Nature in the nature–nurture question?

Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.

Central nervous system?

The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.

Main role of the spinal cord?

It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.

Scores are 4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?

7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.

Nurture in the nature–nurture question?

Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.

Peripheral nervous system?

The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.

A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.

Reflex times are 180, 190, 210, 260, 410 milliseconds. What is the median?

210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.

The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.

Autonomic nervous system?

The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.

Evolutionary perspective on behavior?

It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.

Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?

It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.

Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?

They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.

Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?

A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.

Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.

Somatic nervous system?

The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.

They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.

Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?

An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.

Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?

Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.

Sympathetic nervous system?

The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.

Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?

The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.

They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.

Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?

The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.

Parasympathetic nervous system?

The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.

The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.

Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.

Adrenaline's behavioral role?

It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.

Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.

The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.

The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.

Leptin's role in eating?

It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.

Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.

Depolarization during an action potential?

Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.

Dopamine's major psychological functions?

Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.

A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.

A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.

The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.

Serotonin's major psychological functions?

Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.

Glutamate's major psychological functions?

It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.

A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.

It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.

A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.

Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.

A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.

All-or-none principle?

A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.

Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?

Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.

GABA's major psychological function?

It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.

Oxytocin's behavioral role?

It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.

A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.

AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review

Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.

ਲੇਖਕ Open Study Contributor

ਇਸ ਡੈੱਕ ਨਾਲ ਮੁਫ਼ਤ ਪੜ੍ਹੋ

ਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ Nibomo ਖੁੱਲ੍ਹੇਗਾ।

ਡੈੱਕ ਦੇ ਵੇਰਵੇ

ਕਾਰਡ: 705 ਕਾਰਡ
ਵਰਜਨ: 3
ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ਿਤ: 25 ਅਗਸਤ 2026
ਆਖ਼ਰੀ ਵਾਰ ਅੱਪਡੇਟ ਹੋਇਆ: 10 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2026
ਲਾਇਸੰਸ: Common knowledge · CC0 1.0
ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨਾ ਸਿੱਖਣ ਵਾਲਿਆਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ: en
ਵਿਸ਼ਾ: Psychology
ਪੱਧਰ: AP Psychology
ਟੈਗ: psychology-course-review, psychology-course-review-u1, psychology-course-review-u2, psychology-course-review-u3, psychology-course-review-u4, psychology-course-review-u5

ਮਿਲਦੇ-ਜੁਲਦੇ ਡੈੱਕ

ਇਸ ਡੈੱਕ ਬਾਰੇ

Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.

What the cards ask you to retrieve

Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.

The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.

What's deliberately left out

The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.

Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.

This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.

