AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.
Apie šį rinkinį
Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.
What the cards ask you to retrieve
- Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
- Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
- Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
- Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
- Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.
The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.
What's deliberately left out
The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.
Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.
This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.
Šio rinkinio kortelės
1 kortelė
Klausimas
Nature in the nature–nurture question?
Atsakymas
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
2 kortelė
Klausimas
Central nervous system?
Atsakymas
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
3 kortelė
Klausimas
Main role of the spinal cord?
Atsakymas
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
4 kortelė
Klausimas
Scores are
4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?Atsakymas
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
5 kortelė
Klausimas
Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
Atsakymas
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
6 kortelė
Klausimas
Peripheral nervous system?
Atsakymas
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
7 kortelė
Klausimas
Reflex arc?
Atsakymas
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
8 kortelė
Klausimas
Reflex times are
180, 190, 210, 260, 410milliseconds. What is the median?Atsakymas
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
9 kortelė
Klausimas
Heritability?
Atsakymas
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
10 kortelė
Klausimas
Autonomic nervous system?
Atsakymas
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
11 kortelė
Klausimas
Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
Atsakymas
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
12 kortelė
Klausimas
Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
Atsakymas
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
13 kortelė
Klausimas
Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
Atsakymas
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
14 kortelė
Klausimas
Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
Atsakymas
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
15 kortelė
Klausimas
Natural selection?
Atsakymas
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
16 kortelė
Klausimas
Somatic nervous system?
Atsakymas
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
17 kortelė
Klausimas
Sensory neurons?
Atsakymas
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
18 kortelė
Klausimas
Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
Atsakymas
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
19 kortelė
Klausimas
Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
Atsakymas
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
20 kortelė
Klausimas
Sympathetic nervous system?
Atsakymas
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
21 kortelė
Klausimas
Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
Atsakymas
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
22 kortelė
Klausimas
Motor neurons?
Atsakymas
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
23 kortelė
Klausimas
Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
Atsakymas
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
24 kortelė
Klausimas
Parasympathetic nervous system?
Atsakymas
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
25 kortelė
Klausimas
Resting potential?
Atsakymas
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
26 kortelė
Klausimas
Interneurons?
Atsakymas
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
27 kortelė
Klausimas
Adrenaline's behavioral role?
Atsakymas
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
28 kortelė
Klausimas
Frontal lobes?
Atsakymas
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
29 kortelė
Klausimas
Neural threshold?
Atsakymas
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
30 kortelė
Klausimas
Corpus callosum?
Atsakymas
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
31 kortelė
Klausimas
Leptin's role in eating?
Atsakymas
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
32 kortelė
Klausimas
Temporal lobes?
Atsakymas
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
33 kortelė
Klausimas
Depolarization during an action potential?
Atsakymas
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
34 kortelė
Klausimas
Dopamine's major psychological functions?
Atsakymas
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
35 kortelė
Klausimas
Ghrelin's role in eating?
Atsakymas
It helps stimulate hunger.
36 kortelė
Klausimas
Drug agonist?
Atsakymas
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
37 kortelė
Klausimas
Action potential?
Atsakymas
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
38 kortelė
Klausimas
Reuptake?
Atsakymas
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
39 kortelė
Klausimas
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
Atsakymas
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
40 kortelė
Klausimas
Glutamate's major psychological functions?
Atsakymas
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
41 kortelė
Klausimas
Refractory period?
Atsakymas
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
42 kortelė
Klausimas
Melatonin's role?
Atsakymas
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
43 kortelė
Klausimas
Drug antagonist?
Atsakymas
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
44 kortelė
Klausimas
Stimulants?
Atsakymas
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
45 kortelė
Klausimas
Drug tolerance?
Atsakymas
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
46 kortelė
Klausimas
Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Atsakymas
Multiple sclerosis.
47 kortelė
Klausimas
All-or-none principle?
Atsakymas
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
48 kortelė
Klausimas
Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
Atsakymas
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
49 kortelė
Klausimas
GABA's major psychological function?
Atsakymas
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
50 kortelė
Klausimas
Oxytocin's behavioral role?
Atsakymas
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
51 kortelė
Klausimas
Reuptake inhibitor?
Atsakymas
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
52 kortelė
Klausimas
Depressants?
Atsakymas
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
53 kortelė
Klausimas
Drug withdrawal?
Atsakymas
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
54 kortelė
Klausimas
Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Atsakymas
Myasthenia gravis.
55 kortelė
Klausimas
Glial cells?
Atsakymas
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
56 kortelė
Klausimas
Endorphins?
Atsakymas
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
57 kortelė
Klausimas
Substance P?
Atsakymas
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
58 kortelė
Klausimas
Acetylcholine's major functions?
Atsakymas
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
59 kortelė
Klausimas
Opioids?
Atsakymas
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
60 kortelė
Klausimas
Hallucinogens?
Atsakymas
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
61 kortelė
Klausimas
Addiction?
Atsakymas
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
62 kortelė
Klausimas
Parietal lobes?
Atsakymas
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
63 kortelė
Klausimas
Consciousness?
Atsakymas
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
64 kortelė
Klausimas
Circadian rhythm?
Atsakymas
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
65 kortelė
Klausimas
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
Atsakymas
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
66 kortelė
Klausimas
Occipital lobes?
Atsakymas
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
67 kortelė
Klausimas
What does split-brain research reveal?
Atsakymas
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
68 kortelė
Klausimas
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
Atsakymas
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
69 kortelė
Klausimas
NREM-1 sleep?
Atsakymas
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
70 kortelė
Klausimas
Motor cortex?
Atsakymas
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
71 kortelė
Klausimas
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
Atsakymas
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
72 kortelė
Klausimas
Brainstem's core function?
Atsakymas
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
73 kortelė
Klausimas
NREM-2 sleep?
