AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.
Despre acest pachet
Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.
What the cards ask you to retrieve
- Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
- Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
- Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
- Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
- Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.
The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.
What's deliberately left out
The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.
Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.
This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.
Fișele din acest pachet
Fișa 1
Întrebare
Nature in the nature–nurture question?
Răspuns
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
Fișa 2
Întrebare
Central nervous system?
Răspuns
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
Fișa 3
Întrebare
Main role of the spinal cord?
Răspuns
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
Fișa 4
Întrebare
Scores are
4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?Răspuns
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
Fișa 5
Întrebare
Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
Răspuns
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
Fișa 6
Întrebare
Peripheral nervous system?
Răspuns
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Fișa 7
Întrebare
Reflex arc?
Răspuns
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
Fișa 8
Întrebare
Reflex times are
180, 190, 210, 260, 410milliseconds. What is the median?Răspuns
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
Fișa 9
Întrebare
Heritability?
Răspuns
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
Fișa 10
Întrebare
Autonomic nervous system?
Răspuns
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
Fișa 11
Întrebare
Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
Răspuns
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
Fișa 12
Întrebare
Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
Răspuns
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
Fișa 13
Întrebare
Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
Răspuns
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
Fișa 14
Întrebare
Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
Răspuns
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
Fișa 15
Întrebare
Natural selection?
Răspuns
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
Fișa 16
Întrebare
Somatic nervous system?
Răspuns
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
Fișa 17
Întrebare
Sensory neurons?
Răspuns
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
Fișa 18
Întrebare
Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
Răspuns
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
Fișa 19
Întrebare
Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
Răspuns
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
Fișa 20
Întrebare
Sympathetic nervous system?
Răspuns
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
Fișa 21
Întrebare
Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
Răspuns
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
Fișa 22
Întrebare
Motor neurons?
Răspuns
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
Fișa 23
Întrebare
Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
Răspuns
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
Fișa 24
Întrebare
Parasympathetic nervous system?
Răspuns
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
Fișa 25
Întrebare
Resting potential?
Răspuns
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
Fișa 26
Întrebare
Interneurons?
Răspuns
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
Fișa 27
Întrebare
Adrenaline's behavioral role?
Răspuns
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
Fișa 28
Întrebare
Frontal lobes?
Răspuns
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
Fișa 29
Întrebare
Neural threshold?
Răspuns
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
Fișa 30
Întrebare
Corpus callosum?
Răspuns
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
Fișa 31
Întrebare
Leptin's role in eating?
Răspuns
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
Fișa 32
Întrebare
Temporal lobes?
Răspuns
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
Fișa 33
Întrebare
Depolarization during an action potential?
Răspuns
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
Fișa 34
Întrebare
Dopamine's major psychological functions?
Răspuns
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
Fișa 35
Întrebare
Ghrelin's role in eating?
Răspuns
It helps stimulate hunger.
Fișa 36
Întrebare
Drug agonist?
Răspuns
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
Fișa 37
Întrebare
Action potential?
Răspuns
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
Fișa 38
Întrebare
Reuptake?
Răspuns
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
Fișa 39
Întrebare
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
Răspuns
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
Fișa 40
Întrebare
Glutamate's major psychological functions?
Răspuns
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
Fișa 41
Întrebare
Refractory period?
Răspuns
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
Fișa 42
Întrebare
Melatonin's role?
Răspuns
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
Fișa 43
Întrebare
Drug antagonist?
Răspuns
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
Fișa 44
Întrebare
Stimulants?
Răspuns
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
Fișa 45
Întrebare
Drug tolerance?
Răspuns
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
Fișa 46
Întrebare
Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Răspuns
Multiple sclerosis.
Fișa 47
Întrebare
All-or-none principle?
Răspuns
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
Fișa 48
Întrebare
Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
Răspuns
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
Fișa 49
Întrebare
GABA's major psychological function?
Răspuns
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
Fișa 50
Întrebare
Oxytocin's behavioral role?
Răspuns
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
Fișa 51
Întrebare
Reuptake inhibitor?
Răspuns
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
Fișa 52
Întrebare
Depressants?
Răspuns
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
Fișa 53
Întrebare
Drug withdrawal?
Răspuns
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
Fișa 54
Întrebare
Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Răspuns
Myasthenia gravis.
Fișa 55
Întrebare
Glial cells?
Răspuns
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
Fișa 56
Întrebare
Endorphins?
Răspuns
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
Fișa 57
Întrebare
Substance P?
Răspuns
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
Fișa 58
Întrebare
Acetylcholine's major functions?
Răspuns
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
Fișa 59
Întrebare
Opioids?
Răspuns
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
Fișa 60
Întrebare
Hallucinogens?
Răspuns
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
Fișa 61
Întrebare
Addiction?
Răspuns
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
Fișa 62
Întrebare
Parietal lobes?
Răspuns
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
Fișa 63
Întrebare
Consciousness?
Răspuns
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
Fișa 64
Întrebare
Circadian rhythm?
Răspuns
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
Fișa 65
Întrebare
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
Răspuns
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
Fișa 66
Întrebare
Occipital lobes?
Răspuns
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
Fișa 67
Întrebare
What does split-brain research reveal?
Răspuns
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
Fișa 68
Întrebare
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
Răspuns
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
Fișa 69
Întrebare
NREM-1 sleep?
Răspuns
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
Fișa 70
Întrebare
Motor cortex?
Răspuns
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
Fișa 71
Întrebare
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
Răspuns
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
Fișa 72
Întrebare
Brainstem's core function?
Răspuns
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
Fișa 73
Întrebare
NREM-2 sleep?
Răspuns
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
Fișa 74
Întrebare
Somatosensory cortex?
Răspuns
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
Fișa 75
Întrebare
Medulla's main functions?
Răspuns
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
Fișa 76
Întrebare
Reticular activating system?
Răspuns
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
Fișa 77
Întrebare
NREM-3 sleep?
Răspuns
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
Fișa 78
Întrebare
Cerebellum's main functions?
Răspuns
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
Fișa 79
Întrebare
Thalamus?
Răspuns
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
Fișa 80
Întrebare
Hypothalamus?
Răspuns
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
Fișa 81
Întrebare
REM sleep?
Răspuns
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
Fișa 82
Întrebare
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
Răspuns
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
Fișa 83
Întrebare
Amygdala?
Răspuns
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
Fișa 84
Întrebare
Hippocampus?
