
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
Kartu 228
Pertanyaan
Alzheimer's disease?
Jawaban
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
Kartu 229
Pertanyaan
Scores are 2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?
Jawaban
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because 9 - 2 = 7.
Kartu 230
Pertanyaan
Recognition?
Jawaban
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
Kartu 231
Pertanyaan
Why is memory called reconstructive?
Jawaban
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
Kartu 232
Pertanyaan
Storage decay?
Jawaban
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
Kartu 233
Pertanyaan
State-dependent memory?
Jawaban
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
Kartu 234
Pertanyaan
Relearning?
Jawaban
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
Kartu 235
Pertanyaan
Misinformation effect?
Jawaban
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
Kartu 236
Pertanyaan
A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
Jawaban
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
Kartu 237
Pertanyaan
Mood-congruent memory?
Jawaban
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
Kartu 238
Pertanyaan
Priming?
Jawaban
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
Kartu 239
Pertanyaan
Tip-of-the-tongue state?
Jawaban
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
Kartu 240
Pertanyaan
Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
Jawaban
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
Kartu 241
Pertanyaan
Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
Jawaban
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
Kartu 242
Pertanyaan
Metacognition?
Jawaban
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
Kartu 243
Pertanyaan
Source amnesia?
Jawaban
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
Kartu 244
Pertanyaan
Test standardization?
Jawaban
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
Kartu 245
Pertanyaan
Reliability?
Jawaban
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
Kartu 246
Pertanyaan
Stereotype threat?
Jawaban
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
Kartu 247
Pertanyaan
General intelligence, or g?
Jawaban
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
Kartu 248
Pertanyaan
Encoding failure?
Jawaban
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
Kartu 249
Pertanyaan
Validity?
Jawaban
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
Kartu 250
Pertanyaan
Proactive interference?
Jawaban
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
Kartu 251
Pertanyaan
Imagination inflation?
Jawaban
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
Kartu 252
Pertanyaan
A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
Jawaban
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
Kartu 253
Pertanyaan
Retrieval failure?
Jawaban
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
Kartu 254
Pertanyaan
Retroactive interference?
Jawaban
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
Kartu 255
Pertanyaan
A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
Jawaban
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
Kartu 256
Pertanyaan
Repression in psychodynamic theory?
Jawaban
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
Kartu 257
Pertanyaan
Flashbulb memory?
Jawaban
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
Kartu 258
Pertanyaan
A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
Jawaban
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
Kartu 259
Pertanyaan
A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
Jawaban
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
Kartu 260
Pertanyaan
Stereotype lift?
Jawaban
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
Kartu 261
Pertanyaan
Achievement test?
Jawaban
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
Kartu 262
Pertanyaan
Construct validity?
Jawaban
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
Kartu 263
Pertanyaan
Test–retest reliability?
Jawaban
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
Kartu 264
Pertanyaan
Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
Jawaban
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
Kartu 265
Pertanyaan
Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
Jawaban
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
Kartu 266
Pertanyaan
Aptitude test?
Jawaban
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
Kartu 267
Pertanyaan
Traditional IQ formula?
Jawaban
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
Kartu 268
Pertanyaan
Predictive validity?
Jawaban
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
Kartu 269
Pertanyaan
What does a normal score distribution look like?
Jawaban
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
Kartu 270
Pertanyaan
Split-half reliability?
Jawaban
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
Kartu 271
Pertanyaan
Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
Jawaban
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
Kartu 272
Pertanyaan
Flynn effect?
Jawaban
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
Kartu 273
Pertanyaan
A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
Jawaban
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
Kartu 274
Pertanyaan
Continuous versus stage development?
Jawaban
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
Kartu 275
Pertanyaan
How can prenatal environment affect later development?
Jawaban
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
Kartu 276
Pertanyaan
Teratogen?
Jawaban
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
Kartu 277
Pertanyaan
Maturation?
Jawaban
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
Kartu 278
Pertanyaan
Stability–change question in development?
Jawaban
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
Kartu 279
Pertanyaan
A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
Jawaban
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
Kartu 280
Pertanyaan
Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
Jawaban
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
Kartu 281
Pertanyaan
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
Jawaban
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
Kartu 282
Pertanyaan
Fine versus gross motor skills?
Jawaban
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
Kartu 283
Pertanyaan
Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
Jawaban
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
Kartu 284
Pertanyaan
What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
Jawaban
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
Kartu 285
Pertanyaan
Puberty?
Jawaban
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
Kartu 286
Pertanyaan
Sensitive period?