Atsakymas
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
74 kortelė
Klausimas
Somatosensory cortex?
Atsakymas
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
75 kortelė
Klausimas
Medulla's main functions?
Atsakymas
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
76 kortelė
Klausimas
Reticular activating system?
Atsakymas
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
77 kortelė
Klausimas
NREM-3 sleep?
Atsakymas
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
78 kortelė
Klausimas
Cerebellum's main functions?
Atsakymas
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
79 kortelė
Klausimas
Thalamus?
Atsakymas
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
80 kortelė
Klausimas
Hypothalamus?
Atsakymas
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
81 kortelė
Klausimas
REM sleep?
Atsakymas
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
82 kortelė
Klausimas
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
Atsakymas
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
83 kortelė
Klausimas
Amygdala?
Atsakymas
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
84 kortelė
Klausimas
Hippocampus?
Atsakymas
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
85 kortelė
Klausimas
How does sleep change across a typical night?
Atsakymas
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
86 kortelė
Klausimas
Contralateral brain control?
Atsakymas
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
87 kortelė
Klausimas
What does an EEG measure?
Atsakymas
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
88 kortelė
Klausimas
Reward-center activity?
Atsakymas
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
89 kortelė
Klausimas
Neuroplasticity?
Atsakymas
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
90 kortelė
Klausimas
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
Atsakymas
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
91 kortelė
Klausimas
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
Atsakymas
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
92 kortelė
Klausimas
Insomnia?
Atsakymas
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
93 kortelė
Klausimas
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
Atsakymas
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
94 kortelė
Klausimas
Absolute threshold?
Atsakymas
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
95 kortelė
Klausimas
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
Atsakymas
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
96 kortelė
Klausimas
Narcolepsy?
Atsakymas
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
97 kortelė
Klausimas
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
Atsakymas
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
98 kortelė
Klausimas
Difference threshold?
Atsakymas
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
99 kortelė
Klausimas
Consolidation view of dreams?
Atsakymas
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
100 kortelė
Klausimas
REM sleep behavior disorder?
Atsakymas
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
101 kortelė
Klausimas
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
Atsakymas
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
102 kortelė
Klausimas
Weber's law?
Atsakymas
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
103 kortelė
Klausimas
Two supported functions of sleep?
Atsakymas
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
104 kortelė
Klausimas
Sleep apnea?
Atsakymas
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
105 kortelė
Klausimas
REM rebound?
Atsakymas
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
106 kortelė
Klausimas
Signal detection theory?
Atsakymas
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
107 kortelė
Klausimas
Sensory transduction?
Atsakymas
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
108 kortelė
Klausimas
Vestibular sense?
Atsakymas
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
109 kortelė
Klausimas
Somnambulism?
Atsakymas
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
110 kortelė
Klausimas
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Atsakymas
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
111 kortelė
Klausimas
What begins visual transduction?
Atsakymas
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
112 kortelė
Klausimas
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
Atsakymas
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
113 kortelė
Klausimas
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
Atsakymas
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
114 kortelė
Klausimas
Accommodation in vision?
Atsakymas
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
115 kortelė
Klausimas
Cones?
Atsakymas
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
116 kortelė
Klausimas
What begins auditory transduction?
Atsakymas
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
117 kortelė
Klausimas
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
Atsakymas
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
118 kortelė
Klausimas
How is smell unusual among the senses?
Atsakymas
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
119 kortelė
Klausimas
Kinesthesia?
Atsakymas
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
120 kortelė
Klausimas
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
Atsakymas
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
121 kortelė
Klausimas
Nearsightedness?
Atsakymas
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
122 kortelė
Klausimas
Pheromones?
Atsakymas
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
123 kortelė
Klausimas
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
Atsakymas
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
124 kortelė
Klausimas
Volley theory of pitch?
Atsakymas
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
125 kortelė
Klausimas
Farsightedness?
Atsakymas
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
126 kortelė
Klausimas
Six taste qualities named in the course?
Atsakymas
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
127 kortelė
Klausimas
Phantom-limb sensation?
Atsakymas
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
128 kortelė
Klausimas
Sensory interaction?
Atsakymas
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
129 kortelė
Klausimas
What causes most color-vision deficiency?
Atsakymas
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
130 kortelė
Klausimas
Prosopagnosia?
Atsakymas
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
131 kortelė
Klausimas
Rods?
Atsakymas
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
132 kortelė
Klausimas
How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
Atsakymas
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
133 kortelė
Klausimas
Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
Atsakymas
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
134 kortelė
Klausimas
Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
Atsakymas
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
135 kortelė
Klausimas
What do the semicircular canals detect?
Atsakymas
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
136 kortelė
Klausimas
Synesthesia?
Atsakymas
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
137 kortelė
Klausimas
Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
Atsakymas
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
138 kortelė
Klausimas
Blindsight?
Atsakymas
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
139 kortelė
Klausimas
Sensory adaptation?
Atsakymas
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
140 kortelė
Klausimas
Gate-control view of pain?
Atsakymas
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
141 kortelė
Klausimas
Bottom-up processing?
Atsakymas
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
142 kortelė
Klausimas
Concept?
Atsakymas
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
143 kortelė
Klausimas
Fixation in problem solving?
Atsakymas
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
144 kortelė
Klausimas
Algorithm?
Atsakymas
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
145 kortelė
Klausimas
Top-down processing?
Atsakymas
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
146 kortelė
Klausimas
Confirmation bias?
Atsakymas
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
147 kortelė
Klausimas
Retinal disparity?
Atsakymas
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
148 kortelė
Klausimas
Heuristic?
Atsakymas
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
149 kortelė
Klausimas
Selective attention?
Atsakymas
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
150 kortelė
Klausimas
Figure–ground organization?
Atsakymas
Separating the object of attention from its background.
151 kortelė
Klausimas
Convergence as a depth cue?
