AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review

Cartes de ce paquet

1. Carte 1

   Question

   Nature in the nature–nurture question?

   Réponse

   Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.

2. Carte 2

   Question

   Central nervous system?

   Réponse

   The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.

3. Carte 3

   Question

   Main role of the spinal cord?

   Réponse

   It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.

4. Carte 4

   Question

   Scores are 4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?

   Réponse

   7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.

5. Carte 5

   Question

   Nurture in the nature–nurture question?

   Réponse

   Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.

6. Carte 6

   Question

   Peripheral nervous system?

   Réponse

   The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.

7. Carte 7

   Question

   Reflex arc?

   Réponse

   A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.

8. Carte 8

   Question

   Reflex times are 180, 190, 210, 260, 410 milliseconds. What is the median?

   Réponse

   210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.

9. Carte 9

   Question

   Heritability?

   Réponse

   The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.

10. Carte 10

    Question

    Autonomic nervous system?

    Réponse

    The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.

11. Carte 11

    Question

    Evolutionary perspective on behavior?

    Réponse

    It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.

12. Carte 12

    Question

    Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?

    Réponse

    It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.

13. Carte 13

    Question

    Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?

    Réponse

    They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.

14. Carte 14

    Question

    Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?

    Réponse

    A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.

15. Carte 15

    Question

    Natural selection?

    Réponse

    Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.

16. Carte 16

    Question

    Somatic nervous system?

    Réponse

    The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.

17. Carte 17

    Question

    Sensory neurons?

    Réponse

    They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.

18. Carte 18

    Question

    Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?

    Réponse

    An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.

19. Carte 19

    Question

    Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?

    Réponse

    Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.

20. Carte 20

    Question

    Sympathetic nervous system?

    Réponse

    The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.

21. Carte 21

    Question

    Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?

    Réponse

    The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.

22. Carte 22

    Question

    Motor neurons?

    Réponse

    They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.

23. Carte 23

    Question

    Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?

    Réponse

    The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.

24. Carte 24

    Question

    Parasympathetic nervous system?

    Réponse

    The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.

25. Carte 25

    Question

    Resting potential?

    Réponse

    The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.

26. Carte 26

    Question

    Interneurons?

    Réponse

    Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.

27. Carte 27

    Question

    Adrenaline's behavioral role?

    Réponse

    It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.

28. Carte 28

    Question

    Frontal lobes?

    Réponse

    Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.

29. Carte 29

    Question

    Neural threshold?

    Réponse

    The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.

30. Carte 30

    Question

    Corpus callosum?

    Réponse

    The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.

31. Carte 31

    Question

    Leptin's role in eating?

    Réponse

    It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.

32. Carte 32

    Question

    Temporal lobes?

    Réponse

    Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.

33. Carte 33

    Question

    Depolarization during an action potential?

    Réponse

    Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.

34. Carte 34

    Question

    Dopamine's major psychological functions?

    Réponse

    Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.

35. Carte 35

    Question

    Ghrelin's role in eating?

    Réponse

    It helps stimulate hunger.

36. Carte 36

    Question

    Drug agonist?

    Réponse

    A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.

37. Carte 37

    Question

    Action potential?

    Réponse

    A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.

38. Carte 38

    Question

    Reuptake?

    Réponse

    The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.

39. Carte 39

    Question

    Serotonin's major psychological functions?

    Réponse

    Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.

40. Carte 40

    Question

    Glutamate's major psychological functions?

    Réponse

    It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.

41. Carte 41

    Question

    Refractory period?

    Réponse

    A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.

42. Carte 42

    Question

    Melatonin's role?

    Réponse

    It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.

43. Carte 43

    Question

    Drug antagonist?

    Réponse

    A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.

44. Carte 44

    Question

    Stimulants?

    Réponse

    Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.

45. Carte 45

    Question

    Drug tolerance?

    Réponse

    A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.

46. Carte 46

    Question

    Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?

    Réponse

    Multiple sclerosis.

47. Carte 47

    Question

    All-or-none principle?

    Réponse

    A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.

48. Carte 48

    Question

    Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?

    Réponse

    Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.

49. Carte 49

    Question

    GABA's major psychological function?

    Réponse

    It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.

50. Carte 50

    Question

    Oxytocin's behavioral role?

    Réponse

    It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.

51. Carte 51

    Question

    Reuptake inhibitor?

    Réponse

    A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.

52. Carte 52

    Question

    Depressants?

    Réponse

    Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.

53. Carte 53

    Question

    Drug withdrawal?

    Réponse

    Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.

54. Carte 54

    Question

    Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?

    Réponse

    Myasthenia gravis.

55. Carte 55

    Question

    Glial cells?

    Réponse

    Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.

56. Carte 56

    Question

    Endorphins?

    Réponse

    Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.

57. Carte 57

    Question

    Substance P?

    Réponse

    A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.

58. Carte 58

    Question

    Acetylcholine's major functions?

    Réponse

    Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.

59. Carte 59

    Question

    Opioids?

    Réponse

    Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.

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    Question

    Hallucinogens?

    Réponse

    Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.

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    Question

    Addiction?

    Réponse

    Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.

62. Carte 62

    Question

    Parietal lobes?

    Réponse

    Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.

63. Carte 63

    Question

    Consciousness?

    Réponse

    Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.

64. Carte 64

    Question

    Circadian rhythm?

    Réponse

    A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.

65. Carte 65

    Question

    Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?

    Réponse

    Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.

66. Carte 66

    Question

    Occipital lobes?

    Réponse

    Primary cortical processing of visual information.

67. Carte 67

    Question

    What does split-brain research reveal?

    Réponse

    When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.

68. Carte 68

    Question

    How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?

    Réponse

    It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.

69. Carte 69

    Question

    NREM-1 sleep?

    Réponse

    The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.

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    Question

    Motor cortex?

    Réponse

    A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.

71. Carte 71

    Question

    Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?

    Réponse

    Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.

72. Carte 72

    Question

    Brainstem's core function?

    Réponse

    It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.

73. Carte 73

    Question

    NREM-2 sleep?

    Réponse

    A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.

74. Carte 74

    Question

    Somatosensory cortex?

    Réponse

    A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.

75. Carte 75

    Question

    Medulla's main functions?

    Réponse

    It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.

76. Carte 76

    Question

    Reticular activating system?

    Réponse

    A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.

77. Carte 77

    Question

    NREM-3 sleep?

    Réponse

    Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.

78. Carte 78

    Question

    Cerebellum's main functions?

    Réponse

    Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.

79. Carte 79

    Question

    Thalamus?

    Réponse

    A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.

80. Carte 80

    Question

    Hypothalamus?

    Réponse

    It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.

81. Carte 81

    Question

    REM sleep?

    Réponse

    A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.

82. Carte 82

    Question

    Why is the pituitary called a master gland?

    Réponse

    Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.

83. Carte 83

    Question

    Amygdala?

    Réponse

    A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.

84. Carte 84

    Question

    Hippocampus?

    Réponse

    A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.