Jawaban
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
Kartu 287
Pertanyaan
What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
Jawaban
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
Kartu 288
Pertanyaan
Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
Jawaban
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
Kartu 289
Pertanyaan
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
Jawaban
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
Kartu 290
Pertanyaan
Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
Jawaban
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
Kartu 291
Pertanyaan
Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
Jawaban
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
Kartu 292
Pertanyaan
Menarche?
Jawaban
The first menstrual period.
Kartu 293
Pertanyaan
Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
Jawaban
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
Kartu 294
Pertanyaan
About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
Jawaban
About 68%.
Kartu 295
Pertanyaan
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
Jawaban
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
Kartu 296
Pertanyaan
Spermarche?
Jawaban
The first ejaculation.
Kartu 297
Pertanyaan
Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
Jawaban
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
Kartu 298
Pertanyaan
Imprinting?
Jawaban
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
Kartu 299
Pertanyaan
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
Jawaban
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
Kartu 300
Pertanyaan
Menopause?
Jawaban
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
Kartu 301
Pertanyaan
Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
Jawaban
Naturalistic observation.
Kartu 302
Pertanyaan
How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
Jawaban
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
Kartu 303
Pertanyaan
Gender identity?
Jawaban
A person's internal sense of their gender.
Kartu 304
Pertanyaan
Gender role?
Jawaban
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
Kartu 305
Pertanyaan
Sex versus gender?
Jawaban
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
Kartu 306
Pertanyaan
Common sensory change in later adulthood?
Jawaban
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
Kartu 307
Pertanyaan
Sexual orientation?
Jawaban
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
Kartu 308
Pertanyaan
Gender schema?
Jawaban
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
Kartu 309
Pertanyaan
Best broad view of gender development?
Jawaban
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
Kartu 310
Pertanyaan
Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
Jawaban
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
Kartu 311
Pertanyaan
Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
Jawaban
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
Kartu 312
Pertanyaan
Schema in cognitive development?
Jawaban
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
Kartu 313
Pertanyaan
Sensorimotor stage?
Jawaban
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
Kartu 314
Pertanyaan
Preoperational stage?
Jawaban
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
Kartu 315
Pertanyaan
Assimilation?
Jawaban
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
Kartu 316
Pertanyaan
A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
Jawaban
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
Kartu 317
Pertanyaan
Animism in preoperational thought?
Jawaban
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
Kartu 318
Pertanyaan
Concrete operational stage?
Jawaban
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
Kartu 319
Pertanyaan
Accommodation?
Jawaban
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
Kartu 320
Pertanyaan
Reversibility in cognitive development?
Jawaban
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
Kartu 321
Pertanyaan
How can social learning shape gender expression?
Jawaban
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
Kartu 322
Pertanyaan
A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
Jawaban
Assimilation.
Kartu 323
Pertanyaan
Language?
Jawaban
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
Kartu 324
Pertanyaan
Cooing stage?
Jawaban
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
Kartu 325
Pertanyaan
Babbling stage?
Jawaban
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
Kartu 326
Pertanyaan
One-word stage?
Jawaban
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
Kartu 327
Pertanyaan
Grammar?
Jawaban
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
Kartu 328
Pertanyaan
A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
Jawaban
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
Kartu 329
Pertanyaan
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
Jawaban
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
Kartu 330
Pertanyaan
A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
Jawaban
Accommodation.
Kartu 331
Pertanyaan
A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
Jawaban
Scaffolding.
Kartu 332
Pertanyaan
A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
Jawaban
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
Kartu 333
Pertanyaan
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
Jawaban
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
Kartu 334
Pertanyaan
An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
Jawaban
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
Kartu 335
Pertanyaan
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
Jawaban
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
Kartu 336
Pertanyaan
Formal operational stage?
Jawaban
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
Kartu 337
Pertanyaan
Dementia?
Jawaban
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
Kartu 338
Pertanyaan
Phoneme?
Jawaban
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
Kartu 339
Pertanyaan
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
Jawaban
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
Kartu 340
Pertanyaan
Temperament?
Jawaban
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
Kartu 341
Pertanyaan
Attachment?
Jawaban
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
Kartu 342
Pertanyaan
Erikson's infancy conflict?
Jawaban
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
Kartu 343
Pertanyaan
Microsystem?
Jawaban
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
Kartu 344
Pertanyaan
Erikson's toddler conflict?
Jawaban
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
Kartu 345
Pertanyaan
Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
Jawaban
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
Kartu 346
Pertanyaan
Erikson's school-age conflict?
Jawaban
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
Kartu 347
Pertanyaan
Mesosystem?
Jawaban
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
Kartu 348
Pertanyaan
Erikson's adolescent conflict?
Jawaban
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
Kartu 349
Pertanyaan
Erikson's young-adult conflict?