Atsakymas
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
152 kortelė
Klausimas
Representativeness heuristic?
Atsakymas
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
153 kortelė
Klausimas
Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
Atsakymas
Inattentional blindness.
154 kortelė
Klausimas
Gestalt proximity principle?
Atsakymas
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
155 kortelė
Klausimas
Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
Atsakymas
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
156 kortelė
Klausimas
Cocktail-party effect?
Atsakymas
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
157 kortelė
Klausimas
Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
Atsakymas
Change blindness.
158 kortelė
Klausimas
Gestalt similarity principle?
Atsakymas
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
159 kortelė
Klausimas
Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
Atsakymas
Linear perspective.
160 kortelė
Klausimas
Perceptual constancy?
Atsakymas
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
161 kortelė
Klausimas
Perceptual set?
Atsakymas
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
162 kortelė
Klausimas
Gestalt closure principle?
Atsakymas
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
163 kortelė
Klausimas
One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
Atsakymas
The blocking object, using interposition.
164 kortelė
Klausimas
Apparent motion?
Atsakymas
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
165 kortelė
Klausimas
Availability heuristic?
Atsakymas
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
166 kortelė
Klausimas
Divergent thinking?
Atsakymas
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
167 kortelė
Klausimas
A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
Atsakymas
Relative clarity.
168 kortelė
Klausimas
Prototype?
Atsakymas
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
169 kortelė
Klausimas
Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
Atsakymas
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
170 kortelė
Klausimas
Convergent thinking?
Atsakymas
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
171 kortelė
Klausimas
A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
Atsakymas
Texture gradient.
172 kortelė
Klausimas
Belief perseverance?
Atsakymas
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
173 kortelė
Klausimas
Explicit memory?
Atsakymas
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
174 kortelė
Klausimas
Three stores in the multi-store model?
Atsakymas
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
175 kortelė
Klausimas
Seeing an object only in its usual role?
Atsakymas
Functional fixedness.
176 kortelė
Klausimas
Mental set?
Atsakymas
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
177 kortelė
Klausimas
Episodic memory?
Atsakymas
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
178 kortelė
Klausimas
Working memory?
Atsakymas
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
179 kortelė
Klausimas
Insight?
Atsakymas
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
180 kortelė
Klausimas
Framing effect?
Atsakymas
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
181 kortelė
Klausimas
Implicit memory?
Atsakymas
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
182 kortelė
Klausimas
Overconfidence bias?
Atsakymas
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
183 kortelė
Klausimas
Anchoring bias?
Atsakymas
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
184 kortelė
Klausimas
Schema in thinking?
Atsakymas
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
185 kortelė
Klausimas
Procedural memory?
Atsakymas
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
186 kortelė
Klausimas
Gambler's fallacy?
Atsakymas
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
187 kortelė
Klausimas
Sunk-cost fallacy?
Atsakymas
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
188 kortelė
Klausimas
Executive functions?
Atsakymas
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
189 kortelė
Klausimas
How can priming affect judgment?
Atsakymas
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
190 kortelė
Klausimas
Central executive in working memory?
Atsakymas
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
191 kortelė
Klausimas
Serial-position effect?
Atsakymas
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
192 kortelė
Klausimas
Semantic memory?
Atsakymas
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
193 kortelė
Klausimas
Levels-of-processing principle?
Atsakymas
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
194 kortelė
Klausimas
Automatic processing?
Atsakymas
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
195 kortelė
Klausimas
Maintenance rehearsal?
Atsakymas
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
196 kortelė
Klausimas
Prospective memory?
Atsakymas
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
197 kortelė
Klausimas
Primacy effect?
Atsakymas
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
198 kortelė
Klausimas
Long-term memory?
Atsakymas
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
199 kortelė
Klausimas
Highly superior autobiographical memory?
Atsakymas
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
200 kortelė
Klausimas
Effortful processing?
Atsakymas
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
201 kortelė
Klausimas
Elaborative rehearsal?
Atsakymas
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
202 kortelė
Klausimas
Memory consolidation?
Atsakymas
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
203 kortelė
Klausimas
Recency effect?
Atsakymas
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
204 kortelė
Klausimas
Spacing effect?
Atsakymas
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
205 kortelė
Klausimas
Testing effect?
Atsakymas
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
206 kortelė
Klausimas
Chunking?
Atsakymas
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
207 kortelė
Klausimas
Mnemonic?
Atsakymas
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
208 kortelė
Klausimas
Why organize material into a hierarchy?
Atsakymas
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
209 kortelė
Klausimas
How can a schema help encoding?
Atsakymas
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
210 kortelė
Klausimas
Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
Atsakymas
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
211 kortelė
Klausimas
Iconic memory?
Atsakymas
A very brief visual sensory memory.
212 kortelė
Klausimas
Recall?
Atsakymas
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
213 kortelė
Klausimas
Retrieval cue?
Atsakymas
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
214 kortelė
Klausimas
Encoding-specificity principle?
Atsakymas
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
215 kortelė
Klausimas
Context-dependent memory?
Atsakymas
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
216 kortelė
Klausimas
Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
Atsakymas
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
217 kortelė
Klausimas
Echoic memory?
Atsakymas
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
218 kortelė
Klausimas
Anterograde amnesia?
Atsakymas
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
219 kortelė
Klausimas
Phonological loop?
Atsakymas
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
220 kortelė
Klausimas
Cerebellum's memory role?
Atsakymas
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
221 kortelė
Klausimas
Why is short-term memory described as limited?
Atsakymas
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
222 kortelė
Klausimas
Retrograde amnesia?
Atsakymas
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
223 kortelė
Klausimas
Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
Atsakymas
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
224 kortelė
Klausimas
How can the amygdala affect memory?
Atsakymas
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
225 kortelė
Klausimas
Visuospatial sketchpad?