ਇਸ ਡੈੱਕ ਦੇ ਕਾਰਡ

ਕਾਰਡ 1
ਸਵਾਲ
Nature in the nature–nurture question?
ਜਵਾਬ
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
ਕਾਰਡ 2
ਸਵਾਲ
Central nervous system?
ਜਵਾਬ
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
ਕਾਰਡ 3
ਸਵਾਲ
Main role of the spinal cord?
ਜਵਾਬ
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
ਕਾਰਡ 4
ਸਵਾਲ
Scores are 4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?
ਜਵਾਬ
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
ਕਾਰਡ 5
ਸਵਾਲ
Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
ਜਵਾਬ
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
ਕਾਰਡ 6
ਸਵਾਲ
Peripheral nervous system?
ਜਵਾਬ
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
ਕਾਰਡ 7
ਸਵਾਲ
Reflex arc?
ਜਵਾਬ
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
ਕਾਰਡ 8
ਸਵਾਲ
Reflex times are 180, 190, 210, 260, 410 milliseconds. What is the median?
ਜਵਾਬ
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
ਕਾਰਡ 9
ਸਵਾਲ
Heritability?
ਜਵਾਬ
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
ਕਾਰਡ 10
ਸਵਾਲ
Autonomic nervous system?
ਜਵਾਬ
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
ਕਾਰਡ 11
ਸਵਾਲ
Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
ਜਵਾਬ
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
ਕਾਰਡ 12
ਸਵਾਲ
Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
ਜਵਾਬ
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
ਕਾਰਡ 13
ਸਵਾਲ
Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
ਜਵਾਬ
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
ਕਾਰਡ 14
ਸਵਾਲ
Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
ਕਾਰਡ 15
ਸਵਾਲ
Natural selection?
ਜਵਾਬ
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
ਕਾਰਡ 16
ਸਵਾਲ
Somatic nervous system?
ਜਵਾਬ
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
ਕਾਰਡ 17
ਸਵਾਲ
Sensory neurons?
ਜਵਾਬ
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
ਕਾਰਡ 18
ਸਵਾਲ
Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
ਜਵਾਬ
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
ਕਾਰਡ 19
ਸਵਾਲ
Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
ਕਾਰਡ 20
ਸਵਾਲ
Sympathetic nervous system?
ਜਵਾਬ
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
ਕਾਰਡ 21
ਸਵਾਲ
Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
ਜਵਾਬ
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
ਕਾਰਡ 22
ਸਵਾਲ
Motor neurons?
ਜਵਾਬ
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
ਕਾਰਡ 23
ਸਵਾਲ
Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
ਜਵਾਬ
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
ਕਾਰਡ 24
ਸਵਾਲ
Parasympathetic nervous system?
ਜਵਾਬ
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
ਕਾਰਡ 25
ਸਵਾਲ
Resting potential?
ਜਵਾਬ
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
ਕਾਰਡ 26
ਸਵਾਲ
Interneurons?
ਜਵਾਬ
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
ਕਾਰਡ 27
ਸਵਾਲ
Adrenaline's behavioral role?
ਜਵਾਬ
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
ਕਾਰਡ 28
ਸਵਾਲ
Frontal lobes?
ਜਵਾਬ
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
ਕਾਰਡ 29
ਸਵਾਲ
Neural threshold?
ਜਵਾਬ
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
ਕਾਰਡ 30
ਸਵਾਲ
Corpus callosum?
ਜਵਾਬ
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
ਕਾਰਡ 31
ਸਵਾਲ
Leptin's role in eating?
ਜਵਾਬ
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
ਕਾਰਡ 32
ਸਵਾਲ
Temporal lobes?
ਜਵਾਬ
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
ਕਾਰਡ 33
ਸਵਾਲ
Depolarization during an action potential?
ਜਵਾਬ
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
ਕਾਰਡ 34
ਸਵਾਲ
Dopamine's major psychological functions?
ਜਵਾਬ
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
ਕਾਰਡ 35
ਸਵਾਲ
Ghrelin's role in eating?
ਜਵਾਬ
It helps stimulate hunger.
ਕਾਰਡ 36
ਸਵਾਲ
Drug agonist?
ਜਵਾਬ
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
ਕਾਰਡ 37
ਸਵਾਲ
Action potential?
ਜਵਾਬ
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
ਕਾਰਡ 38
ਸਵਾਲ
Reuptake?
ਜਵਾਬ
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
ਕਾਰਡ 39
ਸਵਾਲ
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
ਜਵਾਬ
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
ਕਾਰਡ 40
ਸਵਾਲ
Glutamate's major psychological functions?
ਜਵਾਬ
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
ਕਾਰਡ 41
ਸਵਾਲ
Refractory period?
ਜਵਾਬ
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
ਕਾਰਡ 42
ਸਵਾਲ
Melatonin's role?
ਜਵਾਬ
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
ਕਾਰਡ 43
ਸਵਾਲ
Drug antagonist?
ਜਵਾਬ
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
ਕਾਰਡ 44
ਸਵਾਲ
Stimulants?
ਜਵਾਬ
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
ਕਾਰਡ 45
ਸਵਾਲ
Drug tolerance?
ਜਵਾਬ
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
ਕਾਰਡ 46
ਸਵਾਲ
Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
ਜਵਾਬ
Multiple sclerosis.
ਕਾਰਡ 47
ਸਵਾਲ
All-or-none principle?
ਜਵਾਬ
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
ਕਾਰਡ 48
ਸਵਾਲ
Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
ਜਵਾਬ
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
ਕਾਰਡ 49
ਸਵਾਲ
GABA's major psychological function?
ਜਵਾਬ
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
ਕਾਰਡ 50
ਸਵਾਲ
Oxytocin's behavioral role?
ਜਵਾਬ
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
ਕਾਰਡ 51
ਸਵਾਲ
Reuptake inhibitor?
ਜਵਾਬ
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
ਕਾਰਡ 52
ਸਵਾਲ
Depressants?
ਜਵਾਬ
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
ਕਾਰਡ 53
ਸਵਾਲ
Drug withdrawal?
ਜਵਾਬ
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
ਕਾਰਡ 54
ਸਵਾਲ
Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
ਜਵਾਬ
Myasthenia gravis.
ਕਾਰਡ 55
ਸਵਾਲ
Glial cells?
ਜਵਾਬ
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
ਕਾਰਡ 56
ਸਵਾਲ
Endorphins?
ਜਵਾਬ
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
ਕਾਰਡ 57
ਸਵਾਲ
Substance P?
ਜਵਾਬ
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
ਕਾਰਡ 58
ਸਵਾਲ
Acetylcholine's major functions?
ਜਵਾਬ
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
ਕਾਰਡ 59
ਸਵਾਲ
Opioids?
ਜਵਾਬ
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
ਕਾਰਡ 60
ਸਵਾਲ
Hallucinogens?
ਜਵਾਬ
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
ਕਾਰਡ 61
ਸਵਾਲ
Addiction?
ਜਵਾਬ
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
ਕਾਰਡ 62
ਸਵਾਲ
Parietal lobes?
ਜਵਾਬ
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
ਕਾਰਡ 63
ਸਵਾਲ
Consciousness?
ਜਵਾਬ
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
ਕਾਰਡ 64
ਸਵਾਲ
Circadian rhythm?
ਜਵਾਬ
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
ਕਾਰਡ 65
ਸਵਾਲ
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
ਜਵਾਬ
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
ਕਾਰਡ 66
ਸਵਾਲ
Occipital lobes?
ਜਵਾਬ
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
ਕਾਰਡ 67
ਸਵਾਲ
What does split-brain research reveal?
ਜਵਾਬ
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
ਕਾਰਡ 68
ਸਵਾਲ
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
ਜਵਾਬ
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
ਕਾਰਡ 69
ਸਵਾਲ
NREM-1 sleep?
ਜਵਾਬ
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
ਕਾਰਡ 70
ਸਵਾਲ
Motor cortex?
ਜਵਾਬ
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
ਕਾਰਡ 71
ਸਵਾਲ
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
ਜਵਾਬ
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
ਕਾਰਡ 72
ਸਵਾਲ
Brainstem's core function?
ਜਵਾਬ
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
ਕਾਰਡ 73
ਸਵਾਲ
NREM-2 sleep?
ਜਵਾਬ
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
ਕਾਰਡ 74
ਸਵਾਲ
Somatosensory cortex?
ਜਵਾਬ
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
ਕਾਰਡ 75
ਸਵਾਲ
Medulla's main functions?
ਜਵਾਬ
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
ਕਾਰਡ 76
ਸਵਾਲ
Reticular activating system?
ਜਵਾਬ
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
ਕਾਰਡ 77
ਸਵਾਲ
NREM-3 sleep?
ਜਵਾਬ
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
ਕਾਰਡ 78
ਸਵਾਲ
Cerebellum's main functions?
ਜਵਾਬ
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
ਕਾਰਡ 79
ਸਵਾਲ
Thalamus?
ਜਵਾਬ
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
ਕਾਰਡ 80
ਸਵਾਲ
Hypothalamus?
ਜਵਾਬ
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
ਕਾਰਡ 81
ਸਵਾਲ
REM sleep?
ਜਵਾਬ
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
ਕਾਰਡ 82
ਸਵਾਲ
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
ਜਵਾਬ
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
ਕਾਰਡ 83
ਸਵਾਲ
Amygdala?
ਜਵਾਬ
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
ਕਾਰਡ 84
ਸਵਾਲ
Hippocampus?
ਜਵਾਬ
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
ਕਾਰਡ 85
ਸਵਾਲ
How does sleep change across a typical night?
ਜਵਾਬ
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
ਕਾਰਡ 86
ਸਵਾਲ
Contralateral brain control?
ਜਵਾਬ
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
ਕਾਰਡ 87
ਸਵਾਲ
What does an EEG measure?
ਜਵਾਬ
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
ਕਾਰਡ 88
ਸਵਾਲ
Reward-center activity?
ਜਵਾਬ
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
ਕਾਰਡ 89
ਸਵਾਲ
Neuroplasticity?
ਜਵਾਬ
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
ਕਾਰਡ 90
ਸਵਾਲ
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
ਜਵਾਬ
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
ਕਾਰਡ 91
ਸਵਾਲ
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
ਜਵਾਬ
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
ਕਾਰਡ 92
ਸਵਾਲ
Insomnia?
ਜਵਾਬ
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
ਕਾਰਡ 93
ਸਵਾਲ
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
ਜਵਾਬ
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
ਕਾਰਡ 94
ਸਵਾਲ
Absolute threshold?
ਜਵਾਬ
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
ਕਾਰਡ 95
ਸਵਾਲ
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
ਜਵਾਬ
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