Jawaban
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
Kartu 350
Pertanyaan
Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
Jawaban
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
Kartu 351
Pertanyaan
Exosystem?
Jawaban
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
Kartu 352
Pertanyaan
Morpheme?
Jawaban
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
Kartu 353
Pertanyaan
Telegraphic speech?
Jawaban
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
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Kartu 354
Pertanyaan
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
Jawaban
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
Kartu 355
Pertanyaan
Macrosystem?
Jawaban
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
Kartu 356
Pertanyaan
Semantics?
Jawaban
The meanings of words and sentences.
Kartu 357
Pertanyaan
A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
Jawaban
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
Kartu 358
Pertanyaan
What does a sensitive period for language imply?
Jawaban
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
Kartu 359
Pertanyaan
Does language completely determine thought?
Jawaban
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
Kartu 360
Pertanyaan
Syntax?
Jawaban
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
Kartu 361
Pertanyaan
A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
Jawaban
Secure attachment.
Kartu 362
Pertanyaan
How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
Jawaban
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
Kartu 363
Pertanyaan
Authoritative parenting?
Jawaban
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
Kartu 364
Pertanyaan
Identity achievement?
Jawaban
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
Kartu 365
Pertanyaan
Avoidant attachment pattern?
Jawaban
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
Kartu 366
Pertanyaan
Classical conditioning?
Jawaban
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
Kartu 367
Pertanyaan
Unconditioned stimulus?
Jawaban
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
Kartu 368
Pertanyaan
Unconditioned response?
Jawaban
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
Kartu 369
Pertanyaan
Conditioned stimulus?
Jawaban
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
Kartu 370
Pertanyaan
Conditioned response?
Jawaban
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
Kartu 371
Pertanyaan
Acquisition in classical conditioning?
Jawaban
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
Kartu 372
Pertanyaan
During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
Jawaban
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
Kartu 373
Pertanyaan
Authoritarian parenting?
Jawaban
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
Kartu 374
Pertanyaan
Identity diffusion?
Jawaban
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
Kartu 375
Pertanyaan
Extinction in classical conditioning?
Jawaban
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
Kartu 376
Pertanyaan
Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
Jawaban
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
Kartu 377
Pertanyaan
Permissive parenting?
Jawaban
High warmth with few demands or limits.
Kartu 378
Pertanyaan
Parallel play?
Jawaban
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
Kartu 379
Pertanyaan
Imaginary audience?
Jawaban
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
Kartu 380
Pertanyaan
Identity foreclosure?
Jawaban
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
Kartu 381
Pertanyaan
Disorganized attachment pattern?
Jawaban
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
Kartu 382
Pertanyaan
Neglectful parenting?
Jawaban
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
Kartu 383
Pertanyaan
Chronosystem?
Jawaban
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
Kartu 384
Pertanyaan
Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
Jawaban
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
Kartu 385
Pertanyaan
Personal fable?
Jawaban
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
Kartu 386
Pertanyaan
Identity moratorium?
Jawaban
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
Kartu 387
Pertanyaan
Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
Jawaban
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
Kartu 388
Pertanyaan
Separation anxiety in infancy?
Jawaban
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
Kartu 389
Pertanyaan
What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
Jawaban
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
Kartu 390
Pertanyaan
Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
Jawaban
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
Kartu 391
Pertanyaan
Emerging adulthood?
Jawaban
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
Kartu 392
Pertanyaan
Social clock?
Jawaban
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
Kartu 393
Pertanyaan
Erikson's later-adult conflict?
Jawaban
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
Kartu 394
Pertanyaan
Possible selves?
Jawaban
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
Kartu 395
Pertanyaan
Stimulus generalization?
Jawaban
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
Kartu 396
Pertanyaan
Operant conditioning?
Jawaban
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
Kartu 397
Pertanyaan
Law of effect?
Jawaban
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
Kartu 398
Pertanyaan
Spontaneous recovery?
Jawaban
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
Kartu 399
Pertanyaan
Stimulus discrimination?
Jawaban
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
Kartu 400
Pertanyaan
Reinforcement?
Jawaban
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
Kartu 401
Pertanyaan
Higher-order conditioning?
Jawaban
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
Kartu 402
Pertanyaan
Counterconditioning?
Jawaban
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
Kartu 403
Pertanyaan
Habituation?
Jawaban
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
Kartu 404
Pertanyaan
Punishment?
Jawaban
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
Kartu 405
Pertanyaan
Partial reinforcement?
Jawaban
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
Kartu 406
Pertanyaan
Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
Jawaban
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
Kartu 407
Pertanyaan
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
Jawaban
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
Kartu 408
Pertanyaan
Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
Jawaban
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
Kartu 409
Pertanyaan
Fixed-ratio schedule?