Răspuns
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
Fișa 85
Întrebare
How does sleep change across a typical night?
Răspuns
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
Fișa 86
Întrebare
Contralateral brain control?
Răspuns
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
Fișa 87
Întrebare
What does an EEG measure?
Răspuns
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
Fișa 88
Întrebare
Reward-center activity?
Răspuns
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
Fișa 89
Întrebare
Neuroplasticity?
Răspuns
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
Fișa 90
Întrebare
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
Răspuns
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
Fișa 91
Întrebare
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
Răspuns
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
Fișa 92
Întrebare
Insomnia?
Răspuns
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
Fișa 93
Întrebare
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
Răspuns
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
Fișa 94
Întrebare
Absolute threshold?
Răspuns
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
Fișa 95
Întrebare
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
Răspuns
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
Fișa 96
Întrebare
Narcolepsy?
Răspuns
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
Fișa 97
Întrebare
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
Răspuns
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
Fișa 98
Întrebare
Difference threshold?
Răspuns
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
Fișa 99
Întrebare
Consolidation view of dreams?
Răspuns
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
Fișa 100
Întrebare
REM sleep behavior disorder?
Răspuns
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
Fișa 101
Întrebare
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
Răspuns
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
Fișa 102
Întrebare
Weber's law?
Răspuns
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
Fișa 103
Întrebare
Two supported functions of sleep?
Răspuns
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
Fișa 104
Întrebare
Sleep apnea?
Răspuns
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
Fișa 105
Întrebare
REM rebound?
Răspuns
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
Fișa 106
Întrebare
Signal detection theory?
Răspuns
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
Fișa 107
Întrebare
Sensory transduction?
Răspuns
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
Fișa 108
Întrebare
Vestibular sense?
Răspuns
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
Fișa 109
Întrebare
Somnambulism?
Răspuns
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
Fișa 110
Întrebare
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Răspuns
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
Fișa 111
Întrebare
What begins visual transduction?
Răspuns
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
Fișa 112
Întrebare
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
Răspuns
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
Fișa 113
Întrebare
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
Răspuns
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
Fișa 114
Întrebare
Accommodation in vision?
Răspuns
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
Fișa 115
Întrebare
Cones?
Răspuns
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
Fișa 116
Întrebare
What begins auditory transduction?
Răspuns
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
Fișa 117
Întrebare
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
Răspuns
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
Fișa 118
Întrebare
How is smell unusual among the senses?
Răspuns
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
Fișa 119
Întrebare
Kinesthesia?
Răspuns
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
Fișa 120
Întrebare
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
Răspuns
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
Fișa 121
Întrebare
Nearsightedness?
Răspuns
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
Fișa 122
Întrebare
Pheromones?
Răspuns
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
Fișa 123
Întrebare
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
Răspuns
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
Fișa 124
Întrebare
Volley theory of pitch?
Răspuns
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
Fișa 125
Întrebare
Farsightedness?
Răspuns
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
Fișa 126
Întrebare
Six taste qualities named in the course?
Răspuns
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
Fișa 127
Întrebare
Phantom-limb sensation?
Răspuns
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
Fișa 128
Întrebare
Sensory interaction?
Răspuns
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
Fișa 129
Întrebare
What causes most color-vision deficiency?
Răspuns
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
Fișa 130
Întrebare
Prosopagnosia?
Răspuns
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
Fișa 131
Întrebare
Rods?
Răspuns
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
Fișa 132
Întrebare
How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
Răspuns
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
Fișa 133
Întrebare
Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
Răspuns
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
Fișa 134
Întrebare
Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
Răspuns
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
Fișa 135
Întrebare
What do the semicircular canals detect?
Răspuns
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
Fișa 136
Întrebare
Synesthesia?
Răspuns
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
Fișa 137
Întrebare
Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
Răspuns
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
Fișa 138
Întrebare
Blindsight?
Răspuns
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
Fișa 139
Întrebare
Sensory adaptation?
Răspuns
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
Fișa 140
Întrebare
Gate-control view of pain?
Răspuns
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
Fișa 141
Întrebare
Bottom-up processing?
Răspuns
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
Fișa 142
Întrebare
Concept?
Răspuns
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Fișa 143
Întrebare
Fixation in problem solving?
Răspuns
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
Fișa 144
Întrebare
Algorithm?
Răspuns
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
Fișa 145
Întrebare
Top-down processing?
Răspuns
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
Fișa 146
Întrebare
Confirmation bias?
Răspuns
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
Fișa 147
Întrebare
Retinal disparity?
Răspuns
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
Fișa 148
Întrebare
Heuristic?
Răspuns
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
Fișa 149
Întrebare
Selective attention?
Răspuns
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
Fișa 150
Întrebare
Figure–ground organization?
Răspuns
Separating the object of attention from its background.
Fișa 151
Întrebare
Convergence as a depth cue?
Răspuns
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
Fișa 152
Întrebare
Representativeness heuristic?
Răspuns
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
Fișa 153
Întrebare
Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
Răspuns
Inattentional blindness.
Fișa 154
Întrebare
Gestalt proximity principle?
Răspuns
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
Fișa 155
Întrebare
Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
Răspuns
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
Fișa 156
Întrebare
Cocktail-party effect?
Răspuns
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
Fișa 157
Întrebare
Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
Răspuns
Change blindness.
Fișa 158
Întrebare
Gestalt similarity principle?
Răspuns
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
Fișa 159
Întrebare
Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
Răspuns
Linear perspective.
Fișa 160
Întrebare
Perceptual constancy?
Răspuns
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
Fișa 161
Întrebare
Perceptual set?
Răspuns
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
Fișa 162
Întrebare
Gestalt closure principle?
Răspuns
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
Fișa 163
Întrebare
One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
Răspuns
The blocking object, using interposition.
Fișa 164
Întrebare
Apparent motion?
Răspuns
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
Fișa 165
Întrebare
Availability heuristic?
Răspuns
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
Fișa 166
Întrebare
Divergent thinking?
Răspuns
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
Fișa 167
Întrebare
A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
Răspuns
Relative clarity.
Fișa 168
Întrebare
Prototype?
Răspuns
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
Fișa 169
Întrebare
Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
Răspuns
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
Fișa 170
Întrebare
Convergent thinking?
Răspuns
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
Fișa 171
Întrebare
A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
Răspuns
Texture gradient.
Fișa 172
Întrebare
Belief perseverance?
Răspuns
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
Fișa 173
Întrebare
Explicit memory?