85. Carte 85

    Question

    How does sleep change across a typical night?

    Réponse

    NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.

86. Carte 86

    Question

    Contralateral brain control?

    Réponse

    Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.

87. Carte 87

    Question

    What does an EEG measure?

    Réponse

    Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.

88. Carte 88

    Question

    Reward-center activity?

    Réponse

    Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.

89. Carte 89

    Question

    Neuroplasticity?

    Réponse

    The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.

90. Carte 90

    Question

    Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?

    Réponse

    A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.

91. Carte 91

    Question

    A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?

    Réponse

    The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.

92. Carte 92

    Question

    Insomnia?

    Réponse

    Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.

93. Carte 93

    Question

    How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?

    Réponse

    Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.

94. Carte 94

    Question

    Absolute threshold?

    Réponse

    The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.

95. Carte 95

    Question

    Activation-synthesis view of dreams?

    Réponse

    The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.

96. Carte 96

    Question

    Narcolepsy?

    Réponse

    A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.

97. Carte 97

    Question

    Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?

    Réponse

    The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.

98. Carte 98

    Question

    Difference threshold?

    Réponse

    The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.

99. Carte 99

    Question

    Consolidation view of dreams?

    Réponse

    Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.

100. Carte 100

     Question

     REM sleep behavior disorder?

     Réponse

     Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.

101. Carte 101

     Question

     Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?

     Réponse

     Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.

102. Carte 102

     Question

     Weber's law?

     Réponse

     The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.

103. Carte 103

     Question

     Two supported functions of sleep?

     Réponse

     Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.

104. Carte 104

     Question

     Sleep apnea?

     Réponse

     Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.

105. Carte 105

     Question

     REM rebound?

     Réponse

     A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.

106. Carte 106

     Question

     Signal detection theory?

     Réponse

     Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.

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     Question

     Sensory transduction?

     Réponse

     Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.

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     Question

     Vestibular sense?

     Réponse

     The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.

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     Question

     Somnambulism?

     Réponse

     Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.

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     Question

     Why is there a blind spot in each eye?

     Réponse

     The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.

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     Question

     What begins visual transduction?

     Réponse

     Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.

112. Carte 112

     Question

     A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?

     Réponse

     From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.

113. Carte 113

     Question

     Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?

     Réponse

     Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.

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     Question

     Accommodation in vision?

     Réponse

     The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.

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     Question

     Cones?

     Réponse

     Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.

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     Question

     What begins auditory transduction?

     Réponse

     Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.

117. Carte 117

     Question

     How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?

     Réponse

     Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.

118. Carte 118

     Question

     How is smell unusual among the senses?

     Réponse

     Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.

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     Question

     Kinesthesia?

     Réponse

     The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.

120. Carte 120

     Question

     Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?

     Réponse

     Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.

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     Question

     Nearsightedness?

     Réponse

     Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.

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     Pheromones?

     Réponse

     Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.

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     Question

     Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?

     Réponse

     A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.

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     Question

     Volley theory of pitch?

     Réponse

     Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.

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     Farsightedness?

     Réponse

     Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.

126. Carte 126

     Question

     Six taste qualities named in the course?

     Réponse

     Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).

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     Question

     Phantom-limb sensation?

     Réponse

     Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.

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     Question

     Sensory interaction?

     Réponse

     One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.

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     Question

     What causes most color-vision deficiency?

     Réponse

     One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.

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     Question

     Prosopagnosia?

     Réponse

     Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.

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     Question

     Rods?

     Réponse

     Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.

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     Question

     How does opponent processing explain afterimages?

     Réponse

     Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.

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     Question

     Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?

     Réponse

     Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.

134. Carte 134

     Question

     Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?

     Réponse

     Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.

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     Question

     What do the semicircular canals detect?

     Réponse

     Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.

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     Question

     Synesthesia?

     Réponse

     Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.

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     Question

     Dichromatism versus monochromatism?

     Réponse

     Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.

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     Question

     Blindsight?

     Réponse

     Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.

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     Question

     Sensory adaptation?

     Réponse

     Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.

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     Question

     Gate-control view of pain?

     Réponse

     Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.

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     Question

     Bottom-up processing?

     Réponse

     Building a perception from incoming sensory details.

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     Concept?

     Réponse

     A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

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     Fixation in problem solving?

     Réponse

     Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.

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     Algorithm?

     Réponse

     A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.

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     Top-down processing?

     Réponse

     Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.

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     Question

     Confirmation bias?

     Réponse

     Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.

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     Question

     Retinal disparity?

     Réponse

     The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.

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     Heuristic?

     Réponse

     A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.

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     Selective attention?

     Réponse

     Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.

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     Figure–ground organization?

     Réponse

     Separating the object of attention from its background.

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     Question

     Convergence as a depth cue?

     Réponse

     The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.

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     Question

     Representativeness heuristic?

     Réponse

     Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.

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     Question

     Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?

     Réponse

     Inattentional blindness.

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     Question

     Gestalt proximity principle?

     Réponse

     Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.

155. Carte 155

     Question

     Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?

     Réponse

     The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.

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     Question

     Cocktail-party effect?

     Réponse

     The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.

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     Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?

     Réponse

     Change blindness.

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     Gestalt similarity principle?

     Réponse

     Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.

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     Question

     Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?

     Réponse

     Linear perspective.

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     Question

     Perceptual constancy?

     Réponse

     Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.

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     Perceptual set?

     Réponse

     A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.

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     Question

     Gestalt closure principle?

     Réponse

     The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.

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     Question

     One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?

     Réponse

     The blocking object, using interposition.

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     Apparent motion?

     Réponse

     The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.

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     Availability heuristic?

     Réponse

     Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.

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     Divergent thinking?

     Réponse

     Generating many varied, original possibilities.

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     Question

     A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?

     Réponse

     Relative clarity.

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     Question

     Prototype?

     Réponse

     A mental image of the most typical example of a category.

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     Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?

     Réponse

     Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.

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     Convergent thinking?

     Réponse

     Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.

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     Question

     A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?

     Réponse

     Texture gradient.

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     Question

     Belief perseverance?

     Réponse

     Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.

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     Explicit memory?

     Réponse

     Conscious memory for facts and experiences.

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     Three stores in the multi-store model?

     Réponse

     Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

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     Seeing an object only in its usual role?

     Réponse

     Functional fixedness.

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     Mental set?

     Réponse

     Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.

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     Episodic memory?

     Réponse

     Explicit memory for personally experienced events.

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     Working memory?

     Réponse

     A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.

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     Insight?

     Réponse

     A sudden realization of a problem's solution.

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     Framing effect?

     Réponse

     Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.

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     Question

     Implicit memory?

     Réponse

     Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.

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     Question

     Overconfidence bias?

     Réponse

     Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.

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     Anchoring bias?

     Réponse

     Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.

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     Question

     Schema in thinking?

     Réponse

     A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.

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     Question

     Procedural memory?

     Réponse

     Implicit memory for skills and habits.

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     Question

     Gambler's fallacy?

     Réponse

     The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.

187. Carte 187

     Question

     Sunk-cost fallacy?