Jawaban
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
Kartu 410
Pertanyaan
Observational learning?
Jawaban
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
Kartu 411
Pertanyaan
A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
Jawaban
Positive reinforcement.
Kartu 412
Pertanyaan
Primary reinforcer?
Jawaban
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
Kartu 413
Pertanyaan
Variable-ratio schedule?
Jawaban
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
Kartu 414
Pertanyaan
Modeling?
Jawaban
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
Kartu 415
Pertanyaan
Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
Jawaban
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
Kartu 416
Pertanyaan
Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
Jawaban
Negative reinforcement.
Kartu 417
Pertanyaan
Conditioned reinforcer?
Jawaban
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
Kartu 418
Pertanyaan
A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
Jawaban
Vicarious reinforcement.
Kartu 419
Pertanyaan
Fixed-interval schedule?
Jawaban
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
Kartu 420
Pertanyaan
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
Jawaban
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
Kartu 421
Pertanyaan
A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
Jawaban
Positive punishment.
Kartu 422
Pertanyaan
Shaping?
Jawaban
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
Kartu 423
Pertanyaan
Extinction in operant conditioning?
Jawaban
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
Kartu 424
Pertanyaan
Variable-interval schedule?
Jawaban
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
Kartu 425
Pertanyaan
A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
Jawaban
Negative punishment.
Kartu 426
Pertanyaan
Learned helplessness?
Jawaban
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
Kartu 427
Pertanyaan
Continuous reinforcement?
Jawaban
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
Kartu 428
Pertanyaan
A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
Jawaban
A fixed-interval schedule.
Kartu 429
Pertanyaan
Discriminative stimulus?
Jawaban
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
Kartu 430
Pertanyaan
Operant generalization versus discrimination?
Jawaban
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
Kartu 431
Pertanyaan
Instinctive drift?
Jawaban
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
Kartu 432
Pertanyaan
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
Jawaban
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
Kartu 433
Pertanyaan
How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
Jawaban
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
Kartu 434
Pertanyaan
How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
Jawaban
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
Kartu 435
Pertanyaan
Vicarious conditioning?
Jawaban
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
Kartu 436
Pertanyaan
A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
Jawaban
A variable-interval schedule.
Kartu 437
Pertanyaan
Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
Jawaban
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
Kartu 438
Pertanyaan
Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
Jawaban
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
Kartu 439
Pertanyaan
Latent learning?
Jawaban
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
Kartu 440
Pertanyaan
Cognitive map?
Jawaban
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
Kartu 441
Pertanyaan
Insight learning?
Jawaban
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
Kartu 442
Pertanyaan
Biological preparedness?
Jawaban
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
Kartu 443
Pertanyaan
What can mirror-neuron activity show?
Jawaban
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
Kartu 444
Pertanyaan
Attribution?
Jawaban
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
Kartu 445
Pertanyaan
Attitude?
Jawaban
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
Kartu 446
Pertanyaan
Upward social comparison?
Jawaban
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
Kartu 447
Pertanyaan
Optimistic explanatory style?
Jawaban
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
Kartu 448
Pertanyaan
Situational attribution?
Jawaban
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
Kartu 449
Pertanyaan
A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
Jawaban
Cognitive dissonance.
Kartu 450
Pertanyaan
Downward social comparison?
Jawaban
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
Kartu 451
Pertanyaan
Internal locus of control?
Jawaban
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
Kartu 452
Pertanyaan
Dispositional attribution?
Jawaban
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
Kartu 453
Pertanyaan
Pessimistic explanatory style?
Jawaban
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
Kartu 454
Pertanyaan
Relative deprivation?
Jawaban
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
Kartu 455
Pertanyaan
External locus of control?
Jawaban
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
Kartu 456
Pertanyaan
Fundamental attribution error?
Jawaban
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
Kartu 457
Pertanyaan
Halo effect?
Jawaban
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
Kartu 458
Pertanyaan
Self-fulfilling prophecy?
Jawaban
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
Kartu 459
Pertanyaan
Mere-exposure effect?
Jawaban
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
Kartu 460
Pertanyaan
A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
Jawaban
The actor–observer difference.
Kartu 461
Pertanyaan
A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
Jawaban
The central route.
Kartu 462
Pertanyaan
Effort justification?
Jawaban
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
Kartu 463
Pertanyaan
Stereotype?
Jawaban
A generalized belief about members of a group.
Kartu 464
Pertanyaan
A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
Jawaban
Self-serving bias.
Kartu 465
Pertanyaan
A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
Jawaban
The peripheral route.
