AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.
O ovom špilu
Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.
What the cards ask you to retrieve
- Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
- Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
- Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
- Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
- Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.
The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.
What's deliberately left out
The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.
Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.
This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.
Kartice u ovom špilu
Kartica 1
Pitanje
Nature in the nature–nurture question?
Odgovor
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
Kartica 2
Pitanje
Central nervous system?
Odgovor
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
Kartica 3
Pitanje
Main role of the spinal cord?
Odgovor
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
Kartica 4
Pitanje
Scores are
4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?Odgovor
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
Kartica 5
Pitanje
Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
Odgovor
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
Kartica 6
Pitanje
Peripheral nervous system?
Odgovor
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Kartica 7
Pitanje
Reflex arc?
Odgovor
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
Kartica 8
Pitanje
Reflex times are
180, 190, 210, 260, 410milliseconds. What is the median?Odgovor
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
Kartica 9
Pitanje
Heritability?
Odgovor
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
Kartica 10
Pitanje
Autonomic nervous system?
Odgovor
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
Kartica 11
Pitanje
Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
Odgovor
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
Kartica 12
Pitanje
Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
Odgovor
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
Kartica 13
Pitanje
Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
Odgovor
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
Kartica 14
Pitanje
Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
Odgovor
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
Kartica 15
Pitanje
Natural selection?
Odgovor
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
Kartica 16
Pitanje
Somatic nervous system?
Odgovor
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
Kartica 17
Pitanje
Sensory neurons?
Odgovor
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
Kartica 18
Pitanje
Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
Odgovor
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
Kartica 19
Pitanje
Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
Odgovor
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
Kartica 20
Pitanje
Sympathetic nervous system?
Odgovor
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
Kartica 21
Pitanje
Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
Odgovor
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
Kartica 22
Pitanje
Motor neurons?
Odgovor
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
Kartica 23
Pitanje
Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
Odgovor
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
Kartica 24
Pitanje
Parasympathetic nervous system?
Odgovor
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
Kartica 25
Pitanje
Resting potential?
Odgovor
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
Kartica 26
Pitanje
Interneurons?
Odgovor
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
Kartica 27
Pitanje
Adrenaline's behavioral role?
Odgovor
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
Kartica 28
Pitanje
Frontal lobes?
Odgovor
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
Kartica 29
Pitanje
Neural threshold?
Odgovor
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
Kartica 30
Pitanje
Corpus callosum?
Odgovor
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
Kartica 31
Pitanje
Leptin's role in eating?
Odgovor
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
Kartica 32
Pitanje
Temporal lobes?
Odgovor
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
Kartica 33
Pitanje
Depolarization during an action potential?
Odgovor
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
Kartica 34
Pitanje
Dopamine's major psychological functions?
Odgovor
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
Kartica 35
Pitanje
Ghrelin's role in eating?
Odgovor
It helps stimulate hunger.
Kartica 36
Pitanje
Drug agonist?
Odgovor
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
Kartica 37
Pitanje
Action potential?
Odgovor
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
Kartica 38
Pitanje
Reuptake?
Odgovor
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
Kartica 39
Pitanje
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
Odgovor
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
Kartica 40
Pitanje
Glutamate's major psychological functions?
Odgovor
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
Kartica 41
Pitanje
Refractory period?
Odgovor
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
Kartica 42
Pitanje
Melatonin's role?
Odgovor
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
Kartica 43
Pitanje
Drug antagonist?
Odgovor
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
Kartica 44
Pitanje
Stimulants?
Odgovor
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
Kartica 45
Pitanje
Drug tolerance?
Odgovor
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
Kartica 46
Pitanje
Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Odgovor
Multiple sclerosis.
Kartica 47
Pitanje
All-or-none principle?
Odgovor
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
Kartica 48
Pitanje
Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
Odgovor
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
Kartica 49
Pitanje
GABA's major psychological function?
Odgovor
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
Kartica 50
Pitanje
Oxytocin's behavioral role?
Odgovor
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
Kartica 51
Pitanje
Reuptake inhibitor?
Odgovor
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
Kartica 52
Pitanje
Depressants?
Odgovor
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
Kartica 53
Pitanje
Drug withdrawal?
Odgovor
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
Kartica 54
Pitanje
Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Odgovor
Myasthenia gravis.
Kartica 55
Pitanje
Glial cells?
Odgovor
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
Kartica 56
Pitanje
Endorphins?
Odgovor
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
Kartica 57
Pitanje
Substance P?
Odgovor
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
Kartica 58
Pitanje
Acetylcholine's major functions?
Odgovor
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
Kartica 59
Pitanje
Opioids?
Odgovor
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
Kartica 60
Pitanje
Hallucinogens?
Odgovor
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
Kartica 61
Pitanje
Addiction?
Odgovor
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
Kartica 62
Pitanje
Parietal lobes?
Odgovor
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
Kartica 63
Pitanje
Consciousness?
Odgovor
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
Kartica 64
Pitanje
Circadian rhythm?
Odgovor
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
Kartica 65
Pitanje
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
Odgovor
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
Kartica 66
Pitanje
Occipital lobes?
Odgovor
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
Kartica 67
Pitanje
What does split-brain research reveal?
Odgovor
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
Kartica 68
Pitanje
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
Odgovor
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
Kartica 69
Pitanje
NREM-1 sleep?
Odgovor
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
Kartica 70
Pitanje
Motor cortex?
Odgovor
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
Kartica 71
Pitanje
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
Odgovor
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
Kartica 72
Pitanje
Brainstem's core function?
Odgovor
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
Kartica 73
Pitanje
NREM-2 sleep?
Odgovor
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
Kartica 74
Pitanje
Somatosensory cortex?
Odgovor
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
Kartica 75
Pitanje
Medulla's main functions?
Odgovor
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
Kartica 76
Pitanje
Reticular activating system?
Odgovor
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
Kartica 77
Pitanje
NREM-3 sleep?
Odgovor
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
Kartica 78
Pitanje
Cerebellum's main functions?
Odgovor
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
Kartica 79
Pitanje
Thalamus?
Odgovor
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
Kartica 80
Pitanje
Hypothalamus?
Odgovor
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
Kartica 81
Pitanje
REM sleep?
Odgovor
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
Kartica 82
Pitanje
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
Odgovor
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
Kartica 83
Pitanje
Amygdala?
Odgovor
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
Kartica 84
Pitanje
Hippocampus?
Odgovor
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
Kartica 85
Pitanje
How does sleep change across a typical night?