     Réponse

     Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.

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     Question

     Executive functions?

     Réponse

     Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.

189. Carte 189

     Question

     How can priming affect judgment?

     Réponse

     Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.

190. Carte 190

     Question

     Central executive in working memory?

     Réponse

     The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.

191. Carte 191

     Question

     Serial-position effect?

     Réponse

     People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.

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     Question

     Semantic memory?

     Réponse

     Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.

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     Question

     Levels-of-processing principle?

     Réponse

     Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.

194. Carte 194

     Question

     Automatic processing?

     Réponse

     Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.

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     Question

     Maintenance rehearsal?

     Réponse

     Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.

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     Question

     Prospective memory?

     Réponse

     Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.

197. Carte 197

     Question

     Primacy effect?

     Réponse

     Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.

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     Question

     Long-term memory?

     Réponse

     A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.

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     Question

     Highly superior autobiographical memory?

     Réponse

     An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.

200. Carte 200

     Question

     Effortful processing?

     Réponse

     Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.

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     Question

     Elaborative rehearsal?

     Réponse

     Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.

202. Carte 202

     Question

     Memory consolidation?

     Réponse

     The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.

203. Carte 203

     Question

     Recency effect?

     Réponse

     Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.

204. Carte 204

     Question

     Spacing effect?

     Réponse

     Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.

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     Question

     Testing effect?

     Réponse

     Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.

206. Carte 206

     Question

     Chunking?

     Réponse

     Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.

207. Carte 207

     Question

     Mnemonic?

     Réponse

     A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.

208. Carte 208

     Question

     Why organize material into a hierarchy?

     Réponse

     Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.

209. Carte 209

     Question

     How can a schema help encoding?

     Réponse

     It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.

210. Carte 210

     Question

     Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?

     Réponse

     The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.

211. Carte 211

     Question

     Iconic memory?

     Réponse

     A very brief visual sensory memory.

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     Question

     Recall?

     Réponse

     Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.

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     Question

     Retrieval cue?

     Réponse

     A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.

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     Question

     Encoding-specificity principle?

     Réponse

     Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.

215. Carte 215

     Question

     Context-dependent memory?

     Réponse

     Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.

216. Carte 216

     Question

     Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?

     Réponse

     No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.

217. Carte 217

     Question

     Echoic memory?

     Réponse

     A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.

218. Carte 218

     Question

     Anterograde amnesia?

     Réponse

     Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.

219. Carte 219

     Question

     Phonological loop?

     Réponse

     The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.

220. Carte 220

     Question

     Cerebellum's memory role?

     Réponse

     It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.

221. Carte 221

     Question

     Why is short-term memory described as limited?

     Réponse

     It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.

222. Carte 222

     Question

     Retrograde amnesia?

     Réponse

     Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.

223. Carte 223

     Question

     Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?

     Réponse

     The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.

224. Carte 224

     Question

     How can the amygdala affect memory?

     Réponse

     Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.

225. Carte 225

     Question

     Visuospatial sketchpad?

     Réponse

     The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.

226. Carte 226

     Question

     Long-term potentiation?

     Réponse

     A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.

227. Carte 227

     Question

     Infantile amnesia?

     Réponse

     The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.

228. Carte 228

     Question

     Alzheimer's disease?

     Réponse

     A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.

229. Carte 229

     Question

     Scores are 2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?

     Réponse

     The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because 9 - 2 = 7.

230. Carte 230

     Question

     Recognition?

     Réponse

     Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.

231. Carte 231

     Question

     Why is memory called reconstructive?

     Réponse

     Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.

232. Carte 232

     Question

     Storage decay?

     Réponse

     A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.

233. Carte 233

     Question

     State-dependent memory?

     Réponse

     Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.

234. Carte 234

     Question

     Relearning?

     Réponse

     Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.

235. Carte 235

     Question

     Misinformation effect?

     Réponse

     Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.

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     Question

     A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?

     Réponse

     Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.

237. Carte 237

     Question

     Mood-congruent memory?

     Réponse

     A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.

238. Carte 238

     Question

     Priming?

     Réponse

     Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.

239. Carte 239

     Question

     Tip-of-the-tongue state?

     Réponse

     A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.

240. Carte 240

     Question

     Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?

     Réponse

     Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.

241. Carte 241

     Question

     Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?

     Réponse

     Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.

242. Carte 242

     Question

     Metacognition?

     Réponse

     Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.

243. Carte 243

     Question

     Source amnesia?

     Réponse

     Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.

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     Question

     Test standardization?

     Réponse

     Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.

245. Carte 245

     Question

     Reliability?

     Réponse

     The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.

246. Carte 246

     Question

     Stereotype threat?

     Réponse

     Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.

247. Carte 247

     Question

     General intelligence, or g?

     Réponse

     A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.

248. Carte 248

     Question

     Encoding failure?

     Réponse

     Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.

249. Carte 249

     Question

     Validity?

     Réponse

     The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.

250. Carte 250

     Question

     Proactive interference?

     Réponse

     Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.

251. Carte 251

     Question

     Imagination inflation?

     Réponse

     Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.

252. Carte 252

     Question

     A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?

     Réponse

     Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.

253. Carte 253

     Question

     Retrieval failure?

     Réponse

     Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.

254. Carte 254

     Question

     Retroactive interference?

     Réponse

     Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.

255. Carte 255

     Question

     A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?

     Réponse

     Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.

256. Carte 256

     Question

     Repression in psychodynamic theory?

     Réponse

     The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.

257. Carte 257

     Question

     Flashbulb memory?

     Réponse

     A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.

258. Carte 258

     Question

     A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?

     Réponse

     An operational definition of memory accuracy.

259. Carte 259

     Question

     A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?

     Réponse

     It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.

260. Carte 260

     Question

     Stereotype lift?

     Réponse

     A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.

261. Carte 261

     Question

     Achievement test?

     Réponse

     An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.

262. Carte 262

     Question

     Construct validity?

     Réponse

     How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.

263. Carte 263

     Question

     Test–retest reliability?

     Réponse

     Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.

264. Carte 264

     Question

     Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?

     Réponse

     Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.

265. Carte 265

     Question

     Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?

     Réponse

     Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.

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     Question

     Aptitude test?

     Réponse

     An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.

267. Carte 267

     Question

     Traditional IQ formula?

     Réponse

     Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.

268. Carte 268

     Question

     Predictive validity?

     Réponse

     How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.

269. Carte 269

     Question

     What does a normal score distribution look like?

     Réponse

     Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.

270. Carte 270

     Question

     Split-half reliability?

     Réponse

     Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.

271. Carte 271

     Question

     Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?

     Réponse

     That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.

272. Carte 272

     Question

     Flynn effect?

     Réponse

     Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.

273. Carte 273

     Question

     A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?

     Réponse

     A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.

274. Carte 274

     Question

     Continuous versus stage development?

     Réponse

     Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.

275. Carte 275

     Question

     How can prenatal environment affect later development?

     Réponse

     Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.

276. Carte 276

     Question

     Teratogen?

     Réponse

     An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.

