AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.
O tem kompletu
Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.
What the cards ask you to retrieve
- Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
- Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
- Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
- Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
- Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.
The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.
What's deliberately left out
The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.
Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.
This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.
Kartice v tem kompletu
Kartica 1
Vprašanje
Nature in the nature–nurture question?
Odgovor
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
Kartica 2
Vprašanje
Central nervous system?
Odgovor
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
Kartica 3
Vprašanje
Main role of the spinal cord?
Odgovor
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
Kartica 4
Vprašanje
Scores are
4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?Odgovor
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
Kartica 5
Vprašanje
Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
Odgovor
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
Kartica 6
Vprašanje
Peripheral nervous system?
Odgovor
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Kartica 7
Vprašanje
Reflex arc?
Odgovor
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
Kartica 8
Vprašanje
Reflex times are
180, 190, 210, 260, 410milliseconds. What is the median?Odgovor
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
Kartica 9
Vprašanje
Heritability?
Odgovor
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
Kartica 10
Vprašanje
Autonomic nervous system?
Odgovor
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
Kartica 11
Vprašanje
Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
Odgovor
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
Kartica 12
Vprašanje
Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
Odgovor
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
Kartica 13
Vprašanje
Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
Odgovor
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
Kartica 14
Vprašanje
Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
Odgovor
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
Kartica 15
Vprašanje
Natural selection?
Odgovor
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
Kartica 16
Vprašanje
Somatic nervous system?
Odgovor
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
Kartica 17
Vprašanje
Sensory neurons?
Odgovor
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
Kartica 18
Vprašanje
Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
Odgovor
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
Kartica 19
Vprašanje
Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
Odgovor
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
Kartica 20
Vprašanje
Sympathetic nervous system?
Odgovor
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
Kartica 21
Vprašanje
Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
Odgovor
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
Kartica 22
Vprašanje
Motor neurons?
Odgovor
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
Kartica 23
Vprašanje
Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
Odgovor
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
Kartica 24
Vprašanje
Parasympathetic nervous system?
Odgovor
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
Kartica 25
Vprašanje
Resting potential?
Odgovor
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
Kartica 26
Vprašanje
Interneurons?
Odgovor
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
Kartica 27
Vprašanje
Adrenaline's behavioral role?
Odgovor
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
Kartica 28
Vprašanje
Frontal lobes?
Odgovor
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
Kartica 29
Vprašanje
Neural threshold?
Odgovor
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
Kartica 30
Vprašanje
Corpus callosum?
Odgovor
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
Kartica 31
Vprašanje
Leptin's role in eating?
Odgovor
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
Kartica 32
Vprašanje
Temporal lobes?
Odgovor
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
Kartica 33
Vprašanje
Depolarization during an action potential?
Odgovor
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
Kartica 34
Vprašanje
Dopamine's major psychological functions?
Odgovor
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
Kartica 35
Vprašanje
Ghrelin's role in eating?
Odgovor
It helps stimulate hunger.
Kartica 36
Vprašanje
Drug agonist?
Odgovor
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
Kartica 37
Vprašanje
Action potential?
Odgovor
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
Kartica 38
Vprašanje
Reuptake?
Odgovor
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
Kartica 39
Vprašanje
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
Odgovor
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
Kartica 40
Vprašanje
Glutamate's major psychological functions?
Odgovor
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
Kartica 41
Vprašanje
Refractory period?
Odgovor
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
Kartica 42
Vprašanje
Melatonin's role?
Odgovor
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
Kartica 43
Vprašanje
Drug antagonist?
Odgovor
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
Kartica 44
Vprašanje
Stimulants?
Odgovor
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
Kartica 45
Vprašanje
Drug tolerance?
Odgovor
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
Kartica 46
Vprašanje
Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Odgovor
Multiple sclerosis.
Kartica 47
Vprašanje
All-or-none principle?
Odgovor
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
Kartica 48
Vprašanje
Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
Odgovor
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
Kartica 49
Vprašanje
GABA's major psychological function?
Odgovor
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
Kartica 50
Vprašanje
Oxytocin's behavioral role?
Odgovor
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
Kartica 51
Vprašanje
Reuptake inhibitor?
Odgovor
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
Kartica 52
Vprašanje
Depressants?
Odgovor
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
Kartica 53
Vprašanje
Drug withdrawal?
Odgovor
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
Kartica 54
Vprašanje
Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Odgovor
Myasthenia gravis.
Kartica 55
Vprašanje
Glial cells?
Odgovor
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
Kartica 56
Vprašanje
Endorphins?
Odgovor
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
Kartica 57
Vprašanje
Substance P?
Odgovor
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
Kartica 58
Vprašanje
Acetylcholine's major functions?
Odgovor
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
Kartica 59
Vprašanje
Opioids?
Odgovor
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
Kartica 60
Vprašanje
Hallucinogens?
Odgovor
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
Kartica 61
Vprašanje
Addiction?
Odgovor
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
Kartica 62
Vprašanje
Parietal lobes?
Odgovor
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
Kartica 63
Vprašanje
Consciousness?
Odgovor
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
Kartica 64
Vprašanje
Circadian rhythm?
Odgovor
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
Kartica 65
Vprašanje
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
Odgovor
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
Kartica 66
Vprašanje
Occipital lobes?
Odgovor
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
Kartica 67
Vprašanje
What does split-brain research reveal?
Odgovor
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
Kartica 68
Vprašanje
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
Odgovor
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
Kartica 69
Vprašanje
NREM-1 sleep?
Odgovor
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
Kartica 70
Vprašanje
Motor cortex?
Odgovor
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
Kartica 71
Vprašanje
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
Odgovor
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
Kartica 72
Vprašanje
Brainstem's core function?
Odgovor
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
Kartica 73
Vprašanje
NREM-2 sleep?
Odgovor
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
Kartica 74
Vprašanje
Somatosensory cortex?
Odgovor
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
Kartica 75
Vprašanje
Medulla's main functions?
Odgovor
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
Kartica 76
Vprašanje
Reticular activating system?
Odgovor
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
Kartica 77
Vprašanje
NREM-3 sleep?
Odgovor
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
Kartica 78
Vprašanje
Cerebellum's main functions?
Odgovor
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
Kartica 79
Vprašanje
Thalamus?
Odgovor
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
Kartica 80
Vprašanje
Hypothalamus?
Odgovor
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
Kartica 81
Vprašanje
REM sleep?
Odgovor
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
Kartica 82
Vprašanje
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
Odgovor
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
Kartica 83
Vprašanje
Amygdala?
Odgovor
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
Kartica 84
Vprašanje
Hippocampus?
Odgovor
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
Kartica 85
Vprašanje
How does sleep change across a typical night?