ਕਾਰਡ 96
ਸਵਾਲ
Narcolepsy?
ਜਵਾਬ
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
ਕਾਰਡ 97
ਸਵਾਲ
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
ਜਵਾਬ
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
ਕਾਰਡ 98
ਸਵਾਲ
Difference threshold?
ਜਵਾਬ
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
ਕਾਰਡ 99
ਸਵਾਲ
Consolidation view of dreams?
ਜਵਾਬ
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
ਕਾਰਡ 100
ਸਵਾਲ
REM sleep behavior disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
ਕਾਰਡ 101
ਸਵਾਲ
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
ਜਵਾਬ
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
ਕਾਰਡ 102
ਸਵਾਲ
Weber's law?
ਜਵਾਬ
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
ਕਾਰਡ 103
ਸਵਾਲ
Two supported functions of sleep?
ਜਵਾਬ
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
ਕਾਰਡ 104
ਸਵਾਲ
Sleep apnea?
ਜਵਾਬ
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
ਕਾਰਡ 105
ਸਵਾਲ
REM rebound?
ਜਵਾਬ
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
ਕਾਰਡ 106
ਸਵਾਲ
Signal detection theory?
ਜਵਾਬ
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
ਕਾਰਡ 107
ਸਵਾਲ
Sensory transduction?
ਜਵਾਬ
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
ਕਾਰਡ 108
ਸਵਾਲ
Vestibular sense?
ਜਵਾਬ
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
ਕਾਰਡ 109
ਸਵਾਲ
Somnambulism?
ਜਵਾਬ
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
ਕਾਰਡ 110
ਸਵਾਲ
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
ਜਵਾਬ
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
ਕਾਰਡ 111
ਸਵਾਲ
What begins visual transduction?
ਜਵਾਬ
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
ਕਾਰਡ 112
ਸਵਾਲ
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
ਜਵਾਬ
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
ਕਾਰਡ 113
ਸਵਾਲ
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
ਜਵਾਬ
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
ਕਾਰਡ 114
ਸਵਾਲ
Accommodation in vision?
ਜਵਾਬ
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
ਕਾਰਡ 115
ਸਵਾਲ
Cones?
ਜਵਾਬ
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
ਕਾਰਡ 116
ਸਵਾਲ
What begins auditory transduction?
ਜਵਾਬ
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
ਕਾਰਡ 117
ਸਵਾਲ
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
ਜਵਾਬ
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
ਕਾਰਡ 118
ਸਵਾਲ
How is smell unusual among the senses?
ਜਵਾਬ
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
ਕਾਰਡ 119
ਸਵਾਲ
Kinesthesia?
ਜਵਾਬ
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
ਕਾਰਡ 120
ਸਵਾਲ
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
ਜਵਾਬ
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
ਕਾਰਡ 121
ਸਵਾਲ
Nearsightedness?
ਜਵਾਬ
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
ਕਾਰਡ 122
ਸਵਾਲ
Pheromones?
ਜਵਾਬ
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
ਕਾਰਡ 123
ਸਵਾਲ
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
ਜਵਾਬ
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
ਕਾਰਡ 124
ਸਵਾਲ
Volley theory of pitch?
ਜਵਾਬ
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
ਕਾਰਡ 125
ਸਵਾਲ
Farsightedness?
ਜਵਾਬ
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
ਕਾਰਡ 126
ਸਵਾਲ
Six taste qualities named in the course?
ਜਵਾਬ
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
ਕਾਰਡ 127
ਸਵਾਲ
Phantom-limb sensation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
ਕਾਰਡ 128
ਸਵਾਲ
Sensory interaction?
ਜਵਾਬ
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
ਕਾਰਡ 129
ਸਵਾਲ
What causes most color-vision deficiency?
ਜਵਾਬ
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
ਕਾਰਡ 130
ਸਵਾਲ
Prosopagnosia?
ਜਵਾਬ
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
ਕਾਰਡ 131
ਸਵਾਲ
Rods?
ਜਵਾਬ
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
ਕਾਰਡ 132
ਸਵਾਲ
How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
ਜਵਾਬ
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
ਕਾਰਡ 133
ਸਵਾਲ
Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
ਜਵਾਬ
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
ਕਾਰਡ 134
ਸਵਾਲ
Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
ਜਵਾਬ
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
ਕਾਰਡ 135
ਸਵਾਲ
What do the semicircular canals detect?
ਜਵਾਬ
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
ਕਾਰਡ 136
ਸਵਾਲ
Synesthesia?
ਜਵਾਬ
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
ਕਾਰਡ 137
ਸਵਾਲ
Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
ਜਵਾਬ
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
ਕਾਰਡ 138
ਸਵਾਲ
Blindsight?
ਜਵਾਬ
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
ਕਾਰਡ 139
ਸਵਾਲ
Sensory adaptation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
ਕਾਰਡ 140
ਸਵਾਲ
Gate-control view of pain?
ਜਵਾਬ
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
ਕਾਰਡ 141
ਸਵਾਲ
Bottom-up processing?
ਜਵਾਬ
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
ਕਾਰਡ 142
ਸਵਾਲ
Concept?
ਜਵਾਬ
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
ਕਾਰਡ 143
ਸਵਾਲ
Fixation in problem solving?
ਜਵਾਬ
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
ਕਾਰਡ 144
ਸਵਾਲ
Algorithm?
ਜਵਾਬ
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
ਕਾਰਡ 145
ਸਵਾਲ
Top-down processing?
ਜਵਾਬ
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
ਕਾਰਡ 146
ਸਵਾਲ
Confirmation bias?
ਜਵਾਬ
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
ਕਾਰਡ 147
ਸਵਾਲ
Retinal disparity?
ਜਵਾਬ
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
ਕਾਰਡ 148
ਸਵਾਲ
Heuristic?
ਜਵਾਬ
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
ਕਾਰਡ 149
ਸਵਾਲ
Selective attention?
ਜਵਾਬ
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
ਕਾਰਡ 150
ਸਵਾਲ
Figure–ground organization?
ਜਵਾਬ
Separating the object of attention from its background.
ਕਾਰਡ 151
ਸਵਾਲ
Convergence as a depth cue?
ਜਵਾਬ
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
ਕਾਰਡ 152
ਸਵਾਲ
Representativeness heuristic?
ਜਵਾਬ
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
ਕਾਰਡ 153
ਸਵਾਲ
Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
ਜਵਾਬ
Inattentional blindness.
ਕਾਰਡ 154
ਸਵਾਲ
Gestalt proximity principle?
ਜਵਾਬ
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
ਕਾਰਡ 155
ਸਵਾਲ
Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
ਜਵਾਬ
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
ਕਾਰਡ 156
ਸਵਾਲ
Cocktail-party effect?
ਜਵਾਬ
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
ਕਾਰਡ 157
ਸਵਾਲ
Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
ਜਵਾਬ
Change blindness.
ਕਾਰਡ 158
ਸਵਾਲ
Gestalt similarity principle?
ਜਵਾਬ
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
ਕਾਰਡ 159
ਸਵਾਲ
Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
ਜਵਾਬ
Linear perspective.
ਕਾਰਡ 160
ਸਵਾਲ
Perceptual constancy?
ਜਵਾਬ
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
ਕਾਰਡ 161
ਸਵਾਲ
Perceptual set?
ਜਵਾਬ
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
ਕਾਰਡ 162
ਸਵਾਲ
Gestalt closure principle?
ਜਵਾਬ
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
ਕਾਰਡ 163
ਸਵਾਲ
One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
ਜਵਾਬ
The blocking object, using interposition.
ਕਾਰਡ 164
ਸਵਾਲ
Apparent motion?
ਜਵਾਬ
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
ਕਾਰਡ 165
ਸਵਾਲ
Availability heuristic?
ਜਵਾਬ
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
ਕਾਰਡ 166
ਸਵਾਲ
Divergent thinking?
ਜਵਾਬ
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
ਕਾਰਡ 167
ਸਵਾਲ
A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
ਜਵਾਬ
Relative clarity.
ਕਾਰਡ 168
ਸਵਾਲ
Prototype?
ਜਵਾਬ
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
ਕਾਰਡ 169
ਸਵਾਲ
Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
ਜਵਾਬ
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
ਕਾਰਡ 170
ਸਵਾਲ
Convergent thinking?
ਜਵਾਬ
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
ਕਾਰਡ 171
ਸਵਾਲ
A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
ਜਵਾਬ
Texture gradient.
ਕਾਰਡ 172
ਸਵਾਲ
Belief perseverance?
ਜਵਾਬ
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
ਕਾਰਡ 173
ਸਵਾਲ
Explicit memory?
ਜਵਾਬ
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
ਕਾਰਡ 174
ਸਵਾਲ
Three stores in the multi-store model?
ਜਵਾਬ
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
ਕਾਰਡ 175
ਸਵਾਲ
Seeing an object only in its usual role?
ਜਵਾਬ
Functional fixedness.
ਕਾਰਡ 176
ਸਵਾਲ
Mental set?
ਜਵਾਬ
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
ਕਾਰਡ 177
ਸਵਾਲ
Episodic memory?
ਜਵਾਬ
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
ਕਾਰਡ 178
ਸਵਾਲ
Working memory?
ਜਵਾਬ
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
ਕਾਰਡ 179
ਸਵਾਲ
Insight?
ਜਵਾਬ
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
ਕਾਰਡ 180
ਸਵਾਲ
Framing effect?
ਜਵਾਬ
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
ਕਾਰਡ 181
ਸਵਾਲ
Implicit memory?
ਜਵਾਬ
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
ਕਾਰਡ 182
ਸਵਾਲ
Overconfidence bias?
ਜਵਾਬ
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
ਕਾਰਡ 183
ਸਵਾਲ
Anchoring bias?
ਜਵਾਬ
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
ਕਾਰਡ 184
ਸਵਾਲ
Schema in thinking?
ਜਵਾਬ
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
ਕਾਰਡ 185
ਸਵਾਲ
Procedural memory?
ਜਵਾਬ
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
ਕਾਰਡ 186
ਸਵਾਲ
Gambler's fallacy?
ਜਵਾਬ
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
ਕਾਰਡ 187
ਸਵਾਲ
Sunk-cost fallacy?
ਜਵਾਬ
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
ਕਾਰਡ 188
ਸਵਾਲ
Executive functions?
ਜਵਾਬ
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
ਕਾਰਡ 189
ਸਵਾਲ
How can priming affect judgment?
ਜਵਾਬ
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
ਕਾਰਡ 190
ਸਵਾਲ
Central executive in working memory?
ਜਵਾਬ
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