Kartu 466
Pertanyaan
Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
Jawaban
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
Kartu 467
Pertanyaan
Prejudice?
Jawaban
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
Kartu 468
Pertanyaan
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:

Workload Errors

Low 2

High 8

Which attribution is better supported?
Jawaban
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
Kartu 469
Pertanyaan
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
Jawaban
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
Kartu 470
Pertanyaan
Conformity?
Jawaban
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
Kartu 471
Pertanyaan
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
Jawaban
The bystander effect.
Kartu 472
Pertanyaan
Diffusion of responsibility?
Jawaban
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
Kartu 473
Pertanyaan
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
Jawaban
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
Kartu 474
Pertanyaan
In-group bias?
Jawaban
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
Kartu 475
Pertanyaan
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
Jawaban
The foot-in-the-door technique.
Kartu 476
Pertanyaan
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
Jawaban
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
Kartu 477
Pertanyaan
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
Jawaban
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
Kartu 478
Pertanyaan
Discrimination?
Jawaban
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
Kartu 479
Pertanyaan
Out-group homogeneity effect?
Jawaban
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
Kartu 480
Pertanyaan
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
Jawaban
The door-in-the-face technique.
Kartu 481
Pertanyaan
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
Jawaban
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
Kartu 482
Pertanyaan
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
Jawaban
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
Kartu 483
Pertanyaan
Just-world belief?
Jawaban
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
Kartu 484
Pertanyaan
Implicit attitude?
Jawaban
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
Kartu 485
Pertanyaan
Ethnocentrism?
Jawaban
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
Kartu 486
Pertanyaan
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
Jawaban
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
Kartu 487
Pertanyaan
Normative social influence?
Jawaban
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
Kartu 488
Pertanyaan
Psychodynamic view of personality?
Jawaban
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
Kartu 489
Pertanyaan
Norm of reciprocity?
Jawaban
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
Kartu 490
Pertanyaan
Individualism?
Jawaban
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
Kartu 491
Pertanyaan
Informational social influence?
Jawaban
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
Kartu 492
Pertanyaan
Id?
Jawaban
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
Kartu 493
Pertanyaan
Altruism?
Jawaban
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
Kartu 494
Pertanyaan
Social norm?
Jawaban
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
Kartu 495
Pertanyaan
What tends to increase conformity?
Jawaban
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
Kartu 496
Pertanyaan
Ego?
Jawaban
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
Kartu 497
Pertanyaan
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
Jawaban
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
Kartu 498
Pertanyaan
Collectivism?
Jawaban
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
Kartu 499
Pertanyaan
Obedience?
Jawaban
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
Kartu 500
Pertanyaan
Superego?
Jawaban
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
Kartu 501
Pertanyaan
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
Jawaban
Denial.
Kartu 502
Pertanyaan
Social-responsibility norm?
Jawaban
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
Kartu 503
Pertanyaan
How does proximity affect attraction?
Jawaban
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
Kartu 504
Pertanyaan
What tends to increase obedience?
Jawaban
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
Kartu 505
Pertanyaan
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
Jawaban
Displacement.
Kartu 506
Pertanyaan
Social loafing?
Jawaban
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
Kartu 507
Pertanyaan
Multiculturalism?
Jawaban
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
Kartu 508
Pertanyaan
How does similarity affect attraction?
Jawaban
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
Kartu 509
Pertanyaan
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
Jawaban
Projection.
Kartu 510
Pertanyaan
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
Jawaban
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
Kartu 511
Pertanyaan
Deindividuation?
Jawaban
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
Kartu 512
Pertanyaan
Group polarization?
Jawaban
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
Kartu 513
Pertanyaan
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
Jawaban
Rationalization.
Kartu 514
Pertanyaan
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
Jawaban
Groupthink.
Kartu 515
Pertanyaan
Pluralistic ignorance?
Jawaban
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
Kartu 516
Pertanyaan
Social trap?
Jawaban
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
Kartu 517
Pertanyaan
Reaction formation?
Jawaban
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
Kartu 518
Pertanyaan
Superordinate goal?
Jawaban
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
Kartu 519
Pertanyaan
False-consensus effect?
Jawaban
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
Kartu 520
Pertanyaan
Industrial-organizational psychology?
Jawaban
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
Kartu 521
Pertanyaan
Repression?
Jawaban
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
Kartu 522
Pertanyaan
Burnout?
Jawaban
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
Kartu 523
Pertanyaan
Unconditional positive regard?
Jawaban
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
Kartu 524
Pertanyaan
Trait?
Jawaban
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
Kartu 525
Pertanyaan
Regression as a defense mechanism?