Odgovor
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
Kartica 86
Vprašanje
Contralateral brain control?
Odgovor
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
Kartica 87
Vprašanje
What does an EEG measure?
Odgovor
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
Kartica 88
Vprašanje
Reward-center activity?
Odgovor
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
Kartica 89
Vprašanje
Neuroplasticity?
Odgovor
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
Kartica 90
Vprašanje
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
Odgovor
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
Kartica 91
Vprašanje
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
Odgovor
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
Kartica 92
Vprašanje
Insomnia?
Odgovor
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
Kartica 93
Vprašanje
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
Odgovor
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
Kartica 94
Vprašanje
Absolute threshold?
Odgovor
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
Kartica 95
Vprašanje
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
Odgovor
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
Kartica 96
Vprašanje
Narcolepsy?
Odgovor
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
Kartica 97
Vprašanje
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
Odgovor
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
Kartica 98
Vprašanje
Difference threshold?
Odgovor
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
Kartica 99
Vprašanje
Consolidation view of dreams?
Odgovor
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
Kartica 100
Vprašanje
REM sleep behavior disorder?
Odgovor
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
Kartica 101
Vprašanje
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
Odgovor
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
Kartica 102
Vprašanje
Weber's law?
Odgovor
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
Kartica 103
Vprašanje
Two supported functions of sleep?
Odgovor
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
Kartica 104
Vprašanje
Sleep apnea?
Odgovor
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
Kartica 105
Vprašanje
REM rebound?
Odgovor
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
Kartica 106
Vprašanje
Signal detection theory?
Odgovor
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
Kartica 107
Vprašanje
Sensory transduction?
Odgovor
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
Kartica 108
Vprašanje
Vestibular sense?
Odgovor
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
Kartica 109
Vprašanje
Somnambulism?
Odgovor
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
Kartica 110
Vprašanje
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Odgovor
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
Kartica 111
Vprašanje
What begins visual transduction?
Odgovor
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
Kartica 112
Vprašanje
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
Odgovor
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
Kartica 113
Vprašanje
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
Odgovor
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
Kartica 114
Vprašanje
Accommodation in vision?
Odgovor
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
Kartica 115
Vprašanje
Cones?
Odgovor
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
Kartica 116
Vprašanje
What begins auditory transduction?
Odgovor
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
Kartica 117
Vprašanje
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
Odgovor
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
Kartica 118
Vprašanje
How is smell unusual among the senses?
Odgovor
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
Kartica 119
Vprašanje
Kinesthesia?
Odgovor
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
Kartica 120
Vprašanje
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
Odgovor
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
Kartica 121
Vprašanje
Nearsightedness?
Odgovor
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
Kartica 122
Vprašanje
Pheromones?
Odgovor
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
Kartica 123
Vprašanje
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
Odgovor
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
Kartica 124
Vprašanje
Volley theory of pitch?
Odgovor
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
Kartica 125
Vprašanje
Farsightedness?
Odgovor
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
Kartica 126
Vprašanje
Six taste qualities named in the course?
Odgovor
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
Kartica 127
Vprašanje
Phantom-limb sensation?
Odgovor
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
Kartica 128
Vprašanje
Sensory interaction?
Odgovor
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
Kartica 129
Vprašanje
What causes most color-vision deficiency?
Odgovor
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
Kartica 130
Vprašanje
Prosopagnosia?
Odgovor
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
Kartica 131
Vprašanje
Rods?
Odgovor
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
Kartica 132
Vprašanje
How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
Odgovor
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
Kartica 133
Vprašanje
Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
Odgovor
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
Kartica 134
Vprašanje
Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
Odgovor
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
Kartica 135
Vprašanje
What do the semicircular canals detect?
Odgovor
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
Kartica 136
Vprašanje
Synesthesia?
Odgovor
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
Kartica 137
Vprašanje
Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
Odgovor
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
Kartica 138
Vprašanje
Blindsight?
Odgovor
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
Kartica 139
Vprašanje
Sensory adaptation?
Odgovor
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
Kartica 140
Vprašanje
Gate-control view of pain?
Odgovor
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
Kartica 141
Vprašanje
Bottom-up processing?
Odgovor
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
Kartica 142
Vprašanje
Concept?
Odgovor
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Kartica 143
Vprašanje
Fixation in problem solving?
Odgovor
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
Kartica 144
Vprašanje
Algorithm?
Odgovor
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
Kartica 145
Vprašanje
Top-down processing?
Odgovor
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
Kartica 146
Vprašanje
Confirmation bias?
Odgovor
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
Kartica 147
Vprašanje
Retinal disparity?
Odgovor
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
Kartica 148
Vprašanje
Heuristic?
Odgovor
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
Kartica 149
Vprašanje
Selective attention?
Odgovor
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
Kartica 150
Vprašanje
Figure–ground organization?
Odgovor
Separating the object of attention from its background.
Kartica 151
Vprašanje
Convergence as a depth cue?
Odgovor
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
Kartica 152
Vprašanje
Representativeness heuristic?
Odgovor
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
Kartica 153
Vprašanje
Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
Odgovor
Inattentional blindness.
Kartica 154
Vprašanje
Gestalt proximity principle?
Odgovor
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
Kartica 155
Vprašanje
Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
Odgovor
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
Kartica 156
Vprašanje
Cocktail-party effect?
Odgovor
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
Kartica 157
Vprašanje
Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
Odgovor
Change blindness.
Kartica 158
Vprašanje
Gestalt similarity principle?
Odgovor
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
Kartica 159
Vprašanje
Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
Odgovor
Linear perspective.
Kartica 160
Vprašanje
Perceptual constancy?
Odgovor
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
Kartica 161
Vprašanje
Perceptual set?
Odgovor
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
Kartica 162
Vprašanje
Gestalt closure principle?
Odgovor
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
Kartica 163
Vprašanje
One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
Odgovor
The blocking object, using interposition.
Kartica 164
Vprašanje
Apparent motion?
Odgovor
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
Kartica 165
Vprašanje
Availability heuristic?
Odgovor
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
Kartica 166
Vprašanje
Divergent thinking?
Odgovor
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
Kartica 167
Vprašanje
A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
Odgovor
Relative clarity.
Kartica 168
Vprašanje
Prototype?
Odgovor
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
Kartica 169
Vprašanje
Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
Odgovor
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
Kartica 170
Vprašanje
Convergent thinking?
Odgovor
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
Kartica 171
Vprašanje
A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
Odgovor
Texture gradient.
Kartica 172
Vprašanje
Belief perseverance?
Odgovor
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
Kartica 173
Vprašanje
Explicit memory?
