Nature in the nature–nurture question?

Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.

Central nervous system?

The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.

Main role of the spinal cord?

It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.

Scores are 4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?

7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.

Nurture in the nature–nurture question?

Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.

Peripheral nervous system?

The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.

A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.

Reflex times are 180, 190, 210, 260, 410 milliseconds. What is the median?

210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.

The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.

Autonomic nervous system?

The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.

Evolutionary perspective on behavior?

It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.

Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?

It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.

Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?

They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.

Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?

A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.

Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.

Somatic nervous system?

The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.

They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.

Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?

An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.

Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?

Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.

Sympathetic nervous system?

The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.

Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?

The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.

They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.

Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?

The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.

Parasympathetic nervous system?

The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.

The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.

Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.

Adrenaline's behavioral role?

It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.

Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.

The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.

The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.

Leptin's role in eating?

It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.

Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.

Depolarization during an action potential?

Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.

Dopamine's major psychological functions?

Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.

A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.

A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.

The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.

Serotonin's major psychological functions?

Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.

Glutamate's major psychological functions?

It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.

A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.

It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.

A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.

Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.

A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.

All-or-none principle?

A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.

Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?

Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.

GABA's major psychological function?

It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.

Oxytocin's behavioral role?

It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.

A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.

AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review

Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.

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Om denne kortstokken

Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.

What the cards ask you to retrieve

Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.

The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.

What's deliberately left out

The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.

Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.

This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.