Odgovor
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
Kartica 86
Pitanje
Contralateral brain control?
Odgovor
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
Kartica 87
Pitanje
What does an EEG measure?
Odgovor
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
Kartica 88
Pitanje
Reward-center activity?
Odgovor
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
Kartica 89
Pitanje
Neuroplasticity?
Odgovor
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
Kartica 90
Pitanje
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
Odgovor
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
Kartica 91
Pitanje
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
Odgovor
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
Kartica 92
Pitanje
Insomnia?
Odgovor
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
Kartica 93
Pitanje
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
Odgovor
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
Kartica 94
Pitanje
Absolute threshold?
Odgovor
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
Kartica 95
Pitanje
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
Odgovor
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
Kartica 96
Pitanje
Narcolepsy?
Odgovor
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
Kartica 97
Pitanje
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
Odgovor
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
Kartica 98
Pitanje
Difference threshold?
Odgovor
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
Kartica 99
Pitanje
Consolidation view of dreams?
Odgovor
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
Kartica 100
Pitanje
REM sleep behavior disorder?
Odgovor
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
Kartica 101
Pitanje
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
Odgovor
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
Kartica 102
Pitanje
Weber's law?
Odgovor
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
Kartica 103
Pitanje
Two supported functions of sleep?
Odgovor
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
Kartica 104
Pitanje
Sleep apnea?
Odgovor
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
Kartica 105
Pitanje
REM rebound?
Odgovor
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
Kartica 106
Pitanje
Signal detection theory?
Odgovor
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
Kartica 107
Pitanje
Sensory transduction?
Odgovor
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
Kartica 108
Pitanje
Vestibular sense?
Odgovor
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
Kartica 109
Pitanje
Somnambulism?
Odgovor
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
Kartica 110
Pitanje
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Odgovor
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
Kartica 111
Pitanje
What begins visual transduction?
Odgovor
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
Kartica 112
Pitanje
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
Odgovor
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
Kartica 113
Pitanje
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
Odgovor
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
Kartica 114
Pitanje
Accommodation in vision?
Odgovor
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
Kartica 115
Pitanje
Cones?
Odgovor
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
Kartica 116
Pitanje
What begins auditory transduction?
Odgovor
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
Kartica 117
Pitanje
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
Odgovor
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
Kartica 118
Pitanje
How is smell unusual among the senses?
Odgovor
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
Kartica 119
Pitanje
Kinesthesia?
Odgovor
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
Kartica 120
Pitanje
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
Odgovor
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
Kartica 121
Pitanje
Nearsightedness?
Odgovor
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
Kartica 122
Pitanje
Pheromones?
Odgovor
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
Kartica 123
Pitanje
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
Odgovor
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
Kartica 124
Pitanje
Volley theory of pitch?
Odgovor
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
Kartica 125
Pitanje
Farsightedness?
Odgovor
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
Kartica 126
Pitanje
Six taste qualities named in the course?
Odgovor
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
Kartica 127
Pitanje
Phantom-limb sensation?
Odgovor
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
Kartica 128
Pitanje
Sensory interaction?
Odgovor
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
Kartica 129
Pitanje
What causes most color-vision deficiency?
Odgovor
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
Kartica 130
Pitanje
Prosopagnosia?
Odgovor
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
Kartica 131
Pitanje
Rods?
Odgovor
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
Kartica 132
Pitanje
How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
Odgovor
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
Kartica 133
Pitanje
Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
Odgovor
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
Kartica 134
Pitanje
Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
Odgovor
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
Kartica 135
Pitanje
What do the semicircular canals detect?
Odgovor
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
Kartica 136
Pitanje
Synesthesia?
Odgovor
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
Kartica 137
Pitanje
Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
Odgovor
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
Kartica 138
Pitanje
Blindsight?
Odgovor
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
Kartica 139
Pitanje
Sensory adaptation?
Odgovor
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
Kartica 140
Pitanje
Gate-control view of pain?
Odgovor
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
Kartica 141
Pitanje
Bottom-up processing?
Odgovor
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
Kartica 142
Pitanje
Concept?
Odgovor
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Kartica 143
Pitanje
Fixation in problem solving?
Odgovor
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
Kartica 144
Pitanje
Algorithm?
Odgovor
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
Kartica 145
Pitanje
Top-down processing?
Odgovor
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
Kartica 146
Pitanje
Confirmation bias?
Odgovor
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
Kartica 147
Pitanje
Retinal disparity?
Odgovor
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
Kartica 148
Pitanje
Heuristic?
Odgovor
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
Kartica 149
Pitanje
Selective attention?
Odgovor
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
Kartica 150
Pitanje
Figure–ground organization?
Odgovor
Separating the object of attention from its background.
Kartica 151
Pitanje
Convergence as a depth cue?
Odgovor
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
Kartica 152
Pitanje
Representativeness heuristic?
Odgovor
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
Kartica 153
Pitanje
Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
Odgovor
Inattentional blindness.
Kartica 154
Pitanje
Gestalt proximity principle?
Odgovor
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
Kartica 155
Pitanje
Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
Odgovor
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
Kartica 156
Pitanje
Cocktail-party effect?
Odgovor
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
Kartica 157
Pitanje
Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
Odgovor
Change blindness.
Kartica 158
Pitanje
Gestalt similarity principle?
Odgovor
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
Kartica 159
Pitanje
Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
Odgovor
Linear perspective.
Kartica 160
Pitanje
Perceptual constancy?
Odgovor
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
Kartica 161
Pitanje
Perceptual set?
Odgovor
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
Kartica 162
Pitanje
Gestalt closure principle?
Odgovor
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
Kartica 163
Pitanje
One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
Odgovor
The blocking object, using interposition.
Kartica 164
Pitanje
Apparent motion?
Odgovor
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
Kartica 165
Pitanje
Availability heuristic?
Odgovor
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
Kartica 166
Pitanje
Divergent thinking?
Odgovor
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
Kartica 167
Pitanje
A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
Odgovor
Relative clarity.
Kartica 168
Pitanje
Prototype?
Odgovor
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
Kartica 169
Pitanje
Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
Odgovor
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
Kartica 170
Pitanje
Convergent thinking?
Odgovor
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
Kartica 171
Pitanje
A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
Odgovor
Texture gradient.
Kartica 172
Pitanje
Belief perseverance?
Odgovor
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
Kartica 173
Pitanje
Explicit memory?