277. Carte 277

     Question

     Maturation?

     Réponse

     Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.

278. Carte 278

     Question

     Stability–change question in development?

     Réponse

     It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.

279. Carte 279

     Question

     A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?

     Réponse

     The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.

280. Carte 280

     Question

     Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?

     Réponse

     An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.

281. Carte 281

     Question

     Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?

     Réponse

     Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.

282. Carte 282

     Question

     Fine versus gross motor skills?

     Réponse

     Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.

283. Carte 283

     Question

     Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?

     Réponse

     Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.

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     Question

     What did the visual-cliff procedure test?

     Réponse

     It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.

285. Carte 285

     Question

     Puberty?

     Réponse

     The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.

286. Carte 286

     Question

     Sensitive period?

     Réponse

     A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.

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     Question

     What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?

     Réponse

     A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.

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     Question

     Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?

     Réponse

     Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.

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     Question

     Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?

     Réponse

     A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.

290. Carte 290

     Question

     Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?

     Réponse

     The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.

291. Carte 291

     Question

     Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?

     Réponse

     A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.

292. Carte 292

     Question

     Menarche?

     Réponse

     The first menstrual period.

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     Question

     Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?

     Réponse

     A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.

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     Question

     About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?

     Réponse

     About 68%.

295. Carte 295

     Question

     A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?

     Réponse

     Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.

296. Carte 296

     Question

     Spermarche?

     Réponse

     The first ejaculation.

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     Question

     Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?

     Réponse

     A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.

298. Carte 298

     Question

     Imprinting?

     Réponse

     A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.

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     Question

     Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?

     Réponse

     Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.

300. Carte 300

     Question

     Menopause?

     Réponse

     The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.

301. Carte 301

     Question

     Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?

     Réponse

     Naturalistic observation.

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     Question

     How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?

     Réponse

     They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.

303. Carte 303

     Question

     Gender identity?

     Réponse

     A person's internal sense of their gender.

304. Carte 304

     Question

     Gender role?

     Réponse

     A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.

305. Carte 305

     Question

     Sex versus gender?

     Réponse

     Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.

306. Carte 306

     Question

     Common sensory change in later adulthood?

     Réponse

     Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.

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     Question

     Sexual orientation?

     Réponse

     A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.

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     Question

     Gender schema?

     Réponse

     A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.

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     Question

     Best broad view of gender development?

     Réponse

     Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.

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     Question

     Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?

     Réponse

     No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.

311. Carte 311

     Question

     Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?

     Réponse

     Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.

312. Carte 312

     Question

     Schema in cognitive development?

     Réponse

     A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.

313. Carte 313

     Question

     Sensorimotor stage?

     Réponse

     Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.

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     Question

     Preoperational stage?

     Réponse

     Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.

315. Carte 315

     Question

     Assimilation?

     Réponse

     Fitting new information into an existing schema.

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     Question

     A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?

     Réponse

     In the learner's zone of proximal development.

317. Carte 317

     Question

     Animism in preoperational thought?

     Réponse

     Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.

318. Carte 318

     Question

     Concrete operational stage?

     Réponse

     Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.

319. Carte 319

     Question

     Accommodation?

     Réponse

     Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.

320. Carte 320

     Question

     Reversibility in cognitive development?

     Réponse

     Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.

321. Carte 321

     Question

     How can social learning shape gender expression?

     Réponse

     People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.

322. Carte 322

     Question

     A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?

     Réponse

     Assimilation.

323. Carte 323

     Question

     Language?

     Réponse

     A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.

324. Carte 324

     Question

     Cooing stage?

     Réponse

     Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.

325. Carte 325

     Question

     Babbling stage?

     Réponse

     Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.

326. Carte 326

     Question

     One-word stage?

     Réponse

     A child uses single words to express whole ideas.

327. Carte 327

     Question

     Grammar?

     Réponse

     A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.

328. Carte 328

     Question

     A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?

     Réponse

     Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.

329. Carte 329

     Question

     Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?

     Réponse

     Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.

330. Carte 330

     Question

     A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?

     Réponse

     Accommodation.

331. Carte 331

     Question

     A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?

     Réponse

     Scaffolding.

332. Carte 332

     Question

     A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?

     Réponse

     Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.

333. Carte 333

     Question

     Fluid intelligence across adulthood?

     Réponse

     Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.

334. Carte 334

     Question

     An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?

     Réponse

     Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.

335. Carte 335

     Question

     Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?

     Réponse

     Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.

336. Carte 336

     Question

     Formal operational stage?

     Réponse

     Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.

337. Carte 337

     Question

     Dementia?

     Réponse

     A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.

338. Carte 338

     Question

     Phoneme?

     Réponse

     The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.

339. Carte 339

     Question

     Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?

     Réponse

     Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.

340. Carte 340

     Question

     Temperament?

     Réponse

     Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.

341. Carte 341

     Question

     Attachment?

     Réponse

     An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.

342. Carte 342

     Question

     Erikson's infancy conflict?

     Réponse

     Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.

343. Carte 343

     Question

     Microsystem?

     Réponse

     Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.

344. Carte 344

     Question

     Erikson's toddler conflict?

     Réponse

     Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.

345. Carte 345

     Question

     Erikson's early-childhood conflict?

     Réponse

     Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.

346. Carte 346

     Question

     Erikson's school-age conflict?

     Réponse

     Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.

347. Carte 347

     Question

     Mesosystem?

     Réponse

     Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.

348. Carte 348

     Question

     Erikson's adolescent conflict?

     Réponse

     Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.

349. Carte 349

     Question

     Erikson's young-adult conflict?

     Réponse

     Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.

350. Carte 350

     Question

     Erikson's middle-adult conflict?

     Réponse

     Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.

351. Carte 351

     Question

     Exosystem?

     Réponse

     Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.

352. Carte 352

     Question

     Morpheme?

     Réponse

     The smallest unit that carries meaning.

353. Carte 353

     Question

     Telegraphic speech?

     Réponse

     Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.

     

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354. Carte 354

     Question

     How do nonverbal gestures support language development?

     Réponse

     Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.

355. Carte 355

     Question

     Macrosystem?

     Réponse

     The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.

356. Carte 356

     Question

     Semantics?

     Réponse

     The meanings of words and sentences.

357. Carte 357

     Question

     A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?

     Réponse

     Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.

358. Carte 358

     Question

     What does a sensitive period for language imply?

     Réponse

     Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.

359. Carte 359

     Question

     Does language completely determine thought?

     Réponse

     No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.

360. Carte 360

     Question

     Syntax?

     Réponse

     Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.

361. Carte 361

     Question

     A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?

     Réponse

     Secure attachment.

362. Carte 362

     Question

     How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?

     Réponse

     It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.

363. Carte 363

     Question

     Authoritative parenting?

     Réponse

     High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.

364. Carte 364

     Question

     Identity achievement?

     Réponse

     A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.

365. Carte 365

     Question

     Avoidant attachment pattern?

     Réponse

     The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.

366. Carte 366

     Question

     Classical conditioning?

     Réponse

     Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.

367. Carte 367

     Question

     Unconditioned stimulus?