Odgovor
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
Kartica 174
Vprašanje
Three stores in the multi-store model?
Odgovor
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Kartica 175
Vprašanje
Seeing an object only in its usual role?
Odgovor
Functional fixedness.
Kartica 176
Vprašanje
Mental set?
Odgovor
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
Kartica 177
Vprašanje
Episodic memory?
Odgovor
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
Kartica 178
Vprašanje
Working memory?
Odgovor
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
Kartica 179
Vprašanje
Insight?
Odgovor
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
Kartica 180
Vprašanje
Framing effect?
Odgovor
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
Kartica 181
Vprašanje
Implicit memory?
Odgovor
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
Kartica 182
Vprašanje
Overconfidence bias?
Odgovor
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
Kartica 183
Vprašanje
Anchoring bias?
Odgovor
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
Kartica 184
Vprašanje
Schema in thinking?
Odgovor
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
Kartica 185
Vprašanje
Procedural memory?
Odgovor
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
Kartica 186
Vprašanje
Gambler's fallacy?
Odgovor
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
Kartica 187
Vprašanje
Sunk-cost fallacy?
Odgovor
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
Kartica 188
Vprašanje
Executive functions?
Odgovor
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
Kartica 189
Vprašanje
How can priming affect judgment?
Odgovor
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
Kartica 190
Vprašanje
Central executive in working memory?
Odgovor
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
Kartica 191
Vprašanje
Serial-position effect?
Odgovor
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
Kartica 192
Vprašanje
Semantic memory?
Odgovor
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
Kartica 193
Vprašanje
Levels-of-processing principle?
Odgovor
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
Kartica 194
Vprašanje
Automatic processing?
Odgovor
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
Kartica 195
Vprašanje
Maintenance rehearsal?
Odgovor
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
Kartica 196
Vprašanje
Prospective memory?
Odgovor
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
Kartica 197
Vprašanje
Primacy effect?
Odgovor
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
Kartica 198
Vprašanje
Long-term memory?
Odgovor
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
Kartica 199
Vprašanje
Highly superior autobiographical memory?
Odgovor
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
Kartica 200
Vprašanje
Effortful processing?
Odgovor
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
Kartica 201
Vprašanje
Elaborative rehearsal?
Odgovor
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
Kartica 202
Vprašanje
Memory consolidation?
Odgovor
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
Kartica 203
Vprašanje
Recency effect?
Odgovor
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
Kartica 204
Vprašanje
Spacing effect?
Odgovor
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
Kartica 205
Vprašanje
Testing effect?
Odgovor
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
Kartica 206
Vprašanje
Chunking?
Odgovor
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
Kartica 207
Vprašanje
Mnemonic?
Odgovor
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
Kartica 208
Vprašanje
Why organize material into a hierarchy?
Odgovor
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
Kartica 209
Vprašanje
How can a schema help encoding?
Odgovor
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
Kartica 210
Vprašanje
Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
Odgovor
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
Kartica 211
Vprašanje
Iconic memory?
Odgovor
A very brief visual sensory memory.
Kartica 212
Vprašanje
Recall?
Odgovor
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
Kartica 213
Vprašanje
Retrieval cue?
Odgovor
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
Kartica 214
Vprašanje
Encoding-specificity principle?
Odgovor
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
Kartica 215
Vprašanje
Context-dependent memory?
Odgovor
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
Kartica 216
Vprašanje
Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
Odgovor
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
Kartica 217
Vprašanje
Echoic memory?
Odgovor
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
Kartica 218
Vprašanje
Anterograde amnesia?
Odgovor
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
Kartica 219
Vprašanje
Phonological loop?
Odgovor
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
Kartica 220
Vprašanje
Cerebellum's memory role?
Odgovor
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
Kartica 221
Vprašanje
Why is short-term memory described as limited?
Odgovor
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
Kartica 222
Vprašanje
Retrograde amnesia?
Odgovor
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
Kartica 223
Vprašanje
Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
Odgovor
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
Kartica 224
Vprašanje
How can the amygdala affect memory?
Odgovor
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
Kartica 225
Vprašanje
Visuospatial sketchpad?
Odgovor
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
Kartica 226
Vprašanje
Long-term potentiation?
Odgovor
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
Kartica 227
Vprašanje
Infantile amnesia?
Odgovor
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
Kartica 228
Vprašanje
Alzheimer's disease?
Odgovor
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
Kartica 229
Vprašanje
Scores are
2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?Odgovor
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because
9 - 2 = 7.Kartica 230
Vprašanje
Recognition?
Odgovor
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
Kartica 231
Vprašanje
Why is memory called reconstructive?
Odgovor
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
Kartica 232
Vprašanje
Storage decay?
Odgovor
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
Kartica 233
Vprašanje
State-dependent memory?
Odgovor
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
Kartica 234
Vprašanje
Relearning?
Odgovor
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
Kartica 235
Vprašanje
Misinformation effect?
Odgovor
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
Kartica 236
Vprašanje
A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
Odgovor
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
Kartica 237
Vprašanje
Mood-congruent memory?
Odgovor
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
Kartica 238
Vprašanje
Priming?
Odgovor
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
Kartica 239
Vprašanje
Tip-of-the-tongue state?
Odgovor
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
Kartica 240
Vprašanje
Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
Odgovor
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
Kartica 241
Vprašanje
Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
Odgovor
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
Kartica 242
Vprašanje
Metacognition?
Odgovor
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
Kartica 243
Vprašanje
Source amnesia?
Odgovor
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
Kartica 244
Vprašanje
Test standardization?
Odgovor
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
Kartica 245
Vprašanje
Reliability?
Odgovor
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
Kartica 246
Vprašanje
Stereotype threat?
Odgovor
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
Kartica 247
Vprašanje
General intelligence, or g?
Odgovor
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
Kartica 248
Vprašanje
Encoding failure?
Odgovor
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
Kartica 249
Vprašanje
Validity?
Odgovor
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
Kartica 250
Vprašanje
Proactive interference?
Odgovor
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
Kartica 251
Vprašanje
Imagination inflation?
Odgovor
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
Kartica 252
Vprašanje
A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
Odgovor
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
Kartica 253
Vprašanje
Retrieval failure?
Odgovor
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
Kartica 254
Vprašanje
Retroactive interference?
Odgovor
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
Kartica 255
Vprašanje
A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
Odgovor
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
Kartica 256
Vprašanje
Repression in psychodynamic theory?
Odgovor
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
Kartica 257
Vprašanje
Flashbulb memory?
Odgovor
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
Kartica 258
Vprašanje
A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
Odgovor
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
Kartica 259
Vprašanje
A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
Odgovor
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
Kartica 260
Vprašanje
Stereotype lift?