Răspuns
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
Fișa 174
Întrebare
Three stores in the multi-store model?
Răspuns
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Fișa 175
Întrebare
Seeing an object only in its usual role?
Răspuns
Functional fixedness.
Fișa 176
Întrebare
Mental set?
Răspuns
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
Fișa 177
Întrebare
Episodic memory?
Răspuns
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
Fișa 178
Întrebare
Working memory?
Răspuns
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
Fișa 179
Întrebare
Insight?
Răspuns
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
Fișa 180
Întrebare
Framing effect?
Răspuns
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
Fișa 181
Întrebare
Implicit memory?
Răspuns
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
Fișa 182
Întrebare
Overconfidence bias?
Răspuns
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
Fișa 183
Întrebare
Anchoring bias?
Răspuns
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
Fișa 184
Întrebare
Schema in thinking?
Răspuns
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
Fișa 185
Întrebare
Procedural memory?
Răspuns
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
Fișa 186
Întrebare
Gambler's fallacy?
Răspuns
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
Fișa 187
Întrebare
Sunk-cost fallacy?
Răspuns
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
Fișa 188
Întrebare
Executive functions?
Răspuns
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
Fișa 189
Întrebare
How can priming affect judgment?
Răspuns
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
Fișa 190
Întrebare
Central executive in working memory?
Răspuns
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
Fișa 191
Întrebare
Serial-position effect?
Răspuns
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
Fișa 192
Întrebare
Semantic memory?
Răspuns
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
Fișa 193
Întrebare
Levels-of-processing principle?
Răspuns
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
Fișa 194
Întrebare
Automatic processing?
Răspuns
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
Fișa 195
Întrebare
Maintenance rehearsal?
Răspuns
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
Fișa 196
Întrebare
Prospective memory?
Răspuns
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
Fișa 197
Întrebare
Primacy effect?
Răspuns
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
Fișa 198
Întrebare
Long-term memory?
Răspuns
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
Fișa 199
Întrebare
Highly superior autobiographical memory?
Răspuns
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
Fișa 200
Întrebare
Effortful processing?
Răspuns
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
Fișa 201
Întrebare
Elaborative rehearsal?
Răspuns
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
Fișa 202
Întrebare
Memory consolidation?
Răspuns
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
Fișa 203
Întrebare
Recency effect?
Răspuns
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
Fișa 204
Întrebare
Spacing effect?
Răspuns
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
Fișa 205
Întrebare
Testing effect?
Răspuns
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
Fișa 206
Întrebare
Chunking?
Răspuns
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
Fișa 207
Întrebare
Mnemonic?
Răspuns
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
Fișa 208
Întrebare
Why organize material into a hierarchy?
Răspuns
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
Fișa 209
Întrebare
How can a schema help encoding?
Răspuns
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
Fișa 210
Întrebare
Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
Răspuns
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
Fișa 211
Întrebare
Iconic memory?
Răspuns
A very brief visual sensory memory.
Fișa 212
Întrebare
Recall?
Răspuns
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
Fișa 213
Întrebare
Retrieval cue?
Răspuns
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
Fișa 214
Întrebare
Encoding-specificity principle?
Răspuns
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
Fișa 215
Întrebare
Context-dependent memory?
Răspuns
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
Fișa 216
Întrebare
Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
Răspuns
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
Fișa 217
Întrebare
Echoic memory?
Răspuns
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
Fișa 218
Întrebare
Anterograde amnesia?
Răspuns
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
Fișa 219
Întrebare
Phonological loop?
Răspuns
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
Fișa 220
Întrebare
Cerebellum's memory role?
Răspuns
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
Fișa 221
Întrebare
Why is short-term memory described as limited?
Răspuns
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
Fișa 222
Întrebare
Retrograde amnesia?
Răspuns
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
Fișa 223
Întrebare
Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
Răspuns
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
Fișa 224
Întrebare
How can the amygdala affect memory?
Răspuns
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
Fișa 225
Întrebare
Visuospatial sketchpad?
Răspuns
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
Fișa 226
Întrebare
Long-term potentiation?
Răspuns
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
Fișa 227
Întrebare
Infantile amnesia?
Răspuns
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
Fișa 228
Întrebare
Alzheimer's disease?
Răspuns
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
Fișa 229
Întrebare
Scores are
2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?Răspuns
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because
9 - 2 = 7.Fișa 230
Întrebare
Recognition?
Răspuns
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
Fișa 231
Întrebare
Why is memory called reconstructive?
Răspuns
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
Fișa 232
Întrebare
Storage decay?
Răspuns
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
Fișa 233
Întrebare
State-dependent memory?
Răspuns
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
Fișa 234
Întrebare
Relearning?
Răspuns
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
Fișa 235
Întrebare
Misinformation effect?
Răspuns
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
Fișa 236
Întrebare
A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
Răspuns
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
Fișa 237
Întrebare
Mood-congruent memory?
Răspuns
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
Fișa 238
Întrebare
Priming?
Răspuns
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
Fișa 239
Întrebare
Tip-of-the-tongue state?
Răspuns
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
Fișa 240
Întrebare
Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
Răspuns
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
Fișa 241
Întrebare
Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
Răspuns
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
Fișa 242
Întrebare
Metacognition?
Răspuns
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
Fișa 243
Întrebare
Source amnesia?
Răspuns
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
Fișa 244
Întrebare
Test standardization?
Răspuns
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
Fișa 245
Întrebare
Reliability?
Răspuns
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
Fișa 246
Întrebare
Stereotype threat?
Răspuns
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
Fișa 247
Întrebare
General intelligence, or g?
Răspuns
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
Fișa 248
Întrebare
Encoding failure?
Răspuns
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
Fișa 249
Întrebare
Validity?
Răspuns
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
Fișa 250
Întrebare
Proactive interference?
Răspuns
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
Fișa 251
Întrebare
Imagination inflation?
Răspuns
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
Fișa 252
Întrebare
A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
Răspuns
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
Fișa 253
Întrebare
Retrieval failure?
Răspuns
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
Fișa 254
Întrebare
Retroactive interference?
Răspuns
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
Fișa 255
Întrebare
A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
Răspuns
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
Fișa 256
Întrebare
Repression in psychodynamic theory?
Răspuns
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
Fișa 257
Întrebare
Flashbulb memory?
Răspuns
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
Fișa 258
Întrebare
A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
Răspuns
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
Fișa 259
Întrebare
A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
Răspuns
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
Fișa 260
Întrebare
Stereotype lift?