Atsakymas
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
226 kortelė
Klausimas
Long-term potentiation?
Atsakymas
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
227 kortelė
Klausimas
Infantile amnesia?
Atsakymas
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
228 kortelė
Klausimas
Alzheimer's disease?
Atsakymas
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
229 kortelė
Klausimas
Scores are
2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?Atsakymas
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because
9 - 2 = 7.230 kortelė
Klausimas
Recognition?
Atsakymas
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
231 kortelė
Klausimas
Why is memory called reconstructive?
Atsakymas
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
232 kortelė
Klausimas
Storage decay?
Atsakymas
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
233 kortelė
Klausimas
State-dependent memory?
Atsakymas
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
234 kortelė
Klausimas
Relearning?
Atsakymas
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
235 kortelė
Klausimas
Misinformation effect?
Atsakymas
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
236 kortelė
Klausimas
A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
Atsakymas
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
237 kortelė
Klausimas
Mood-congruent memory?
Atsakymas
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
238 kortelė
Klausimas
Priming?
Atsakymas
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
239 kortelė
Klausimas
Tip-of-the-tongue state?
Atsakymas
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
240 kortelė
Klausimas
Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
Atsakymas
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
241 kortelė
Klausimas
Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
Atsakymas
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
242 kortelė
Klausimas
Metacognition?
Atsakymas
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
243 kortelė
Klausimas
Source amnesia?
Atsakymas
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
244 kortelė
Klausimas
Test standardization?
Atsakymas
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
245 kortelė
Klausimas
Reliability?
Atsakymas
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
246 kortelė
Klausimas
Stereotype threat?
Atsakymas
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
247 kortelė
Klausimas
General intelligence, or g?
Atsakymas
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
248 kortelė
Klausimas
Encoding failure?
Atsakymas
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
249 kortelė
Klausimas
Validity?
Atsakymas
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
250 kortelė
Klausimas
Proactive interference?
Atsakymas
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
251 kortelė
Klausimas
Imagination inflation?
Atsakymas
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
252 kortelė
Klausimas
A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
Atsakymas
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
253 kortelė
Klausimas
Retrieval failure?
Atsakymas
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
254 kortelė
Klausimas
Retroactive interference?
Atsakymas
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
255 kortelė
Klausimas
A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
Atsakymas
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
256 kortelė
Klausimas
Repression in psychodynamic theory?
Atsakymas
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
257 kortelė
Klausimas
Flashbulb memory?
Atsakymas
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
258 kortelė
Klausimas
A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
Atsakymas
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
259 kortelė
Klausimas
A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
Atsakymas
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
260 kortelė
Klausimas
Stereotype lift?
Atsakymas
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
261 kortelė
Klausimas
Achievement test?
Atsakymas
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
262 kortelė
Klausimas
Construct validity?
Atsakymas
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
263 kortelė
Klausimas
Test–retest reliability?
Atsakymas
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
264 kortelė
Klausimas
Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
Atsakymas
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
265 kortelė
Klausimas
Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
Atsakymas
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
266 kortelė
Klausimas
Aptitude test?
Atsakymas
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
267 kortelė
Klausimas
Traditional IQ formula?
Atsakymas
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
268 kortelė
Klausimas
Predictive validity?
Atsakymas
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
269 kortelė
Klausimas
What does a normal score distribution look like?
Atsakymas
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
270 kortelė
Klausimas
Split-half reliability?
Atsakymas
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
271 kortelė
Klausimas
Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
Atsakymas
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
272 kortelė
Klausimas
Flynn effect?
Atsakymas
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
273 kortelė
Klausimas
A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
Atsakymas
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
274 kortelė
Klausimas
Continuous versus stage development?
Atsakymas
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
275 kortelė
Klausimas
How can prenatal environment affect later development?
Atsakymas
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
276 kortelė
Klausimas
Teratogen?
Atsakymas
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
277 kortelė
Klausimas
Maturation?
Atsakymas
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
278 kortelė
Klausimas
Stability–change question in development?
Atsakymas
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
279 kortelė
Klausimas
A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
Atsakymas
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
280 kortelė
Klausimas
Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
Atsakymas
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
281 kortelė
Klausimas
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
Atsakymas
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
282 kortelė
Klausimas
Fine versus gross motor skills?
Atsakymas
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
283 kortelė
Klausimas
Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
Atsakymas
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
284 kortelė
Klausimas
What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
Atsakymas
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
285 kortelė
Klausimas
Puberty?
Atsakymas
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
286 kortelė
Klausimas
Sensitive period?
Atsakymas
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
287 kortelė
Klausimas
What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
Atsakymas
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
288 kortelė
Klausimas
Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
Atsakymas
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
289 kortelė
Klausimas
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
Atsakymas
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
290 kortelė
Klausimas
Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
Atsakymas
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
291 kortelė
Klausimas
Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
Atsakymas
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
292 kortelė
Klausimas
Menarche?
Atsakymas
The first menstrual period.
293 kortelė
Klausimas
Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
Atsakymas
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
294 kortelė
Klausimas
About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
Atsakymas
About 68%.
295 kortelė
Klausimas
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
Atsakymas
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
296 kortelė
Klausimas
Spermarche?
Atsakymas
The first ejaculation.
297 kortelė
Klausimas
Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
Atsakymas
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
298 kortelė
Klausimas
Imprinting?
Atsakymas
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
299 kortelė
Klausimas
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
Atsakymas
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
300 kortelė
Klausimas
Menopause?
Atsakymas
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
301 kortelė
Klausimas
Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
Atsakymas
Naturalistic observation.
302 kortelė
Klausimas
How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
Atsakymas
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
303 kortelė
Klausimas
Gender identity?
Atsakymas
A person's internal sense of their gender.
304 kortelė
Klausimas
Gender role?
Atsakymas
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
305 kortelė
Klausimas
Sex versus gender?