ਕਾਰਡ 191
ਸਵਾਲ
Serial-position effect?
ਜਵਾਬ
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
ਕਾਰਡ 192
ਸਵਾਲ
Semantic memory?
ਜਵਾਬ
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
ਕਾਰਡ 193
ਸਵਾਲ
Levels-of-processing principle?
ਜਵਾਬ
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
ਕਾਰਡ 194
ਸਵਾਲ
Automatic processing?
ਜਵਾਬ
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
ਕਾਰਡ 195
ਸਵਾਲ
Maintenance rehearsal?
ਜਵਾਬ
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
ਕਾਰਡ 196
ਸਵਾਲ
Prospective memory?
ਜਵਾਬ
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
ਕਾਰਡ 197
ਸਵਾਲ
Primacy effect?
ਜਵਾਬ
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
ਕਾਰਡ 198
ਸਵਾਲ
Long-term memory?
ਜਵਾਬ
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
ਕਾਰਡ 199
ਸਵਾਲ
Highly superior autobiographical memory?
ਜਵਾਬ
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
ਕਾਰਡ 200
ਸਵਾਲ
Effortful processing?
ਜਵਾਬ
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
ਕਾਰਡ 201
ਸਵਾਲ
Elaborative rehearsal?
ਜਵਾਬ
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
ਕਾਰਡ 202
ਸਵਾਲ
Memory consolidation?
ਜਵਾਬ
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
ਕਾਰਡ 203
ਸਵਾਲ
Recency effect?
ਜਵਾਬ
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
ਕਾਰਡ 204
ਸਵਾਲ
Spacing effect?
ਜਵਾਬ
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
ਕਾਰਡ 205
ਸਵਾਲ
Testing effect?
ਜਵਾਬ
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
ਕਾਰਡ 206
ਸਵਾਲ
Chunking?
ਜਵਾਬ
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
ਕਾਰਡ 207
ਸਵਾਲ
Mnemonic?
ਜਵਾਬ
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
ਕਾਰਡ 208
ਸਵਾਲ
Why organize material into a hierarchy?
ਜਵਾਬ
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
ਕਾਰਡ 209
ਸਵਾਲ
How can a schema help encoding?
ਜਵਾਬ
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
ਕਾਰਡ 210
ਸਵਾਲ
Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
ਜਵਾਬ
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
ਕਾਰਡ 211
ਸਵਾਲ
Iconic memory?
ਜਵਾਬ
A very brief visual sensory memory.
ਕਾਰਡ 212
ਸਵਾਲ
Recall?
ਜਵਾਬ
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
ਕਾਰਡ 213
ਸਵਾਲ
Retrieval cue?
ਜਵਾਬ
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
ਕਾਰਡ 214
ਸਵਾਲ
Encoding-specificity principle?
ਜਵਾਬ
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
ਕਾਰਡ 215
ਸਵਾਲ
Context-dependent memory?
ਜਵਾਬ
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
ਕਾਰਡ 216
ਸਵਾਲ
Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
ਜਵਾਬ
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
ਕਾਰਡ 217
ਸਵਾਲ
Echoic memory?
ਜਵਾਬ
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
ਕਾਰਡ 218
ਸਵਾਲ
Anterograde amnesia?
ਜਵਾਬ
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
ਕਾਰਡ 219
ਸਵਾਲ
Phonological loop?
ਜਵਾਬ
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
ਕਾਰਡ 220
ਸਵਾਲ
Cerebellum's memory role?
ਜਵਾਬ
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
ਕਾਰਡ 221
ਸਵਾਲ
Why is short-term memory described as limited?
ਜਵਾਬ
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
ਕਾਰਡ 222
ਸਵਾਲ
Retrograde amnesia?
ਜਵਾਬ
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
ਕਾਰਡ 223
ਸਵਾਲ
Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
ਜਵਾਬ
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
ਕਾਰਡ 224
ਸਵਾਲ
How can the amygdala affect memory?
ਜਵਾਬ
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
ਕਾਰਡ 225
ਸਵਾਲ
Visuospatial sketchpad?
ਜਵਾਬ
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
ਕਾਰਡ 226
ਸਵਾਲ
Long-term potentiation?
ਜਵਾਬ
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
ਕਾਰਡ 227
ਸਵਾਲ
Infantile amnesia?
ਜਵਾਬ
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
ਕਾਰਡ 228
ਸਵਾਲ
Alzheimer's disease?
ਜਵਾਬ
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
ਕਾਰਡ 229
ਸਵਾਲ
Scores are 2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?
ਜਵਾਬ
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because 9 - 2 = 7.
ਕਾਰਡ 230
ਸਵਾਲ
Recognition?
ਜਵਾਬ
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
ਕਾਰਡ 231
ਸਵਾਲ
Why is memory called reconstructive?
ਜਵਾਬ
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
ਕਾਰਡ 232
ਸਵਾਲ
Storage decay?
ਜਵਾਬ
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
ਕਾਰਡ 233
ਸਵਾਲ
State-dependent memory?
ਜਵਾਬ
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
ਕਾਰਡ 234
ਸਵਾਲ
Relearning?
ਜਵਾਬ
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
ਕਾਰਡ 235
ਸਵਾਲ
Misinformation effect?
ਜਵਾਬ
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
ਕਾਰਡ 236
ਸਵਾਲ
A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
ਜਵਾਬ
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
ਕਾਰਡ 237
ਸਵਾਲ
Mood-congruent memory?
ਜਵਾਬ
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
ਕਾਰਡ 238
ਸਵਾਲ
Priming?
ਜਵਾਬ
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
ਕਾਰਡ 239
ਸਵਾਲ
Tip-of-the-tongue state?
ਜਵਾਬ
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
ਕਾਰਡ 240
ਸਵਾਲ
Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
ਜਵਾਬ
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
ਕਾਰਡ 241
ਸਵਾਲ
Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
ਕਾਰਡ 242
ਸਵਾਲ
Metacognition?
ਜਵਾਬ
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
ਕਾਰਡ 243
ਸਵਾਲ
Source amnesia?
ਜਵਾਬ
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
ਕਾਰਡ 244
ਸਵਾਲ
Test standardization?
ਜਵਾਬ
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
ਕਾਰਡ 245
ਸਵਾਲ
Reliability?
ਜਵਾਬ
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
ਕਾਰਡ 246
ਸਵਾਲ
Stereotype threat?
ਜਵਾਬ
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
ਕਾਰਡ 247
ਸਵਾਲ
General intelligence, or g?
ਜਵਾਬ
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
ਕਾਰਡ 248
ਸਵਾਲ
Encoding failure?
ਜਵਾਬ
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
ਕਾਰਡ 249
ਸਵਾਲ
Validity?
ਜਵਾਬ
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
ਕਾਰਡ 250
ਸਵਾਲ
Proactive interference?
ਜਵਾਬ
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
ਕਾਰਡ 251
ਸਵਾਲ
Imagination inflation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
ਕਾਰਡ 252
ਸਵਾਲ
A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
ਜਵਾਬ
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
ਕਾਰਡ 253
ਸਵਾਲ
Retrieval failure?
ਜਵਾਬ
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
ਕਾਰਡ 254
ਸਵਾਲ
Retroactive interference?
ਜਵਾਬ
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
ਕਾਰਡ 255
ਸਵਾਲ
A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
ਜਵਾਬ
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
ਕਾਰਡ 256
ਸਵਾਲ
Repression in psychodynamic theory?
ਜਵਾਬ
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
ਕਾਰਡ 257
ਸਵਾਲ
Flashbulb memory?
ਜਵਾਬ
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
ਕਾਰਡ 258
ਸਵਾਲ
A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
ਕਾਰਡ 259
ਸਵਾਲ
A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
ਜਵਾਬ
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
ਕਾਰਡ 260
ਸਵਾਲ
Stereotype lift?
ਜਵਾਬ
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
ਕਾਰਡ 261
ਸਵਾਲ
Achievement test?
ਜਵਾਬ
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
ਕਾਰਡ 262
ਸਵਾਲ
Construct validity?
ਜਵਾਬ
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
ਕਾਰਡ 263
ਸਵਾਲ
Test–retest reliability?
ਜਵਾਬ
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
ਕਾਰਡ 264
ਸਵਾਲ
Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
ਜਵਾਬ
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
ਕਾਰਡ 265
ਸਵਾਲ
Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
ਜਵਾਬ
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
ਕਾਰਡ 266
ਸਵਾਲ
Aptitude test?
ਜਵਾਬ
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
ਕਾਰਡ 267
ਸਵਾਲ
Traditional IQ formula?
ਜਵਾਬ
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
ਕਾਰਡ 268
ਸਵਾਲ
Predictive validity?
ਜਵਾਬ
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
ਕਾਰਡ 269
ਸਵਾਲ
What does a normal score distribution look like?
ਜਵਾਬ
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
ਕਾਰਡ 270
ਸਵਾਲ
Split-half reliability?
ਜਵਾਬ
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
ਕਾਰਡ 271
ਸਵਾਲ
Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
ਜਵਾਬ
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
ਕਾਰਡ 272
ਸਵਾਲ
Flynn effect?
ਜਵਾਬ
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
ਕਾਰਡ 273
ਸਵਾਲ
A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
ਜਵਾਬ
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
ਕਾਰਡ 274
ਸਵਾਲ
Continuous versus stage development?
ਜਵਾਬ
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
ਕਾਰਡ 275
ਸਵਾਲ
How can prenatal environment affect later development?
ਜਵਾਬ
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
ਕਾਰਡ 276
ਸਵਾਲ
Teratogen?
ਜਵਾਬ
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
ਕਾਰਡ 277
ਸਵਾਲ
Maturation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
ਕਾਰਡ 278
ਸਵਾਲ
Stability–change question in development?
ਜਵਾਬ
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
ਕਾਰਡ 279
ਸਵਾਲ
A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
ਜਵਾਬ
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
ਕਾਰਡ 280
ਸਵਾਲ
Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
ਜਵਾਬ
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
ਕਾਰਡ 281
ਸਵਾਲ
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
ਜਵਾਬ
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
ਕਾਰਡ 282
ਸਵਾਲ
Fine versus gross motor skills?
ਜਵਾਬ
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
ਕਾਰਡ 283
ਸਵਾਲ
Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
ਜਵਾਬ
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
ਕਾਰਡ 284
ਸਵਾਲ