Odgovor
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
Kartica 261
Vprašanje
Achievement test?
Odgovor
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
Kartica 262
Vprašanje
Construct validity?
Odgovor
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
Kartica 263
Vprašanje
Test–retest reliability?
Odgovor
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
Kartica 264
Vprašanje
Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
Odgovor
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
Kartica 265
Vprašanje
Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
Odgovor
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
Kartica 266
Vprašanje
Aptitude test?
Odgovor
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
Kartica 267
Vprašanje
Traditional IQ formula?
Odgovor
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
Kartica 268
Vprašanje
Predictive validity?
Odgovor
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
Kartica 269
Vprašanje
What does a normal score distribution look like?
Odgovor
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
Kartica 270
Vprašanje
Split-half reliability?
Odgovor
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
Kartica 271
Vprašanje
Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
Odgovor
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
Kartica 272
Vprašanje
Flynn effect?
Odgovor
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
Kartica 273
Vprašanje
A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
Odgovor
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
Kartica 274
Vprašanje
Continuous versus stage development?
Odgovor
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
Kartica 275
Vprašanje
How can prenatal environment affect later development?
Odgovor
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
Kartica 276
Vprašanje
Teratogen?
Odgovor
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
Kartica 277
Vprašanje
Maturation?
Odgovor
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
Kartica 278
Vprašanje
Stability–change question in development?
Odgovor
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
Kartica 279
Vprašanje
A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
Odgovor
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
Kartica 280
Vprašanje
Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
Odgovor
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
Kartica 281
Vprašanje
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
Odgovor
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
Kartica 282
Vprašanje
Fine versus gross motor skills?
Odgovor
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
Kartica 283
Vprašanje
Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
Odgovor
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
Kartica 284
Vprašanje
What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
Odgovor
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
Kartica 285
Vprašanje
Puberty?
Odgovor
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
Kartica 286
Vprašanje
Sensitive period?
Odgovor
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
Kartica 287
Vprašanje
What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
Odgovor
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
Kartica 288
Vprašanje
Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
Odgovor
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
Kartica 289
Vprašanje
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
Odgovor
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
Kartica 290
Vprašanje
Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
Odgovor
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
Kartica 291
Vprašanje
Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
Odgovor
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
Kartica 292
Vprašanje
Menarche?
Odgovor
The first menstrual period.
Kartica 293
Vprašanje
Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
Odgovor
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
Kartica 294
Vprašanje
About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
Odgovor
About 68%.
Kartica 295
Vprašanje
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
Odgovor
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
Kartica 296
Vprašanje
Spermarche?
Odgovor
The first ejaculation.
Kartica 297
Vprašanje
Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
Odgovor
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
Kartica 298
Vprašanje
Imprinting?
Odgovor
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
Kartica 299
Vprašanje
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
Odgovor
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
Kartica 300
Vprašanje
Menopause?
Odgovor
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
Kartica 301
Vprašanje
Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
Odgovor
Naturalistic observation.
Kartica 302
Vprašanje
How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
Odgovor
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
Kartica 303
Vprašanje
Gender identity?
Odgovor
A person's internal sense of their gender.
Kartica 304
Vprašanje
Gender role?
Odgovor
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
Kartica 305
Vprašanje
Sex versus gender?
Odgovor
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
Kartica 306
Vprašanje
Common sensory change in later adulthood?
Odgovor
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
Kartica 307
Vprašanje
Sexual orientation?
Odgovor
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
Kartica 308
Vprašanje
Gender schema?
Odgovor
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
Kartica 309
Vprašanje
Best broad view of gender development?
Odgovor
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
Kartica 310
Vprašanje
Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
Odgovor
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
Kartica 311
Vprašanje
Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
Odgovor
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
Kartica 312
Vprašanje
Schema in cognitive development?
Odgovor
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
Kartica 313
Vprašanje
Sensorimotor stage?
Odgovor
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
Kartica 314
Vprašanje
Preoperational stage?
Odgovor
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
Kartica 315
Vprašanje
Assimilation?
Odgovor
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
Kartica 316
Vprašanje
A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
Odgovor
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
Kartica 317
Vprašanje
Animism in preoperational thought?
Odgovor
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
Kartica 318
Vprašanje
Concrete operational stage?
Odgovor
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
Kartica 319
Vprašanje
Accommodation?
Odgovor
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
Kartica 320
Vprašanje
Reversibility in cognitive development?
Odgovor
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
Kartica 321
Vprašanje
How can social learning shape gender expression?
Odgovor
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
Kartica 322
Vprašanje
A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
Odgovor
Assimilation.
Kartica 323
Vprašanje
Language?
Odgovor
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
Kartica 324
Vprašanje
Cooing stage?
Odgovor
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
Kartica 325
Vprašanje
Babbling stage?
Odgovor
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
Kartica 326
Vprašanje
One-word stage?
Odgovor
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
Kartica 327
Vprašanje
Grammar?
Odgovor
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
Kartica 328
Vprašanje
A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
Odgovor
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
Kartica 329
Vprašanje
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
Odgovor
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
Kartica 330
Vprašanje
A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
Odgovor
Accommodation.
Kartica 331
Vprašanje
A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
Odgovor
Scaffolding.
Kartica 332
Vprašanje
A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
Odgovor
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
Kartica 333
Vprašanje
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
Odgovor
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
Kartica 334
Vprašanje
An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
Odgovor
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
Kartica 335
Vprašanje
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
Odgovor
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
Kartica 336
Vprašanje
Formal operational stage?
Odgovor
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
Kartica 337
Vprašanje
Dementia?
Odgovor
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
Kartica 338
Vprašanje
Phoneme?
Odgovor
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
Kartica 339
Vprašanje
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
Odgovor
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
Kartica 340
Vprašanje
Temperament?
Odgovor
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
Kartica 341
Vprašanje
Attachment?
Odgovor
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
Kartica 342
Vprašanje
Erikson's infancy conflict?
Odgovor
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
Kartica 343
Vprašanje
Microsystem?
Odgovor
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
Kartica 344
Vprašanje
Erikson's toddler conflict?
Odgovor
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
Kartica 345
Vprašanje
Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
Odgovor
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
Kartica 346
Vprašanje
Erikson's school-age conflict?
Odgovor
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
Kartica 347
Vprašanje
Mesosystem?
Odgovor
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
Kartica 348
Vprašanje
Erikson's adolescent conflict?
Odgovor
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
Kartica 349
Vprašanje
Erikson's young-adult conflict?
Odgovor
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
Kartica 350
Vprašanje
Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
Odgovor
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
Kartica 351
Vprašanje
Exosystem?