Odgovor
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
Kartica 174
Pitanje
Three stores in the multi-store model?
Odgovor
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Kartica 175
Pitanje
Seeing an object only in its usual role?
Odgovor
Functional fixedness.
Kartica 176
Pitanje
Mental set?
Odgovor
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
Kartica 177
Pitanje
Episodic memory?
Odgovor
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
Kartica 178
Pitanje
Working memory?
Odgovor
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
Kartica 179
Pitanje
Insight?
Odgovor
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
Kartica 180
Pitanje
Framing effect?
Odgovor
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
Kartica 181
Pitanje
Implicit memory?
Odgovor
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
Kartica 182
Pitanje
Overconfidence bias?
Odgovor
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
Kartica 183
Pitanje
Anchoring bias?
Odgovor
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
Kartica 184
Pitanje
Schema in thinking?
Odgovor
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
Kartica 185
Pitanje
Procedural memory?
Odgovor
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
Kartica 186
Pitanje
Gambler's fallacy?
Odgovor
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
Kartica 187
Pitanje
Sunk-cost fallacy?
Odgovor
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
Kartica 188
Pitanje
Executive functions?
Odgovor
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
Kartica 189
Pitanje
How can priming affect judgment?
Odgovor
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
Kartica 190
Pitanje
Central executive in working memory?
Odgovor
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
Kartica 191
Pitanje
Serial-position effect?
Odgovor
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
Kartica 192
Pitanje
Semantic memory?
Odgovor
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
Kartica 193
Pitanje
Levels-of-processing principle?
Odgovor
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
Kartica 194
Pitanje
Automatic processing?
Odgovor
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
Kartica 195
Pitanje
Maintenance rehearsal?
Odgovor
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
Kartica 196
Pitanje
Prospective memory?
Odgovor
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
Kartica 197
Pitanje
Primacy effect?
Odgovor
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
Kartica 198
Pitanje
Long-term memory?
Odgovor
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
Kartica 199
Pitanje
Highly superior autobiographical memory?
Odgovor
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
Kartica 200
Pitanje
Effortful processing?
Odgovor
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
Kartica 201
Pitanje
Elaborative rehearsal?
Odgovor
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
Kartica 202
Pitanje
Memory consolidation?
Odgovor
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
Kartica 203
Pitanje
Recency effect?
Odgovor
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
Kartica 204
Pitanje
Spacing effect?
Odgovor
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
Kartica 205
Pitanje
Testing effect?
Odgovor
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
Kartica 206
Pitanje
Chunking?
Odgovor
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
Kartica 207
Pitanje
Mnemonic?
Odgovor
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
Kartica 208
Pitanje
Why organize material into a hierarchy?
Odgovor
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
Kartica 209
Pitanje
How can a schema help encoding?
Odgovor
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
Kartica 210
Pitanje
Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
Odgovor
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
Kartica 211
Pitanje
Iconic memory?
Odgovor
A very brief visual sensory memory.
Kartica 212
Pitanje
Recall?
Odgovor
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
Kartica 213
Pitanje
Retrieval cue?
Odgovor
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
Kartica 214
Pitanje
Encoding-specificity principle?
Odgovor
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
Kartica 215
Pitanje
Context-dependent memory?
Odgovor
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
Kartica 216
Pitanje
Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
Odgovor
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
Kartica 217
Pitanje
Echoic memory?
Odgovor
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
Kartica 218
Pitanje
Anterograde amnesia?
Odgovor
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
Kartica 219
Pitanje
Phonological loop?
Odgovor
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
Kartica 220
Pitanje
Cerebellum's memory role?
Odgovor
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
Kartica 221
Pitanje
Why is short-term memory described as limited?
Odgovor
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
Kartica 222
Pitanje
Retrograde amnesia?
Odgovor
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
Kartica 223
Pitanje
Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
Odgovor
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
Kartica 224
Pitanje
How can the amygdala affect memory?
Odgovor
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
Kartica 225
Pitanje
Visuospatial sketchpad?
Odgovor
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
Kartica 226
Pitanje
Long-term potentiation?
Odgovor
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
Kartica 227
Pitanje
Infantile amnesia?
Odgovor
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
Kartica 228
Pitanje
Alzheimer's disease?
Odgovor
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
Kartica 229
Pitanje
Scores are
2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?Odgovor
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because
9 - 2 = 7.Kartica 230
Pitanje
Recognition?
Odgovor
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
Kartica 231
Pitanje
Why is memory called reconstructive?
Odgovor
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
Kartica 232
Pitanje
Storage decay?
Odgovor
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
Kartica 233
Pitanje
State-dependent memory?
Odgovor
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
Kartica 234
Pitanje
Relearning?
Odgovor
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
Kartica 235
Pitanje
Misinformation effect?
Odgovor
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
Kartica 236
Pitanje
A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
Odgovor
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
Kartica 237
Pitanje
Mood-congruent memory?
Odgovor
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
Kartica 238
Pitanje
Priming?
Odgovor
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
Kartica 239
Pitanje
Tip-of-the-tongue state?
Odgovor
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
Kartica 240
Pitanje
Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
Odgovor
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
Kartica 241
Pitanje
Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
Odgovor
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
Kartica 242
Pitanje
Metacognition?
Odgovor
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
Kartica 243
Pitanje
Source amnesia?
Odgovor
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
Kartica 244
Pitanje
Test standardization?
Odgovor
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
Kartica 245
Pitanje
Reliability?
Odgovor
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
Kartica 246
Pitanje
Stereotype threat?
Odgovor
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
Kartica 247
Pitanje
General intelligence, or g?
Odgovor
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
Kartica 248
Pitanje
Encoding failure?
Odgovor
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
Kartica 249
Pitanje
Validity?
Odgovor
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
Kartica 250
Pitanje
Proactive interference?
Odgovor
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
Kartica 251
Pitanje
Imagination inflation?
Odgovor
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
Kartica 252
Pitanje
A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
Odgovor
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
Kartica 253
Pitanje
Retrieval failure?
Odgovor
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
Kartica 254
Pitanje
Retroactive interference?
Odgovor
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
Kartica 255
Pitanje
A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
Odgovor
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
Kartica 256
Pitanje
Repression in psychodynamic theory?
Odgovor
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
Kartica 257
Pitanje
Flashbulb memory?
Odgovor
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
Kartica 258
Pitanje
A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
Odgovor
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
Kartica 259
Pitanje
A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
Odgovor
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
Kartica 260
Pitanje
Stereotype lift?