Kort i denne kortstokken

Kort 1
Spørsmål
Nature in the nature–nurture question?
Svar
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
Kort 2
Spørsmål
Central nervous system?
Svar
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
Kort 3
Spørsmål
Main role of the spinal cord?
Svar
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
Kort 4
Spørsmål
Scores are 4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?
Svar
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
Kort 5
Spørsmål
Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
Svar
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
Kort 6
Spørsmål
Peripheral nervous system?
Svar
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Kort 7
Spørsmål
Reflex arc?
Svar
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
Kort 8
Spørsmål
Reflex times are 180, 190, 210, 260, 410 milliseconds. What is the median?
Svar
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
Kort 9
Spørsmål
Heritability?
Svar
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
Kort 10
Spørsmål
Autonomic nervous system?
Svar
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
Kort 11
Spørsmål
Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
Svar
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
Kort 12
Spørsmål
Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
Svar
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
Kort 13
Spørsmål
Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
Svar
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
Kort 14
Spørsmål
Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
Svar
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
Kort 15
Spørsmål
Natural selection?
Svar
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
Kort 16
Spørsmål
Somatic nervous system?
Svar
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
Kort 17
Spørsmål
Sensory neurons?
Svar
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
Kort 18
Spørsmål
Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
Svar
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
Kort 19
Spørsmål
Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
Svar
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
Kort 20
Spørsmål
Sympathetic nervous system?
Svar
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
Kort 21
Spørsmål
Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
Svar
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
Kort 22
Spørsmål
Motor neurons?
Svar
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
Kort 23
Spørsmål
Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
Svar
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
Kort 24
Spørsmål
Parasympathetic nervous system?
Svar
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
Kort 25
Spørsmål
Resting potential?
Svar
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
Kort 26
Spørsmål
Interneurons?
Svar
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
Kort 27
Spørsmål
Adrenaline's behavioral role?
Svar
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
Kort 28
Spørsmål
Frontal lobes?
Svar
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
Kort 29
Spørsmål
Neural threshold?
Svar
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
Kort 30
Spørsmål
Corpus callosum?
Svar
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
Kort 31
Spørsmål
Leptin's role in eating?
Svar
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
Kort 32
Spørsmål
Temporal lobes?
Svar
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
Kort 33
Spørsmål
Depolarization during an action potential?
Svar
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
Kort 34
Spørsmål
Dopamine's major psychological functions?
Svar
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
Kort 35
Spørsmål
Ghrelin's role in eating?
Svar
It helps stimulate hunger.
Kort 36
Spørsmål
Drug agonist?
Svar
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
Kort 37
Spørsmål
Action potential?
Svar
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
Kort 38
Spørsmål
Reuptake?
Svar
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
Kort 39
Spørsmål
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
Svar
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
Kort 40
Spørsmål
Glutamate's major psychological functions?
Svar
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
Kort 41
Spørsmål
Refractory period?
Svar
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
Kort 42
Spørsmål
Melatonin's role?
Svar
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
Kort 43
Spørsmål
Drug antagonist?
Svar
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
Kort 44
Spørsmål
Stimulants?
Svar
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
Kort 45
Spørsmål
Drug tolerance?
Svar
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
Kort 46
Spørsmål
Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Svar
Multiple sclerosis.
Kort 47
Spørsmål
All-or-none principle?
Svar
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
Kort 48
Spørsmål
Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
Svar
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
Kort 49
Spørsmål
GABA's major psychological function?
Svar
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
Kort 50
Spørsmål
Oxytocin's behavioral role?
Svar
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
Kort 51
Spørsmål
Reuptake inhibitor?
Svar
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
Kort 52
Spørsmål
Depressants?
Svar
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
Kort 53
Spørsmål
Drug withdrawal?
Svar
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
Kort 54
Spørsmål
Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Svar
Myasthenia gravis.
Kort 55
Spørsmål
Glial cells?
Svar
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
Kort 56
Spørsmål
Endorphins?
Svar
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
Kort 57
Spørsmål
Substance P?
Svar
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
Kort 58
Spørsmål
Acetylcholine's major functions?
Svar
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
Kort 59
Spørsmål
Opioids?
Svar
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
Kort 60
Spørsmål
Hallucinogens?
Svar
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
Kort 61
Spørsmål
Addiction?
Svar
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
Kort 62
Spørsmål
Parietal lobes?
Svar
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
Kort 63
Spørsmål
Consciousness?
Svar
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
Kort 64
Spørsmål
Circadian rhythm?
Svar
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
Kort 65
Spørsmål
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
Svar
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
Kort 66
Spørsmål
Occipital lobes?
Svar
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
Kort 67
Spørsmål
What does split-brain research reveal?
Svar
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
Kort 68
Spørsmål
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
Svar
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
Kort 69
Spørsmål
NREM-1 sleep?
Svar
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
Kort 70
Spørsmål
Motor cortex?
Svar
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
Kort 71
Spørsmål
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
Svar
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
Kort 72
Spørsmål
Brainstem's core function?
Svar
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
Kort 73
Spørsmål
NREM-2 sleep?
Svar
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
Kort 74
Spørsmål
Somatosensory cortex?
Svar
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
Kort 75
Spørsmål
Medulla's main functions?
Svar
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
Kort 76
Spørsmål
Reticular activating system?
Svar
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
Kort 77
Spørsmål
NREM-3 sleep?
Svar
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
Kort 78
Spørsmål
Cerebellum's main functions?
Svar
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
Kort 79
Spørsmål
Thalamus?
Svar
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
Kort 80
Spørsmål
Hypothalamus?
Svar
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
Kort 81
Spørsmål
REM sleep?
Svar
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
Kort 82
Spørsmål
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
Svar
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
Kort 83
Spørsmål
Amygdala?
Svar
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
Kort 84
Spørsmål
Hippocampus?
Svar
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
Kort 85
Spørsmål
How does sleep change across a typical night?
Svar
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
Kort 86
Spørsmål
Contralateral brain control?
Svar
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
Kort 87
Spørsmål
What does an EEG measure?
Svar
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
Kort 88
Spørsmål
Reward-center activity?
Svar
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
Kort 89
Spørsmål
Neuroplasticity?
Svar
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
Kort 90
Spørsmål
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
Svar
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
Kort 91
Spørsmål
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
Svar
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
Kort 92
Spørsmål
Insomnia?
Svar
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
Kort 93
Spørsmål
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
Svar
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
Kort 94
Spørsmål
Absolute threshold?
Svar
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
Kort 95
Spørsmål
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