     Réponse

     A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.

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     Question

     Unconditioned response?

     Réponse

     The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.

369. Carte 369

     Question

     Conditioned stimulus?

     Réponse

     A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.

370. Carte 370

     Question

     Conditioned response?

     Réponse

     The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

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     Question

     Acquisition in classical conditioning?

     Réponse

     The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

372. Carte 372

     Question

     During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?

     Réponse

     The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.

373. Carte 373

     Question

     Authoritarian parenting?

     Réponse

     Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.

374. Carte 374

     Question

     Identity diffusion?

     Réponse

     A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.

375. Carte 375

     Question

     Extinction in classical conditioning?

     Réponse

     The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.

376. Carte 376

     Question

     Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?

     Réponse

     The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.

377. Carte 377

     Question

     Permissive parenting?

     Réponse

     High warmth with few demands or limits.

378. Carte 378

     Question

     Parallel play?

     Réponse

     Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.

379. Carte 379

     Question

     Imaginary audience?

     Réponse

     An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.

380. Carte 380

     Question

     Identity foreclosure?

     Réponse

     A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.

381. Carte 381

     Question

     Disorganized attachment pattern?

     Réponse

     The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.

382. Carte 382

     Question

     Neglectful parenting?

     Réponse

     Low warmth and low control or involvement.

383. Carte 383

     Question

     Chronosystem?

     Réponse

     Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.

384. Carte 384

     Question

     Why is pretend play developmentally useful?

     Réponse

     It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.

385. Carte 385

     Question

     Personal fable?

     Réponse

     An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.

386. Carte 386

     Question

     Identity moratorium?

     Réponse

     A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.

387. Carte 387

     Question

     Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?

     Réponse

     They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.

388. Carte 388

     Question

     Separation anxiety in infancy?

     Réponse

     Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.

389. Carte 389

     Question

     What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?

     Réponse

     Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.

390. Carte 390

     Question

     Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?

     Réponse

     Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.

391. Carte 391

     Question

     Emerging adulthood?

     Réponse

     A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.

392. Carte 392

     Question

     Social clock?

     Réponse

     Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.

393. Carte 393

     Question

     Erikson's later-adult conflict?

     Réponse

     Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.

394. Carte 394

     Question

     Possible selves?

     Réponse

     Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.

395. Carte 395

     Question

     Stimulus generalization?

     Réponse

     Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.

396. Carte 396

     Question

     Operant conditioning?

     Réponse

     Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.

397. Carte 397

     Question

     Law of effect?

     Réponse

     Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.

398. Carte 398

     Question

     Spontaneous recovery?

     Réponse

     An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.

399. Carte 399

     Question

     Stimulus discrimination?

     Réponse

     Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.

400. Carte 400

     Question

     Reinforcement?

     Réponse

     Any consequence that increases a behavior.

401. Carte 401

     Question

     Higher-order conditioning?

     Réponse

     An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.

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     Question

     Counterconditioning?

     Réponse

     Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.

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     Question

     Habituation?

     Réponse

     A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.

404. Carte 404

     Question

     Punishment?

     Réponse

     Any consequence that decreases a behavior.

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     Question

     Partial reinforcement?

     Réponse

     Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.

406. Carte 406

     Question

     Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?

     Réponse

     Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.

407. Carte 407

     Question

     Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?

     Réponse

     It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.

408. Carte 408

     Question

     Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?

     Réponse

     Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.

409. Carte 409

     Question

     Fixed-ratio schedule?

     Réponse

     Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.

410. Carte 410

     Question

     Observational learning?

     Réponse

     Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.

411. Carte 411

     Question

     A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?

     Réponse

     Positive reinforcement.

412. Carte 412

     Question

     Primary reinforcer?

     Réponse

     A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.

413. Carte 413

     Question

     Variable-ratio schedule?

     Réponse

     Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.

414. Carte 414

     Question

     Modeling?

     Réponse

     Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.

415. Carte 415

     Question

     Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?

     Réponse

     A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.

416. Carte 416

     Question

     Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?

     Réponse

     Negative reinforcement.

417. Carte 417

     Question

     Conditioned reinforcer?

     Réponse

     A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.

418. Carte 418

     Question

     A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?

     Réponse

     Vicarious reinforcement.

419. Carte 419

     Question

     Fixed-interval schedule?

     Réponse

     The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.

420. Carte 420

     Question

     Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?

     Réponse

     A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.

421. Carte 421

     Question

     A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?

     Réponse

     Positive punishment.

422. Carte 422

     Question

     Shaping?

     Réponse

     Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.

423. Carte 423

     Question

     Extinction in operant conditioning?

     Réponse

     A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.

424. Carte 424

     Question

     Variable-interval schedule?

     Réponse

     The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.

425. Carte 425

     Question

     A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?

     Réponse

     Negative punishment.

426. Carte 426

     Question

     Learned helplessness?

     Réponse

     After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.

427. Carte 427

     Question

     Continuous reinforcement?

     Réponse

     Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.

428. Carte 428

     Question

     A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?

     Réponse

     A fixed-interval schedule.

429. Carte 429

     Question

     Discriminative stimulus?

     Réponse

     A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.

430. Carte 430

     Question

     Operant generalization versus discrimination?

     Réponse

     Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.

431. Carte 431

     Question

     Instinctive drift?

     Réponse

     A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.

432. Carte 432

     Question

     Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?

     Réponse

     A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.

433. Carte 433

     Question

     How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?

     Réponse

     A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.

434. Carte 434

     Question

     How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?

     Réponse

     Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.

435. Carte 435

     Question

     Vicarious conditioning?

     Réponse

     Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.

436. Carte 436

     Question

     A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?

     Réponse

     A variable-interval schedule.

437. Carte 437

     Question

     Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?

     Réponse

     Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.

438. Carte 438

     Question

     Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?

     Réponse

     Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.

439. Carte 439

     Question

     Latent learning?

     Réponse

     Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.

440. Carte 440

     Question

     Cognitive map?

     Réponse

     A mental representation of the layout of an environment.

441. Carte 441

     Question

     Insight learning?

     Réponse

     A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.

442. Carte 442

     Question

     Biological preparedness?

     Réponse

     An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.

443. Carte 443

     Question

     What can mirror-neuron activity show?

     Réponse

     Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.

444. Carte 444

     Question

     Attribution?

     Réponse

     An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.

445. Carte 445

     Question

     Attitude?

     Réponse

     An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.

446. Carte 446

     Question

     Upward social comparison?

     Réponse

     Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.

447. Carte 447

     Question

     Optimistic explanatory style?

     Réponse

     Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.

448. Carte 448

     Question

     Situational attribution?

     Réponse

     Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.

449. Carte 449

     Question

     A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?

     Réponse

     Cognitive dissonance.

450. Carte 450

     Question

     Downward social comparison?

     Réponse

     Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.

451. Carte 451

     Question

     Internal locus of control?

     Réponse

     The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.

452. Carte 452

     Question

     Dispositional attribution?

     Réponse

     Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.