Odgovor
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
Kartica 352
Vprašanje
Morpheme?
Odgovor
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
Kartica 353
Vprašanje
Telegraphic speech?
Odgovor
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
705 kartic
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Brezplačno se učite s tem kompletomNibomo se odpre, da lahko začnete z učenjem.
Kartica 354
Vprašanje
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
Odgovor
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
Kartica 355
Vprašanje
Macrosystem?
Odgovor
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
Kartica 356
Vprašanje
Semantics?
Odgovor
The meanings of words and sentences.
Kartica 357
Vprašanje
A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
Odgovor
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
Kartica 358
Vprašanje
What does a sensitive period for language imply?
Odgovor
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
Kartica 359
Vprašanje
Does language completely determine thought?
Odgovor
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
Kartica 360
Vprašanje
Syntax?
Odgovor
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
Kartica 361
Vprašanje
A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
Odgovor
Secure attachment.
Kartica 362
Vprašanje
How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
Odgovor
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
Kartica 363
Vprašanje
Authoritative parenting?
Odgovor
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
Kartica 364
Vprašanje
Identity achievement?
Odgovor
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
Kartica 365
Vprašanje
Avoidant attachment pattern?
Odgovor
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
Kartica 366
Vprašanje
Classical conditioning?
Odgovor
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
Kartica 367
Vprašanje
Unconditioned stimulus?
Odgovor
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
Kartica 368
Vprašanje
Unconditioned response?
Odgovor
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
Kartica 369
Vprašanje
Conditioned stimulus?
Odgovor
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
Kartica 370
Vprašanje
Conditioned response?
Odgovor
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
Kartica 371
Vprašanje
Acquisition in classical conditioning?
Odgovor
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
Kartica 372
Vprašanje
During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
Odgovor
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
Kartica 373
Vprašanje
Authoritarian parenting?
Odgovor
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
Kartica 374
Vprašanje
Identity diffusion?
Odgovor
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
Kartica 375
Vprašanje
Extinction in classical conditioning?
Odgovor
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
Kartica 376
Vprašanje
Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
Odgovor
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
Kartica 377
Vprašanje
Permissive parenting?
Odgovor
High warmth with few demands or limits.
Kartica 378
Vprašanje
Parallel play?
Odgovor
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
Kartica 379
Vprašanje
Imaginary audience?
Odgovor
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
Kartica 380
Vprašanje
Identity foreclosure?
Odgovor
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
Kartica 381
Vprašanje
Disorganized attachment pattern?
Odgovor
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
Kartica 382
Vprašanje
Neglectful parenting?
Odgovor
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
Kartica 383
Vprašanje
Chronosystem?
Odgovor
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
Kartica 384
Vprašanje
Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
Odgovor
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
Kartica 385
Vprašanje
Personal fable?
Odgovor
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
Kartica 386
Vprašanje
Identity moratorium?
Odgovor
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
Kartica 387
Vprašanje
Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
Odgovor
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
Kartica 388
Vprašanje
Separation anxiety in infancy?
Odgovor
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
Kartica 389
Vprašanje
What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
Odgovor
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
Kartica 390
Vprašanje
Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
Odgovor
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
Kartica 391
Vprašanje
Emerging adulthood?
Odgovor
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
Kartica 392
Vprašanje
Social clock?
Odgovor
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
Kartica 393
Vprašanje
Erikson's later-adult conflict?
Odgovor
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
Kartica 394
Vprašanje
Possible selves?
Odgovor
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
Kartica 395
Vprašanje
Stimulus generalization?
Odgovor
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
Kartica 396
Vprašanje
Operant conditioning?
Odgovor
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
Kartica 397
Vprašanje
Law of effect?
Odgovor
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
Kartica 398
Vprašanje
Spontaneous recovery?
Odgovor
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
Kartica 399
Vprašanje
Stimulus discrimination?
Odgovor
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
Kartica 400
Vprašanje
Reinforcement?
Odgovor
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
Kartica 401
Vprašanje
Higher-order conditioning?
Odgovor
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
Kartica 402
Vprašanje
Counterconditioning?
Odgovor
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
Kartica 403
Vprašanje
Habituation?
Odgovor
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
Kartica 404
Vprašanje
Punishment?
Odgovor
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
Kartica 405
Vprašanje
Partial reinforcement?
Odgovor
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
Kartica 406
Vprašanje
Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
Odgovor
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
Kartica 407
Vprašanje
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
Odgovor
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
Kartica 408
Vprašanje
Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
Odgovor
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
Kartica 409
Vprašanje
Fixed-ratio schedule?
Odgovor
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
Kartica 410
Vprašanje
Observational learning?
Odgovor
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
Kartica 411
Vprašanje
A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
Odgovor
Positive reinforcement.
Kartica 412
Vprašanje
Primary reinforcer?
Odgovor
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
Kartica 413
Vprašanje
Variable-ratio schedule?
Odgovor
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
Kartica 414
Vprašanje
Modeling?
Odgovor
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
Kartica 415
Vprašanje
Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
Odgovor
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
Kartica 416
Vprašanje
Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
Odgovor
Negative reinforcement.
Kartica 417
Vprašanje
Conditioned reinforcer?
Odgovor
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
Kartica 418
Vprašanje
A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
Odgovor
Vicarious reinforcement.
Kartica 419
Vprašanje
Fixed-interval schedule?
Odgovor
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
Kartica 420
Vprašanje
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
Odgovor
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
Kartica 421
Vprašanje
A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
Odgovor
Positive punishment.
Kartica 422
Vprašanje
Shaping?
Odgovor
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
Kartica 423
Vprašanje
Extinction in operant conditioning?
Odgovor
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
Kartica 424
Vprašanje
Variable-interval schedule?
Odgovor
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
Kartica 425
Vprašanje
A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
Odgovor
Negative punishment.
Kartica 426
Vprašanje
Learned helplessness?
Odgovor
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
Kartica 427
Vprašanje
Continuous reinforcement?
Odgovor
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
Kartica 428
Vprašanje
A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
Odgovor
A fixed-interval schedule.
Kartica 429
Vprašanje
Discriminative stimulus?
Odgovor
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
Kartica 430
Vprašanje
Operant generalization versus discrimination?
Odgovor
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
Kartica 431
Vprašanje
Instinctive drift?
Odgovor
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
Kartica 432
Vprašanje
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
Odgovor
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
Kartica 433
Vprašanje
How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
Odgovor
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
Kartica 434
Vprašanje
How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
Odgovor
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
Kartica 435
Vprašanje
Vicarious conditioning?
Odgovor
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
Kartica 436
Vprašanje
A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
Odgovor
A variable-interval schedule.