Odgovor
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
Kartica 261
Pitanje
Achievement test?
Odgovor
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
Kartica 262
Pitanje
Construct validity?
Odgovor
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
Kartica 263
Pitanje
Test–retest reliability?
Odgovor
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
Kartica 264
Pitanje
Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
Odgovor
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
Kartica 265
Pitanje
Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
Odgovor
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
Kartica 266
Pitanje
Aptitude test?
Odgovor
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
Kartica 267
Pitanje
Traditional IQ formula?
Odgovor
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
Kartica 268
Pitanje
Predictive validity?
Odgovor
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
Kartica 269
Pitanje
What does a normal score distribution look like?
Odgovor
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
Kartica 270
Pitanje
Split-half reliability?
Odgovor
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
Kartica 271
Pitanje
Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
Odgovor
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
Kartica 272
Pitanje
Flynn effect?
Odgovor
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
Kartica 273
Pitanje
A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
Odgovor
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
Kartica 274
Pitanje
Continuous versus stage development?
Odgovor
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
Kartica 275
Pitanje
How can prenatal environment affect later development?
Odgovor
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
Kartica 276
Pitanje
Teratogen?
Odgovor
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
Kartica 277
Pitanje
Maturation?
Odgovor
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
Kartica 278
Pitanje
Stability–change question in development?
Odgovor
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
Kartica 279
Pitanje
A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
Odgovor
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
Kartica 280
Pitanje
Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
Odgovor
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
Kartica 281
Pitanje
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
Odgovor
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
Kartica 282
Pitanje
Fine versus gross motor skills?
Odgovor
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
Kartica 283
Pitanje
Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
Odgovor
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
Kartica 284
Pitanje
What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
Odgovor
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
Kartica 285
Pitanje
Puberty?
Odgovor
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
Kartica 286
Pitanje
Sensitive period?
Odgovor
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
Kartica 287
Pitanje
What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
Odgovor
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
Kartica 288
Pitanje
Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
Odgovor
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
Kartica 289
Pitanje
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
Odgovor
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
Kartica 290
Pitanje
Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
Odgovor
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
Kartica 291
Pitanje
Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
Odgovor
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
Kartica 292
Pitanje
Menarche?
Odgovor
The first menstrual period.
Kartica 293
Pitanje
Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
Odgovor
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
Kartica 294
Pitanje
About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
Odgovor
About 68%.
Kartica 295
Pitanje
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
Odgovor
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
Kartica 296
Pitanje
Spermarche?
Odgovor
The first ejaculation.
Kartica 297
Pitanje
Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
Odgovor
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
Kartica 298
Pitanje
Imprinting?
Odgovor
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
Kartica 299
Pitanje
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
Odgovor
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
Kartica 300
Pitanje
Menopause?
Odgovor
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
Kartica 301
Pitanje
Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
Odgovor
Naturalistic observation.
Kartica 302
Pitanje
How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
Odgovor
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
Kartica 303
Pitanje
Gender identity?
Odgovor
A person's internal sense of their gender.
Kartica 304
Pitanje
Gender role?
Odgovor
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
Kartica 305
Pitanje
Sex versus gender?
Odgovor
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
Kartica 306
Pitanje
Common sensory change in later adulthood?
Odgovor
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
Kartica 307
Pitanje
Sexual orientation?
Odgovor
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
Kartica 308
Pitanje
Gender schema?
Odgovor
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
Kartica 309
Pitanje
Best broad view of gender development?
Odgovor
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
Kartica 310
Pitanje
Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
Odgovor
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
Kartica 311
Pitanje
Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
Odgovor
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
Kartica 312
Pitanje
Schema in cognitive development?
Odgovor
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
Kartica 313
Pitanje
Sensorimotor stage?
Odgovor
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
Kartica 314
Pitanje
Preoperational stage?
Odgovor
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
Kartica 315
Pitanje
Assimilation?
Odgovor
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
Kartica 316
Pitanje
A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
Odgovor
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
Kartica 317
Pitanje
Animism in preoperational thought?
Odgovor
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
Kartica 318
Pitanje
Concrete operational stage?
Odgovor
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
Kartica 319
Pitanje
Accommodation?
Odgovor
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
Kartica 320
Pitanje
Reversibility in cognitive development?
Odgovor
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
Kartica 321
Pitanje
How can social learning shape gender expression?
Odgovor
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
Kartica 322
Pitanje
A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
Odgovor
Assimilation.
Kartica 323
Pitanje
Language?
Odgovor
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
Kartica 324
Pitanje
Cooing stage?
Odgovor
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
Kartica 325
Pitanje
Babbling stage?
Odgovor
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
Kartica 326
Pitanje
One-word stage?
Odgovor
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
Kartica 327
Pitanje
Grammar?
Odgovor
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
Kartica 328
Pitanje
A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
Odgovor
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
Kartica 329
Pitanje
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
Odgovor
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
Kartica 330
Pitanje
A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
Odgovor
Accommodation.
Kartica 331
Pitanje
A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
Odgovor
Scaffolding.
Kartica 332
Pitanje
A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
Odgovor
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
Kartica 333
Pitanje
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
Odgovor
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
Kartica 334
Pitanje
An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
Odgovor
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
Kartica 335
Pitanje
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
Odgovor
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
Kartica 336
Pitanje
Formal operational stage?
Odgovor
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
Kartica 337
Pitanje
Dementia?
Odgovor
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
Kartica 338
Pitanje
Phoneme?
Odgovor
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
Kartica 339
Pitanje
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
Odgovor
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
Kartica 340
Pitanje
Temperament?
Odgovor
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
Kartica 341
Pitanje
Attachment?
Odgovor
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
Kartica 342
Pitanje
Erikson's infancy conflict?
Odgovor
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
Kartica 343
Pitanje
Microsystem?
Odgovor
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
Kartica 344
Pitanje
Erikson's toddler conflict?
Odgovor
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
Kartica 345
Pitanje
Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
Odgovor
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
Kartica 346
Pitanje
Erikson's school-age conflict?
Odgovor
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
Kartica 347
Pitanje
Mesosystem?
Odgovor
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
Kartica 348
Pitanje
Erikson's adolescent conflict?
Odgovor
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
Kartica 349
Pitanje
Erikson's young-adult conflict?
Odgovor
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
Kartica 350
Pitanje
Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
Odgovor
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
Kartica 351
Pitanje
Exosystem?
Odgovor
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
Kartica 352
Pitanje
Morpheme?