Răspuns
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
Fișa 261
Întrebare
Achievement test?
Răspuns
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
Fișa 262
Întrebare
Construct validity?
Răspuns
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
Fișa 263
Întrebare
Test–retest reliability?
Răspuns
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
Fișa 264
Întrebare
Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
Răspuns
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
Fișa 265
Întrebare
Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
Răspuns
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
Fișa 266
Întrebare
Aptitude test?
Răspuns
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
Fișa 267
Întrebare
Traditional IQ formula?
Răspuns
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
Fișa 268
Întrebare
Predictive validity?
Răspuns
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
Fișa 269
Întrebare
What does a normal score distribution look like?
Răspuns
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
Fișa 270
Întrebare
Split-half reliability?
Răspuns
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
Fișa 271
Întrebare
Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
Răspuns
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
Fișa 272
Întrebare
Flynn effect?
Răspuns
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
Fișa 273
Întrebare
A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
Răspuns
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
Fișa 274
Întrebare
Continuous versus stage development?
Răspuns
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
Fișa 275
Întrebare
How can prenatal environment affect later development?
Răspuns
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
Fișa 276
Întrebare
Teratogen?
Răspuns
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
Fișa 277
Întrebare
Maturation?
Răspuns
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
Fișa 278
Întrebare
Stability–change question in development?
Răspuns
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
Fișa 279
Întrebare
A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
Răspuns
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
Fișa 280
Întrebare
Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
Răspuns
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
Fișa 281
Întrebare
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
Răspuns
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
Fișa 282
Întrebare
Fine versus gross motor skills?
Răspuns
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
Fișa 283
Întrebare
Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
Răspuns
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
Fișa 284
Întrebare
What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
Răspuns
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
Fișa 285
Întrebare
Puberty?
Răspuns
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
Fișa 286
Întrebare
Sensitive period?
Răspuns
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
Fișa 287
Întrebare
What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
Răspuns
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
Fișa 288
Întrebare
Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
Răspuns
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
Fișa 289
Întrebare
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
Răspuns
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
Fișa 290
Întrebare
Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
Răspuns
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
Fișa 291
Întrebare
Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
Răspuns
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
Fișa 292
Întrebare
Menarche?
Răspuns
The first menstrual period.
Fișa 293
Întrebare
Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
Răspuns
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
Fișa 294
Întrebare
About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
Răspuns
About 68%.
Fișa 295
Întrebare
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
Răspuns
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
Fișa 296
Întrebare
Spermarche?
Răspuns
The first ejaculation.
Fișa 297
Întrebare
Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
Răspuns
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
Fișa 298
Întrebare
Imprinting?
Răspuns
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
Fișa 299
Întrebare
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
Răspuns
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
Fișa 300
Întrebare
Menopause?
Răspuns
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
Fișa 301
Întrebare
Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
Răspuns
Naturalistic observation.
Fișa 302
Întrebare
How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
Răspuns
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
Fișa 303
Întrebare
Gender identity?
Răspuns
A person's internal sense of their gender.
Fișa 304
Întrebare
Gender role?
Răspuns
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
Fișa 305
Întrebare
Sex versus gender?
Răspuns
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
Fișa 306
Întrebare
Common sensory change in later adulthood?
Răspuns
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
Fișa 307
Întrebare
Sexual orientation?
Răspuns
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
Fișa 308
Întrebare
Gender schema?
Răspuns
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
Fișa 309
Întrebare
Best broad view of gender development?
Răspuns
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
Fișa 310
Întrebare
Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
Răspuns
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
Fișa 311
Întrebare
Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
Răspuns
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
Fișa 312
Întrebare
Schema in cognitive development?
Răspuns
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
Fișa 313
Întrebare
Sensorimotor stage?
Răspuns
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
Fișa 314
Întrebare
Preoperational stage?
Răspuns
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
Fișa 315
Întrebare
Assimilation?
Răspuns
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
Fișa 316
Întrebare
A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
Răspuns
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
Fișa 317
Întrebare
Animism in preoperational thought?
Răspuns
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
Fișa 318
Întrebare
Concrete operational stage?
Răspuns
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
Fișa 319
Întrebare
Accommodation?
Răspuns
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
Fișa 320
Întrebare
Reversibility in cognitive development?
Răspuns
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
Fișa 321
Întrebare
How can social learning shape gender expression?
Răspuns
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
Fișa 322
Întrebare
A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
Răspuns
Assimilation.
Fișa 323
Întrebare
Language?
Răspuns
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
Fișa 324
Întrebare
Cooing stage?
Răspuns
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
Fișa 325
Întrebare
Babbling stage?
Răspuns
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
Fișa 326
Întrebare
One-word stage?
Răspuns
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
Fișa 327
Întrebare
Grammar?
Răspuns
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
Fișa 328
Întrebare
A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
Răspuns
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
Fișa 329
Întrebare
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
Răspuns
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
Fișa 330
Întrebare
A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
Răspuns
Accommodation.
Fișa 331
Întrebare
A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
Răspuns
Scaffolding.
Fișa 332
Întrebare
A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
Răspuns
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
Fișa 333
Întrebare
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
Răspuns
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
Fișa 334
Întrebare
An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
Răspuns
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
Fișa 335
Întrebare
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
Răspuns
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
Fișa 336
Întrebare
Formal operational stage?
Răspuns
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
Fișa 337
Întrebare
Dementia?
Răspuns
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
Fișa 338
Întrebare
Phoneme?
Răspuns
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
Fișa 339
Întrebare
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
Răspuns
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
Fișa 340
Întrebare
Temperament?
Răspuns
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
Fișa 341
Întrebare
Attachment?
Răspuns
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
Fișa 342
Întrebare
Erikson's infancy conflict?
Răspuns
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
Fișa 343
Întrebare
Microsystem?
Răspuns
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
Fișa 344
Întrebare
Erikson's toddler conflict?
Răspuns
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
Fișa 345
Întrebare
Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
Răspuns
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
Fișa 346
Întrebare
Erikson's school-age conflict?
Răspuns
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
Fișa 347
Întrebare
Mesosystem?
Răspuns
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
Fișa 348
Întrebare
Erikson's adolescent conflict?
Răspuns
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
Fișa 349
Întrebare
Erikson's young-adult conflict?
Răspuns
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
Fișa 350
Întrebare
Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
Răspuns
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
Fișa 351
Întrebare
Exosystem?