Svar
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
Kort 96
Spørsmål
Narcolepsy?
Svar
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
Kort 97
Spørsmål
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
Svar
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
Kort 98
Spørsmål
Difference threshold?
Svar
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
Kort 99
Spørsmål
Consolidation view of dreams?
Svar
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
Kort 100
Spørsmål
REM sleep behavior disorder?
Svar
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
Kort 101
Spørsmål
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
Svar
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
Kort 102
Spørsmål
Weber's law?
Svar
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
Kort 103
Spørsmål
Two supported functions of sleep?
Svar
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
Kort 104
Spørsmål
Sleep apnea?
Svar
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
Kort 105
Spørsmål
REM rebound?
Svar
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
Kort 106
Spørsmål
Signal detection theory?
Svar
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
Kort 107
Spørsmål
Sensory transduction?
Svar
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
Kort 108
Spørsmål
Vestibular sense?
Svar
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
Kort 109
Spørsmål
Somnambulism?
Svar
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
Kort 110
Spørsmål
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Svar
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
Kort 111
Spørsmål
What begins visual transduction?
Svar
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
Kort 112
Spørsmål
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
Svar
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
Kort 113
Spørsmål
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
Svar
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
Kort 114
Spørsmål
Accommodation in vision?
Svar
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
Kort 115
Spørsmål
Cones?
Svar
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
Kort 116
Spørsmål
What begins auditory transduction?
Svar
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
Kort 117
Spørsmål
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
Svar
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
Kort 118
Spørsmål
How is smell unusual among the senses?
Svar
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
Kort 119
Spørsmål
Kinesthesia?
Svar
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
Kort 120
Spørsmål
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
Svar
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
Kort 121
Spørsmål
Nearsightedness?
Svar
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
Kort 122
Spørsmål
Pheromones?
Svar
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
Kort 123
Spørsmål
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
Svar
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
Kort 124
Spørsmål
Volley theory of pitch?
Svar
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
Kort 125
Spørsmål
Farsightedness?
Svar
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
Kort 126
Spørsmål
Six taste qualities named in the course?
Svar
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
Kort 127
Spørsmål
Phantom-limb sensation?
Svar
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
Kort 128
Spørsmål
Sensory interaction?
Svar
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
Kort 129
Spørsmål
What causes most color-vision deficiency?
Svar
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
Kort 130
Spørsmål
Prosopagnosia?
Svar
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
Kort 131
Spørsmål
Rods?
Svar
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
Kort 132
Spørsmål
How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
Svar
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
Kort 133
Spørsmål
Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
Svar
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
Kort 134
Spørsmål
Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
Svar
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
Kort 135
Spørsmål
What do the semicircular canals detect?
Svar
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
Kort 136
Spørsmål
Synesthesia?
Svar
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
Kort 137
Spørsmål
Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
Svar
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
Kort 138
Spørsmål
Blindsight?
Svar
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
Kort 139
Spørsmål
Sensory adaptation?
Svar
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
Kort 140
Spørsmål
Gate-control view of pain?
Svar
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
Kort 141
Spørsmål
Bottom-up processing?
Svar
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
Kort 142
Spørsmål
Concept?
Svar
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Kort 143
Spørsmål
Fixation in problem solving?
Svar
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
Kort 144
Spørsmål
Algorithm?
Svar
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
Kort 145
Spørsmål
Top-down processing?
Svar
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
Kort 146
Spørsmål
Confirmation bias?
Svar
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
Kort 147
Spørsmål
Retinal disparity?
Svar
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
Kort 148
Spørsmål
Heuristic?
Svar
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
Kort 149
Spørsmål
Selective attention?
Svar
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
Kort 150
Spørsmål
Figure–ground organization?
Svar
Separating the object of attention from its background.
Kort 151
Spørsmål
Convergence as a depth cue?
Svar
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
Kort 152
Spørsmål
Representativeness heuristic?
Svar
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
Kort 153
Spørsmål
Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
Svar
Inattentional blindness.
Kort 154
Spørsmål
Gestalt proximity principle?
Svar
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
Kort 155
Spørsmål
Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
Svar
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
Kort 156
Spørsmål
Cocktail-party effect?
Svar
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
Kort 157
Spørsmål
Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
Svar
Change blindness.
Kort 158
Spørsmål
Gestalt similarity principle?
Svar
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
Kort 159
Spørsmål
Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
Svar
Linear perspective.
Kort 160
Spørsmål
Perceptual constancy?
Svar
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
Kort 161
Spørsmål
Perceptual set?
Svar
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
Kort 162
Spørsmål
Gestalt closure principle?
Svar
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
Kort 163
Spørsmål
One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
Svar
The blocking object, using interposition.
Kort 164
Spørsmål
Apparent motion?
Svar
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
Kort 165
Spørsmål
Availability heuristic?
Svar
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
Kort 166
Spørsmål
Divergent thinking?
Svar
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
Kort 167
Spørsmål
A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
Svar
Relative clarity.
Kort 168
Spørsmål
Prototype?
Svar
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
Kort 169
Spørsmål
Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
Svar
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
Kort 170
Spørsmål
Convergent thinking?
Svar
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
Kort 171
Spørsmål
A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
Svar
Texture gradient.
Kort 172
Spørsmål
Belief perseverance?
Svar
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
Kort 173
Spørsmål
Explicit memory?
Svar
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
Kort 174
Spørsmål
Three stores in the multi-store model?
Svar
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Kort 175
Spørsmål
Seeing an object only in its usual role?
Svar
Functional fixedness.
Kort 176
Spørsmål
Mental set?
Svar
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
Kort 177
Spørsmål
Episodic memory?
Svar
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
Kort 178
Spørsmål
Working memory?
Svar
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
Kort 179
Spørsmål
Insight?
Svar
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
Kort 180
Spørsmål
Framing effect?
Svar
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
Kort 181
Spørsmål
Implicit memory?
Svar
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
Kort 182
Spørsmål
Overconfidence bias?
Svar
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
Kort 183
Spørsmål
Anchoring bias?
Svar
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
Kort 184
Spørsmål
Schema in thinking?
Svar
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
Kort 185
Spørsmål
Procedural memory?
Svar
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
Kort 186
Spørsmål
Gambler's fallacy?
Svar
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
Kort 187
Spørsmål
Sunk-cost fallacy?
Svar
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
Kort 188
Spørsmål
Executive functions?
Svar
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
Kort 189
Spørsmål
How can priming affect judgment?
Svar
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
Kort 190
Spørsmål
Central executive in working memory?
Svar
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