Jawaban
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
Kartu 526
Pertanyaan
Reciprocal determinism?
Jawaban
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
Kartu 527
Pertanyaan
Self-efficacy?
Jawaban
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
Kartu 528
Pertanyaan
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
Jawaban
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
Kartu 529
Pertanyaan
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
Jawaban
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
Kartu 530
Pertanyaan
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Jawaban
Openness.
Kartu 531
Pertanyaan
Personality inventory?
Jawaban
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
Kartu 532
Pertanyaan
Self-actualizing tendency?
Jawaban
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
Kartu 533
Pertanyaan
Self-esteem?
Jawaban
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
Kartu 534
Pertanyaan
Instinct in motivation research?
Jawaban
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
Kartu 535
Pertanyaan
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Jawaban
Conscientiousness.
Kartu 536
Pertanyaan
Projective test?
Jawaban
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
Kartu 537
Pertanyaan
How does factor analysis help trait research?
Jawaban
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
Kartu 538
Pertanyaan
Drive-reduction theory?
Jawaban
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
Kartu 539
Pertanyaan
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Jawaban
Extraversion.
Kartu 540
Pertanyaan
Person–situation debate?
Jawaban
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
Kartu 541
Pertanyaan
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
Jawaban
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
Kartu 542
Pertanyaan
Homeostasis?
Jawaban
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
Kartu 543
Pertanyaan
Incentive theory?
Jawaban
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
Kartu 544
Pertanyaan
Big Five agreeableness?
Jawaban
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
Kartu 545
Pertanyaan
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
Jawaban
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
Kartu 546
Pertanyaan
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
Jawaban
An approach–approach conflict.
Kartu 547
Pertanyaan
Arousal theory of motivation?
Jawaban
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
Kartu 548
Pertanyaan
Big Five emotional stability?
Jawaban
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
Kartu 549
Pertanyaan
What regulates hunger?
Jawaban
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
Kartu 550
Pertanyaan
Three broad components of emotion?
Jawaban
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
Kartu 551
Pertanyaan
Self-determination theory?
Jawaban
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
Kartu 552
Pertanyaan
Emotion regulation?
Jawaban
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
Kartu 553
Pertanyaan
Sensation-seeking?
Jawaban
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
Kartu 554
Pertanyaan
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
Jawaban
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
Kartu 555
Pertanyaan
Intrinsic motivation?
Jawaban
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
Kartu 556
Pertanyaan
Display rules?
Jawaban
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
Kartu 557
Pertanyaan
Arousal and performance relationship?
Jawaban
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
Kartu 558
Pertanyaan
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
Jawaban
An approach–avoidance conflict.
Kartu 559
Pertanyaan
Extrinsic motivation?
Jawaban
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
Kartu 560
Pertanyaan
Achievement motivation?
Jawaban
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
Kartu 561
Pertanyaan
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
Jawaban
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
Kartu 562
Pertanyaan
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
Jawaban
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
Kartu 563
Pertanyaan
Overjustification effect?
Jawaban
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
Kartu 564
Pertanyaan
Belongingness motivation?
Jawaban
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
Kartu 565
Pertanyaan
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:

Condition Mean minutes

Assigned topic 34

Chosen topic 47

What is the observed mean difference?
Jawaban
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
Kartu 566
Pertanyaan
Facial-feedback effect?
Jawaban
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
Kartu 567
Pertanyaan
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
Jawaban
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
Kartu 568
Pertanyaan
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
Jawaban
Cognitive reappraisal.
Kartu 569
Pertanyaan
Broaden-and-build view?
Jawaban
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
Kartu 570
Pertanyaan
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
Jawaban
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
Kartu 571
Pertanyaan
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
Jawaban
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
Kartu 572
Pertanyaan
Expressive suppression?
Jawaban
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
Kartu 573
Pertanyaan
How does acute stress affect the body?
Jawaban
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
Kartu 574
Pertanyaan
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
Jawaban
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
Kartu 575
Pertanyaan
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
Jawaban
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
Kartu 576
Pertanyaan
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
Jawaban
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
Kartu 577
Pertanyaan
Health psychology?
Jawaban
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
Kartu 578
Pertanyaan
Positive psychology?
Jawaban
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
Kartu 579
Pertanyaan
Stress?
Jawaban
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
Kartu 580
Pertanyaan
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
Jawaban
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
Kartu 581
Pertanyaan
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
Jawaban
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
Kartu 582
Pertanyaan
Resilience?
Jawaban
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
Kartu 583
Pertanyaan
Stressor?
Jawaban
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
Kartu 584
Pertanyaan
General adaptation syndrome?