Răspuns
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
Fișa 352
Întrebare
Morpheme?
Răspuns
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
Fișa 353
Întrebare
Telegraphic speech?
Răspuns
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
705 fișe
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Fișa 354
Întrebare
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
Răspuns
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
Fișa 355
Întrebare
Macrosystem?
Răspuns
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
Fișa 356
Întrebare
Semantics?
Răspuns
The meanings of words and sentences.
Fișa 357
Întrebare
A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
Răspuns
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
Fișa 358
Întrebare
What does a sensitive period for language imply?
Răspuns
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
Fișa 359
Întrebare
Does language completely determine thought?
Răspuns
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
Fișa 360
Întrebare
Syntax?
Răspuns
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
Fișa 361
Întrebare
A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
Răspuns
Secure attachment.
Fișa 362
Întrebare
How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
Răspuns
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
Fișa 363
Întrebare
Authoritative parenting?
Răspuns
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
Fișa 364
Întrebare
Identity achievement?
Răspuns
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
Fișa 365
Întrebare
Avoidant attachment pattern?
Răspuns
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
Fișa 366
Întrebare
Classical conditioning?
Răspuns
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
Fișa 367
Întrebare
Unconditioned stimulus?
Răspuns
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
Fișa 368
Întrebare
Unconditioned response?
Răspuns
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
Fișa 369
Întrebare
Conditioned stimulus?
Răspuns
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
Fișa 370
Întrebare
Conditioned response?
Răspuns
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
Fișa 371
Întrebare
Acquisition in classical conditioning?
Răspuns
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
Fișa 372
Întrebare
During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
Răspuns
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
Fișa 373
Întrebare
Authoritarian parenting?
Răspuns
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
Fișa 374
Întrebare
Identity diffusion?
Răspuns
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
Fișa 375
Întrebare
Extinction in classical conditioning?
Răspuns
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
Fișa 376
Întrebare
Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
Răspuns
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
Fișa 377
Întrebare
Permissive parenting?
Răspuns
High warmth with few demands or limits.
Fișa 378
Întrebare
Parallel play?
Răspuns
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
Fișa 379
Întrebare
Imaginary audience?
Răspuns
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
Fișa 380
Întrebare
Identity foreclosure?
Răspuns
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
Fișa 381
Întrebare
Disorganized attachment pattern?
Răspuns
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
Fișa 382
Întrebare
Neglectful parenting?
Răspuns
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
Fișa 383
Întrebare
Chronosystem?
Răspuns
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
Fișa 384
Întrebare
Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
Răspuns
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
Fișa 385
Întrebare
Personal fable?
Răspuns
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
Fișa 386
Întrebare
Identity moratorium?
Răspuns
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
Fișa 387
Întrebare
Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
Răspuns
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
Fișa 388
Întrebare
Separation anxiety in infancy?
Răspuns
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
Fișa 389
Întrebare
What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
Răspuns
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
Fișa 390
Întrebare
Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
Răspuns
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
Fișa 391
Întrebare
Emerging adulthood?
Răspuns
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
Fișa 392
Întrebare
Social clock?
Răspuns
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
Fișa 393
Întrebare
Erikson's later-adult conflict?
Răspuns
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
Fișa 394
Întrebare
Possible selves?
Răspuns
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
Fișa 395
Întrebare
Stimulus generalization?
Răspuns
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
Fișa 396
Întrebare
Operant conditioning?
Răspuns
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
Fișa 397
Întrebare
Law of effect?
Răspuns
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
Fișa 398
Întrebare
Spontaneous recovery?
Răspuns
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
Fișa 399
Întrebare
Stimulus discrimination?
Răspuns
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
Fișa 400
Întrebare
Reinforcement?
Răspuns
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
Fișa 401
Întrebare
Higher-order conditioning?
Răspuns
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
Fișa 402
Întrebare
Counterconditioning?
Răspuns
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
Fișa 403
Întrebare
Habituation?
Răspuns
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
Fișa 404
Întrebare
Punishment?
Răspuns
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
Fișa 405
Întrebare
Partial reinforcement?
Răspuns
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
Fișa 406
Întrebare
Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
Răspuns
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
Fișa 407
Întrebare
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
Răspuns
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
Fișa 408
Întrebare
Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
Răspuns
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
Fișa 409
Întrebare
Fixed-ratio schedule?
Răspuns
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
Fișa 410
Întrebare
Observational learning?
Răspuns
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
Fișa 411
Întrebare
A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
Răspuns
Positive reinforcement.
Fișa 412
Întrebare
Primary reinforcer?
Răspuns
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
Fișa 413
Întrebare
Variable-ratio schedule?
Răspuns
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
Fișa 414
Întrebare
Modeling?
Răspuns
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
Fișa 415
Întrebare
Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
Răspuns
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
Fișa 416
Întrebare
Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
Răspuns
Negative reinforcement.
Fișa 417
Întrebare
Conditioned reinforcer?
Răspuns
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
Fișa 418
Întrebare
A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
Răspuns
Vicarious reinforcement.
Fișa 419
Întrebare
Fixed-interval schedule?
Răspuns
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
Fișa 420
Întrebare
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
Răspuns
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
Fișa 421
Întrebare
A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
Răspuns
Positive punishment.
Fișa 422
Întrebare
Shaping?
Răspuns
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
Fișa 423
Întrebare
Extinction in operant conditioning?
Răspuns
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
Fișa 424
Întrebare
Variable-interval schedule?
Răspuns
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
Fișa 425
Întrebare
A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
Răspuns
Negative punishment.
Fișa 426
Întrebare
Learned helplessness?
Răspuns
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
Fișa 427
Întrebare
Continuous reinforcement?
Răspuns
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
Fișa 428
Întrebare
A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
Răspuns
A fixed-interval schedule.
Fișa 429
Întrebare
Discriminative stimulus?
Răspuns
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
Fișa 430
Întrebare
Operant generalization versus discrimination?
Răspuns
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
Fișa 431
Întrebare
Instinctive drift?
Răspuns
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
Fișa 432
Întrebare
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
Răspuns
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
Fișa 433
Întrebare
How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
Răspuns
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
Fișa 434
Întrebare
How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
Răspuns
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
Fișa 435
Întrebare
Vicarious conditioning?
Răspuns
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
Fișa 436
Întrebare
A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
Răspuns
A variable-interval schedule.