Kort 191
Spørsmål
Serial-position effect?
Svar
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
Kort 192
Spørsmål
Semantic memory?
Svar
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
Kort 193
Spørsmål
Levels-of-processing principle?
Svar
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
Kort 194
Spørsmål
Automatic processing?
Svar
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
Kort 195
Spørsmål
Maintenance rehearsal?
Svar
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
Kort 196
Spørsmål
Prospective memory?
Svar
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
Kort 197
Spørsmål
Primacy effect?
Svar
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
Kort 198
Spørsmål
Long-term memory?
Svar
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
Kort 199
Spørsmål
Highly superior autobiographical memory?
Svar
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
Kort 200
Spørsmål
Effortful processing?
Svar
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
Kort 201
Spørsmål
Elaborative rehearsal?
Svar
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
Kort 202
Spørsmål
Memory consolidation?
Svar
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
Kort 203
Spørsmål
Recency effect?
Svar
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
Kort 204
Spørsmål
Spacing effect?
Svar
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
Kort 205
Spørsmål
Testing effect?
Svar
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
Kort 206
Spørsmål
Chunking?
Svar
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
Kort 207
Spørsmål
Mnemonic?
Svar
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
Kort 208
Spørsmål
Why organize material into a hierarchy?
Svar
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
Kort 209
Spørsmål
How can a schema help encoding?
Svar
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
Kort 210
Spørsmål
Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
Svar
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
Kort 211
Spørsmål
Iconic memory?
Svar
A very brief visual sensory memory.
Kort 212
Spørsmål
Recall?
Svar
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
Kort 213
Spørsmål
Retrieval cue?
Svar
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
Kort 214
Spørsmål
Encoding-specificity principle?
Svar
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
Kort 215
Spørsmål
Context-dependent memory?
Svar
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
Kort 216
Spørsmål
Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
Svar
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
Kort 217
Spørsmål
Echoic memory?
Svar
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
Kort 218
Spørsmål
Anterograde amnesia?
Svar
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
Kort 219
Spørsmål
Phonological loop?
Svar
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
Kort 220
Spørsmål
Cerebellum's memory role?
Svar
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
Kort 221
Spørsmål
Why is short-term memory described as limited?
Svar
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
Kort 222
Spørsmål
Retrograde amnesia?
Svar
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
Kort 223
Spørsmål
Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
Svar
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
Kort 224
Spørsmål
How can the amygdala affect memory?
Svar
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
Kort 225
Spørsmål
Visuospatial sketchpad?
Svar
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
Kort 226
Spørsmål
Long-term potentiation?
Svar
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
Kort 227
Spørsmål
Infantile amnesia?
Svar
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
Kort 228
Spørsmål
Alzheimer's disease?
Svar
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
Kort 229
Spørsmål
Scores are 2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?
Svar
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because 9 - 2 = 7.
Kort 230
Spørsmål
Recognition?
Svar
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
Kort 231
Spørsmål
Why is memory called reconstructive?
Svar
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
Kort 232
Spørsmål
Storage decay?
Svar
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
Kort 233
Spørsmål
State-dependent memory?
Svar
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
Kort 234
Spørsmål
Relearning?
Svar
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
Kort 235
Spørsmål
Misinformation effect?
Svar
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
Kort 236
Spørsmål
A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
Svar
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
Kort 237
Spørsmål
Mood-congruent memory?
Svar
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
Kort 238
Spørsmål
Priming?
Svar
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
Kort 239
Spørsmål
Tip-of-the-tongue state?
Svar
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
Kort 240
Spørsmål
Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
Svar
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
Kort 241
Spørsmål
Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
Svar
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
Kort 242
Spørsmål
Metacognition?
Svar
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
Kort 243
Spørsmål
Source amnesia?
Svar
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
Kort 244
Spørsmål
Test standardization?
Svar
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
Kort 245
Spørsmål
Reliability?
Svar
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
Kort 246
Spørsmål
Stereotype threat?
Svar
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
Kort 247
Spørsmål
General intelligence, or g?
Svar
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
Kort 248
Spørsmål
Encoding failure?
Svar
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
Kort 249
Spørsmål
Validity?
Svar
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
Kort 250
Spørsmål
Proactive interference?
Svar
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
Kort 251
Spørsmål
Imagination inflation?
Svar
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
Kort 252
Spørsmål
A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
Svar
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
Kort 253
Spørsmål
Retrieval failure?
Svar
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
Kort 254
Spørsmål
Retroactive interference?
Svar
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
Kort 255
Spørsmål
A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
Svar
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
Kort 256
Spørsmål
Repression in psychodynamic theory?
Svar
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
Kort 257
Spørsmål
Flashbulb memory?
Svar
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
Kort 258
Spørsmål
A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
Svar
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
Kort 259
Spørsmål
A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
Svar
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
Kort 260
Spørsmål
Stereotype lift?
Svar
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
Kort 261
Spørsmål
Achievement test?
Svar
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
Kort 262
Spørsmål
Construct validity?
Svar
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
Kort 263
Spørsmål
Test–retest reliability?
Svar
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
Kort 264
Spørsmål
Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
Svar
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
Kort 265
Spørsmål
Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
Svar
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
Kort 266
Spørsmål
Aptitude test?
Svar
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
Kort 267
Spørsmål
Traditional IQ formula?
Svar
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
Kort 268
Spørsmål
Predictive validity?
Svar
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
Kort 269
Spørsmål
What does a normal score distribution look like?
Svar
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
Kort 270
Spørsmål
Split-half reliability?
Svar
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
Kort 271
Spørsmål
Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
Svar
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
Kort 272
Spørsmål
Flynn effect?
Svar
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
Kort 273
Spørsmål
A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
Svar
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
Kort 274
Spørsmål
Continuous versus stage development?
Svar
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
Kort 275
Spørsmål
How can prenatal environment affect later development?
Svar
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
Kort 276
Spørsmål
Teratogen?
Svar
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
Kort 277
Spørsmål
Maturation?
Svar
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
Kort 278
Spørsmål
Stability–change question in development?
Svar
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
Kort 279
Spørsmål
A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
Svar
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
Kort 280
Spørsmål
Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
Svar
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
Kort 281
Spørsmål
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
Svar
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
Kort 282
Spørsmål
Fine versus gross motor skills?
Svar
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
Kort 283
Spørsmål
Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
Svar