Atsakymas
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
306 kortelė
Klausimas
Common sensory change in later adulthood?
Atsakymas
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
307 kortelė
Klausimas
Sexual orientation?
Atsakymas
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
308 kortelė
Klausimas
Gender schema?
Atsakymas
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
309 kortelė
Klausimas
Best broad view of gender development?
Atsakymas
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
310 kortelė
Klausimas
Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
Atsakymas
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
311 kortelė
Klausimas
Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
Atsakymas
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
312 kortelė
Klausimas
Schema in cognitive development?
Atsakymas
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
313 kortelė
Klausimas
Sensorimotor stage?
Atsakymas
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
314 kortelė
Klausimas
Preoperational stage?
Atsakymas
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
315 kortelė
Klausimas
Assimilation?
Atsakymas
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
316 kortelė
Klausimas
A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
Atsakymas
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
317 kortelė
Klausimas
Animism in preoperational thought?
Atsakymas
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
318 kortelė
Klausimas
Concrete operational stage?
Atsakymas
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
319 kortelė
Klausimas
Accommodation?
Atsakymas
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
320 kortelė
Klausimas
Reversibility in cognitive development?
Atsakymas
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
321 kortelė
Klausimas
How can social learning shape gender expression?
Atsakymas
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
322 kortelė
Klausimas
A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
Atsakymas
Assimilation.
323 kortelė
Klausimas
Language?
Atsakymas
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
324 kortelė
Klausimas
Cooing stage?
Atsakymas
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
325 kortelė
Klausimas
Babbling stage?
Atsakymas
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
326 kortelė
Klausimas
One-word stage?
Atsakymas
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
327 kortelė
Klausimas
Grammar?
Atsakymas
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
328 kortelė
Klausimas
A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
Atsakymas
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
329 kortelė
Klausimas
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
Atsakymas
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
330 kortelė
Klausimas
A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
Atsakymas
Accommodation.
331 kortelė
Klausimas
A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
Atsakymas
Scaffolding.
332 kortelė
Klausimas
A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
Atsakymas
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
333 kortelė
Klausimas
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
Atsakymas
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
334 kortelė
Klausimas
An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
Atsakymas
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
335 kortelė
Klausimas
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
Atsakymas
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
336 kortelė
Klausimas
Formal operational stage?
Atsakymas
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
337 kortelė
Klausimas
Dementia?
Atsakymas
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
338 kortelė
Klausimas
Phoneme?
Atsakymas
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
339 kortelė
Klausimas
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
Atsakymas
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
340 kortelė
Klausimas
Temperament?
Atsakymas
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
341 kortelė
Klausimas
Attachment?
Atsakymas
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
342 kortelė
Klausimas
Erikson's infancy conflict?
Atsakymas
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
343 kortelė
Klausimas
Microsystem?
Atsakymas
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
344 kortelė
Klausimas
Erikson's toddler conflict?
Atsakymas
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
345 kortelė
Klausimas
Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
Atsakymas
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
346 kortelė
Klausimas
Erikson's school-age conflict?
Atsakymas
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
347 kortelė
Klausimas
Mesosystem?
Atsakymas
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
348 kortelė
Klausimas
Erikson's adolescent conflict?
Atsakymas
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
349 kortelė
Klausimas
Erikson's young-adult conflict?
Atsakymas
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
350 kortelė
Klausimas
Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
Atsakymas
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
351 kortelė
Klausimas
Exosystem?
Atsakymas
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
352 kortelė
Klausimas
Morpheme?
Atsakymas
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
353 kortelė
Klausimas
Telegraphic speech?
Atsakymas
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
705 kortelės
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Mokytis iš šio rinkinio nemokamaiAtsidarys Nibomo ir galėsite pradėti mokytis.
354 kortelė
Klausimas
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
Atsakymas
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
355 kortelė
Klausimas
Macrosystem?
Atsakymas
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
356 kortelė
Klausimas
Semantics?
Atsakymas
The meanings of words and sentences.
357 kortelė
Klausimas
A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
Atsakymas
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
358 kortelė
Klausimas
What does a sensitive period for language imply?
Atsakymas
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
359 kortelė
Klausimas
Does language completely determine thought?
Atsakymas
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
360 kortelė
Klausimas
Syntax?
Atsakymas
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
361 kortelė
Klausimas
A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
Atsakymas
Secure attachment.
362 kortelė
Klausimas
How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
Atsakymas
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
363 kortelė
Klausimas
Authoritative parenting?
Atsakymas
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
364 kortelė
Klausimas
Identity achievement?
Atsakymas
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
365 kortelė
Klausimas
Avoidant attachment pattern?
Atsakymas
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
366 kortelė
Klausimas
Classical conditioning?
Atsakymas
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
367 kortelė
Klausimas
Unconditioned stimulus?
Atsakymas
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
368 kortelė
Klausimas
Unconditioned response?
Atsakymas
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
369 kortelė
Klausimas
Conditioned stimulus?
Atsakymas
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
370 kortelė
Klausimas
Conditioned response?
Atsakymas
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
371 kortelė
Klausimas
Acquisition in classical conditioning?
Atsakymas
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
372 kortelė
Klausimas
During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
Atsakymas
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
373 kortelė
Klausimas
Authoritarian parenting?
Atsakymas
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
374 kortelė
Klausimas
Identity diffusion?
Atsakymas
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
375 kortelė
Klausimas
Extinction in classical conditioning?
Atsakymas
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
376 kortelė
Klausimas
Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
Atsakymas
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
377 kortelė
Klausimas
Permissive parenting?
Atsakymas
High warmth with few demands or limits.
378 kortelė
Klausimas
Parallel play?
Atsakymas
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
379 kortelė
Klausimas
Imaginary audience?
Atsakymas
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
380 kortelė
Klausimas
Identity foreclosure?