Fișa 437
Întrebare
Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
Răspuns
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
Fișa 438
Întrebare
Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
Răspuns
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
Fișa 439
Întrebare
Latent learning?
Răspuns
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
Fișa 440
Întrebare
Cognitive map?
Răspuns
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
Fișa 441
Întrebare
Insight learning?
Răspuns
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
Fișa 442
Întrebare
Biological preparedness?
Răspuns
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
Fișa 443
Întrebare
What can mirror-neuron activity show?
Răspuns
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
Fișa 444
Întrebare
Attribution?
Răspuns
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
Fișa 445
Întrebare
Attitude?
Răspuns
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
Fișa 446
Întrebare
Upward social comparison?
Răspuns
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
Fișa 447
Întrebare
Optimistic explanatory style?
Răspuns
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
Fișa 448
Întrebare
Situational attribution?
Răspuns
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
Fișa 449
Întrebare
A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
Răspuns
Cognitive dissonance.
Fișa 450
Întrebare
Downward social comparison?
Răspuns
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
Fișa 451
Întrebare
Internal locus of control?
Răspuns
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
Fișa 452
Întrebare
Dispositional attribution?
Răspuns
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
Fișa 453
Întrebare
Pessimistic explanatory style?
Răspuns
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
Fișa 454
Întrebare
Relative deprivation?
Răspuns
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
Fișa 455
Întrebare
External locus of control?
Răspuns
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
Fișa 456
Întrebare
Fundamental attribution error?
Răspuns
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
Fișa 457
Întrebare
Halo effect?
Răspuns
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
Fișa 458
Întrebare
Self-fulfilling prophecy?
Răspuns
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
Fișa 459
Întrebare
Mere-exposure effect?
Răspuns
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
Fișa 460
Întrebare
A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
Răspuns
The actor–observer difference.
Fișa 461
Întrebare
A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
Răspuns
The central route.
Fișa 462
Întrebare
Effort justification?
Răspuns
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
Fișa 463
Întrebare
Stereotype?
Răspuns
A generalized belief about members of a group.
Fișa 464
Întrebare
A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
Răspuns
Self-serving bias.
Fișa 465
Întrebare
A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
Răspuns
The peripheral route.
Fișa 466
Întrebare
Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
Răspuns
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
Fișa 467
Întrebare
Prejudice?
Răspuns
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
Fișa 468
Întrebare
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:
Workload Errors Low 2 High 8 Which attribution is better supported?
Răspuns
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
Fișa 469
Întrebare
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
Răspuns
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
Fișa 470
Întrebare
Conformity?
Răspuns
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
Fișa 471
Întrebare
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
Răspuns
The bystander effect.
Fișa 472
Întrebare
Diffusion of responsibility?
Răspuns
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
Fișa 473
Întrebare
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
Răspuns
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
Fișa 474
Întrebare
In-group bias?
Răspuns
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
Fișa 475
Întrebare
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
Răspuns
The foot-in-the-door technique.
Fișa 476
Întrebare
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
Răspuns
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
Fișa 477
Întrebare
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
Răspuns
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
Fișa 478
Întrebare
Discrimination?
Răspuns
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
Fișa 479
Întrebare
Out-group homogeneity effect?
Răspuns
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
Fișa 480
Întrebare
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
Răspuns
The door-in-the-face technique.
Fișa 481
Întrebare
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
Răspuns
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
Fișa 482
Întrebare
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
Răspuns
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
Fișa 483
Întrebare
Just-world belief?
Răspuns
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
Fișa 484
Întrebare
Implicit attitude?
Răspuns
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
Fișa 485
Întrebare
Ethnocentrism?
Răspuns
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
Fișa 486
Întrebare
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
Răspuns
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
Fișa 487
Întrebare
Normative social influence?
Răspuns
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
Fișa 488
Întrebare
Psychodynamic view of personality?
Răspuns
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
Fișa 489
Întrebare
Norm of reciprocity?
Răspuns
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
Fișa 490
Întrebare
Individualism?
Răspuns
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
Fișa 491
Întrebare
Informational social influence?
Răspuns
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
Fișa 492
Întrebare
Id?
Răspuns
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
Fișa 493
Întrebare
Altruism?
Răspuns
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
Fișa 494
Întrebare
Social norm?
Răspuns
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
Fișa 495
Întrebare
What tends to increase conformity?
Răspuns
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
Fișa 496
Întrebare
Ego?
Răspuns
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
Fișa 497
Întrebare
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
Răspuns
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
Fișa 498
Întrebare
Collectivism?
Răspuns
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
Fișa 499
Întrebare
Obedience?
Răspuns
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
Fișa 500
Întrebare
Superego?
Răspuns
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
Fișa 501
Întrebare
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
Răspuns
Denial.
Fișa 502
Întrebare
Social-responsibility norm?
Răspuns
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
Fișa 503
Întrebare
How does proximity affect attraction?
Răspuns
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
Fișa 504
Întrebare
What tends to increase obedience?
Răspuns
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
Fișa 505
Întrebare
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
Răspuns
Displacement.
Fișa 506
Întrebare
Social loafing?
Răspuns
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
Fișa 507
Întrebare
Multiculturalism?
Răspuns
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
Fișa 508
Întrebare
How does similarity affect attraction?
Răspuns
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
Fișa 509
Întrebare
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
Răspuns
Projection.
Fișa 510
Întrebare
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
Răspuns
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
Fișa 511
Întrebare
Deindividuation?
Răspuns
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
Fișa 512
Întrebare
Group polarization?
Răspuns
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
Fișa 513
Întrebare
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
Răspuns
Rationalization.
Fișa 514
Întrebare
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
Răspuns
Groupthink.
Fișa 515
Întrebare
Pluralistic ignorance?
Răspuns
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
Fișa 516
Întrebare
Social trap?
Răspuns
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
Fișa 517
Întrebare
Reaction formation?
Răspuns
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
Fișa 518
Întrebare
Superordinate goal?
Răspuns
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
Fișa 519
Întrebare
False-consensus effect?
Răspuns
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
Fișa 520
Întrebare
Industrial-organizational psychology?
Răspuns
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
Fișa 521
Întrebare
Repression?
Răspuns
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
Fișa 522
Întrebare
Burnout?
Răspuns
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
Fișa 523
Întrebare
Unconditional positive regard?
Răspuns
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
Fișa 524
Întrebare
Trait?
Răspuns
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
Fișa 525
Întrebare
Regression as a defense mechanism?