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
Kort 284
Spørsmål
What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
Svar
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
Kort 285
Spørsmål
Puberty?
Svar
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
Kort 286
Spørsmål
Sensitive period?
Svar
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
Kort 287
Spørsmål
What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
Svar
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
Kort 288
Spørsmål
Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
Svar
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
Kort 289
Spørsmål
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
Svar
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
Kort 290
Spørsmål
Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
Svar
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
Kort 291
Spørsmål
Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
Svar
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
Kort 292
Spørsmål
Menarche?
Svar
The first menstrual period.
Kort 293
Spørsmål
Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
Svar
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
Kort 294
Spørsmål
About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
Svar
About 68%.
Kort 295
Spørsmål
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
Svar
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
Kort 296
Spørsmål
Spermarche?
Svar
The first ejaculation.
Kort 297
Spørsmål
Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
Svar
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
Kort 298
Spørsmål
Imprinting?
Svar
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
Kort 299
Spørsmål
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
Svar
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
Kort 300
Spørsmål
Menopause?
Svar
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
Kort 301
Spørsmål
Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
Svar
Naturalistic observation.
Kort 302
Spørsmål
How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
Svar
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
Kort 303
Spørsmål
Gender identity?
Svar
A person's internal sense of their gender.
Kort 304
Spørsmål
Gender role?
Svar
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
Kort 305
Spørsmål
Sex versus gender?
Svar
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
Kort 306
Spørsmål
Common sensory change in later adulthood?
Svar
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
Kort 307
Spørsmål
Sexual orientation?
Svar
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
Kort 308
Spørsmål
Gender schema?
Svar
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
Kort 309
Spørsmål
Best broad view of gender development?
Svar
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
Kort 310
Spørsmål
Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
Svar
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
Kort 311
Spørsmål
Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
Svar
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
Kort 312
Spørsmål
Schema in cognitive development?
Svar
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
Kort 313
Spørsmål
Sensorimotor stage?
Svar
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
Kort 314
Spørsmål
Preoperational stage?
Svar
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
Kort 315
Spørsmål
Assimilation?
Svar
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
Kort 316
Spørsmål
A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
Svar
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
Kort 317
Spørsmål
Animism in preoperational thought?
Svar
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
Kort 318
Spørsmål
Concrete operational stage?
Svar
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
Kort 319
Spørsmål
Accommodation?
Svar
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
Kort 320
Spørsmål
Reversibility in cognitive development?
Svar
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
Kort 321
Spørsmål
How can social learning shape gender expression?
Svar
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
Kort 322
Spørsmål
A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
Svar
Assimilation.
Kort 323
Spørsmål
Language?
Svar
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
Kort 324
Spørsmål
Cooing stage?
Svar
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
Kort 325
Spørsmål
Babbling stage?
Svar
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
Kort 326
Spørsmål
One-word stage?
Svar
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
Kort 327
Spørsmål
Grammar?
Svar
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
Kort 328
Spørsmål
A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
Svar
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
Kort 329
Spørsmål
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
Svar
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
Kort 330
Spørsmål
A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
Svar
Accommodation.
Kort 331
Spørsmål
A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
Svar
Scaffolding.
Kort 332
Spørsmål
A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
Svar
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
Kort 333
Spørsmål
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
Svar
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
Kort 334
Spørsmål
An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
Svar
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
Kort 335
Spørsmål
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
Svar
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
Kort 336
Spørsmål
Formal operational stage?
Svar
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
Kort 337
Spørsmål
Dementia?
Svar
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
Kort 338
Spørsmål
Phoneme?
Svar
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
Kort 339
Spørsmål
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
Svar
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
Kort 340
Spørsmål
Temperament?
Svar
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
Kort 341
Spørsmål
Attachment?
Svar
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
Kort 342
Spørsmål
Erikson's infancy conflict?
Svar
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
Kort 343
Spørsmål
Microsystem?
Svar
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
Kort 344
Spørsmål
Erikson's toddler conflict?
Svar
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
Kort 345
Spørsmål
Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
Svar
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
Kort 346
Spørsmål
Erikson's school-age conflict?
Svar
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
Kort 347
Spørsmål
Mesosystem?
Svar
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
Kort 348
Spørsmål
Erikson's adolescent conflict?
Svar
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
Kort 349
Spørsmål
Erikson's young-adult conflict?
Svar
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
Kort 350
Spørsmål
Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
Svar
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
Kort 351
Spørsmål
Exosystem?
Svar
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
Kort 352
Spørsmål
Morpheme?
Svar
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
Kort 353
Spørsmål
Telegraphic speech?
Svar
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
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Kort 354
Spørsmål
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
Svar
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
Kort 355
Spørsmål
Macrosystem?
Svar
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
Kort 356
Spørsmål
Semantics?
Svar
The meanings of words and sentences.
Kort 357
Spørsmål
A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
Svar
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
Kort 358
Spørsmål
What does a sensitive period for language imply?
Svar
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
Kort 359
Spørsmål
Does language completely determine thought?
Svar
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
Kort 360
Spørsmål
Syntax?
Svar
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
Kort 361
Spørsmål
A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
Svar
Secure attachment.
Kort 362
Spørsmål
How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
Svar
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
Kort 363
Spørsmål
Authoritative parenting?
Svar
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
Kort 364
Spørsmål
Identity achievement?
Svar
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
Kort 365
Spørsmål
Avoidant attachment pattern?
Svar
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
Kort 366
Spørsmål
Classical conditioning?
Svar
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
Kort 367
Spørsmål
Unconditioned stimulus?
Svar
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
Kort 368
Spørsmål
Unconditioned response?
Svar
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
Kort 369
Spørsmål
Conditioned stimulus?
Svar
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
Kort 370
Spørsmål
Conditioned response?
Svar
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
Kort 371
Spørsmål
Acquisition in classical conditioning?
Svar
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
Kort 372
Spørsmål
During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
Svar
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
Kort 373
Spørsmål
Authoritarian parenting?
Svar
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
Kort 374
Spørsmål
Identity diffusion?
Svar
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