Jawaban
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
Kartu 585
Pertanyaan
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
Jawaban
Problem-focused coping.
Kartu 586
Pertanyaan
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
Jawaban
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
Kartu 587
Pertanyaan
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
Jawaban
Primary appraisal.
Kartu 588
Pertanyaan
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
Jawaban
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
Kartu 589
Pertanyaan
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
Jawaban
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
Kartu 590
Pertanyaan
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
Jawaban
Emotion-focused coping.
Kartu 591
Pertanyaan
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
Jawaban
Secondary appraisal.
Kartu 592
Pertanyaan
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
Jawaban
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
Kartu 593
Pertanyaan
Adverse childhood experiences?
Jawaban
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
Kartu 594
Pertanyaan
How can social support protect health?
Jawaban
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
Kartu 595
Pertanyaan
Eustress versus distress?
Jawaban
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
Kartu 596
Pertanyaan
Tend-and-befriend response?
Jawaban
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
Kartu 597
Pertanyaan
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
Jawaban
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
Kartu 598
Pertanyaan
Biofeedback?
Jawaban
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
Kartu 599
Pertanyaan
How does perceived control affect stress?
Jawaban
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
Kartu 600
Pertanyaan
Psychoneuroimmunology?
Jawaban
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
Kartu 601
Pertanyaan
Subjective well-being?
Jawaban
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
Kartu 602
Pertanyaan
Psychological disorder?
Jawaban
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
Kartu 603
Pertanyaan
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
Jawaban
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
Kartu 604
Pertanyaan
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
Jawaban
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
Kartu 605
Pertanyaan
Signature strengths?
Jawaban
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
Kartu 606
Pertanyaan
Biopsychosocial model?
Jawaban
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
Kartu 607
Pertanyaan
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
Jawaban
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
Kartu 608
Pertanyaan
Posttraumatic growth?
Jawaban
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
Kartu 609
Pertanyaan
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
Jawaban
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
Kartu 610
Pertanyaan
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
Jawaban
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
Kartu 611
Pertanyaan
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
Jawaban
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
Kartu 612
Pertanyaan
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
Jawaban
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
Kartu 613
Pertanyaan
Biological explanation of disorder?
Jawaban
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
Kartu 614
Pertanyaan
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Jawaban
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
Kartu 615
Pertanyaan
Purpose of the DSM?
Jawaban
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
Kartu 616
Pertanyaan
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
Jawaban
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
Kartu 617
Pertanyaan
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
Jawaban
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
Kartu 618
Pertanyaan
Autism spectrum disorder?
Jawaban
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
Kartu 619
Pertanyaan
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
Jawaban
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
Kartu 620
Pertanyaan
Major depressive disorder?
Jawaban
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
Kartu 621
Pertanyaan
Specific phobia?
Jawaban
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
Kartu 622
Pertanyaan
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Jawaban
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
Kartu 623
Pertanyaan
Dissociative amnesia?
Jawaban
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
Kartu 624
Pertanyaan
Bipolar I disorder?
Jawaban
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
Kartu 625
Pertanyaan
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
Jawaban
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
Kartu 626
Pertanyaan
Anorexia nervosa?
Jawaban
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
Kartu 627
Pertanyaan
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
Jawaban
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
Kartu 628
Pertanyaan
Bipolar II disorder?
Jawaban
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
Kartu 629
Pertanyaan
Purpose of the ICD?
Jawaban
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
Kartu 630
Pertanyaan
Bulimia nervosa?
Jawaban
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
Kartu 631
Pertanyaan
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
Jawaban
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
Kartu 632
Pertanyaan
Ataque de nervios?
Jawaban
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
Kartu 633
Pertanyaan
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
Jawaban
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
Kartu 634
Pertanyaan
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
Jawaban
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
Kartu 635
Pertanyaan
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
Jawaban
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
Kartu 636
Pertanyaan
Comorbidity?
Jawaban
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
Kartu 637
Pertanyaan
Humanistic explanation of distress?
Jawaban
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
Kartu 638
Pertanyaan
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
Jawaban
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
Kartu 639
Pertanyaan
Stigma around mental disorder?
Jawaban
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
Kartu 640
Pertanyaan
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
Jawaban
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
Kartu 641
Pertanyaan
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
Jawaban
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
Kartu 642
Pertanyaan
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
Jawaban
Interrater reliability.
Kartu 643
Pertanyaan
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
Jawaban
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
Kartu 644
Pertanyaan
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
Jawaban
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
Kartu 645
Pertanyaan
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
Jawaban
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
Kartu 646
Pertanyaan
Delusion?
Jawaban
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
Kartu 647
Pertanyaan
Agoraphobia?