Odgovor
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
Kartica 353
Pitanje
Telegraphic speech?
Odgovor
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
705 kartica
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Učite iz ovog špila besplatnoNibomo se otvara kako biste mogli početi učiti.
Kartica 354
Pitanje
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
Odgovor
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
Kartica 355
Pitanje
Macrosystem?
Odgovor
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
Kartica 356
Pitanje
Semantics?
Odgovor
The meanings of words and sentences.
Kartica 357
Pitanje
A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
Odgovor
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
Kartica 358
Pitanje
What does a sensitive period for language imply?
Odgovor
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
Kartica 359
Pitanje
Does language completely determine thought?
Odgovor
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
Kartica 360
Pitanje
Syntax?
Odgovor
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
Kartica 361
Pitanje
A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
Odgovor
Secure attachment.
Kartica 362
Pitanje
How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
Odgovor
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
Kartica 363
Pitanje
Authoritative parenting?
Odgovor
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
Kartica 364
Pitanje
Identity achievement?
Odgovor
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
Kartica 365
Pitanje
Avoidant attachment pattern?
Odgovor
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
Kartica 366
Pitanje
Classical conditioning?
Odgovor
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
Kartica 367
Pitanje
Unconditioned stimulus?
Odgovor
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
Kartica 368
Pitanje
Unconditioned response?
Odgovor
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
Kartica 369
Pitanje
Conditioned stimulus?
Odgovor
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
Kartica 370
Pitanje
Conditioned response?
Odgovor
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
Kartica 371
Pitanje
Acquisition in classical conditioning?
Odgovor
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
Kartica 372
Pitanje
During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
Odgovor
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
Kartica 373
Pitanje
Authoritarian parenting?
Odgovor
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
Kartica 374
Pitanje
Identity diffusion?
Odgovor
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
Kartica 375
Pitanje
Extinction in classical conditioning?
Odgovor
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
Kartica 376
Pitanje
Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
Odgovor
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
Kartica 377
Pitanje
Permissive parenting?
Odgovor
High warmth with few demands or limits.
Kartica 378
Pitanje
Parallel play?
Odgovor
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
Kartica 379
Pitanje
Imaginary audience?
Odgovor
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
Kartica 380
Pitanje
Identity foreclosure?
Odgovor
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
Kartica 381
Pitanje
Disorganized attachment pattern?
Odgovor
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
Kartica 382
Pitanje
Neglectful parenting?
Odgovor
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
Kartica 383
Pitanje
Chronosystem?
Odgovor
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
Kartica 384
Pitanje
Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
Odgovor
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
Kartica 385
Pitanje
Personal fable?
Odgovor
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
Kartica 386
Pitanje
Identity moratorium?
Odgovor
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
Kartica 387
Pitanje
Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
Odgovor
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
Kartica 388
Pitanje
Separation anxiety in infancy?
Odgovor
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
Kartica 389
Pitanje
What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
Odgovor
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
Kartica 390
Pitanje
Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
Odgovor
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
Kartica 391
Pitanje
Emerging adulthood?
Odgovor
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
Kartica 392
Pitanje
Social clock?
Odgovor
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
Kartica 393
Pitanje
Erikson's later-adult conflict?
Odgovor
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
Kartica 394
Pitanje
Possible selves?
Odgovor
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
Kartica 395
Pitanje
Stimulus generalization?
Odgovor
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
Kartica 396
Pitanje
Operant conditioning?
Odgovor
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
Kartica 397
Pitanje
Law of effect?
Odgovor
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
Kartica 398
Pitanje
Spontaneous recovery?
Odgovor
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
Kartica 399
Pitanje
Stimulus discrimination?
Odgovor
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
Kartica 400
Pitanje
Reinforcement?
Odgovor
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
Kartica 401
Pitanje
Higher-order conditioning?
Odgovor
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
Kartica 402
Pitanje
Counterconditioning?
Odgovor
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
Kartica 403
Pitanje
Habituation?
Odgovor
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
Kartica 404
Pitanje
Punishment?
Odgovor
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
Kartica 405
Pitanje
Partial reinforcement?
Odgovor
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
Kartica 406
Pitanje
Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
Odgovor
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
Kartica 407
Pitanje
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
Odgovor
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
Kartica 408
Pitanje
Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
Odgovor
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
Kartica 409
Pitanje
Fixed-ratio schedule?
Odgovor
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
Kartica 410
Pitanje
Observational learning?
Odgovor
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
Kartica 411
Pitanje
A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
Odgovor
Positive reinforcement.
Kartica 412
Pitanje
Primary reinforcer?
Odgovor
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
Kartica 413
Pitanje
Variable-ratio schedule?
Odgovor
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
Kartica 414
Pitanje
Modeling?
Odgovor
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
Kartica 415
Pitanje
Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
Odgovor
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
Kartica 416
Pitanje
Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
Odgovor
Negative reinforcement.
Kartica 417
Pitanje
Conditioned reinforcer?
Odgovor
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
Kartica 418
Pitanje
A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
Odgovor
Vicarious reinforcement.
Kartica 419
Pitanje
Fixed-interval schedule?
Odgovor
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
Kartica 420
Pitanje
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
Odgovor
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
Kartica 421
Pitanje
A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
Odgovor
Positive punishment.
Kartica 422
Pitanje
Shaping?
Odgovor
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
Kartica 423
Pitanje
Extinction in operant conditioning?
Odgovor
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
Kartica 424
Pitanje
Variable-interval schedule?
Odgovor
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
Kartica 425
Pitanje
A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
Odgovor
Negative punishment.
Kartica 426
Pitanje
Learned helplessness?
Odgovor
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
Kartica 427
Pitanje
Continuous reinforcement?
Odgovor
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
Kartica 428
Pitanje
A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
Odgovor
A fixed-interval schedule.
Kartica 429
Pitanje
Discriminative stimulus?
Odgovor
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
Kartica 430
Pitanje
Operant generalization versus discrimination?
Odgovor
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
Kartica 431
Pitanje
Instinctive drift?
Odgovor
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
Kartica 432
Pitanje
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
Odgovor
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
Kartica 433
Pitanje
How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
Odgovor
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
Kartica 434
Pitanje
How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
Odgovor
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
Kartica 435
Pitanje
Vicarious conditioning?
Odgovor
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
Kartica 436
Pitanje
A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
Odgovor
A variable-interval schedule.