453. Carte 453

     Question

     Pessimistic explanatory style?

     Réponse

     Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.

454. Carte 454

     Question

     Relative deprivation?

     Réponse

     Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.

455. Carte 455

     Question

     External locus of control?

     Réponse

     The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.

456. Carte 456

     Question

     Fundamental attribution error?

     Réponse

     Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.

457. Carte 457

     Question

     Halo effect?

     Réponse

     One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.

458. Carte 458

     Question

     Self-fulfilling prophecy?

     Réponse

     An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.

459. Carte 459

     Question

     Mere-exposure effect?

     Réponse

     Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.

460. Carte 460

     Question

     A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?

     Réponse

     The actor–observer difference.

461. Carte 461

     Question

     A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?

     Réponse

     The central route.

462. Carte 462

     Question

     Effort justification?

     Réponse

     Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.

463. Carte 463

     Question

     Stereotype?

     Réponse

     A generalized belief about members of a group.

464. Carte 464

     Question

     A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?

     Réponse

     Self-serving bias.

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     Question

     A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?

     Réponse

     The peripheral route.

466. Carte 466

     Question

     Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?

     Réponse

     Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.

467. Carte 467

     Question

     Prejudice?

     Réponse

     An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.

468. Carte 468

     Question

     The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:

     Workload	Errors
     Low	2
     High	8

     Which attribution is better supported?

     Réponse

     A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.

469. Carte 469

     Question

     Why does source credibility affect persuasion?

     Réponse

     People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.

470. Carte 470

     Question

     Conformity?

     Réponse

     Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.

471. Carte 471

     Question

     Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?

     Réponse

     The bystander effect.

472. Carte 472

     Question

     Diffusion of responsibility?

     Réponse

     Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.

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     Question

     How can taking on a role affect attitude?

     Réponse

     Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.

474. Carte 474

     Question

     In-group bias?

     Réponse

     Favoring one's own group over other groups.

475. Carte 475

     Question

     After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?

     Réponse

     The foot-in-the-door technique.

476. Carte 476

     Question

     A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?

     Réponse

     Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.

477. Carte 477

     Question

     When do attitudes best predict behavior?

     Réponse

     When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.

478. Carte 478

     Question

     Discrimination?

     Réponse

     Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.

479. Carte 479

     Question

     Out-group homogeneity effect?

     Réponse

     Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.

480. Carte 480

     Question

     After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?

     Réponse

     The door-in-the-face technique.

481. Carte 481

     Question

     A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?

     Réponse

     A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.

482. Carte 482

     Question

     Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?

     Réponse

     A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.

483. Carte 483

     Question

     Just-world belief?

     Réponse

     The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.

484. Carte 484

     Question

     Implicit attitude?

     Réponse

     An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.

485. Carte 485

     Question

     Ethnocentrism?

     Réponse

     Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.

486. Carte 486

     Question

     How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?

     Réponse

     People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.

487. Carte 487

     Question

     Normative social influence?

     Réponse

     Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.

488. Carte 488

     Question

     Psychodynamic view of personality?

     Réponse

     Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.

489. Carte 489

     Question

     Norm of reciprocity?

     Réponse

     The expectation that people should return help or favors.

490. Carte 490

     Question

     Individualism?

     Réponse

     A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.

491. Carte 491

     Question

     Informational social influence?

     Réponse

     Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.

492. Carte 492

     Question

     Id?

     Réponse

     The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.

493. Carte 493

     Question

     Altruism?

     Réponse

     Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.

494. Carte 494

     Question

     Social norm?

     Réponse

     A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.

495. Carte 495

     Question

     What tends to increase conformity?

     Réponse

     Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.

496. Carte 496

     Question

     Ego?

     Réponse

     The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.

497. Carte 497

     Question

     A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?

     Réponse

     Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.

498. Carte 498

     Question

     Collectivism?

     Réponse

     A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.

499. Carte 499

     Question

     Obedience?

     Réponse

     Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.

500. Carte 500

     Question

     Superego?

     Réponse

     The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.

501. Carte 501

     Question

     A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?

     Réponse

     Denial.

502. Carte 502

     Question

     Social-responsibility norm?

     Réponse

     The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.

503. Carte 503

     Question

     How does proximity affect attraction?

     Réponse

     Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.

504. Carte 504

     Question

     What tends to increase obedience?

     Réponse

     A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.

505. Carte 505

     Question

     After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?

     Réponse

     Displacement.

506. Carte 506

     Question

     Social loafing?

     Réponse

     Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.

507. Carte 507

     Question

     Multiculturalism?

     Réponse

     Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.

508. Carte 508

     Question

     How does similarity affect attraction?

     Réponse

     Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.

509. Carte 509

     Question

     A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?

     Réponse

     Projection.

510. Carte 510

     Question

     Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?

     Réponse

     Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.

511. Carte 511

     Question

     Deindividuation?

     Réponse

     Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.

512. Carte 512

     Question

     Group polarization?

     Réponse

     Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.

513. Carte 513

     Question

     After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?

     Réponse

     Rationalization.

514. Carte 514

     Question

     A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?

     Réponse

     Groupthink.

515. Carte 515

     Question

     Pluralistic ignorance?

     Réponse

     People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.

516. Carte 516

     Question

     Social trap?

     Réponse

     Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.

517. Carte 517

     Question

     Reaction formation?

     Réponse

     Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.

518. Carte 518

     Question

     Superordinate goal?

     Réponse

     A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.

519. Carte 519

     Question

     False-consensus effect?

     Réponse

     Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.

520. Carte 520

     Question

     Industrial-organizational psychology?

     Réponse

     Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.

521. Carte 521

     Question

     Repression?

     Réponse

     Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.

522. Carte 522

     Question

     Burnout?

     Réponse

     Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.

523. Carte 523

     Question

     Unconditional positive regard?

     Réponse

     Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.

524. Carte 524

     Question

     Trait?

     Réponse

     A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.

525. Carte 525

     Question

     Regression as a defense mechanism?

     Réponse

     Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.

526. Carte 526

     Question

     Reciprocal determinism?

     Réponse

     Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.

527. Carte 527

     Question

     Self-efficacy?

     Réponse

     Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.

528. Carte 528

     Question

     Self-concept in humanistic theory?

     Réponse

     A person's organized understanding of who they are.

529. Carte 529

     Question

     Sublimation as a defense mechanism?

     Réponse

     Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.

530. Carte 530

     Question

     A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?

     Réponse

     Openness.

531. Carte 531

     Question

     Personality inventory?

     Réponse

     A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.

532. Carte 532

     Question

     Self-actualizing tendency?

     Réponse

     The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.

533. Carte 533

     Question

     Self-esteem?

     Réponse

     A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.

534. Carte 534

     Question

     Instinct in motivation research?

     Réponse

     An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.

535. Carte 535

     Question

     A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?

     Réponse

     Conscientiousness.

536. Carte 536

     Question

     Projective test?

     Réponse

     An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.

537. Carte 537

     Question

     How does factor analysis help trait research?

     Réponse

     It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.