Kort 375
Spørsmål
Extinction in classical conditioning?
Svar
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
Kort 376
Spørsmål
Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
Svar
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
Kort 377
Spørsmål
Permissive parenting?
Svar
High warmth with few demands or limits.
Kort 378
Spørsmål
Parallel play?
Svar
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
Kort 379
Spørsmål
Imaginary audience?
Svar
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
Kort 380
Spørsmål
Identity foreclosure?
Svar
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
Kort 381
Spørsmål
Disorganized attachment pattern?
Svar
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
Kort 382
Spørsmål
Neglectful parenting?
Svar
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
Kort 383
Spørsmål
Chronosystem?
Svar
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
Kort 384
Spørsmål
Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
Svar
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
Kort 385
Spørsmål
Personal fable?
Svar
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
Kort 386
Spørsmål
Identity moratorium?
Svar
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
Kort 387
Spørsmål
Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
Svar
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
Kort 388
Spørsmål
Separation anxiety in infancy?
Svar
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
Kort 389
Spørsmål
What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
Svar
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
Kort 390
Spørsmål
Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
Svar
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
Kort 391
Spørsmål
Emerging adulthood?
Svar
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
Kort 392
Spørsmål
Social clock?
Svar
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
Kort 393
Spørsmål
Erikson's later-adult conflict?
Svar
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
Kort 394
Spørsmål
Possible selves?
Svar
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
Kort 395
Spørsmål
Stimulus generalization?
Svar
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
Kort 396
Spørsmål
Operant conditioning?
Svar
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
Kort 397
Spørsmål
Law of effect?
Svar
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
Kort 398
Spørsmål
Spontaneous recovery?
Svar
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
Kort 399
Spørsmål
Stimulus discrimination?
Svar
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
Kort 400
Spørsmål
Reinforcement?
Svar
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
Kort 401
Spørsmål
Higher-order conditioning?
Svar
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
Kort 402
Spørsmål
Counterconditioning?
Svar
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
Kort 403
Spørsmål
Habituation?
Svar
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
Kort 404
Spørsmål
Punishment?
Svar
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
Kort 405
Spørsmål
Partial reinforcement?
Svar
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
Kort 406
Spørsmål
Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
Svar
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
Kort 407
Spørsmål
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
Svar
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
Kort 408
Spørsmål
Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
Svar
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
Kort 409
Spørsmål
Fixed-ratio schedule?
Svar
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
Kort 410
Spørsmål
Observational learning?
Svar
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
Kort 411
Spørsmål
A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
Svar
Positive reinforcement.
Kort 412
Spørsmål
Primary reinforcer?
Svar
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
Kort 413
Spørsmål
Variable-ratio schedule?
Svar
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
Kort 414
Spørsmål
Modeling?
Svar
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
Kort 415
Spørsmål
Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
Svar
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
Kort 416
Spørsmål
Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
Svar
Negative reinforcement.
Kort 417
Spørsmål
Conditioned reinforcer?
Svar
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
Kort 418
Spørsmål
A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
Svar
Vicarious reinforcement.
Kort 419
Spørsmål
Fixed-interval schedule?
Svar
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
Kort 420
Spørsmål
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
Svar
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
Kort 421
Spørsmål
A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
Svar
Positive punishment.
Kort 422
Spørsmål
Shaping?
Svar
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
Kort 423
Spørsmål
Extinction in operant conditioning?
Svar
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
Kort 424
Spørsmål
Variable-interval schedule?
Svar
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
Kort 425
Spørsmål
A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
Svar
Negative punishment.
Kort 426
Spørsmål
Learned helplessness?
Svar
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
Kort 427
Spørsmål
Continuous reinforcement?
Svar
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
Kort 428
Spørsmål
A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
Svar
A fixed-interval schedule.
Kort 429
Spørsmål
Discriminative stimulus?
Svar
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
Kort 430
Spørsmål
Operant generalization versus discrimination?
Svar
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
Kort 431
Spørsmål
Instinctive drift?
Svar
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
Kort 432
Spørsmål
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
Svar
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
Kort 433
Spørsmål
How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
Svar
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
Kort 434
Spørsmål
How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
Svar
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
Kort 435
Spørsmål
Vicarious conditioning?
Svar
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
Kort 436
Spørsmål
A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
Svar
A variable-interval schedule.
Kort 437
Spørsmål
Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
Svar
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
Kort 438
Spørsmål
Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
Svar
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
Kort 439
Spørsmål
Latent learning?
Svar
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
Kort 440
Spørsmål
Cognitive map?
Svar
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
Kort 441
Spørsmål
Insight learning?
Svar
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
Kort 442
Spørsmål
Biological preparedness?
Svar
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
Kort 443
Spørsmål
What can mirror-neuron activity show?
Svar
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
Kort 444
Spørsmål
Attribution?
Svar
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
Kort 445
Spørsmål
Attitude?
Svar
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
Kort 446
Spørsmål
Upward social comparison?
Svar
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
Kort 447
Spørsmål
Optimistic explanatory style?
Svar
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
Kort 448
Spørsmål
Situational attribution?
Svar
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
Kort 449
Spørsmål
A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
Svar
Cognitive dissonance.
Kort 450
Spørsmål
Downward social comparison?
Svar
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
Kort 451
Spørsmål
Internal locus of control?
Svar
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
Kort 452
Spørsmål
Dispositional attribution?
Svar
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
Kort 453
Spørsmål
Pessimistic explanatory style?
Svar
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
Kort 454
Spørsmål
Relative deprivation?
Svar
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
Kort 455
Spørsmål
External locus of control?
Svar
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
Kort 456
Spørsmål
Fundamental attribution error?
Svar
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
Kort 457
Spørsmål
Halo effect?
Svar
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
Kort 458
Spørsmål
Self-fulfilling prophecy?
Svar
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
Kort 459
Spørsmål
Mere-exposure effect?
Svar
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
Kort 460
Spørsmål
A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
Svar
The actor–observer difference.
Kort 461
Spørsmål
A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
Svar
The central route.
Kort 462
Spørsmål
Effort justification?
Svar
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
Kort 463
Spørsmål
Stereotype?
Svar
A generalized belief about members of a group.
Kort 464
Spørsmål
A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
Svar
Self-serving bias.
Kort 465
Spørsmål
A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
Svar
The peripheral route.
Kort 466
Spørsmål
Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
Svar
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
Kort 467
Spørsmål
Prejudice?
Svar
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
Kort 468
Spørsmål
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:

Workload Errors

Low 2

High 8

Which attribution is better supported?
Svar
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
Kort 469
Spørsmål
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
Svar
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
Kort 470
Spørsmål
Conformity?
Svar
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
Kort 471
Spørsmål
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
Svar
The bystander effect.
Kort 472
Spørsmål
Diffusion of responsibility?
Svar
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
Kort 473
Spørsmål
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
Svar
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
Kort 474
Spørsmål
In-group bias?
Svar
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
Kort 475
Spørsmål
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
Svar
The foot-in-the-door technique.
Kort 476
Spørsmål
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
Svar
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
Kort 477
Spørsmål
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
Svar
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
Kort 478
Spørsmål
Discrimination?
Svar
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
Kort 479
Spørsmål
Out-group homogeneity effect?
Svar
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
Kort 480
Spørsmål
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
Svar
The door-in-the-face technique.
Kort 481
Spørsmål
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
Svar
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
Kort 482
Spørsmål
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
Svar
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
Kort 483
Spørsmål
Just-world belief?
Svar
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
Kort 484
Spørsmål
Implicit attitude?
Svar
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
Kort 485
Spørsmål
Ethnocentrism?
Svar
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
Kort 486
Spørsmål
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
Svar
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
Kort 487
Spørsmål
Normative social influence?
Svar
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
Kort 488
Spørsmål
Psychodynamic view of personality?
Svar
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
Kort 489
Spørsmål
Norm of reciprocity?
Svar
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
Kort 490
Spørsmål
Individualism?
Svar
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
Kort 491
Spørsmål
Informational social influence?
Svar
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
Kort 492
Spørsmål
Id?
Svar
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
Kort 493
Spørsmål
Altruism?
Svar
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
Kort 494
Spørsmål
Social norm?
Svar
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
Kort 495
Spørsmål
What tends to increase conformity?
Svar
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
Kort 496
Spørsmål
Ego?
Svar
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
Kort 497
Spørsmål
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
Svar
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
Kort 498
Spørsmål
Collectivism?
Svar
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
Kort 499
Spørsmål
Obedience?
Svar
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
Kort 500
Spørsmål
Superego?
Svar
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
Kort 501
Spørsmål
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
Svar
Denial.
Kort 502
Spørsmål
Social-responsibility norm?
Svar
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
Kort 503
Spørsmål
How does proximity affect attraction?
Svar
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
Kort 504
Spørsmål
What tends to increase obedience?
Svar
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
Kort 505
Spørsmål
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
Svar
Displacement.
Kort 506
Spørsmål
Social loafing?
Svar
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
Kort 507
Spørsmål
Multiculturalism?
Svar
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
Kort 508
Spørsmål
How does similarity affect attraction?
Svar
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
Kort 509
Spørsmål
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
Svar
Projection.
Kort 510
Spørsmål
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
Svar
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
Kort 511
Spørsmål
Deindividuation?
Svar
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
Kort 512
Spørsmål
Group polarization?
Svar
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
Kort 513
Spørsmål
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
Svar
Rationalization.
Kort 514
Spørsmål
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
Svar
Groupthink.
Kort 515
Spørsmål
Pluralistic ignorance?
Svar
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
Kort 516
Spørsmål
Social trap?
Svar
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
Kort 517
Spørsmål
Reaction formation?
Svar
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
Kort 518
Spørsmål
Superordinate goal?
Svar
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
Kort 519
Spørsmål
False-consensus effect?
Svar
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
Kort 520
Spørsmål
Industrial-organizational psychology?
Svar
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
Kort 521
Spørsmål
Repression?
Svar
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
Kort 522
Spørsmål
Burnout?
Svar
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
Kort 523
Spørsmål
Unconditional positive regard?
Svar
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
Kort 524
Spørsmål
Trait?
Svar
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
Kort 525
Spørsmål
Regression as a defense mechanism?
Svar
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
Kort 526
Spørsmål
Reciprocal determinism?
Svar
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
Kort 527
Spørsmål
Self-efficacy?
Svar
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
Kort 528
Spørsmål
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
Svar
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
Kort 529
Spørsmål
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
Svar
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
Kort 530
Spørsmål
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Svar
Openness.
Kort 531
Spørsmål
Personality inventory?
Svar
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
Kort 532
Spørsmål
Self-actualizing tendency?
Svar
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
Kort 533
Spørsmål
Self-esteem?
Svar
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
Kort 534
Spørsmål
Instinct in motivation research?
Svar
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
Kort 535
Spørsmål
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Svar
Conscientiousness.
Kort 536
Spørsmål
Projective test?
Svar
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
Kort 537
Spørsmål
How does factor analysis help trait research?
Svar
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
Kort 538
Spørsmål
Drive-reduction theory?
Svar
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
Kort 539
Spørsmål
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Svar
Extraversion.
Kort 540
Spørsmål
Person–situation debate?
Svar
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
Kort 541
Spørsmål
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
Svar
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
Kort 542
Spørsmål
Homeostasis?
Svar
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
Kort 543
Spørsmål
Incentive theory?
Svar
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
Kort 544
Spørsmål
Big Five agreeableness?
Svar
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
Kort 545
Spørsmål
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
Svar
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
Kort 546
Spørsmål
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
Svar
An approach–approach conflict.
Kort 547
Spørsmål
Arousal theory of motivation?
Svar
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
Kort 548
Spørsmål
Big Five emotional stability?
Svar
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
Kort 549
Spørsmål
What regulates hunger?
Svar
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
Kort 550
Spørsmål
Three broad components of emotion?
Svar
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
Kort 551
Spørsmål
Self-determination theory?
Svar
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
Kort 552
Spørsmål
Emotion regulation?
Svar
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
Kort 553
Spørsmål
Sensation-seeking?
Svar
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
Kort 554
Spørsmål
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
Svar
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
Kort 555
Spørsmål
Intrinsic motivation?
Svar
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
Kort 556
Spørsmål
Display rules?
Svar
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
Kort 557
Spørsmål
Arousal and performance relationship?
Svar
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
Kort 558
Spørsmål
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
Svar
An approach–avoidance conflict.
Kort 559
Spørsmål
Extrinsic motivation?
Svar
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
Kort 560
Spørsmål
Achievement motivation?
Svar
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
Kort 561
Spørsmål
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
Svar
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
Kort 562
Spørsmål
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
Svar
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
Kort 563
Spørsmål
Overjustification effect?
Svar
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
Kort 564
Spørsmål
Belongingness motivation?
Svar
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
Kort 565
Spørsmål
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:

Condition Mean minutes

Assigned topic 34

Chosen topic 47

What is the observed mean difference?
Svar
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
Kort 566
Spørsmål
Facial-feedback effect?
Svar
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
Kort 567
Spørsmål
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
Svar
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
Kort 568
Spørsmål
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
Svar
Cognitive reappraisal.
Kort 569
Spørsmål
Broaden-and-build view?
Svar
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
Kort 570
Spørsmål
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
Svar
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
Kort 571
Spørsmål
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
Svar
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
Kort 572
Spørsmål
Expressive suppression?
Svar
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
Kort 573
Spørsmål
How does acute stress affect the body?
Svar
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
Kort 574
Spørsmål
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
Svar
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
Kort 575
Spørsmål
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
Svar
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
Kort 576
Spørsmål
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
Svar
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
Kort 577
Spørsmål
Health psychology?
Svar
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
Kort 578
Spørsmål
Positive psychology?
Svar
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
Kort 579
Spørsmål
Stress?
Svar
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
Kort 580
Spørsmål
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
Svar
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
Kort 581
Spørsmål
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
Svar
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
Kort 582
Spørsmål
Resilience?
Svar
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
Kort 583
Spørsmål
Stressor?
Svar
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
Kort 584
Spørsmål
General adaptation syndrome?
Svar
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
Kort 585
Spørsmål
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
Svar
Problem-focused coping.
Kort 586
Spørsmål
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
Svar
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
Kort 587
Spørsmål
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
Svar
Primary appraisal.
Kort 588
Spørsmål
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
Svar
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
Kort 589
Spørsmål
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
Svar
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
Kort 590
Spørsmål
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
Svar
Emotion-focused coping.
Kort 591
Spørsmål
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
Svar
Secondary appraisal.
Kort 592
Spørsmål
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
Svar
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
Kort 593
Spørsmål
Adverse childhood experiences?
Svar
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
Kort 594
Spørsmål
How can social support protect health?
Svar
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
Kort 595
Spørsmål
Eustress versus distress?
Svar
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
Kort 596
Spørsmål
Tend-and-befriend response?
Svar
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
Kort 597
Spørsmål
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
Svar
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
Kort 598
Spørsmål
Biofeedback?
Svar
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
Kort 599
Spørsmål
How does perceived control affect stress?
Svar
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
Kort 600
Spørsmål
Psychoneuroimmunology?
Svar
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
Kort 601
Spørsmål
Subjective well-being?
Svar
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
Kort 602
Spørsmål
Psychological disorder?
Svar
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
Kort 603
Spørsmål
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
Svar
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
Kort 604
Spørsmål
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
Svar
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
Kort 605
Spørsmål
Signature strengths?
Svar
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
Kort 606
Spørsmål
Biopsychosocial model?
Svar
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
Kort 607
Spørsmål
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
Svar
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
Kort 608
Spørsmål
Posttraumatic growth?
Svar
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
Kort 609
Spørsmål
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
Svar
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
Kort 610
Spørsmål
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
Svar
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
Kort 611
Spørsmål
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
Svar
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
Kort 612
Spørsmål
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
Svar
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
Kort 613
Spørsmål
Biological explanation of disorder?
Svar
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
Kort 614
Spørsmål
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Svar
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
Kort 615
Spørsmål
Purpose of the DSM?
Svar
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
Kort 616
Spørsmål
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
Svar
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
Kort 617
Spørsmål
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
Svar
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
Kort 618
Spørsmål
Autism spectrum disorder?
Svar
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
Kort 619
Spørsmål
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
Svar
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
Kort 620
Spørsmål
Major depressive disorder?
Svar
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
Kort 621
Spørsmål
Specific phobia?
Svar
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
Kort 622
Spørsmål
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Svar
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
Kort 623
Spørsmål
Dissociative amnesia?
Svar
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
Kort 624
Spørsmål
Bipolar I disorder?
Svar
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
Kort 625
Spørsmål
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
Svar
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
Kort 626
Spørsmål
Anorexia nervosa?
Svar
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
Kort 627
Spørsmål
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
Svar
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
Kort 628
Spørsmål
Bipolar II disorder?
Svar
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
Kort 629
Spørsmål
Purpose of the ICD?
Svar
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
Kort 630
Spørsmål
Bulimia nervosa?
Svar
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
Kort 631
Spørsmål
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
Svar
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
Kort 632
Spørsmål
Ataque de nervios?
Svar
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
Kort 633
Spørsmål
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
Svar
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
Kort 634
Spørsmål
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
Svar
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
Kort 635
Spørsmål
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
Svar
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
Kort 636
Spørsmål
Comorbidity?
Svar
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
Kort 637
Spørsmål
Humanistic explanation of distress?
Svar
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
Kort 638
Spørsmål
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
Svar
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
Kort 639
Spørsmål
Stigma around mental disorder?
Svar
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
Kort 640
Spørsmål
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
Svar
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
Kort 641
Spørsmål
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
Svar
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
Kort 642
Spørsmål
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
Svar
Interrater reliability.
Kort 643
Spørsmål
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
Svar
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
Kort 644
Spørsmål
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
Svar
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
Kort 645
Spørsmål
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
Svar
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
Kort 646
Spørsmål
Delusion?
Svar
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
Kort 647
Spørsmål
Agoraphobia?
Svar
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
Kort 648
Spørsmål
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
Svar
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
Kort 649
Spørsmål
Eclectic approach to disorder?
Svar
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
Kort 650
Spørsmål
Hallucination?
Svar
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
Kort 651
Spørsmål
Panic disorder?
Svar
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
Kort 652
Spørsmål
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
Svar
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
Kort 653
Spørsmål
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
Svar
The diathesis–stress model.
Kort 654
Spørsmål
Cluster A personality disorders?
Svar
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
Kort 655
Spørsmål
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
Svar
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
Kort 656
Spørsmål
Evidence-based treatment?
Svar
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
Kort 657
Spørsmål
Therapeutic alliance?
Svar
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
Kort 658
Spørsmål
Cultural humility in therapy?
Svar
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
Kort 659
Spørsmål
Deinstitutionalization?
Svar
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
Kort 660
Spørsmål
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
Svar
Exposure therapy.
Kort 661
Spørsmål
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
Svar
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
Kort 662
Spørsmål
Four medication categories in the course?
Svar
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
Kort 663
Spørsmål
Depressive cognitive triad?
Svar
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
Kort 664
Spørsmål
Applied behavior analysis?
Svar
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
Kort 665
Spørsmål
Psychosurgery?
Svar
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
Kort 666
Spørsmål
Free association?
Svar
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
Kort 667
Spørsmål
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
Svar
Cognitive restructuring.
Kort 668
Spørsmål
One advantage of group therapy?
Svar
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
Kort 669
Spørsmål
Lobotomy?
Svar
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
Kort 670
Spørsmål
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
Svar
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
Kort 671
Spørsmål
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
Svar
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
Kort 672
Spørsmål
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
Svar
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
Kort 673
Spørsmål
Social anxiety disorder?
Svar
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
Kort 674
Spørsmål
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
Svar
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
Kort 675
Spørsmål
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
Svar
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
Kort 676
Spørsmål
Dissociative fugue?
Svar
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
Kort 677
Spørsmål
Cluster B personality disorders?
Svar
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
Kort 678
Spørsmål
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
Svar
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
Kort 679
Spørsmål
Catatonia?
Svar
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
Kort 680
Spørsmål
Manic episode?
Svar
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
Kort 681
Spørsmål
Dissociative identity disorder?
Svar
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
Kort 682
Spørsmål
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
Svar
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
Kort 683
Spørsmål
Cluster C personality disorders?
Svar
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Kort 684
Spørsmål
Taijin kyofusho?
Svar
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
Kort 685
Spørsmål
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Svar
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
Kort 686
Spørsmål
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
Svar
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
Kort 687
Spørsmål
Hypomanic episode?
Svar
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
Kort 688
Spørsmål
Generalized anxiety disorder?
Svar
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
Kort 689
Spørsmål
Hoarding disorder?
Svar
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
Kort 690
Spørsmål
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
Svar
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
Kort 691
Spørsmål
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
Svar
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
Kort 692
Spørsmål
Persistent depressive disorder?
Svar
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
Kort 693
Spørsmål
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
Svar
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
Kort 694
Spørsmål
Systematic desensitization?
Svar
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
Kort 695
Spørsmål
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
Svar
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
Kort 696
Spørsmål
Dialectical behavior therapy?
Svar
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
Kort 697
Spørsmål
Integrity in therapy ethics?
Svar
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
Kort 698
Spørsmål
Aversion therapy?
Svar
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
Kort 699
Spørsmål
Tardive dyskinesia?
Svar
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
Kort 700
Spørsmål
ECT versus TMS?
Svar
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
Kort 701
Spørsmål
Respect for rights and dignity?
Svar
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
Kort 702
Spørsmål
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
Svar
A token economy.
Kort 703
Spørsmål
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
Svar
Person-centered therapy.
Kort 704
Spørsmål
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
Svar
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
Kort 705
Spørsmål
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
Svar
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.

Workload	Errors
Low	2
High	8

Condition	Mean minutes
Assigned topic	34
Chosen topic	47

705 kort