Kartica 437
Pitanje
Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
Odgovor
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
Kartica 438
Pitanje
Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
Odgovor
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
Kartica 439
Pitanje
Latent learning?
Odgovor
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
Kartica 440
Pitanje
Cognitive map?
Odgovor
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
Kartica 441
Pitanje
Insight learning?
Odgovor
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
Kartica 442
Pitanje
Biological preparedness?
Odgovor
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
Kartica 443
Pitanje
What can mirror-neuron activity show?
Odgovor
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
Kartica 444
Pitanje
Attribution?
Odgovor
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
Kartica 445
Pitanje
Attitude?
Odgovor
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
Kartica 446
Pitanje
Upward social comparison?
Odgovor
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
Kartica 447
Pitanje
Optimistic explanatory style?
Odgovor
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
Kartica 448
Pitanje
Situational attribution?
Odgovor
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
Kartica 449
Pitanje
A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
Odgovor
Cognitive dissonance.
Kartica 450
Pitanje
Downward social comparison?
Odgovor
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
Kartica 451
Pitanje
Internal locus of control?
Odgovor
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
Kartica 452
Pitanje
Dispositional attribution?
Odgovor
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
Kartica 453
Pitanje
Pessimistic explanatory style?
Odgovor
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
Kartica 454
Pitanje
Relative deprivation?
Odgovor
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
Kartica 455
Pitanje
External locus of control?
Odgovor
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
Kartica 456
Pitanje
Fundamental attribution error?
Odgovor
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
Kartica 457
Pitanje
Halo effect?
Odgovor
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
Kartica 458
Pitanje
Self-fulfilling prophecy?
Odgovor
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
Kartica 459
Pitanje
Mere-exposure effect?
Odgovor
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
Kartica 460
Pitanje
A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
Odgovor
The actor–observer difference.
Kartica 461
Pitanje
A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
Odgovor
The central route.
Kartica 462
Pitanje
Effort justification?
Odgovor
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
Kartica 463
Pitanje
Stereotype?
Odgovor
A generalized belief about members of a group.
Kartica 464
Pitanje
A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
Odgovor
Self-serving bias.
Kartica 465
Pitanje
A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
Odgovor
The peripheral route.
Kartica 466
Pitanje
Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
Odgovor
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
Kartica 467
Pitanje
Prejudice?
Odgovor
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
Kartica 468
Pitanje
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:
Workload Errors Low 2 High 8 Which attribution is better supported?
Odgovor
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
Kartica 469
Pitanje
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
Odgovor
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
Kartica 470
Pitanje
Conformity?
Odgovor
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
Kartica 471
Pitanje
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
Odgovor
The bystander effect.
Kartica 472
Pitanje
Diffusion of responsibility?
Odgovor
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
Kartica 473
Pitanje
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
Odgovor
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
Kartica 474
Pitanje
In-group bias?
Odgovor
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
Kartica 475
Pitanje
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
Odgovor
The foot-in-the-door technique.
Kartica 476
Pitanje
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
Odgovor
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
Kartica 477
Pitanje
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
Odgovor
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
Kartica 478
Pitanje
Discrimination?
Odgovor
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
Kartica 479
Pitanje
Out-group homogeneity effect?
Odgovor
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
Kartica 480
Pitanje
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
Odgovor
The door-in-the-face technique.
Kartica 481
Pitanje
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
Odgovor
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
Kartica 482
Pitanje
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
Odgovor
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
Kartica 483
Pitanje
Just-world belief?
Odgovor
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
Kartica 484
Pitanje
Implicit attitude?
Odgovor
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
Kartica 485
Pitanje
Ethnocentrism?
Odgovor
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
Kartica 486
Pitanje
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
Odgovor
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
Kartica 487
Pitanje
Normative social influence?
Odgovor
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
Kartica 488
Pitanje
Psychodynamic view of personality?
Odgovor
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
Kartica 489
Pitanje
Norm of reciprocity?
Odgovor
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
Kartica 490
Pitanje
Individualism?
Odgovor
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
Kartica 491
Pitanje
Informational social influence?
Odgovor
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
Kartica 492
Pitanje
Id?
Odgovor
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
Kartica 493
Pitanje
Altruism?
Odgovor
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
Kartica 494
Pitanje
Social norm?
Odgovor
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
Kartica 495
Pitanje
What tends to increase conformity?
Odgovor
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
Kartica 496
Pitanje
Ego?
Odgovor
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
Kartica 497
Pitanje
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
Odgovor
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
Kartica 498
Pitanje
Collectivism?
Odgovor
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
Kartica 499
Pitanje
Obedience?
Odgovor
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
Kartica 500
Pitanje
Superego?
Odgovor
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
Kartica 501
Pitanje
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
Odgovor
Denial.
Kartica 502
Pitanje
Social-responsibility norm?
Odgovor
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
Kartica 503
Pitanje
How does proximity affect attraction?
Odgovor
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
Kartica 504
Pitanje
What tends to increase obedience?
Odgovor
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
Kartica 505
Pitanje
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
Odgovor
Displacement.
Kartica 506
Pitanje
Social loafing?
Odgovor
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
Kartica 507
Pitanje
Multiculturalism?
Odgovor
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
Kartica 508
Pitanje
How does similarity affect attraction?
Odgovor
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
Kartica 509
Pitanje
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
Odgovor
Projection.
Kartica 510
Pitanje
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
Odgovor
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
Kartica 511
Pitanje
Deindividuation?
Odgovor
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
Kartica 512
Pitanje
Group polarization?
Odgovor
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
Kartica 513
Pitanje
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
Odgovor
Rationalization.
Kartica 514
Pitanje
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
Odgovor
Groupthink.
Kartica 515
Pitanje
Pluralistic ignorance?
Odgovor
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
Kartica 516
Pitanje
Social trap?
Odgovor
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
Kartica 517
Pitanje
Reaction formation?
Odgovor
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
Kartica 518
Pitanje
Superordinate goal?
Odgovor
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
Kartica 519
Pitanje
False-consensus effect?
Odgovor
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
Kartica 520
Pitanje
Industrial-organizational psychology?
Odgovor
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
Kartica 521
Pitanje
Repression?
Odgovor
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
Kartica 522
Pitanje
Burnout?
Odgovor
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
Kartica 523
Pitanje
Unconditional positive regard?
Odgovor
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
Kartica 524
Pitanje
Trait?
Odgovor
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
Kartica 525
Pitanje
Regression as a defense mechanism?