Răspuns
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
Fișa 526
Întrebare
Reciprocal determinism?
Răspuns
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
Fișa 527
Întrebare
Self-efficacy?
Răspuns
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
Fișa 528
Întrebare
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
Răspuns
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
Fișa 529
Întrebare
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
Răspuns
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
Fișa 530
Întrebare
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Răspuns
Openness.
Fișa 531
Întrebare
Personality inventory?
Răspuns
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
Fișa 532
Întrebare
Self-actualizing tendency?
Răspuns
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
Fișa 533
Întrebare
Self-esteem?
Răspuns
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
Fișa 534
Întrebare
Instinct in motivation research?
Răspuns
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
Fișa 535
Întrebare
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Răspuns
Conscientiousness.
Fișa 536
Întrebare
Projective test?
Răspuns
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
Fișa 537
Întrebare
How does factor analysis help trait research?
Răspuns
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
Fișa 538
Întrebare
Drive-reduction theory?
Răspuns
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
Fișa 539
Întrebare
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Răspuns
Extraversion.
Fișa 540
Întrebare
Person–situation debate?
Răspuns
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
Fișa 541
Întrebare
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
Răspuns
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
Fișa 542
Întrebare
Homeostasis?
Răspuns
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
Fișa 543
Întrebare
Incentive theory?
Răspuns
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
Fișa 544
Întrebare
Big Five agreeableness?
Răspuns
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
Fișa 545
Întrebare
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
Răspuns
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
Fișa 546
Întrebare
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
Răspuns
An approach–approach conflict.
Fișa 547
Întrebare
Arousal theory of motivation?
Răspuns
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
Fișa 548
Întrebare
Big Five emotional stability?
Răspuns
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
Fișa 549
Întrebare
What regulates hunger?
Răspuns
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
Fișa 550
Întrebare
Three broad components of emotion?
Răspuns
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
Fișa 551
Întrebare
Self-determination theory?
Răspuns
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
Fișa 552
Întrebare
Emotion regulation?
Răspuns
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
Fișa 553
Întrebare
Sensation-seeking?
Răspuns
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
Fișa 554
Întrebare
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
Răspuns
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
Fișa 555
Întrebare
Intrinsic motivation?
Răspuns
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
Fișa 556
Întrebare
Display rules?
Răspuns
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
Fișa 557
Întrebare
Arousal and performance relationship?
Răspuns
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
Fișa 558
Întrebare
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
Răspuns
An approach–avoidance conflict.
Fișa 559
Întrebare
Extrinsic motivation?
Răspuns
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
Fișa 560
Întrebare
Achievement motivation?
Răspuns
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
Fișa 561
Întrebare
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
Răspuns
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
Fișa 562
Întrebare
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
Răspuns
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
Fișa 563
Întrebare
Overjustification effect?
Răspuns
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
Fișa 564
Întrebare
Belongingness motivation?
Răspuns
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
Fișa 565
Întrebare
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:
Condition Mean minutes Assigned topic 34 Chosen topic 47 What is the observed mean difference?
Răspuns
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
Fișa 566
Întrebare
Facial-feedback effect?
Răspuns
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
Fișa 567
Întrebare
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
Răspuns
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
Fișa 568
Întrebare
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
Răspuns
Cognitive reappraisal.
Fișa 569
Întrebare
Broaden-and-build view?
Răspuns
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
Fișa 570
Întrebare
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
Răspuns
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
Fișa 571
Întrebare
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
Răspuns
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
Fișa 572
Întrebare
Expressive suppression?
Răspuns
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
Fișa 573
Întrebare
How does acute stress affect the body?
Răspuns
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
Fișa 574
Întrebare
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
Răspuns
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
Fișa 575
Întrebare
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
Răspuns
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
Fișa 576
Întrebare
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
Răspuns
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
Fișa 577
Întrebare
Health psychology?
Răspuns
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
Fișa 578
Întrebare
Positive psychology?
Răspuns
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
Fișa 579
Întrebare
Stress?
Răspuns
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
Fișa 580
Întrebare
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
Răspuns
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
Fișa 581
Întrebare
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
Răspuns
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
Fișa 582
Întrebare
Resilience?
Răspuns
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
Fișa 583
Întrebare
Stressor?
Răspuns
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
Fișa 584
Întrebare
General adaptation syndrome?
Răspuns
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
Fișa 585
Întrebare
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
Răspuns
Problem-focused coping.
Fișa 586
Întrebare
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
Răspuns
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
Fișa 587
Întrebare
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
Răspuns
Primary appraisal.
Fișa 588
Întrebare
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
Răspuns
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
Fișa 589
Întrebare
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
Răspuns
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
Fișa 590
Întrebare
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
Răspuns
Emotion-focused coping.
Fișa 591
Întrebare
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
Răspuns
Secondary appraisal.
Fișa 592
Întrebare
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
Răspuns
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
Fișa 593
Întrebare
Adverse childhood experiences?
Răspuns
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
Fișa 594
Întrebare
How can social support protect health?
Răspuns
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
Fișa 595
Întrebare
Eustress versus distress?
Răspuns
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
Fișa 596
Întrebare
Tend-and-befriend response?
Răspuns
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
Fișa 597
Întrebare
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
Răspuns
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
Fișa 598
Întrebare
Biofeedback?
Răspuns
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
Fișa 599
Întrebare
How does perceived control affect stress?
Răspuns
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
Fișa 600
Întrebare
Psychoneuroimmunology?
Răspuns
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
Fișa 601
Întrebare
Subjective well-being?
Răspuns
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
Fișa 602
Întrebare
Psychological disorder?
Răspuns
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
Fișa 603
Întrebare
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
Răspuns
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
Fișa 604
Întrebare
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
Răspuns
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
Fișa 605
Întrebare
Signature strengths?
Răspuns
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
Fișa 606
Întrebare
Biopsychosocial model?
Răspuns
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
Fișa 607
Întrebare
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
Răspuns
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
Fișa 608
Întrebare
Posttraumatic growth?
Răspuns
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
Fișa 609
Întrebare
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
Răspuns
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
Fișa 610
Întrebare
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
Răspuns
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
Fișa 611
Întrebare
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
Răspuns
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
Fișa 612
Întrebare
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
Răspuns
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
Fișa 613
Întrebare
Biological explanation of disorder?
Răspuns
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
Fișa 614
Întrebare
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Răspuns
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
Fișa 615
Întrebare
Purpose of the DSM?