Kartica 437
Vprašanje
Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
Odgovor
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
Kartica 438
Vprašanje
Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
Odgovor
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
Kartica 439
Vprašanje
Latent learning?
Odgovor
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
Kartica 440
Vprašanje
Cognitive map?
Odgovor
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
Kartica 441
Vprašanje
Insight learning?
Odgovor
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
Kartica 442
Vprašanje
Biological preparedness?
Odgovor
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
Kartica 443
Vprašanje
What can mirror-neuron activity show?
Odgovor
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
Kartica 444
Vprašanje
Attribution?
Odgovor
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
Kartica 445
Vprašanje
Attitude?
Odgovor
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
Kartica 446
Vprašanje
Upward social comparison?
Odgovor
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
Kartica 447
Vprašanje
Optimistic explanatory style?
Odgovor
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
Kartica 448
Vprašanje
Situational attribution?
Odgovor
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
Kartica 449
Vprašanje
A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
Odgovor
Cognitive dissonance.
Kartica 450
Vprašanje
Downward social comparison?
Odgovor
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
Kartica 451
Vprašanje
Internal locus of control?
Odgovor
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
Kartica 452
Vprašanje
Dispositional attribution?
Odgovor
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
Kartica 453
Vprašanje
Pessimistic explanatory style?
Odgovor
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
Kartica 454
Vprašanje
Relative deprivation?
Odgovor
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
Kartica 455
Vprašanje
External locus of control?
Odgovor
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
Kartica 456
Vprašanje
Fundamental attribution error?
Odgovor
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
Kartica 457
Vprašanje
Halo effect?
Odgovor
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
Kartica 458
Vprašanje
Self-fulfilling prophecy?
Odgovor
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
Kartica 459
Vprašanje
Mere-exposure effect?
Odgovor
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
Kartica 460
Vprašanje
A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
Odgovor
The actor–observer difference.
Kartica 461
Vprašanje
A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
Odgovor
The central route.
Kartica 462
Vprašanje
Effort justification?
Odgovor
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
Kartica 463
Vprašanje
Stereotype?
Odgovor
A generalized belief about members of a group.
Kartica 464
Vprašanje
A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
Odgovor
Self-serving bias.
Kartica 465
Vprašanje
A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
Odgovor
The peripheral route.
Kartica 466
Vprašanje
Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
Odgovor
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
Kartica 467
Vprašanje
Prejudice?
Odgovor
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
Kartica 468
Vprašanje
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:
Workload Errors Low 2 High 8 Which attribution is better supported?
Odgovor
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
Kartica 469
Vprašanje
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
Odgovor
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
Kartica 470
Vprašanje
Conformity?
Odgovor
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
Kartica 471
Vprašanje
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
Odgovor
The bystander effect.
Kartica 472
Vprašanje
Diffusion of responsibility?
Odgovor
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
Kartica 473
Vprašanje
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
Odgovor
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
Kartica 474
Vprašanje
In-group bias?
Odgovor
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
Kartica 475
Vprašanje
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
Odgovor
The foot-in-the-door technique.
Kartica 476
Vprašanje
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
Odgovor
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
Kartica 477
Vprašanje
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
Odgovor
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
Kartica 478
Vprašanje
Discrimination?
Odgovor
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
Kartica 479
Vprašanje
Out-group homogeneity effect?
Odgovor
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
Kartica 480
Vprašanje
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
Odgovor
The door-in-the-face technique.
Kartica 481
Vprašanje
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
Odgovor
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
Kartica 482
Vprašanje
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
Odgovor
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
Kartica 483
Vprašanje
Just-world belief?
Odgovor
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
Kartica 484
Vprašanje
Implicit attitude?
Odgovor
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
Kartica 485
Vprašanje
Ethnocentrism?
Odgovor
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
Kartica 486
Vprašanje
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
Odgovor
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
Kartica 487
Vprašanje
Normative social influence?
Odgovor
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
Kartica 488
Vprašanje
Psychodynamic view of personality?
Odgovor
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
Kartica 489
Vprašanje
Norm of reciprocity?
Odgovor
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
Kartica 490
Vprašanje
Individualism?
Odgovor
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
Kartica 491
Vprašanje
Informational social influence?
Odgovor
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
Kartica 492
Vprašanje
Id?
Odgovor
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
Kartica 493
Vprašanje
Altruism?
Odgovor
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
Kartica 494
Vprašanje
Social norm?
Odgovor
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
Kartica 495
Vprašanje
What tends to increase conformity?
Odgovor
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
Kartica 496
Vprašanje
Ego?
Odgovor
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
Kartica 497
Vprašanje
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
Odgovor
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
Kartica 498
Vprašanje
Collectivism?
Odgovor
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
Kartica 499
Vprašanje
Obedience?
Odgovor
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
Kartica 500
Vprašanje
Superego?
Odgovor
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
Kartica 501
Vprašanje
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
Odgovor
Denial.
Kartica 502
Vprašanje
Social-responsibility norm?
Odgovor
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
Kartica 503
Vprašanje
How does proximity affect attraction?
Odgovor
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
Kartica 504
Vprašanje
What tends to increase obedience?
Odgovor
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
Kartica 505
Vprašanje
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
Odgovor
Displacement.
Kartica 506
Vprašanje
Social loafing?
Odgovor
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
Kartica 507
Vprašanje
Multiculturalism?
Odgovor
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
Kartica 508
Vprašanje
How does similarity affect attraction?
Odgovor
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
Kartica 509
Vprašanje
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
Odgovor
Projection.
Kartica 510
Vprašanje
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
Odgovor
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
Kartica 511
Vprašanje
Deindividuation?
Odgovor
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
Kartica 512
Vprašanje
Group polarization?
Odgovor
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
Kartica 513
Vprašanje
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
Odgovor
Rationalization.
Kartica 514
Vprašanje
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
Odgovor
Groupthink.
Kartica 515
Vprašanje
Pluralistic ignorance?
Odgovor
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
Kartica 516
Vprašanje
Social trap?
Odgovor
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
Kartica 517
Vprašanje
Reaction formation?
Odgovor
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
Kartica 518
Vprašanje
Superordinate goal?
Odgovor
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
Kartica 519
Vprašanje
False-consensus effect?
Odgovor
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
Kartica 520
Vprašanje
Industrial-organizational psychology?
Odgovor
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
Kartica 521
Vprašanje
Repression?
Odgovor
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
Kartica 522
Vprašanje
Burnout?
Odgovor
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
Kartica 523
Vprašanje
Unconditional positive regard?
Odgovor
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
Kartica 524
Vprašanje
Trait?
Odgovor
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
Kartica 525
Vprašanje
Regression as a defense mechanism?