538. Carte 538

     Question

     Drive-reduction theory?

     Réponse

     A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.

539. Carte 539

     Question

     A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?

     Réponse

     Extraversion.

540. Carte 540

     Question

     Person–situation debate?

     Réponse

     It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.

541. Carte 541

     Question

     A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?

     Réponse

     The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.

542. Carte 542

     Question

     Homeostasis?

     Réponse

     The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.

543. Carte 543

     Question

     Incentive theory?

     Réponse

     External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.

544. Carte 544

     Question

     Big Five agreeableness?

     Réponse

     Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.

545. Carte 545

     Question

     A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?

     Réponse

     Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.

546. Carte 546

     Question

     A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?

     Réponse

     An approach–approach conflict.

547. Carte 547

     Question

     Arousal theory of motivation?

     Réponse

     People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.

548. Carte 548

     Question

     Big Five emotional stability?

     Réponse

     A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.

549. Carte 549

     Question

     What regulates hunger?

     Réponse

     Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.

550. Carte 550

     Question

     Three broad components of emotion?

     Réponse

     Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.

551. Carte 551

     Question

     Self-determination theory?

     Réponse

     Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.

552. Carte 552

     Question

     Emotion regulation?

     Réponse

     Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.

553. Carte 553

     Question

     Sensation-seeking?

     Réponse

     A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.

554. Carte 554

     Question

     Cognitive appraisal in emotion?

     Réponse

     Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.

555. Carte 555

     Question

     Intrinsic motivation?

     Réponse

     Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.

556. Carte 556

     Question

     Display rules?

     Réponse

     Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.

557. Carte 557

     Question

     Arousal and performance relationship?

     Réponse

     Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.

558. Carte 558

     Question

     A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?

     Réponse

     An approach–avoidance conflict.

559. Carte 559

     Question

     Extrinsic motivation?

     Réponse

     Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.

560. Carte 560

     Question

     Achievement motivation?

     Réponse

     The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.

561. Carte 561

     Question

     Four sensation-seeking dimensions?

     Réponse

     Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.

562. Carte 562

     Question

     A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?

     Réponse

     An avoidance–avoidance conflict.

563. Carte 563

     Question

     Overjustification effect?

     Réponse

     Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.

564. Carte 564

     Question

     Belongingness motivation?

     Réponse

     The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.

565. Carte 565

     Question

     Study time changed after students chose their own topic:

     Condition	Mean minutes
     Assigned topic	34
     Chosen topic	47

     What is the observed mean difference?

     Réponse

     13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.

566. Carte 566

     Question

     Facial-feedback effect?

     Réponse

     Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.

567. Carte 567

     Question

     Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?

     Réponse

     Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.

568. Carte 568

     Question

     A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?

     Réponse

     Cognitive reappraisal.

569. Carte 569

     Question

     Broaden-and-build view?

     Réponse

     Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.

570. Carte 570

     Question

     Which emotions often appear across cultures?

     Réponse

     Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.

571. Carte 571

     Question

     How can the same arousal become different emotions?

     Réponse

     Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.

572. Carte 572

     Question

     Expressive suppression?

     Réponse

     Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.

573. Carte 573

     Question

     How does acute stress affect the body?

     Réponse

     It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.

574. Carte 574

     Question

     Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?

     Réponse

     That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.

575. Carte 575

     Question

     In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?

     Réponse

     A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.

576. Carte 576

     Question

     A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?

     Réponse

     A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.

577. Carte 577

     Question

     Health psychology?

     Réponse

     The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.

578. Carte 578

     Question

     Positive psychology?

     Réponse

     The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.

579. Carte 579

     Question

     Stress?

     Réponse

     The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.

580. Carte 580

     Question

     A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?

     Réponse

     The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.

581. Carte 581

     Question

     Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?

     Réponse

     They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.

582. Carte 582

     Question

     Resilience?

     Réponse

     Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.

583. Carte 583

     Question

     Stressor?

     Réponse

     An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.

584. Carte 584

     Question

     General adaptation syndrome?

     Réponse

     A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.

585. Carte 585

     Question

     A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?

     Réponse

     Problem-focused coping.

586. Carte 586

     Question

     A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?

     Réponse

     Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.

587. Carte 587

     Question

     A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?

     Réponse

     Primary appraisal.

588. Carte 588

     Question

     What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?

     Réponse

     A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.

589. Carte 589

     Question

     How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?

     Réponse

     One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.

590. Carte 590

     Question

     A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?

     Réponse

     Emotion-focused coping.

591. Carte 591

     Question

     The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?

     Réponse

     Secondary appraisal.

592. Carte 592

     Question

     Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?

     Réponse

     Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.

593. Carte 593

     Question

     Adverse childhood experiences?

     Réponse

     Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.

594. Carte 594

     Question

     How can social support protect health?

     Réponse

     It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.

595. Carte 595

     Question

     Eustress versus distress?

     Réponse

     Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.

596. Carte 596

     Question

     Tend-and-befriend response?

     Réponse

     Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.

597. Carte 597

     Question

     Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?

     Réponse

     Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.

598. Carte 598

     Question

     Biofeedback?

     Réponse

     Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.

599. Carte 599

     Question

     How does perceived control affect stress?

     Réponse

     A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.

600. Carte 600

     Question

     Psychoneuroimmunology?

     Réponse

     The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.

601. Carte 601

     Question

     Subjective well-being?

     Réponse

     A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.

602. Carte 602

     Question

     Psychological disorder?

     Réponse

     A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.

603. Carte 603

     Question

     How can gratitude practice affect well-being?

     Réponse

     Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.

604. Carte 604

     Question

     A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?

     Réponse

     The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.

605. Carte 605

     Question

     Signature strengths?

     Réponse

     Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.

606. Carte 606

     Question

     Biopsychosocial model?

     Réponse

     Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.

607. Carte 607

     Question

     Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?

     Réponse

     Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.

608. Carte 608

     Question

     Posttraumatic growth?

     Réponse

     Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.

609. Carte 609

     Question

     An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?

     Réponse

     Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.

610. Carte 610

     Question

     A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?

     Réponse

     Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.

611. Carte 611

     Question

     A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?

     Réponse

     Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.

612. Carte 612

     Question

     A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?

     Réponse

     Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.

613. Carte 613

     Question

     Biological explanation of disorder?

     Réponse

     It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.

614. Carte 614

     Question

     Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

     Réponse

     A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.

615. Carte 615

     Question

     Purpose of the DSM?

     Réponse

     It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.

616. Carte 616

     Question

     What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?

     Réponse

     The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.

617. Carte 617

     Question

     Behavioral explanation of disorder?

     Réponse

     It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.

618. Carte 618

     Question

     Autism spectrum disorder?

     Réponse

     A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.

619. Carte 619

     Question

     Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?

     Réponse

     Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.

620. Carte 620

     Question

     Major depressive disorder?

     Réponse

     A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.

621. Carte 621

     Question

     Specific phobia?

     Réponse

     Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.

622. Carte 622

     Question

     Obsessive-compulsive disorder?