Odgovor
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
Kartica 526
Pitanje
Reciprocal determinism?
Odgovor
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
Kartica 527
Pitanje
Self-efficacy?
Odgovor
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
Kartica 528
Pitanje
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
Odgovor
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
Kartica 529
Pitanje
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
Odgovor
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
Kartica 530
Pitanje
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Odgovor
Openness.
Kartica 531
Pitanje
Personality inventory?
Odgovor
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
Kartica 532
Pitanje
Self-actualizing tendency?
Odgovor
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
Kartica 533
Pitanje
Self-esteem?
Odgovor
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
Kartica 534
Pitanje
Instinct in motivation research?
Odgovor
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
Kartica 535
Pitanje
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Odgovor
Conscientiousness.
Kartica 536
Pitanje
Projective test?
Odgovor
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
Kartica 537
Pitanje
How does factor analysis help trait research?
Odgovor
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
Kartica 538
Pitanje
Drive-reduction theory?
Odgovor
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
Kartica 539
Pitanje
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Odgovor
Extraversion.
Kartica 540
Pitanje
Person–situation debate?
Odgovor
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
Kartica 541
Pitanje
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
Odgovor
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
Kartica 542
Pitanje
Homeostasis?
Odgovor
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
Kartica 543
Pitanje
Incentive theory?
Odgovor
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
Kartica 544
Pitanje
Big Five agreeableness?
Odgovor
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
Kartica 545
Pitanje
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
Odgovor
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
Kartica 546
Pitanje
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
Odgovor
An approach–approach conflict.
Kartica 547
Pitanje
Arousal theory of motivation?
Odgovor
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
Kartica 548
Pitanje
Big Five emotional stability?
Odgovor
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
Kartica 549
Pitanje
What regulates hunger?
Odgovor
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
Kartica 550
Pitanje
Three broad components of emotion?
Odgovor
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
Kartica 551
Pitanje
Self-determination theory?
Odgovor
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
Kartica 552
Pitanje
Emotion regulation?
Odgovor
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
Kartica 553
Pitanje
Sensation-seeking?
Odgovor
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
Kartica 554
Pitanje
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
Odgovor
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
Kartica 555
Pitanje
Intrinsic motivation?
Odgovor
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
Kartica 556
Pitanje
Display rules?
Odgovor
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
Kartica 557
Pitanje
Arousal and performance relationship?
Odgovor
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
Kartica 558
Pitanje
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
Odgovor
An approach–avoidance conflict.
Kartica 559
Pitanje
Extrinsic motivation?
Odgovor
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
Kartica 560
Pitanje
Achievement motivation?
Odgovor
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
Kartica 561
Pitanje
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
Odgovor
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
Kartica 562
Pitanje
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
Odgovor
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
Kartica 563
Pitanje
Overjustification effect?
Odgovor
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
Kartica 564
Pitanje
Belongingness motivation?
Odgovor
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
Kartica 565
Pitanje
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:
Condition Mean minutes Assigned topic 34 Chosen topic 47 What is the observed mean difference?
Odgovor
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
Kartica 566
Pitanje
Facial-feedback effect?
Odgovor
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
Kartica 567
Pitanje
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
Odgovor
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
Kartica 568
Pitanje
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
Odgovor
Cognitive reappraisal.
Kartica 569
Pitanje
Broaden-and-build view?
Odgovor
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
Kartica 570
Pitanje
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
Odgovor
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
Kartica 571
Pitanje
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
Odgovor
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
Kartica 572
Pitanje
Expressive suppression?
Odgovor
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
Kartica 573
Pitanje
How does acute stress affect the body?
Odgovor
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
Kartica 574
Pitanje
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
Odgovor
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
Kartica 575
Pitanje
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
Odgovor
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
Kartica 576
Pitanje
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
Odgovor
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
Kartica 577
Pitanje
Health psychology?
Odgovor
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
Kartica 578
Pitanje
Positive psychology?
Odgovor
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
Kartica 579
Pitanje
Stress?
Odgovor
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
Kartica 580
Pitanje
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
Odgovor
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
Kartica 581
Pitanje
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
Odgovor
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
Kartica 582
Pitanje
Resilience?
Odgovor
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
Kartica 583
Pitanje
Stressor?
Odgovor
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
Kartica 584
Pitanje
General adaptation syndrome?
Odgovor
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
Kartica 585
Pitanje
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
Odgovor
Problem-focused coping.
Kartica 586
Pitanje
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
Odgovor
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
Kartica 587
Pitanje
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
Odgovor
Primary appraisal.
Kartica 588
Pitanje
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
Odgovor
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
Kartica 589
Pitanje
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
Odgovor
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
Kartica 590
Pitanje
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
Odgovor
Emotion-focused coping.
Kartica 591
Pitanje
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
Odgovor
Secondary appraisal.
Kartica 592
Pitanje
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
Odgovor
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
Kartica 593
Pitanje
Adverse childhood experiences?
Odgovor
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
Kartica 594
Pitanje
How can social support protect health?
Odgovor
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
Kartica 595
Pitanje
Eustress versus distress?
Odgovor
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
Kartica 596
Pitanje
Tend-and-befriend response?
Odgovor
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
Kartica 597
Pitanje
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
Odgovor
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
Kartica 598
Pitanje
Biofeedback?
Odgovor
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
Kartica 599
Pitanje
How does perceived control affect stress?
Odgovor
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
Kartica 600
Pitanje
Psychoneuroimmunology?
Odgovor
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
Kartica 601
Pitanje
Subjective well-being?
Odgovor
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
Kartica 602
Pitanje
Psychological disorder?
Odgovor
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
Kartica 603
Pitanje
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
Odgovor
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
Kartica 604
Pitanje
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
Odgovor
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
Kartica 605
Pitanje
Signature strengths?
Odgovor
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
Kartica 606
Pitanje
Biopsychosocial model?
Odgovor
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
Kartica 607
Pitanje
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
Odgovor
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
Kartica 608
Pitanje
Posttraumatic growth?
Odgovor
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
Kartica 609
Pitanje
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
Odgovor
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
Kartica 610
Pitanje
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
Odgovor
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
Kartica 611
Pitanje
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
Odgovor
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
Kartica 612
Pitanje
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
Odgovor
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
Kartica 613
Pitanje
Biological explanation of disorder?
Odgovor
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
Kartica 614
Pitanje
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Odgovor
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
Kartica 615
Pitanje
Purpose of the DSM?