Odgovor
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
Kartica 526
Vprašanje
Reciprocal determinism?
Odgovor
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
Kartica 527
Vprašanje
Self-efficacy?
Odgovor
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
Kartica 528
Vprašanje
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
Odgovor
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
Kartica 529
Vprašanje
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
Odgovor
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
Kartica 530
Vprašanje
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Odgovor
Openness.
Kartica 531
Vprašanje
Personality inventory?
Odgovor
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
Kartica 532
Vprašanje
Self-actualizing tendency?
Odgovor
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
Kartica 533
Vprašanje
Self-esteem?
Odgovor
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
Kartica 534
Vprašanje
Instinct in motivation research?
Odgovor
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
Kartica 535
Vprašanje
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Odgovor
Conscientiousness.
Kartica 536
Vprašanje
Projective test?
Odgovor
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
Kartica 537
Vprašanje
How does factor analysis help trait research?
Odgovor
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
Kartica 538
Vprašanje
Drive-reduction theory?
Odgovor
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
Kartica 539
Vprašanje
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Odgovor
Extraversion.
Kartica 540
Vprašanje
Person–situation debate?
Odgovor
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
Kartica 541
Vprašanje
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
Odgovor
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
Kartica 542
Vprašanje
Homeostasis?
Odgovor
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
Kartica 543
Vprašanje
Incentive theory?
Odgovor
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
Kartica 544
Vprašanje
Big Five agreeableness?
Odgovor
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
Kartica 545
Vprašanje
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
Odgovor
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
Kartica 546
Vprašanje
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
Odgovor
An approach–approach conflict.
Kartica 547
Vprašanje
Arousal theory of motivation?
Odgovor
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
Kartica 548
Vprašanje
Big Five emotional stability?
Odgovor
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
Kartica 549
Vprašanje
What regulates hunger?
Odgovor
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
Kartica 550
Vprašanje
Three broad components of emotion?
Odgovor
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
Kartica 551
Vprašanje
Self-determination theory?
Odgovor
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
Kartica 552
Vprašanje
Emotion regulation?
Odgovor
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
Kartica 553
Vprašanje
Sensation-seeking?
Odgovor
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
Kartica 554
Vprašanje
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
Odgovor
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
Kartica 555
Vprašanje
Intrinsic motivation?
Odgovor
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
Kartica 556
Vprašanje
Display rules?
Odgovor
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
Kartica 557
Vprašanje
Arousal and performance relationship?
Odgovor
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
Kartica 558
Vprašanje
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
Odgovor
An approach–avoidance conflict.
Kartica 559
Vprašanje
Extrinsic motivation?
Odgovor
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
Kartica 560
Vprašanje
Achievement motivation?
Odgovor
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
Kartica 561
Vprašanje
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
Odgovor
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
Kartica 562
Vprašanje
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
Odgovor
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
Kartica 563
Vprašanje
Overjustification effect?
Odgovor
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
Kartica 564
Vprašanje
Belongingness motivation?
Odgovor
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
Kartica 565
Vprašanje
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:
Condition Mean minutes Assigned topic 34 Chosen topic 47 What is the observed mean difference?
Odgovor
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
Kartica 566
Vprašanje
Facial-feedback effect?
Odgovor
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
Kartica 567
Vprašanje
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
Odgovor
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
Kartica 568
Vprašanje
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
Odgovor
Cognitive reappraisal.
Kartica 569
Vprašanje
Broaden-and-build view?
Odgovor
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
Kartica 570
Vprašanje
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
Odgovor
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
Kartica 571
Vprašanje
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
Odgovor
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
Kartica 572
Vprašanje
Expressive suppression?
Odgovor
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
Kartica 573
Vprašanje
How does acute stress affect the body?
Odgovor
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
Kartica 574
Vprašanje
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
Odgovor
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
Kartica 575
Vprašanje
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
Odgovor
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
Kartica 576
Vprašanje
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
Odgovor
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
Kartica 577
Vprašanje
Health psychology?
Odgovor
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
Kartica 578
Vprašanje
Positive psychology?
Odgovor
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
Kartica 579
Vprašanje
Stress?
Odgovor
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
Kartica 580
Vprašanje
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
Odgovor
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
Kartica 581
Vprašanje
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
Odgovor
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
Kartica 582
Vprašanje
Resilience?
Odgovor
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
Kartica 583
Vprašanje
Stressor?
Odgovor
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
Kartica 584
Vprašanje
General adaptation syndrome?
Odgovor
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
Kartica 585
Vprašanje
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
Odgovor
Problem-focused coping.
Kartica 586
Vprašanje
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
Odgovor
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
Kartica 587
Vprašanje
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
Odgovor
Primary appraisal.
Kartica 588
Vprašanje
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
Odgovor
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
Kartica 589
Vprašanje
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
Odgovor
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
Kartica 590
Vprašanje
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
Odgovor
Emotion-focused coping.
Kartica 591
Vprašanje
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
Odgovor
Secondary appraisal.
Kartica 592
Vprašanje
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
Odgovor
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
Kartica 593
Vprašanje
Adverse childhood experiences?
Odgovor
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
Kartica 594
Vprašanje
How can social support protect health?
Odgovor
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
Kartica 595
Vprašanje
Eustress versus distress?
Odgovor
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
Kartica 596
Vprašanje
Tend-and-befriend response?
Odgovor
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
Kartica 597
Vprašanje
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
Odgovor
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
Kartica 598
Vprašanje
Biofeedback?
Odgovor
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
Kartica 599
Vprašanje
How does perceived control affect stress?
Odgovor
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
Kartica 600
Vprašanje
Psychoneuroimmunology?
Odgovor
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
Kartica 601
Vprašanje
Subjective well-being?
Odgovor
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
Kartica 602
Vprašanje
Psychological disorder?
Odgovor
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
Kartica 603
Vprašanje
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
Odgovor
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
Kartica 604
Vprašanje
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
Odgovor
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
Kartica 605
Vprašanje
Signature strengths?
Odgovor
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
Kartica 606
Vprašanje
Biopsychosocial model?
Odgovor
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
Kartica 607
Vprašanje
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
Odgovor
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
Kartica 608
Vprašanje
Posttraumatic growth?
Odgovor
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
Kartica 609
Vprašanje
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
Odgovor
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
Kartica 610
Vprašanje
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
Odgovor
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
Kartica 611
Vprašanje
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
Odgovor
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
Kartica 612
Vprašanje
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
Odgovor
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
Kartica 613
Vprašanje
Biological explanation of disorder?
Odgovor
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
Kartica 614
Vprašanje
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Odgovor
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
Kartica 615
Vprašanje
Purpose of the DSM?