What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
ਜਵਾਬ
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
ਕਾਰਡ 285
ਸਵਾਲ
Puberty?
ਜਵਾਬ
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
ਕਾਰਡ 286
ਸਵਾਲ
Sensitive period?
ਜਵਾਬ
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
ਕਾਰਡ 287
ਸਵਾਲ
What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
ਜਵਾਬ
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
ਕਾਰਡ 288
ਸਵਾਲ
Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
ਜਵਾਬ
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
ਕਾਰਡ 289
ਸਵਾਲ
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
ਜਵਾਬ
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
ਕਾਰਡ 290
ਸਵਾਲ
Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
ਜਵਾਬ
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
ਕਾਰਡ 291
ਸਵਾਲ
Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
ਜਵਾਬ
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
ਕਾਰਡ 292
ਸਵਾਲ
Menarche?
ਜਵਾਬ
The first menstrual period.
ਕਾਰਡ 293
ਸਵਾਲ
Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
ਜਵਾਬ
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
ਕਾਰਡ 294
ਸਵਾਲ
About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
ਜਵਾਬ
About 68%.
ਕਾਰਡ 295
ਸਵਾਲ
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
ਜਵਾਬ
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
ਕਾਰਡ 296
ਸਵਾਲ
Spermarche?
ਜਵਾਬ
The first ejaculation.
ਕਾਰਡ 297
ਸਵਾਲ
Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
ਜਵਾਬ
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
ਕਾਰਡ 298
ਸਵਾਲ
Imprinting?
ਜਵਾਬ
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
ਕਾਰਡ 299
ਸਵਾਲ
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
ਜਵਾਬ
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
ਕਾਰਡ 300
ਸਵਾਲ
Menopause?
ਜਵਾਬ
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
ਕਾਰਡ 301
ਸਵਾਲ
Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
ਜਵਾਬ
Naturalistic observation.
ਕਾਰਡ 302
ਸਵਾਲ
How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
ਜਵਾਬ
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
ਕਾਰਡ 303
ਸਵਾਲ
Gender identity?
ਜਵਾਬ
A person's internal sense of their gender.
ਕਾਰਡ 304
ਸਵਾਲ
Gender role?
ਜਵਾਬ
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
ਕਾਰਡ 305
ਸਵਾਲ
Sex versus gender?
ਜਵਾਬ
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
ਕਾਰਡ 306
ਸਵਾਲ
Common sensory change in later adulthood?
ਜਵਾਬ
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
ਕਾਰਡ 307
ਸਵਾਲ
Sexual orientation?
ਜਵਾਬ
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
ਕਾਰਡ 308
ਸਵਾਲ
Gender schema?
ਜਵਾਬ
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
ਕਾਰਡ 309
ਸਵਾਲ
Best broad view of gender development?
ਜਵਾਬ
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
ਕਾਰਡ 310
ਸਵਾਲ
Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
ਜਵਾਬ
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
ਕਾਰਡ 311
ਸਵਾਲ
Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
ਕਾਰਡ 312
ਸਵਾਲ
Schema in cognitive development?
ਜਵਾਬ
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
ਕਾਰਡ 313
ਸਵਾਲ
Sensorimotor stage?
ਜਵਾਬ
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
ਕਾਰਡ 314
ਸਵਾਲ
Preoperational stage?
ਜਵਾਬ
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
ਕਾਰਡ 315
ਸਵਾਲ
Assimilation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
ਕਾਰਡ 316
ਸਵਾਲ
A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
ਜਵਾਬ
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
ਕਾਰਡ 317
ਸਵਾਲ
Animism in preoperational thought?
ਜਵਾਬ
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
ਕਾਰਡ 318
ਸਵਾਲ
Concrete operational stage?
ਜਵਾਬ
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
ਕਾਰਡ 319
ਸਵਾਲ
Accommodation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
ਕਾਰਡ 320
ਸਵਾਲ
Reversibility in cognitive development?
ਜਵਾਬ
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
ਕਾਰਡ 321
ਸਵਾਲ
How can social learning shape gender expression?
ਜਵਾਬ
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
ਕਾਰਡ 322
ਸਵਾਲ
A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
ਜਵਾਬ
Assimilation.
ਕਾਰਡ 323
ਸਵਾਲ
Language?
ਜਵਾਬ
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
ਕਾਰਡ 324
ਸਵਾਲ
Cooing stage?
ਜਵਾਬ
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
ਕਾਰਡ 325
ਸਵਾਲ
Babbling stage?
ਜਵਾਬ
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
ਕਾਰਡ 326
ਸਵਾਲ
One-word stage?
ਜਵਾਬ
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
ਕਾਰਡ 327
ਸਵਾਲ
Grammar?
ਜਵਾਬ
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
ਕਾਰਡ 328
ਸਵਾਲ
A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
ਜਵਾਬ
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
ਕਾਰਡ 329
ਸਵਾਲ
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
ਜਵਾਬ
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
ਕਾਰਡ 330
ਸਵਾਲ
A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
ਜਵਾਬ
Accommodation.
ਕਾਰਡ 331
ਸਵਾਲ
A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
Scaffolding.
ਕਾਰਡ 332
ਸਵਾਲ
A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
ਜਵਾਬ
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
ਕਾਰਡ 333
ਸਵਾਲ
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
ਜਵਾਬ
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
ਕਾਰਡ 334
ਸਵਾਲ
An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
ਜਵਾਬ
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
ਕਾਰਡ 335
ਸਵਾਲ
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
ਜਵਾਬ
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
ਕਾਰਡ 336
ਸਵਾਲ
Formal operational stage?
ਜਵਾਬ
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
ਕਾਰਡ 337
ਸਵਾਲ
Dementia?
ਜਵਾਬ
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
ਕਾਰਡ 338
ਸਵਾਲ
Phoneme?
ਜਵਾਬ
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
ਕਾਰਡ 339
ਸਵਾਲ
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
ਜਵਾਬ
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
ਕਾਰਡ 340
ਸਵਾਲ
Temperament?
ਜਵਾਬ
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
ਕਾਰਡ 341
ਸਵਾਲ
Attachment?
ਜਵਾਬ
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
ਕਾਰਡ 342
ਸਵਾਲ
Erikson's infancy conflict?
ਜਵਾਬ
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
ਕਾਰਡ 343
ਸਵਾਲ
Microsystem?
ਜਵਾਬ
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
ਕਾਰਡ 344
ਸਵਾਲ
Erikson's toddler conflict?
ਜਵਾਬ
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
ਕਾਰਡ 345
ਸਵਾਲ
Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
ਜਵਾਬ
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
ਕਾਰਡ 346
ਸਵਾਲ
Erikson's school-age conflict?
ਜਵਾਬ
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
ਕਾਰਡ 347
ਸਵਾਲ
Mesosystem?
ਜਵਾਬ
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
ਕਾਰਡ 348
ਸਵਾਲ
Erikson's adolescent conflict?
ਜਵਾਬ
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
ਕਾਰਡ 349
ਸਵਾਲ
Erikson's young-adult conflict?
ਜਵਾਬ
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
ਕਾਰਡ 350
ਸਵਾਲ
Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
ਜਵਾਬ
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
ਕਾਰਡ 351
ਸਵਾਲ
Exosystem?
ਜਵਾਬ
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
ਕਾਰਡ 352
ਸਵਾਲ
Morpheme?
ਜਵਾਬ
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
ਕਾਰਡ 353
ਸਵਾਲ
Telegraphic speech?
ਜਵਾਬ
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
705 ਕਾਰਡ
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
ਇਸ ਡੈੱਕ ਨਾਲ ਮੁਫ਼ਤ ਪੜ੍ਹੋ
ਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ Nibomo ਖੁੱਲ੍ਹੇਗਾ।
ਕਾਰਡ 354
ਸਵਾਲ
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
ਜਵਾਬ
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
ਕਾਰਡ 355
ਸਵਾਲ
Macrosystem?
ਜਵਾਬ
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
ਕਾਰਡ 356
ਸਵਾਲ
Semantics?
ਜਵਾਬ
The meanings of words and sentences.
ਕਾਰਡ 357
ਸਵਾਲ
A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
ਕਾਰਡ 358
ਸਵਾਲ
What does a sensitive period for language imply?
ਜਵਾਬ
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
ਕਾਰਡ 359
ਸਵਾਲ
Does language completely determine thought?
ਜਵਾਬ
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
ਕਾਰਡ 360
ਸਵਾਲ
Syntax?
ਜਵਾਬ
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
ਕਾਰਡ 361
ਸਵਾਲ
A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
ਜਵਾਬ
Secure attachment.
ਕਾਰਡ 362
ਸਵਾਲ
How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
ਜਵਾਬ
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
ਕਾਰਡ 363
ਸਵਾਲ
Authoritative parenting?
ਜਵਾਬ
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
ਕਾਰਡ 364
ਸਵਾਲ
Identity achievement?
ਜਵਾਬ
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
ਕਾਰਡ 365
ਸਵਾਲ
Avoidant attachment pattern?
ਜਵਾਬ
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
ਕਾਰਡ 366
ਸਵਾਲ
Classical conditioning?
ਜਵਾਬ
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
ਕਾਰਡ 367
ਸਵਾਲ
Unconditioned stimulus?
ਜਵਾਬ
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
ਕਾਰਡ 368
ਸਵਾਲ
Unconditioned response?
ਜਵਾਬ
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
ਕਾਰਡ 369
ਸਵਾਲ
Conditioned stimulus?
ਜਵਾਬ
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
ਕਾਰਡ 370
ਸਵਾਲ
Conditioned response?
ਜਵਾਬ
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
ਕਾਰਡ 371
ਸਵਾਲ
Acquisition in classical conditioning?
ਜਵਾਬ
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
ਕਾਰਡ 372
ਸਵਾਲ
During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
ਜਵਾਬ
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
ਕਾਰਡ 373
ਸਵਾਲ
Authoritarian parenting?
ਜਵਾਬ
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
ਕਾਰਡ 374
ਸਵਾਲ
Identity diffusion?
ਜਵਾਬ
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
ਕਾਰਡ 375
ਸਵਾਲ