Atsakymas
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
381 kortelė
Klausimas
Disorganized attachment pattern?
Atsakymas
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
382 kortelė
Klausimas
Neglectful parenting?
Atsakymas
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
383 kortelė
Klausimas
Chronosystem?
Atsakymas
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
384 kortelė
Klausimas
Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
Atsakymas
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
385 kortelė
Klausimas
Personal fable?
Atsakymas
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
386 kortelė
Klausimas
Identity moratorium?
Atsakymas
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
387 kortelė
Klausimas
Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
Atsakymas
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
388 kortelė
Klausimas
Separation anxiety in infancy?
Atsakymas
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
389 kortelė
Klausimas
What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
Atsakymas
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
390 kortelė
Klausimas
Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
Atsakymas
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
391 kortelė
Klausimas
Emerging adulthood?
Atsakymas
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
392 kortelė
Klausimas
Social clock?
Atsakymas
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
393 kortelė
Klausimas
Erikson's later-adult conflict?
Atsakymas
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
394 kortelė
Klausimas
Possible selves?
Atsakymas
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
395 kortelė
Klausimas
Stimulus generalization?
Atsakymas
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
396 kortelė
Klausimas
Operant conditioning?
Atsakymas
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
397 kortelė
Klausimas
Law of effect?
Atsakymas
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
398 kortelė
Klausimas
Spontaneous recovery?
Atsakymas
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
399 kortelė
Klausimas
Stimulus discrimination?
Atsakymas
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
400 kortelė
Klausimas
Reinforcement?
Atsakymas
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
401 kortelė
Klausimas
Higher-order conditioning?
Atsakymas
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
402 kortelė
Klausimas
Counterconditioning?
Atsakymas
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
403 kortelė
Klausimas
Habituation?
Atsakymas
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
404 kortelė
Klausimas
Punishment?
Atsakymas
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
405 kortelė
Klausimas
Partial reinforcement?
Atsakymas
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
406 kortelė
Klausimas
Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
Atsakymas
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
407 kortelė
Klausimas
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
Atsakymas
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
408 kortelė
Klausimas
Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
Atsakymas
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
409 kortelė
Klausimas
Fixed-ratio schedule?
Atsakymas
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
410 kortelė
Klausimas
Observational learning?
Atsakymas
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
411 kortelė
Klausimas
A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
Atsakymas
Positive reinforcement.
412 kortelė
Klausimas
Primary reinforcer?
Atsakymas
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
413 kortelė
Klausimas
Variable-ratio schedule?
Atsakymas
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
414 kortelė
Klausimas
Modeling?
Atsakymas
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
415 kortelė
Klausimas
Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
Atsakymas
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
416 kortelė
Klausimas
Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
Atsakymas
Negative reinforcement.
417 kortelė
Klausimas
Conditioned reinforcer?
Atsakymas
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
418 kortelė
Klausimas
A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
Atsakymas
Vicarious reinforcement.
419 kortelė
Klausimas
Fixed-interval schedule?
Atsakymas
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
420 kortelė
Klausimas
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
Atsakymas
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
421 kortelė
Klausimas
A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
Atsakymas
Positive punishment.
422 kortelė
Klausimas
Shaping?
Atsakymas
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
423 kortelė
Klausimas
Extinction in operant conditioning?
Atsakymas
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
424 kortelė
Klausimas
Variable-interval schedule?
Atsakymas
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
425 kortelė
Klausimas
A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
Atsakymas
Negative punishment.
426 kortelė
Klausimas
Learned helplessness?
Atsakymas
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
427 kortelė
Klausimas
Continuous reinforcement?
Atsakymas
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
428 kortelė
Klausimas
A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
Atsakymas
A fixed-interval schedule.
429 kortelė
Klausimas
Discriminative stimulus?
Atsakymas
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
430 kortelė
Klausimas
Operant generalization versus discrimination?
Atsakymas
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
431 kortelė
Klausimas
Instinctive drift?
Atsakymas
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
432 kortelė
Klausimas
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
Atsakymas
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
433 kortelė
Klausimas
How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
Atsakymas
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
434 kortelė
Klausimas
How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
Atsakymas
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
435 kortelė
Klausimas
Vicarious conditioning?
Atsakymas
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
436 kortelė
Klausimas
A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
Atsakymas
A variable-interval schedule.
437 kortelė
Klausimas
Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
Atsakymas
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
438 kortelė
Klausimas
Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
Atsakymas
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
439 kortelė
Klausimas
Latent learning?
Atsakymas
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
440 kortelė
Klausimas
Cognitive map?
Atsakymas
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
441 kortelė
Klausimas
Insight learning?
Atsakymas
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
442 kortelė
Klausimas
Biological preparedness?
Atsakymas
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
443 kortelė
Klausimas
What can mirror-neuron activity show?
Atsakymas
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
444 kortelė
Klausimas
Attribution?
Atsakymas
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
445 kortelė
Klausimas
Attitude?
Atsakymas
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
446 kortelė
Klausimas
Upward social comparison?
Atsakymas
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
447 kortelė
Klausimas
Optimistic explanatory style?
Atsakymas
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
448 kortelė
Klausimas
Situational attribution?
Atsakymas
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
449 kortelė
Klausimas
A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
Atsakymas
Cognitive dissonance.
450 kortelė
Klausimas
Downward social comparison?
Atsakymas
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
451 kortelė
Klausimas
Internal locus of control?
Atsakymas
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
452 kortelė
Klausimas
Dispositional attribution?
Atsakymas
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
453 kortelė
Klausimas
Pessimistic explanatory style?
Atsakymas
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
454 kortelė
Klausimas
Relative deprivation?
Atsakymas
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
455 kortelė
Klausimas
External locus of control?
Atsakymas
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
456 kortelė
Klausimas
Fundamental attribution error?