Răspuns
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
Fișa 616
Întrebare
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
Răspuns
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
Fișa 617
Întrebare
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
Răspuns
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
Fișa 618
Întrebare
Autism spectrum disorder?
Răspuns
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
Fișa 619
Întrebare
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
Răspuns
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
Fișa 620
Întrebare
Major depressive disorder?
Răspuns
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
Fișa 621
Întrebare
Specific phobia?
Răspuns
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
Fișa 622
Întrebare
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Răspuns
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
Fișa 623
Întrebare
Dissociative amnesia?
Răspuns
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
Fișa 624
Întrebare
Bipolar I disorder?
Răspuns
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
Fișa 625
Întrebare
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
Răspuns
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
Fișa 626
Întrebare
Anorexia nervosa?
Răspuns
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
Fișa 627
Întrebare
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
Răspuns
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
Fișa 628
Întrebare
Bipolar II disorder?
Răspuns
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
Fișa 629
Întrebare
Purpose of the ICD?
Răspuns
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
Fișa 630
Întrebare
Bulimia nervosa?
Răspuns
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
Fișa 631
Întrebare
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
Răspuns
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
Fișa 632
Întrebare
Ataque de nervios?
Răspuns
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
Fișa 633
Întrebare
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
Răspuns
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
Fișa 634
Întrebare
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
Răspuns
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
Fișa 635
Întrebare
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
Răspuns
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
Fișa 636
Întrebare
Comorbidity?
Răspuns
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
Fișa 637
Întrebare
Humanistic explanation of distress?
Răspuns
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
Fișa 638
Întrebare
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
Răspuns
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
Fișa 639
Întrebare
Stigma around mental disorder?
Răspuns
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
Fișa 640
Întrebare
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
Răspuns
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
Fișa 641
Întrebare
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
Răspuns
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
Fișa 642
Întrebare
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
Răspuns
Interrater reliability.
Fișa 643
Întrebare
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
Răspuns
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
Fișa 644
Întrebare
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
Răspuns
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
Fișa 645
Întrebare
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
Răspuns
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
Fișa 646
Întrebare
Delusion?
Răspuns
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
Fișa 647
Întrebare
Agoraphobia?
Răspuns
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
Fișa 648
Întrebare
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
Răspuns
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
Fișa 649
Întrebare
Eclectic approach to disorder?
Răspuns
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
Fișa 650
Întrebare
Hallucination?
Răspuns
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
Fișa 651
Întrebare
Panic disorder?
Răspuns
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
Fișa 652
Întrebare
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
Răspuns
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
Fișa 653
Întrebare
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
Răspuns
The diathesis–stress model.
Fișa 654
Întrebare
Cluster A personality disorders?
Răspuns
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
Fișa 655
Întrebare
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
Răspuns
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
Fișa 656
Întrebare
Evidence-based treatment?
Răspuns
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
Fișa 657
Întrebare
Therapeutic alliance?
Răspuns
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
Fișa 658
Întrebare
Cultural humility in therapy?
Răspuns
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
Fișa 659
Întrebare
Deinstitutionalization?
Răspuns
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
Fișa 660
Întrebare
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
Răspuns
Exposure therapy.
Fișa 661
Întrebare
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
Răspuns
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
Fișa 662
Întrebare
Four medication categories in the course?
Răspuns
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
Fișa 663
Întrebare
Depressive cognitive triad?
Răspuns
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
Fișa 664
Întrebare
Applied behavior analysis?
Răspuns
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
Fișa 665
Întrebare
Psychosurgery?
Răspuns
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
Fișa 666
Întrebare
Free association?
Răspuns
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
Fișa 667
Întrebare
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
Răspuns
Cognitive restructuring.
Fișa 668
Întrebare
One advantage of group therapy?
Răspuns
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
Fișa 669
Întrebare
Lobotomy?
Răspuns
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
Fișa 670
Întrebare
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
Răspuns
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
Fișa 671
Întrebare
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
Răspuns
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
Fișa 672
Întrebare
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
Răspuns
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
Fișa 673
Întrebare
Social anxiety disorder?
Răspuns
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
Fișa 674
Întrebare
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
Răspuns
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
Fișa 675
Întrebare
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
Răspuns
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
Fișa 676
Întrebare
Dissociative fugue?
Răspuns
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
Fișa 677
Întrebare
Cluster B personality disorders?
Răspuns
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
Fișa 678
Întrebare
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
Răspuns
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
Fișa 679
Întrebare
Catatonia?
Răspuns
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
Fișa 680
Întrebare
Manic episode?
Răspuns
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
Fișa 681
Întrebare
Dissociative identity disorder?
Răspuns
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
Fișa 682
Întrebare
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
Răspuns
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
Fișa 683
Întrebare
Cluster C personality disorders?
Răspuns
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Fișa 684
Întrebare
Taijin kyofusho?
Răspuns
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
Fișa 685
Întrebare
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Răspuns
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
Fișa 686
Întrebare
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
Răspuns
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
Fișa 687
Întrebare
Hypomanic episode?
Răspuns
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
Fișa 688
Întrebare
Generalized anxiety disorder?
Răspuns
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
Fișa 689
Întrebare
Hoarding disorder?
Răspuns
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
Fișa 690
Întrebare
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
Răspuns
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
Fișa 691
Întrebare
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
Răspuns
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
Fișa 692
Întrebare
Persistent depressive disorder?
Răspuns
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
Fișa 693
Întrebare
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
Răspuns
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
Fișa 694
Întrebare
Systematic desensitization?
Răspuns
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
Fișa 695
Întrebare
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
Răspuns
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
Fișa 696
Întrebare
Dialectical behavior therapy?
Răspuns
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
Fișa 697
Întrebare
Integrity in therapy ethics?
Răspuns
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
Fișa 698
Întrebare
Aversion therapy?
Răspuns
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
Fișa 699
Întrebare
Tardive dyskinesia?
Răspuns
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
Fișa 700
Întrebare
ECT versus TMS?
Răspuns
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
Fișa 701
Întrebare
Respect for rights and dignity?
Răspuns
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
Fișa 702
Întrebare
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
Răspuns
A token economy.
Fișa 703
Întrebare
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
Răspuns
Person-centered therapy.
Fișa 704
Întrebare
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
Răspuns
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
Fișa 705
Întrebare
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
Răspuns
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.
705 fișe
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
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