Extinction in classical conditioning?
ਜਵਾਬ
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
ਕਾਰਡ 376
ਸਵਾਲ
Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
ਜਵਾਬ
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
ਕਾਰਡ 377
ਸਵਾਲ
Permissive parenting?
ਜਵਾਬ
High warmth with few demands or limits.
ਕਾਰਡ 378
ਸਵਾਲ
Parallel play?
ਜਵਾਬ
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
ਕਾਰਡ 379
ਸਵਾਲ
Imaginary audience?
ਜਵਾਬ
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
ਕਾਰਡ 380
ਸਵਾਲ
Identity foreclosure?
ਜਵਾਬ
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
ਕਾਰਡ 381
ਸਵਾਲ
Disorganized attachment pattern?
ਜਵਾਬ
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
ਕਾਰਡ 382
ਸਵਾਲ
Neglectful parenting?
ਜਵਾਬ
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
ਕਾਰਡ 383
ਸਵਾਲ
Chronosystem?
ਜਵਾਬ
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
ਕਾਰਡ 384
ਸਵਾਲ
Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
ਜਵਾਬ
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
ਕਾਰਡ 385
ਸਵਾਲ
Personal fable?
ਜਵਾਬ
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
ਕਾਰਡ 386
ਸਵਾਲ
Identity moratorium?
ਜਵਾਬ
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
ਕਾਰਡ 387
ਸਵਾਲ
Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
ਜਵਾਬ
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
ਕਾਰਡ 388
ਸਵਾਲ
Separation anxiety in infancy?
ਜਵਾਬ
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
ਕਾਰਡ 389
ਸਵਾਲ
What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
ਜਵਾਬ
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
ਕਾਰਡ 390
ਸਵਾਲ
Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
ਜਵਾਬ
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
ਕਾਰਡ 391
ਸਵਾਲ
Emerging adulthood?
ਜਵਾਬ
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
ਕਾਰਡ 392
ਸਵਾਲ
Social clock?
ਜਵਾਬ
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
ਕਾਰਡ 393
ਸਵਾਲ
Erikson's later-adult conflict?
ਜਵਾਬ
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
ਕਾਰਡ 394
ਸਵਾਲ
Possible selves?
ਜਵਾਬ
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
ਕਾਰਡ 395
ਸਵਾਲ
Stimulus generalization?
ਜਵਾਬ
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
ਕਾਰਡ 396
ਸਵਾਲ
Operant conditioning?
ਜਵਾਬ
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
ਕਾਰਡ 397
ਸਵਾਲ
Law of effect?
ਜਵਾਬ
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
ਕਾਰਡ 398
ਸਵਾਲ
Spontaneous recovery?
ਜਵਾਬ
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
ਕਾਰਡ 399
ਸਵਾਲ
Stimulus discrimination?
ਜਵਾਬ
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
ਕਾਰਡ 400
ਸਵਾਲ
Reinforcement?
ਜਵਾਬ
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
ਕਾਰਡ 401
ਸਵਾਲ
Higher-order conditioning?
ਜਵਾਬ
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
ਕਾਰਡ 402
ਸਵਾਲ
Counterconditioning?
ਜਵਾਬ
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
ਕਾਰਡ 403
ਸਵਾਲ
Habituation?
ਜਵਾਬ
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
ਕਾਰਡ 404
ਸਵਾਲ
Punishment?
ਜਵਾਬ
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
ਕਾਰਡ 405
ਸਵਾਲ
Partial reinforcement?
ਜਵਾਬ
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
ਕਾਰਡ 406
ਸਵਾਲ
Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
ਜਵਾਬ
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
ਕਾਰਡ 407
ਸਵਾਲ
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
ਜਵਾਬ
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
ਕਾਰਡ 408
ਸਵਾਲ
Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
ਜਵਾਬ
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
ਕਾਰਡ 409
ਸਵਾਲ
Fixed-ratio schedule?
ਜਵਾਬ
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
ਕਾਰਡ 410
ਸਵਾਲ
Observational learning?
ਜਵਾਬ
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
ਕਾਰਡ 411
ਸਵਾਲ
A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
Positive reinforcement.
ਕਾਰਡ 412
ਸਵਾਲ
Primary reinforcer?
ਜਵਾਬ
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
ਕਾਰਡ 413
ਸਵਾਲ
Variable-ratio schedule?
ਜਵਾਬ
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
ਕਾਰਡ 414
ਸਵਾਲ
Modeling?
ਜਵਾਬ
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
ਕਾਰਡ 415
ਸਵਾਲ
Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
ਜਵਾਬ
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
ਕਾਰਡ 416
ਸਵਾਲ
Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
Negative reinforcement.
ਕਾਰਡ 417
ਸਵਾਲ
Conditioned reinforcer?
ਜਵਾਬ
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
ਕਾਰਡ 418
ਸਵਾਲ
A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
ਜਵਾਬ
Vicarious reinforcement.
ਕਾਰਡ 419
ਸਵਾਲ
Fixed-interval schedule?
ਜਵਾਬ
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
ਕਾਰਡ 420
ਸਵਾਲ
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
ਜਵਾਬ
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
ਕਾਰਡ 421
ਸਵਾਲ
A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
Positive punishment.
ਕਾਰਡ 422
ਸਵਾਲ
Shaping?
ਜਵਾਬ
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
ਕਾਰਡ 423
ਸਵਾਲ
Extinction in operant conditioning?
ਜਵਾਬ
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
ਕਾਰਡ 424
ਸਵਾਲ
Variable-interval schedule?
ਜਵਾਬ
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
ਕਾਰਡ 425
ਸਵਾਲ
A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
Negative punishment.
ਕਾਰਡ 426
ਸਵਾਲ
Learned helplessness?
ਜਵਾਬ
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
ਕਾਰਡ 427
ਸਵਾਲ
Continuous reinforcement?
ਜਵਾਬ
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
ਕਾਰਡ 428
ਸਵਾਲ
A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
ਜਵਾਬ
A fixed-interval schedule.
ਕਾਰਡ 429
ਸਵਾਲ
Discriminative stimulus?
ਜਵਾਬ
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
ਕਾਰਡ 430
ਸਵਾਲ
Operant generalization versus discrimination?
ਜਵਾਬ
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
ਕਾਰਡ 431
ਸਵਾਲ
Instinctive drift?
ਜਵਾਬ
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
ਕਾਰਡ 432
ਸਵਾਲ
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
ਜਵਾਬ
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
ਕਾਰਡ 433
ਸਵਾਲ
How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
ਜਵਾਬ
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
ਕਾਰਡ 434
ਸਵਾਲ
How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
ਜਵਾਬ
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
ਕਾਰਡ 435
ਸਵਾਲ
Vicarious conditioning?
ਜਵਾਬ
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
ਕਾਰਡ 436
ਸਵਾਲ
A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
ਜਵਾਬ
A variable-interval schedule.
ਕਾਰਡ 437
ਸਵਾਲ
Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
ਜਵਾਬ
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
ਕਾਰਡ 438
ਸਵਾਲ
Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
ਜਵਾਬ
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
ਕਾਰਡ 439
ਸਵਾਲ
Latent learning?
ਜਵਾਬ
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
ਕਾਰਡ 440
ਸਵਾਲ
Cognitive map?
ਜਵਾਬ
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
ਕਾਰਡ 441
ਸਵਾਲ
Insight learning?
ਜਵਾਬ
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
ਕਾਰਡ 442
ਸਵਾਲ
Biological preparedness?
ਜਵਾਬ
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
ਕਾਰਡ 443
ਸਵਾਲ
What can mirror-neuron activity show?
ਜਵਾਬ
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
ਕਾਰਡ 444
ਸਵਾਲ
Attribution?
ਜਵਾਬ
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
ਕਾਰਡ 445
ਸਵਾਲ
Attitude?
ਜਵਾਬ
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
ਕਾਰਡ 446
ਸਵਾਲ
Upward social comparison?
ਜਵਾਬ
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
ਕਾਰਡ 447
ਸਵਾਲ
Optimistic explanatory style?
ਜਵਾਬ
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
ਕਾਰਡ 448
ਸਵਾਲ
Situational attribution?
ਜਵਾਬ
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
ਕਾਰਡ 449
ਸਵਾਲ
A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
ਜਵਾਬ
Cognitive dissonance.
ਕਾਰਡ 450
ਸਵਾਲ
Downward social comparison?
ਜਵਾਬ
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
ਕਾਰਡ 451
ਸਵਾਲ
Internal locus of control?
ਜਵਾਬ
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
ਕਾਰਡ 452
ਸਵਾਲ
Dispositional attribution?
ਜਵਾਬ
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
ਕਾਰਡ 453
ਸਵਾਲ
Pessimistic explanatory style?
ਜਵਾਬ
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
ਕਾਰਡ 454
ਸਵਾਲ
Relative deprivation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
ਕਾਰਡ 455
ਸਵਾਲ
External locus of control?
ਜਵਾਬ
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
ਕਾਰਡ 456
ਸਵਾਲ
Fundamental attribution error?
ਜਵਾਬ
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
ਕਾਰਡ 457
ਸਵਾਲ
Halo effect?
ਜਵਾਬ
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
ਕਾਰਡ 458
ਸਵਾਲ
Self-fulfilling prophecy?
ਜਵਾਬ
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
ਕਾਰਡ 459
ਸਵਾਲ
Mere-exposure effect?
ਜਵਾਬ
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
ਕਾਰਡ 460
ਸਵਾਲ
A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
The actor–observer difference.
ਕਾਰਡ 461
ਸਵਾਲ
A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
ਜਵਾਬ
The central route.
ਕਾਰਡ 462
ਸਵਾਲ
Effort justification?
ਜਵਾਬ
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
ਕਾਰਡ 463
ਸਵਾਲ
Stereotype?
ਜਵਾਬ
A generalized belief about members of a group.
ਕਾਰਡ 464
ਸਵਾਲ
A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
ਜਵਾਬ
Self-serving bias.
ਕਾਰਡ 465
ਸਵਾਲ
A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
ਜਵਾਬ
The peripheral route.
ਕਾਰਡ 466
ਸਵਾਲ
Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
ਜਵਾਬ
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
ਕਾਰਡ 467
ਸਵਾਲ
Prejudice?
ਜਵਾਬ
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
ਕਾਰਡ 468
ਸਵਾਲ
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:

Workload Errors

Low 2

High 8

Which attribution is better supported?
ਜਵਾਬ
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
ਕਾਰਡ 469
ਸਵਾਲ
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
ਜਵਾਬ
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
ਕਾਰਡ 470
ਸਵਾਲ
Conformity?
ਜਵਾਬ
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
ਕਾਰਡ 471
ਸਵਾਲ
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
The bystander effect.
ਕਾਰਡ 472
ਸਵਾਲ
Diffusion of responsibility?
ਜਵਾਬ
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
ਕਾਰਡ 473
ਸਵਾਲ
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
ਜਵਾਬ
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
ਕਾਰਡ 474
ਸਵਾਲ
In-group bias?
ਜਵਾਬ
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
ਕਾਰਡ 475
ਸਵਾਲ
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
The foot-in-the-door technique.
ਕਾਰਡ 476
ਸਵਾਲ
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
ਜਵਾਬ
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
ਕਾਰਡ 477
ਸਵਾਲ
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
ਜਵਾਬ
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
ਕਾਰਡ 478
ਸਵਾਲ
Discrimination?
ਜਵਾਬ
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
ਕਾਰਡ 479
ਸਵਾਲ
Out-group homogeneity effect?
ਜਵਾਬ
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
ਕਾਰਡ 480
ਸਵਾਲ
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
The door-in-the-face technique.
ਕਾਰਡ 481
ਸਵਾਲ
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
ਜਵਾਬ
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
ਕਾਰਡ 482
ਸਵਾਲ
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
ਜਵਾਬ
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
ਕਾਰਡ 483
ਸਵਾਲ
Just-world belief?
ਜਵਾਬ
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
ਕਾਰਡ 484
ਸਵਾਲ
Implicit attitude?
ਜਵਾਬ
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
ਕਾਰਡ 485
ਸਵਾਲ
Ethnocentrism?
ਜਵਾਬ
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
ਕਾਰਡ 486
ਸਵਾਲ
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
ਜਵਾਬ
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
ਕਾਰਡ 487
ਸਵਾਲ
Normative social influence?
ਜਵਾਬ
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
ਕਾਰਡ 488
ਸਵਾਲ
Psychodynamic view of personality?
ਜਵਾਬ
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
ਕਾਰਡ 489
ਸਵਾਲ
Norm of reciprocity?
ਜਵਾਬ
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
ਕਾਰਡ 490
ਸਵਾਲ
Individualism?
ਜਵਾਬ
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
ਕਾਰਡ 491
ਸਵਾਲ
Informational social influence?
ਜਵਾਬ
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
ਕਾਰਡ 492
ਸਵਾਲ
Id?
ਜਵਾਬ
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
ਕਾਰਡ 493
ਸਵਾਲ
Altruism?
ਜਵਾਬ
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
ਕਾਰਡ 494
ਸਵਾਲ
Social norm?
ਜਵਾਬ
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
ਕਾਰਡ 495
ਸਵਾਲ
What tends to increase conformity?
ਜਵਾਬ
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
ਕਾਰਡ 496
ਸਵਾਲ
Ego?
ਜਵਾਬ
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
ਕਾਰਡ 497
ਸਵਾਲ
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
ਜਵਾਬ
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
ਕਾਰਡ 498
ਸਵਾਲ
Collectivism?
ਜਵਾਬ
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
ਕਾਰਡ 499
ਸਵਾਲ
Obedience?
ਜਵਾਬ
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
ਕਾਰਡ 500
ਸਵਾਲ
Superego?
ਜਵਾਬ
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
ਕਾਰਡ 501
ਸਵਾਲ
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
ਜਵਾਬ
Denial.
ਕਾਰਡ 502
ਸਵਾਲ
Social-responsibility norm?
ਜਵਾਬ
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
ਕਾਰਡ 503
ਸਵਾਲ
How does proximity affect attraction?
ਜਵਾਬ
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
ਕਾਰਡ 504
ਸਵਾਲ
What tends to increase obedience?
ਜਵਾਬ
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
ਕਾਰਡ 505
ਸਵਾਲ
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
ਜਵਾਬ
Displacement.
ਕਾਰਡ 506
ਸਵਾਲ
Social loafing?
ਜਵਾਬ
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
ਕਾਰਡ 507
ਸਵਾਲ
Multiculturalism?
ਜਵਾਬ
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
ਕਾਰਡ 508
ਸਵਾਲ
How does similarity affect attraction?
ਜਵਾਬ
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
ਕਾਰਡ 509
ਸਵਾਲ
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
ਜਵਾਬ
Projection.
ਕਾਰਡ 510
ਸਵਾਲ
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
ਕਾਰਡ 511
ਸਵਾਲ
Deindividuation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
ਕਾਰਡ 512
ਸਵਾਲ
Group polarization?
ਜਵਾਬ
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
ਕਾਰਡ 513
ਸਵਾਲ
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
ਜਵਾਬ
Rationalization.
ਕਾਰਡ 514
ਸਵਾਲ
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
Groupthink.
ਕਾਰਡ 515
ਸਵਾਲ
Pluralistic ignorance?
ਜਵਾਬ
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
ਕਾਰਡ 516
ਸਵਾਲ
Social trap?
ਜਵਾਬ
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
ਕਾਰਡ 517
ਸਵਾਲ
Reaction formation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
ਕਾਰਡ 518
ਸਵਾਲ
Superordinate goal?
ਜਵਾਬ
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
ਕਾਰਡ 519
ਸਵਾਲ
False-consensus effect?
ਜਵਾਬ
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
ਕਾਰਡ 520
ਸਵਾਲ
Industrial-organizational psychology?
ਜਵਾਬ
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
ਕਾਰਡ 521
ਸਵਾਲ
Repression?
ਜਵਾਬ
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
ਕਾਰਡ 522
ਸਵਾਲ
Burnout?
ਜਵਾਬ
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
ਕਾਰਡ 523
ਸਵਾਲ
Unconditional positive regard?
ਜਵਾਬ
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
ਕਾਰਡ 524
ਸਵਾਲ
Trait?
ਜਵਾਬ
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
ਕਾਰਡ 525
ਸਵਾਲ
Regression as a defense mechanism?
ਜਵਾਬ
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
ਕਾਰਡ 526
ਸਵਾਲ
Reciprocal determinism?
ਜਵਾਬ
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
ਕਾਰਡ 527
ਸਵਾਲ
Self-efficacy?
ਜਵਾਬ
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
ਕਾਰਡ 528
ਸਵਾਲ
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
ਜਵਾਬ
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
ਕਾਰਡ 529
ਸਵਾਲ
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
ਜਵਾਬ
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
ਕਾਰਡ 530
ਸਵਾਲ
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
ਜਵਾਬ
Openness.
ਕਾਰਡ 531
ਸਵਾਲ
Personality inventory?
ਜਵਾਬ
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
ਕਾਰਡ 532
ਸਵਾਲ
Self-actualizing tendency?
ਜਵਾਬ
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
ਕਾਰਡ 533
ਸਵਾਲ
Self-esteem?
ਜਵਾਬ
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
ਕਾਰਡ 534
ਸਵਾਲ
Instinct in motivation research?
ਜਵਾਬ
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
ਕਾਰਡ 535
ਸਵਾਲ
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
ਜਵਾਬ
Conscientiousness.
ਕਾਰਡ 536
ਸਵਾਲ
Projective test?
ਜਵਾਬ
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
ਕਾਰਡ 537
ਸਵਾਲ
How does factor analysis help trait research?
ਜਵਾਬ
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
ਕਾਰਡ 538
ਸਵਾਲ
Drive-reduction theory?
ਜਵਾਬ
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
ਕਾਰਡ 539
ਸਵਾਲ
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
ਜਵਾਬ
Extraversion.
ਕਾਰਡ 540
ਸਵਾਲ
Person–situation debate?
ਜਵਾਬ
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
ਕਾਰਡ 541
ਸਵਾਲ
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
ਜਵਾਬ
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
ਕਾਰਡ 542
ਸਵਾਲ
Homeostasis?
ਜਵਾਬ
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
ਕਾਰਡ 543
ਸਵਾਲ
Incentive theory?
ਜਵਾਬ
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
ਕਾਰਡ 544
ਸਵਾਲ
Big Five agreeableness?
ਜਵਾਬ
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
ਕਾਰਡ 545
ਸਵਾਲ
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
ਜਵਾਬ
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
ਕਾਰਡ 546
ਸਵਾਲ
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
An approach–approach conflict.
ਕਾਰਡ 547
ਸਵਾਲ
Arousal theory of motivation?
ਜਵਾਬ
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
ਕਾਰਡ 548
ਸਵਾਲ
Big Five emotional stability?
ਜਵਾਬ
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
ਕਾਰਡ 549
ਸਵਾਲ
What regulates hunger?
ਜਵਾਬ
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
ਕਾਰਡ 550
ਸਵਾਲ
Three broad components of emotion?
ਜਵਾਬ
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
ਕਾਰਡ 551
ਸਵਾਲ
Self-determination theory?
ਜਵਾਬ
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
ਕਾਰਡ 552
ਸਵਾਲ
Emotion regulation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
ਕਾਰਡ 553
ਸਵਾਲ
Sensation-seeking?
ਜਵਾਬ
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
ਕਾਰਡ 554
ਸਵਾਲ
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
ਜਵਾਬ
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
ਕਾਰਡ 555
ਸਵਾਲ
Intrinsic motivation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
ਕਾਰਡ 556
ਸਵਾਲ
Display rules?
ਜਵਾਬ
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
ਕਾਰਡ 557
ਸਵਾਲ
Arousal and performance relationship?
ਜਵਾਬ
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
ਕਾਰਡ 558
ਸਵਾਲ
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
An approach–avoidance conflict.
ਕਾਰਡ 559
ਸਵਾਲ
Extrinsic motivation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
ਕਾਰਡ 560
ਸਵਾਲ
Achievement motivation?
ਜਵਾਬ
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
ਕਾਰਡ 561
ਸਵਾਲ
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
ਜਵਾਬ
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
ਕਾਰਡ 562
ਸਵਾਲ
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
ਕਾਰਡ 563
ਸਵਾਲ
Overjustification effect?
ਜਵਾਬ
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
ਕਾਰਡ 564
ਸਵਾਲ
Belongingness motivation?
ਜਵਾਬ
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
ਕਾਰਡ 565
ਸਵਾਲ
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:

Condition Mean minutes

Assigned topic 34

Chosen topic 47

What is the observed mean difference?
ਜਵਾਬ
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
ਕਾਰਡ 566
ਸਵਾਲ
Facial-feedback effect?
ਜਵਾਬ
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
ਕਾਰਡ 567
ਸਵਾਲ
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
ਜਵਾਬ
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
ਕਾਰਡ 568
ਸਵਾਲ
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
Cognitive reappraisal.
ਕਾਰਡ 569
ਸਵਾਲ
Broaden-and-build view?
ਜਵਾਬ
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
ਕਾਰਡ 570
ਸਵਾਲ
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
ਜਵਾਬ
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
ਕਾਰਡ 571
ਸਵਾਲ
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
ਜਵਾਬ
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
ਕਾਰਡ 572
ਸਵਾਲ
Expressive suppression?
ਜਵਾਬ
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
ਕਾਰਡ 573
ਸਵਾਲ
How does acute stress affect the body?
ਜਵਾਬ
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
ਕਾਰਡ 574
ਸਵਾਲ
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
ਜਵਾਬ
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
ਕਾਰਡ 575
ਸਵਾਲ
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
ਜਵਾਬ
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
ਕਾਰਡ 576
ਸਵਾਲ
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
ਜਵਾਬ
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
ਕਾਰਡ 577
ਸਵਾਲ
Health psychology?
ਜਵਾਬ
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
ਕਾਰਡ 578
ਸਵਾਲ
Positive psychology?
ਜਵਾਬ
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
ਕਾਰਡ 579
ਸਵਾਲ
Stress?
ਜਵਾਬ
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
ਕਾਰਡ 580
ਸਵਾਲ
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
ਜਵਾਬ
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
ਕਾਰਡ 581
ਸਵਾਲ
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
ਜਵਾਬ
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
ਕਾਰਡ 582
ਸਵਾਲ
Resilience?
ਜਵਾਬ
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
ਕਾਰਡ 583
ਸਵਾਲ
Stressor?
ਜਵਾਬ
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
ਕਾਰਡ 584
ਸਵਾਲ
General adaptation syndrome?
ਜਵਾਬ
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
ਕਾਰਡ 585
ਸਵਾਲ
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
Problem-focused coping.
ਕਾਰਡ 586
ਸਵਾਲ
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
ਜਵਾਬ
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
ਕਾਰਡ 587
ਸਵਾਲ
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
Primary appraisal.
ਕਾਰਡ 588
ਸਵਾਲ
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
ਜਵਾਬ
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
ਕਾਰਡ 589
ਸਵਾਲ
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
ਜਵਾਬ
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
ਕਾਰਡ 590
ਸਵਾਲ
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
Emotion-focused coping.
ਕਾਰਡ 591
ਸਵਾਲ
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
Secondary appraisal.
ਕਾਰਡ 592
ਸਵਾਲ
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
ਜਵਾਬ
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
ਕਾਰਡ 593
ਸਵਾਲ
Adverse childhood experiences?
ਜਵਾਬ
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
ਕਾਰਡ 594
ਸਵਾਲ
How can social support protect health?
ਜਵਾਬ
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
ਕਾਰਡ 595
ਸਵਾਲ
Eustress versus distress?
ਜਵਾਬ
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
ਕਾਰਡ 596
ਸਵਾਲ
Tend-and-befriend response?
ਜਵਾਬ
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
ਕਾਰਡ 597
ਸਵਾਲ
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
ਜਵਾਬ
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
ਕਾਰਡ 598
ਸਵਾਲ
Biofeedback?
ਜਵਾਬ
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
ਕਾਰਡ 599
ਸਵਾਲ
How does perceived control affect stress?
ਜਵਾਬ
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
ਕਾਰਡ 600
ਸਵਾਲ
Psychoneuroimmunology?
ਜਵਾਬ
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
ਕਾਰਡ 601
ਸਵਾਲ
Subjective well-being?
ਜਵਾਬ
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
ਕਾਰਡ 602
ਸਵਾਲ
Psychological disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
ਕਾਰਡ 603
ਸਵਾਲ
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
ਜਵਾਬ
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
ਕਾਰਡ 604
ਸਵਾਲ
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
ਜਵਾਬ
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
ਕਾਰਡ 605
ਸਵਾਲ
Signature strengths?
ਜਵਾਬ
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
ਕਾਰਡ 606
ਸਵਾਲ
Biopsychosocial model?
ਜਵਾਬ
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
ਕਾਰਡ 607
ਸਵਾਲ
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
ਜਵਾਬ
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
ਕਾਰਡ 608
ਸਵਾਲ
Posttraumatic growth?
ਜਵਾਬ
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
ਕਾਰਡ 609
ਸਵਾਲ
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
ਜਵਾਬ
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
ਕਾਰਡ 610
ਸਵਾਲ
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
ਜਵਾਬ
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
ਕਾਰਡ 611
ਸਵਾਲ
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
ਜਵਾਬ
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
ਕਾਰਡ 612
ਸਵਾਲ
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
ਜਵਾਬ
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
ਕਾਰਡ 613
ਸਵਾਲ
Biological explanation of disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
ਕਾਰਡ 614
ਸਵਾਲ
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
ਕਾਰਡ 615
ਸਵਾਲ
Purpose of the DSM?
ਜਵਾਬ
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
ਕਾਰਡ 616
ਸਵਾਲ
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
ਜਵਾਬ
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
ਕਾਰਡ 617
ਸਵਾਲ
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
ਕਾਰਡ 618
ਸਵਾਲ
Autism spectrum disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
ਕਾਰਡ 619
ਸਵਾਲ
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
ਜਵਾਬ
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
ਕਾਰਡ 620
ਸਵਾਲ
Major depressive disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
ਕਾਰਡ 621
ਸਵਾਲ
Specific phobia?
ਜਵਾਬ
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
ਕਾਰਡ 622
ਸਵਾਲ
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
ਕਾਰਡ 623
ਸਵਾਲ
Dissociative amnesia?
ਜਵਾਬ
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
ਕਾਰਡ 624
ਸਵਾਲ
Bipolar I disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
ਕਾਰਡ 625
ਸਵਾਲ
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
ਕਾਰਡ 626
ਸਵਾਲ
Anorexia nervosa?
ਜਵਾਬ
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
ਕਾਰਡ 627
ਸਵਾਲ
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
ਕਾਰਡ 628
ਸਵਾਲ
Bipolar II disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
ਕਾਰਡ 629
ਸਵਾਲ
Purpose of the ICD?
ਜਵਾਬ
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
ਕਾਰਡ 630
ਸਵਾਲ
Bulimia nervosa?
ਜਵਾਬ
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
ਕਾਰਡ 631
ਸਵਾਲ
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
ਜਵਾਬ
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
ਕਾਰਡ 632
ਸਵਾਲ
Ataque de nervios?
ਜਵਾਬ
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
ਕਾਰਡ 633
ਸਵਾਲ
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
ਕਾਰਡ 634
ਸਵਾਲ
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
ਕਾਰਡ 635
ਸਵਾਲ
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
ਜਵਾਬ
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
ਕਾਰਡ 636
ਸਵਾਲ
Comorbidity?
ਜਵਾਬ
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
ਕਾਰਡ 637
ਸਵਾਲ
Humanistic explanation of distress?
ਜਵਾਬ
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
ਕਾਰਡ 638
ਸਵਾਲ
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
ਜਵਾਬ
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
ਕਾਰਡ 639
ਸਵਾਲ
Stigma around mental disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
ਕਾਰਡ 640
ਸਵਾਲ
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
ਜਵਾਬ
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
ਕਾਰਡ 641
ਸਵਾਲ
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
ਕਾਰਡ 642
ਸਵਾਲ
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
ਜਵਾਬ
Interrater reliability.
ਕਾਰਡ 643
ਸਵਾਲ
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
ਜਵਾਬ
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
ਕਾਰਡ 644
ਸਵਾਲ
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
ਜਵਾਬ
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
ਕਾਰਡ 645
ਸਵਾਲ
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
ਕਾਰਡ 646
ਸਵਾਲ
Delusion?
ਜਵਾਬ
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
ਕਾਰਡ 647
ਸਵਾਲ
Agoraphobia?
ਜਵਾਬ
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
ਕਾਰਡ 648
ਸਵਾਲ
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
ਜਵਾਬ
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
ਕਾਰਡ 649
ਸਵਾਲ
Eclectic approach to disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
ਕਾਰਡ 650
ਸਵਾਲ
Hallucination?
ਜਵਾਬ
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
ਕਾਰਡ 651
ਸਵਾਲ
Panic disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
ਕਾਰਡ 652
ਸਵਾਲ
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
ਜਵਾਬ
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
ਕਾਰਡ 653
ਸਵਾਲ
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
ਜਵਾਬ
The diathesis–stress model.
ਕਾਰਡ 654
ਸਵਾਲ
Cluster A personality disorders?
ਜਵਾਬ
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
ਕਾਰਡ 655
ਸਵਾਲ
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
ਜਵਾਬ
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
ਕਾਰਡ 656
ਸਵਾਲ
Evidence-based treatment?
ਜਵਾਬ
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
ਕਾਰਡ 657
ਸਵਾਲ
Therapeutic alliance?
ਜਵਾਬ
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
ਕਾਰਡ 658
ਸਵਾਲ
Cultural humility in therapy?
ਜਵਾਬ
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
ਕਾਰਡ 659
ਸਵਾਲ
Deinstitutionalization?
ਜਵਾਬ
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
ਕਾਰਡ 660
ਸਵਾਲ
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
Exposure therapy.
ਕਾਰਡ 661
ਸਵਾਲ
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
ਜਵਾਬ
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
ਕਾਰਡ 662
ਸਵਾਲ
Four medication categories in the course?
ਜਵਾਬ
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
ਕਾਰਡ 663
ਸਵਾਲ
Depressive cognitive triad?
ਜਵਾਬ
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
ਕਾਰਡ 664
ਸਵਾਲ
Applied behavior analysis?
ਜਵਾਬ
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
ਕਾਰਡ 665
ਸਵਾਲ
Psychosurgery?
ਜਵਾਬ
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
ਕਾਰਡ 666
ਸਵਾਲ
Free association?
ਜਵਾਬ
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
ਕਾਰਡ 667
ਸਵਾਲ
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
Cognitive restructuring.
ਕਾਰਡ 668
ਸਵਾਲ
One advantage of group therapy?
ਜਵਾਬ
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
ਕਾਰਡ 669
ਸਵਾਲ
Lobotomy?
ਜਵਾਬ
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
ਕਾਰਡ 670
ਸਵਾਲ
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
ਜਵਾਬ
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
ਕਾਰਡ 671
ਸਵਾਲ
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
ਜਵਾਬ
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
ਕਾਰਡ 672
ਸਵਾਲ
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
ਜਵਾਬ
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
ਕਾਰਡ 673
ਸਵਾਲ
Social anxiety disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
ਕਾਰਡ 674
ਸਵਾਲ
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
ਜਵਾਬ
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
ਕਾਰਡ 675
ਸਵਾਲ
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
ਜਵਾਬ
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
ਕਾਰਡ 676
ਸਵਾਲ
Dissociative fugue?
ਜਵਾਬ
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
ਕਾਰਡ 677
ਸਵਾਲ
Cluster B personality disorders?
ਜਵਾਬ
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
ਕਾਰਡ 678
ਸਵਾਲ
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
ਜਵਾਬ
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
ਕਾਰਡ 679
ਸਵਾਲ
Catatonia?
ਜਵਾਬ
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
ਕਾਰਡ 680
ਸਵਾਲ
Manic episode?
ਜਵਾਬ
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
ਕਾਰਡ 681
ਸਵਾਲ
Dissociative identity disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
ਕਾਰਡ 682
ਸਵਾਲ
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
ਜਵਾਬ
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
ਕਾਰਡ 683
ਸਵਾਲ
Cluster C personality disorders?
ਜਵਾਬ
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
ਕਾਰਡ 684
ਸਵਾਲ
Taijin kyofusho?
ਜਵਾਬ
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
ਕਾਰਡ 685
ਸਵਾਲ
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
ਜਵਾਬ
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
ਕਾਰਡ 686
ਸਵਾਲ
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
ਜਵਾਬ
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
ਕਾਰਡ 687
ਸਵਾਲ
Hypomanic episode?
ਜਵਾਬ
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
ਕਾਰਡ 688
ਸਵਾਲ
Generalized anxiety disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
ਕਾਰਡ 689
ਸਵਾਲ
Hoarding disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
ਕਾਰਡ 690
ਸਵਾਲ
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
ਜਵਾਬ
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
ਕਾਰਡ 691
ਸਵਾਲ
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
ਕਾਰਡ 692
ਸਵਾਲ
Persistent depressive disorder?
ਜਵਾਬ
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
ਕਾਰਡ 693
ਸਵਾਲ
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
ਜਵਾਬ
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
ਕਾਰਡ 694
ਸਵਾਲ
Systematic desensitization?
ਜਵਾਬ
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
ਕਾਰਡ 695
ਸਵਾਲ
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
ਜਵਾਬ
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
ਕਾਰਡ 696
ਸਵਾਲ
Dialectical behavior therapy?
ਜਵਾਬ
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
ਕਾਰਡ 697
ਸਵਾਲ
Integrity in therapy ethics?
ਜਵਾਬ
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
ਕਾਰਡ 698
ਸਵਾਲ
Aversion therapy?
ਜਵਾਬ
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
ਕਾਰਡ 699
ਸਵਾਲ
Tardive dyskinesia?
ਜਵਾਬ
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
ਕਾਰਡ 700
ਸਵਾਲ
ECT versus TMS?
ਜਵਾਬ
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
ਕਾਰਡ 701
ਸਵਾਲ
Respect for rights and dignity?
ਜਵਾਬ
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
ਕਾਰਡ 702
ਸਵਾਲ
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
A token economy.
ਕਾਰਡ 703
ਸਵਾਲ
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
ਜਵਾਬ
Person-centered therapy.
ਕਾਰਡ 704
ਸਵਾਲ
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
ਜਵਾਬ
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
ਕਾਰਡ 705
ਸਵਾਲ
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
ਜਵਾਬ
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.

Workload	Errors
Low	2
High	8

Condition	Mean minutes
Assigned topic	34
Chosen topic	47

705 ਕਾਰਡ