Atsakymas
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
457 kortelė
Klausimas
Halo effect?
Atsakymas
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
458 kortelė
Klausimas
Self-fulfilling prophecy?
Atsakymas
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
459 kortelė
Klausimas
Mere-exposure effect?
Atsakymas
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
460 kortelė
Klausimas
A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
Atsakymas
The actor–observer difference.
461 kortelė
Klausimas
A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
Atsakymas
The central route.
462 kortelė
Klausimas
Effort justification?
Atsakymas
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
463 kortelė
Klausimas
Stereotype?
Atsakymas
A generalized belief about members of a group.
464 kortelė
Klausimas
A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
Atsakymas
Self-serving bias.
465 kortelė
Klausimas
A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
Atsakymas
The peripheral route.
466 kortelė
Klausimas
Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
Atsakymas
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
467 kortelė
Klausimas
Prejudice?
Atsakymas
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
468 kortelė
Klausimas
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:
Workload Errors Low 2 High 8 Which attribution is better supported?
Atsakymas
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
469 kortelė
Klausimas
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
Atsakymas
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
470 kortelė
Klausimas
Conformity?
Atsakymas
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
471 kortelė
Klausimas
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
Atsakymas
The bystander effect.
472 kortelė
Klausimas
Diffusion of responsibility?
Atsakymas
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
473 kortelė
Klausimas
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
Atsakymas
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
474 kortelė
Klausimas
In-group bias?
Atsakymas
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
475 kortelė
Klausimas
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
Atsakymas
The foot-in-the-door technique.
476 kortelė
Klausimas
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
Atsakymas
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
477 kortelė
Klausimas
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
Atsakymas
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
478 kortelė
Klausimas
Discrimination?
Atsakymas
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
479 kortelė
Klausimas
Out-group homogeneity effect?
Atsakymas
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
480 kortelė
Klausimas
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
Atsakymas
The door-in-the-face technique.
481 kortelė
Klausimas
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
Atsakymas
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
482 kortelė
Klausimas
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
Atsakymas
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
483 kortelė
Klausimas
Just-world belief?
Atsakymas
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
484 kortelė
Klausimas
Implicit attitude?
Atsakymas
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
485 kortelė
Klausimas
Ethnocentrism?
Atsakymas
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
486 kortelė
Klausimas
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
Atsakymas
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
487 kortelė
Klausimas
Normative social influence?
Atsakymas
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
488 kortelė
Klausimas
Psychodynamic view of personality?
Atsakymas
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
489 kortelė
Klausimas
Norm of reciprocity?
Atsakymas
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
490 kortelė
Klausimas
Individualism?
Atsakymas
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
491 kortelė
Klausimas
Informational social influence?
Atsakymas
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
492 kortelė
Klausimas
Id?
Atsakymas
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
493 kortelė
Klausimas
Altruism?
Atsakymas
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
494 kortelė
Klausimas
Social norm?
Atsakymas
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
495 kortelė
Klausimas
What tends to increase conformity?
Atsakymas
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
496 kortelė
Klausimas
Ego?
Atsakymas
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
497 kortelė
Klausimas
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
Atsakymas
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
498 kortelė
Klausimas
Collectivism?
Atsakymas
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
499 kortelė
Klausimas
Obedience?
Atsakymas
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
500 kortelė
Klausimas
Superego?
Atsakymas
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
501 kortelė
Klausimas
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
Atsakymas
Denial.
502 kortelė
Klausimas
Social-responsibility norm?
Atsakymas
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
503 kortelė
Klausimas
How does proximity affect attraction?
Atsakymas
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
504 kortelė
Klausimas
What tends to increase obedience?
Atsakymas
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
505 kortelė
Klausimas
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
Atsakymas
Displacement.
506 kortelė
Klausimas
Social loafing?
Atsakymas
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
507 kortelė
Klausimas
Multiculturalism?
Atsakymas
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
508 kortelė
Klausimas
How does similarity affect attraction?
Atsakymas
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
509 kortelė
Klausimas
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
Atsakymas
Projection.
510 kortelė
Klausimas
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
Atsakymas
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
511 kortelė
Klausimas
Deindividuation?
Atsakymas
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
512 kortelė
Klausimas
Group polarization?
Atsakymas
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
513 kortelė
Klausimas
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
Atsakymas
Rationalization.
514 kortelė
Klausimas
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
Atsakymas
Groupthink.
515 kortelė
Klausimas
Pluralistic ignorance?
Atsakymas
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
516 kortelė
Klausimas
Social trap?
Atsakymas
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
517 kortelė
Klausimas
Reaction formation?
Atsakymas
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
518 kortelė
Klausimas
Superordinate goal?
Atsakymas
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
519 kortelė
Klausimas
False-consensus effect?
Atsakymas
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
520 kortelė
Klausimas
Industrial-organizational psychology?
Atsakymas
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
521 kortelė
Klausimas
Repression?
Atsakymas
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
522 kortelė
Klausimas
Burnout?
Atsakymas
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
523 kortelė
Klausimas
Unconditional positive regard?
Atsakymas
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
524 kortelė
Klausimas
Trait?
Atsakymas
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
525 kortelė
Klausimas
Regression as a defense mechanism?
Atsakymas
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
526 kortelė
Klausimas
Reciprocal determinism?
Atsakymas
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
527 kortelė
Klausimas
Self-efficacy?
Atsakymas
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
528 kortelė
Klausimas
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
Atsakymas
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
529 kortelė
Klausimas
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
Atsakymas
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
530 kortelė
Klausimas
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Atsakymas
Openness.
531 kortelė
Klausimas
Personality inventory?
Atsakymas
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
532 kortelė
Klausimas
Self-actualizing tendency?
Atsakymas
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
533 kortelė
Klausimas
Self-esteem?