Odgovor
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
Kartica 616
Pitanje
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
Odgovor
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
Kartica 617
Pitanje
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
Odgovor
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
Kartica 618
Pitanje
Autism spectrum disorder?
Odgovor
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
Kartica 619
Pitanje
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
Odgovor
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
Kartica 620
Pitanje
Major depressive disorder?
Odgovor
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
Kartica 621
Pitanje
Specific phobia?
Odgovor
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
Kartica 622
Pitanje
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Odgovor
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
Kartica 623
Pitanje
Dissociative amnesia?
Odgovor
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
Kartica 624
Pitanje
Bipolar I disorder?
Odgovor
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
Kartica 625
Pitanje
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
Odgovor
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
Kartica 626
Pitanje
Anorexia nervosa?
Odgovor
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
Kartica 627
Pitanje
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
Odgovor
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
Kartica 628
Pitanje
Bipolar II disorder?
Odgovor
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
Kartica 629
Pitanje
Purpose of the ICD?
Odgovor
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
Kartica 630
Pitanje
Bulimia nervosa?
Odgovor
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
Kartica 631
Pitanje
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
Odgovor
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
Kartica 632
Pitanje
Ataque de nervios?
Odgovor
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
Kartica 633
Pitanje
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
Odgovor
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
Kartica 634
Pitanje
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
Odgovor
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
Kartica 635
Pitanje
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
Odgovor
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
Kartica 636
Pitanje
Comorbidity?
Odgovor
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
Kartica 637
Pitanje
Humanistic explanation of distress?
Odgovor
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
Kartica 638
Pitanje
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
Odgovor
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
Kartica 639
Pitanje
Stigma around mental disorder?
Odgovor
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
Kartica 640
Pitanje
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
Odgovor
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
Kartica 641
Pitanje
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
Odgovor
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
Kartica 642
Pitanje
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
Odgovor
Interrater reliability.
Kartica 643
Pitanje
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
Odgovor
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
Kartica 644
Pitanje
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
Odgovor
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
Kartica 645
Pitanje
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
Odgovor
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
Kartica 646
Pitanje
Delusion?
Odgovor
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
Kartica 647
Pitanje
Agoraphobia?
Odgovor
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
Kartica 648
Pitanje
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
Odgovor
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
Kartica 649
Pitanje
Eclectic approach to disorder?
Odgovor
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
Kartica 650
Pitanje
Hallucination?
Odgovor
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
Kartica 651
Pitanje
Panic disorder?
Odgovor
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
Kartica 652
Pitanje
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
Odgovor
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
Kartica 653
Pitanje
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
Odgovor
The diathesis–stress model.
Kartica 654
Pitanje
Cluster A personality disorders?
Odgovor
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
Kartica 655
Pitanje
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
Odgovor
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
Kartica 656
Pitanje
Evidence-based treatment?
Odgovor
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
Kartica 657
Pitanje
Therapeutic alliance?
Odgovor
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
Kartica 658
Pitanje
Cultural humility in therapy?
Odgovor
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
Kartica 659
Pitanje
Deinstitutionalization?
Odgovor
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
Kartica 660
Pitanje
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
Odgovor
Exposure therapy.
Kartica 661
Pitanje
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
Odgovor
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
Kartica 662
Pitanje
Four medication categories in the course?
Odgovor
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
Kartica 663
Pitanje
Depressive cognitive triad?
Odgovor
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
Kartica 664
Pitanje
Applied behavior analysis?
Odgovor
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
Kartica 665
Pitanje
Psychosurgery?
Odgovor
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
Kartica 666
Pitanje
Free association?
Odgovor
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
Kartica 667
Pitanje
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
Odgovor
Cognitive restructuring.
Kartica 668
Pitanje
One advantage of group therapy?
Odgovor
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
Kartica 669
Pitanje
Lobotomy?
Odgovor
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
Kartica 670
Pitanje
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
Odgovor
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
Kartica 671
Pitanje
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
Odgovor
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
Kartica 672
Pitanje
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
Odgovor
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
Kartica 673
Pitanje
Social anxiety disorder?
Odgovor
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
Kartica 674
Pitanje
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
Odgovor
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
Kartica 675
Pitanje
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
Odgovor
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
Kartica 676
Pitanje
Dissociative fugue?
Odgovor
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
Kartica 677
Pitanje
Cluster B personality disorders?
Odgovor
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
Kartica 678
Pitanje
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
Odgovor
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
Kartica 679
Pitanje
Catatonia?
Odgovor
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
Kartica 680
Pitanje
Manic episode?
Odgovor
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
Kartica 681
Pitanje
Dissociative identity disorder?
Odgovor
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
Kartica 682
Pitanje
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
Odgovor
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
Kartica 683
Pitanje
Cluster C personality disorders?
Odgovor
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Kartica 684
Pitanje
Taijin kyofusho?
Odgovor
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
Kartica 685
Pitanje
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Odgovor
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
Kartica 686
Pitanje
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
Odgovor
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
Kartica 687
Pitanje
Hypomanic episode?
Odgovor
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
Kartica 688
Pitanje
Generalized anxiety disorder?
Odgovor
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
Kartica 689
Pitanje
Hoarding disorder?
Odgovor
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
Kartica 690
Pitanje
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
Odgovor
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
Kartica 691
Pitanje
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
Odgovor
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
Kartica 692
Pitanje
Persistent depressive disorder?
Odgovor
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
Kartica 693
Pitanje
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
Odgovor
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
Kartica 694
Pitanje
Systematic desensitization?
Odgovor
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
Kartica 695
Pitanje
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
Odgovor
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
Kartica 696
Pitanje
Dialectical behavior therapy?
Odgovor
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
Kartica 697
Pitanje
Integrity in therapy ethics?
Odgovor
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
Kartica 698
Pitanje
Aversion therapy?
Odgovor
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
Kartica 699
Pitanje
Tardive dyskinesia?
Odgovor
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
Kartica 700
Pitanje
ECT versus TMS?
Odgovor
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
Kartica 701
Pitanje
Respect for rights and dignity?
Odgovor
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
Kartica 702
Pitanje
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
Odgovor
A token economy.
Kartica 703
Pitanje
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
Odgovor
Person-centered therapy.
Kartica 704
Pitanje
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
Odgovor
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
Kartica 705
Pitanje
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
Odgovor
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.
705 kartica
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Nibomo se otvara kako biste mogli početi učiti.