Odgovor
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
Kartica 616
Vprašanje
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
Odgovor
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
Kartica 617
Vprašanje
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
Odgovor
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
Kartica 618
Vprašanje
Autism spectrum disorder?
Odgovor
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
Kartica 619
Vprašanje
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
Odgovor
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
Kartica 620
Vprašanje
Major depressive disorder?
Odgovor
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
Kartica 621
Vprašanje
Specific phobia?
Odgovor
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
Kartica 622
Vprašanje
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Odgovor
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
Kartica 623
Vprašanje
Dissociative amnesia?
Odgovor
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
Kartica 624
Vprašanje
Bipolar I disorder?
Odgovor
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
Kartica 625
Vprašanje
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
Odgovor
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
Kartica 626
Vprašanje
Anorexia nervosa?
Odgovor
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
Kartica 627
Vprašanje
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
Odgovor
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
Kartica 628
Vprašanje
Bipolar II disorder?
Odgovor
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
Kartica 629
Vprašanje
Purpose of the ICD?
Odgovor
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
Kartica 630
Vprašanje
Bulimia nervosa?
Odgovor
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
Kartica 631
Vprašanje
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
Odgovor
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
Kartica 632
Vprašanje
Ataque de nervios?
Odgovor
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
Kartica 633
Vprašanje
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
Odgovor
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
Kartica 634
Vprašanje
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
Odgovor
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
Kartica 635
Vprašanje
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
Odgovor
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
Kartica 636
Vprašanje
Comorbidity?
Odgovor
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
Kartica 637
Vprašanje
Humanistic explanation of distress?
Odgovor
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
Kartica 638
Vprašanje
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
Odgovor
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
Kartica 639
Vprašanje
Stigma around mental disorder?
Odgovor
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
Kartica 640
Vprašanje
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
Odgovor
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
Kartica 641
Vprašanje
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
Odgovor
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
Kartica 642
Vprašanje
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
Odgovor
Interrater reliability.
Kartica 643
Vprašanje
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
Odgovor
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
Kartica 644
Vprašanje
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
Odgovor
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
Kartica 645
Vprašanje
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
Odgovor
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
Kartica 646
Vprašanje
Delusion?
Odgovor
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
Kartica 647
Vprašanje
Agoraphobia?
Odgovor
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
Kartica 648
Vprašanje
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
Odgovor
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
Kartica 649
Vprašanje
Eclectic approach to disorder?
Odgovor
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
Kartica 650
Vprašanje
Hallucination?
Odgovor
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
Kartica 651
Vprašanje
Panic disorder?
Odgovor
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
Kartica 652
Vprašanje
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
Odgovor
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
Kartica 653
Vprašanje
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
Odgovor
The diathesis–stress model.
Kartica 654
Vprašanje
Cluster A personality disorders?
Odgovor
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
Kartica 655
Vprašanje
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
Odgovor
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
Kartica 656
Vprašanje
Evidence-based treatment?
Odgovor
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
Kartica 657
Vprašanje
Therapeutic alliance?
Odgovor
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
Kartica 658
Vprašanje
Cultural humility in therapy?
Odgovor
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
Kartica 659
Vprašanje
Deinstitutionalization?
Odgovor
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
Kartica 660
Vprašanje
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
Odgovor
Exposure therapy.
Kartica 661
Vprašanje
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
Odgovor
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
Kartica 662
Vprašanje
Four medication categories in the course?
Odgovor
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
Kartica 663
Vprašanje
Depressive cognitive triad?
Odgovor
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
Kartica 664
Vprašanje
Applied behavior analysis?
Odgovor
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
Kartica 665
Vprašanje
Psychosurgery?
Odgovor
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
Kartica 666
Vprašanje
Free association?
Odgovor
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
Kartica 667
Vprašanje
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
Odgovor
Cognitive restructuring.
Kartica 668
Vprašanje
One advantage of group therapy?
Odgovor
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
Kartica 669
Vprašanje
Lobotomy?
Odgovor
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
Kartica 670
Vprašanje
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
Odgovor
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
Kartica 671
Vprašanje
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
Odgovor
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
Kartica 672
Vprašanje
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
Odgovor
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
Kartica 673
Vprašanje
Social anxiety disorder?
Odgovor
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
Kartica 674
Vprašanje
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
Odgovor
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
Kartica 675
Vprašanje
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
Odgovor
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
Kartica 676
Vprašanje
Dissociative fugue?
Odgovor
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
Kartica 677
Vprašanje
Cluster B personality disorders?
Odgovor
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
Kartica 678
Vprašanje
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
Odgovor
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
Kartica 679
Vprašanje
Catatonia?
Odgovor
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
Kartica 680
Vprašanje
Manic episode?
Odgovor
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
Kartica 681
Vprašanje
Dissociative identity disorder?
Odgovor
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
Kartica 682
Vprašanje
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
Odgovor
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
Kartica 683
Vprašanje
Cluster C personality disorders?
Odgovor
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Kartica 684
Vprašanje
Taijin kyofusho?
Odgovor
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
Kartica 685
Vprašanje
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Odgovor
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
Kartica 686
Vprašanje
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
Odgovor
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
Kartica 687
Vprašanje
Hypomanic episode?
Odgovor
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
Kartica 688
Vprašanje
Generalized anxiety disorder?
Odgovor
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
Kartica 689
Vprašanje
Hoarding disorder?
Odgovor
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
Kartica 690
Vprašanje
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
Odgovor
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
Kartica 691
Vprašanje
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
Odgovor
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
Kartica 692
Vprašanje
Persistent depressive disorder?
Odgovor
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
Kartica 693
Vprašanje
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
Odgovor
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
Kartica 694
Vprašanje
Systematic desensitization?
Odgovor
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
Kartica 695
Vprašanje
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
Odgovor
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
Kartica 696
Vprašanje
Dialectical behavior therapy?
Odgovor
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
Kartica 697
Vprašanje
Integrity in therapy ethics?
Odgovor
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
Kartica 698
Vprašanje
Aversion therapy?
Odgovor
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
Kartica 699
Vprašanje
Tardive dyskinesia?
Odgovor
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
Kartica 700
Vprašanje
ECT versus TMS?
Odgovor
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
Kartica 701
Vprašanje
Respect for rights and dignity?
Odgovor
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
Kartica 702
Vprašanje
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
Odgovor
A token economy.
Kartica 703
Vprašanje
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
Odgovor
Person-centered therapy.
Kartica 704
Vprašanje
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
Odgovor
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
Kartica 705
Vprašanje
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
Odgovor
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.
705 kartic
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
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