     Réponse

     Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.

623. Carte 623

     Question

     Dissociative amnesia?

     Réponse

     Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.

624. Carte 624

     Question

     Bipolar I disorder?

     Réponse

     A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.

625. Carte 625

     Question

     Posttraumatic stress disorder?

     Réponse

     Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.

626. Carte 626

     Question

     Anorexia nervosa?

     Réponse

     Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.

627. Carte 627

     Question

     Cognitive explanation of disorder?

     Réponse

     It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.

628. Carte 628

     Question

     Bipolar II disorder?

     Réponse

     A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.

629. Carte 629

     Question

     Purpose of the ICD?

     Réponse

     The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.

630. Carte 630

     Question

     Bulimia nervosa?

     Réponse

     Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.

631. Carte 631

     Question

     What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?

     Réponse

     An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.

632. Carte 632

     Question

     Ataque de nervios?

     Réponse

     A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.

633. Carte 633

     Question

     Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?

     Réponse

     It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.

634. Carte 634

     Question

     Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?

     Réponse

     Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.

635. Carte 635

     Question

     When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?

     Réponse

     Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.

636. Carte 636

     Question

     Comorbidity?

     Réponse

     The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.

637. Carte 637

     Question

     Humanistic explanation of distress?

     Réponse

     It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.

638. Carte 638

     Question

     Confidential versus anonymous research data?

     Réponse

     Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.

639. Carte 639

     Question

     Stigma around mental disorder?

     Réponse

     Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.

640. Carte 640

     Question

     Why must diagnosis consider culture?

     Réponse

     Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.

641. Carte 641

     Question

     Sociocultural explanation of disorder?

     Réponse

     It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.

642. Carte 642

     Question

     Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?

     Réponse

     Interrater reliability.

643. Carte 643

     Question

     A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?

     Réponse

     Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.

644. Carte 644

     Question

     Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?

     Réponse

     Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.

645. Carte 645

     Question

     Evolutionary explanation of disorder?

     Réponse

     It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.

646. Carte 646

     Question

     Delusion?

     Réponse

     A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.

647. Carte 647

     Question

     Agoraphobia?

     Réponse

     Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.

648. Carte 648

     Question

     Best account of schizophrenia risk?

     Réponse

     Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.

649. Carte 649

     Question

     Eclectic approach to disorder?

     Réponse

     Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.

650. Carte 650

     Question

     Hallucination?

     Réponse

     A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.

651. Carte 651

     Question

     Panic disorder?

     Réponse

     Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.

652. Carte 652

     Question

     Best account of depressive-disorder causes?

     Réponse

     Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.

653. Carte 653

     Question

     Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?

     Réponse

     The diathesis–stress model.

654. Carte 654

     Question

     Cluster A personality disorders?

     Réponse

     The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.

655. Carte 655

     Question

     What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?

     Réponse

     Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.

656. Carte 656

     Question

     Evidence-based treatment?

     Réponse

     Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.

657. Carte 657

     Question

     Therapeutic alliance?

     Réponse

     A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.

658. Carte 658

     Question

     Cultural humility in therapy?

     Réponse

     Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.

659. Carte 659

     Question

     Deinstitutionalization?

     Réponse

     Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.

660. Carte 660

     Question

     A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?

     Réponse

     Exposure therapy.

661. Carte 661

     Question

     Nonmaleficence in therapy?

     Réponse

     Avoiding or minimizing harm.

662. Carte 662

     Question

     Four medication categories in the course?

     Réponse

     Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.

663. Carte 663

     Question

     Depressive cognitive triad?

     Réponse

     Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.

664. Carte 664

     Question

     Applied behavior analysis?

     Réponse

     Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.

665. Carte 665

     Question

     Psychosurgery?

     Réponse

     Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.

666. Carte 666

     Question

     Free association?

     Réponse

     A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.

667. Carte 667

     Question

     A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?

     Réponse

     Cognitive restructuring.

668. Carte 668

     Question

     One advantage of group therapy?

     Réponse

     Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.

669. Carte 669

     Question

     Lobotomy?

     Réponse

     An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.

670. Carte 670

     Question

     Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?

     Réponse

     Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.

671. Carte 671

     Question

     Cognitive-behavioral therapy?

     Réponse

     Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.

672. Carte 672

     Question

     Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?

     Réponse

     Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.

673. Carte 673

     Question

     Social anxiety disorder?

     Réponse

     Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.

674. Carte 674

     Question

     Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?

     Réponse

     Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.

675. Carte 675

     Question

     Rational-emotive behavior therapy?

     Réponse

     A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.

676. Carte 676

     Question

     Dissociative fugue?

     Réponse

     Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.

677. Carte 677

     Question

     Cluster B personality disorders?

     Réponse

     The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.

678. Carte 678

     Question

     Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?

     Réponse

     Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.

679. Carte 679

     Question

     Catatonia?

     Réponse

     Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.

680. Carte 680

     Question

     Manic episode?

     Réponse

     A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.

681. Carte 681

     Question

     Dissociative identity disorder?

     Réponse

     Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.

682. Carte 682

     Question

     Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?

     Réponse

     Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.

683. Carte 683

     Question

     Cluster C personality disorders?

     Réponse

     The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.

684. Carte 684

     Question

     Taijin kyofusho?

     Réponse

     A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.

685. Carte 685

     Question

     Negative symptom of schizophrenia?

     Réponse

     A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.

686. Carte 686

     Question

     What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?

     Réponse

     Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.

687. Carte 687

     Question

     Hypomanic episode?

     Réponse

     A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.

688. Carte 688

     Question

     Generalized anxiety disorder?

     Réponse

     Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.

689. Carte 689

     Question

     Hoarding disorder?

     Réponse

     Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.

690. Carte 690

     Question

     Best account of personality-disorder causes?

     Réponse

     Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.

691. Carte 691

     Question

     Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?

     Réponse

     Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.

692. Carte 692

     Question

     Persistent depressive disorder?

     Réponse

     A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.

693. Carte 693

     Question

     Fidelity in therapy ethics?

     Réponse

     Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.

694. Carte 694

     Question

     Systematic desensitization?

     Réponse

     Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.

695. Carte 695

     Question

     Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?

     Réponse

     Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.

696. Carte 696

     Question

     Dialectical behavior therapy?

     Réponse

     A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.

697. Carte 697

     Question

     Integrity in therapy ethics?

     Réponse

     Being honest and accurate in professional work.

698. Carte 698

     Question

     Aversion therapy?

     Réponse

     Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.

699. Carte 699

     Question

     Tardive dyskinesia?

     Réponse

     A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.

700. Carte 700

     Question

     ECT versus TMS?

     Réponse

     ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.

701. Carte 701

     Question

     Respect for rights and dignity?

     Réponse

     Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.

702. Carte 702

     Question

     A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?

     Réponse

     A token economy.

703. Carte 703

     Question

     A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?

     Réponse

     Person-centered therapy.

704. Carte 704

     Question

     What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?

     Réponse

     It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.

705. Carte 705

     Question

     Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?

     Réponse

     Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.