Jawaban
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
Kartu 648
Pertanyaan
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
Jawaban
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
Kartu 649
Pertanyaan
Eclectic approach to disorder?
Jawaban
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
Kartu 650
Pertanyaan
Hallucination?
Jawaban
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
Kartu 651
Pertanyaan
Panic disorder?
Jawaban
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
Kartu 652
Pertanyaan
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
Jawaban
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
Kartu 653
Pertanyaan
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
Jawaban
The diathesis–stress model.
Kartu 654
Pertanyaan
Cluster A personality disorders?
Jawaban
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
Kartu 655
Pertanyaan
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
Jawaban
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
Kartu 656
Pertanyaan
Evidence-based treatment?
Jawaban
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
Kartu 657
Pertanyaan
Therapeutic alliance?
Jawaban
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
Kartu 658
Pertanyaan
Cultural humility in therapy?
Jawaban
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
Kartu 659
Pertanyaan
Deinstitutionalization?
Jawaban
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
Kartu 660
Pertanyaan
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
Jawaban
Exposure therapy.
Kartu 661
Pertanyaan
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
Jawaban
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
Kartu 662
Pertanyaan
Four medication categories in the course?
Jawaban
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
Kartu 663
Pertanyaan
Depressive cognitive triad?
Jawaban
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
Kartu 664
Pertanyaan
Applied behavior analysis?
Jawaban
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
Kartu 665
Pertanyaan
Psychosurgery?
Jawaban
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
Kartu 666
Pertanyaan
Free association?
Jawaban
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
Kartu 667
Pertanyaan
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
Jawaban
Cognitive restructuring.
Kartu 668
Pertanyaan
One advantage of group therapy?
Jawaban
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
Kartu 669
Pertanyaan
Lobotomy?
Jawaban
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
Kartu 670
Pertanyaan
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
Jawaban
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
Kartu 671
Pertanyaan
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
Jawaban
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
Kartu 672
Pertanyaan
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
Jawaban
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
Kartu 673
Pertanyaan
Social anxiety disorder?
Jawaban
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
Kartu 674
Pertanyaan
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
Jawaban
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
Kartu 675
Pertanyaan
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
Jawaban
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
Kartu 676
Pertanyaan
Dissociative fugue?
Jawaban
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
Kartu 677
Pertanyaan
Cluster B personality disorders?
Jawaban
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
Kartu 678
Pertanyaan
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
Jawaban
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
Kartu 679
Pertanyaan
Catatonia?
Jawaban
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
Kartu 680
Pertanyaan
Manic episode?
Jawaban
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
Kartu 681
Pertanyaan
Dissociative identity disorder?
Jawaban
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
Kartu 682
Pertanyaan
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
Jawaban
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
Kartu 683
Pertanyaan
Cluster C personality disorders?
Jawaban
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Kartu 684
Pertanyaan
Taijin kyofusho?
Jawaban
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
Kartu 685
Pertanyaan
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Jawaban
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
Kartu 686
Pertanyaan
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
Jawaban
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
Kartu 687
Pertanyaan
Hypomanic episode?
Jawaban
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
Kartu 688
Pertanyaan
Generalized anxiety disorder?
Jawaban
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
Kartu 689
Pertanyaan
Hoarding disorder?
Jawaban
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
Kartu 690
Pertanyaan
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
Jawaban
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
Kartu 691
Pertanyaan
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
Jawaban
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
Kartu 692
Pertanyaan
Persistent depressive disorder?
Jawaban
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
Kartu 693
Pertanyaan
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
Jawaban
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
Kartu 694
Pertanyaan
Systematic desensitization?
Jawaban
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
Kartu 695
Pertanyaan
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
Jawaban
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
Kartu 696
Pertanyaan
Dialectical behavior therapy?
Jawaban
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
Kartu 697
Pertanyaan
Integrity in therapy ethics?
Jawaban
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
Kartu 698
Pertanyaan
Aversion therapy?
Jawaban
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
Kartu 699
Pertanyaan
Tardive dyskinesia?
Jawaban
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
Kartu 700
Pertanyaan
ECT versus TMS?
Jawaban
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
Kartu 701
Pertanyaan
Respect for rights and dignity?
Jawaban
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
Kartu 702
Pertanyaan
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
Jawaban
A token economy.
Kartu 703
Pertanyaan
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
Jawaban
Person-centered therapy.
Kartu 704
Pertanyaan
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
Jawaban
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
Kartu 705
Pertanyaan
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
Jawaban
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.

Workload	Errors
Low	2
High	8

Condition	Mean minutes
Assigned topic	34
Chosen topic	47

705 kartu