Atsakymas
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
534 kortelė
Klausimas
Instinct in motivation research?
Atsakymas
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
535 kortelė
Klausimas
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Atsakymas
Conscientiousness.
536 kortelė
Klausimas
Projective test?
Atsakymas
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
537 kortelė
Klausimas
How does factor analysis help trait research?
Atsakymas
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
538 kortelė
Klausimas
Drive-reduction theory?
Atsakymas
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
539 kortelė
Klausimas
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Atsakymas
Extraversion.
540 kortelė
Klausimas
Person–situation debate?
Atsakymas
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
541 kortelė
Klausimas
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
Atsakymas
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
542 kortelė
Klausimas
Homeostasis?
Atsakymas
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
543 kortelė
Klausimas
Incentive theory?
Atsakymas
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
544 kortelė
Klausimas
Big Five agreeableness?
Atsakymas
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
545 kortelė
Klausimas
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
Atsakymas
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
546 kortelė
Klausimas
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
Atsakymas
An approach–approach conflict.
547 kortelė
Klausimas
Arousal theory of motivation?
Atsakymas
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
548 kortelė
Klausimas
Big Five emotional stability?
Atsakymas
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
549 kortelė
Klausimas
What regulates hunger?
Atsakymas
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
550 kortelė
Klausimas
Three broad components of emotion?
Atsakymas
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
551 kortelė
Klausimas
Self-determination theory?
Atsakymas
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
552 kortelė
Klausimas
Emotion regulation?
Atsakymas
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
553 kortelė
Klausimas
Sensation-seeking?
Atsakymas
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
554 kortelė
Klausimas
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
Atsakymas
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
555 kortelė
Klausimas
Intrinsic motivation?
Atsakymas
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
556 kortelė
Klausimas
Display rules?
Atsakymas
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
557 kortelė
Klausimas
Arousal and performance relationship?
Atsakymas
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
558 kortelė
Klausimas
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
Atsakymas
An approach–avoidance conflict.
559 kortelė
Klausimas
Extrinsic motivation?
Atsakymas
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
560 kortelė
Klausimas
Achievement motivation?
Atsakymas
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
561 kortelė
Klausimas
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
Atsakymas
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
562 kortelė
Klausimas
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
Atsakymas
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
563 kortelė
Klausimas
Overjustification effect?
Atsakymas
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
564 kortelė
Klausimas
Belongingness motivation?
Atsakymas
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
565 kortelė
Klausimas
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:
Condition Mean minutes Assigned topic 34 Chosen topic 47 What is the observed mean difference?
Atsakymas
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
566 kortelė
Klausimas
Facial-feedback effect?
Atsakymas
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
567 kortelė
Klausimas
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
Atsakymas
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
568 kortelė
Klausimas
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
Atsakymas
Cognitive reappraisal.
569 kortelė
Klausimas
Broaden-and-build view?
Atsakymas
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
570 kortelė
Klausimas
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
Atsakymas
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
571 kortelė
Klausimas
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
Atsakymas
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
572 kortelė
Klausimas
Expressive suppression?
Atsakymas
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
573 kortelė
Klausimas
How does acute stress affect the body?
Atsakymas
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
574 kortelė
Klausimas
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
Atsakymas
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
575 kortelė
Klausimas
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
Atsakymas
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
576 kortelė
Klausimas
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
Atsakymas
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
577 kortelė
Klausimas
Health psychology?
Atsakymas
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
578 kortelė
Klausimas
Positive psychology?
Atsakymas
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
579 kortelė
Klausimas
Stress?
Atsakymas
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
580 kortelė
Klausimas
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
Atsakymas
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
581 kortelė
Klausimas
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
Atsakymas
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
582 kortelė
Klausimas
Resilience?
Atsakymas
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
583 kortelė
Klausimas
Stressor?
Atsakymas
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
584 kortelė
Klausimas
General adaptation syndrome?
Atsakymas
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
585 kortelė
Klausimas
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
Atsakymas
Problem-focused coping.
586 kortelė
Klausimas
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
Atsakymas
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
587 kortelė
Klausimas
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
Atsakymas
Primary appraisal.
588 kortelė
Klausimas
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
Atsakymas
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
589 kortelė
Klausimas
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
Atsakymas
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
590 kortelė
Klausimas
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
Atsakymas
Emotion-focused coping.
591 kortelė
Klausimas
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
Atsakymas
Secondary appraisal.
592 kortelė
Klausimas
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
Atsakymas
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
593 kortelė
Klausimas
Adverse childhood experiences?
Atsakymas
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
594 kortelė
Klausimas
How can social support protect health?
Atsakymas
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
595 kortelė
Klausimas
Eustress versus distress?
Atsakymas
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
596 kortelė
Klausimas
Tend-and-befriend response?
Atsakymas
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
597 kortelė
Klausimas
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
Atsakymas
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
598 kortelė
Klausimas
Biofeedback?
Atsakymas
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
599 kortelė
Klausimas
How does perceived control affect stress?
Atsakymas
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
600 kortelė
Klausimas
Psychoneuroimmunology?
Atsakymas
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
601 kortelė
Klausimas
Subjective well-being?
Atsakymas
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
602 kortelė
Klausimas
Psychological disorder?
Atsakymas
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
603 kortelė
Klausimas
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
Atsakymas
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
604 kortelė
Klausimas
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
Atsakymas
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
605 kortelė
Klausimas
Signature strengths?
Atsakymas
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
606 kortelė
Klausimas
Biopsychosocial model?
Atsakymas
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
607 kortelė
Klausimas
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
Atsakymas
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
608 kortelė
Klausimas
Posttraumatic growth?
Atsakymas
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
609 kortelė
Klausimas
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
Atsakymas
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
610 kortelė
Klausimas
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
Atsakymas
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
611 kortelė
Klausimas
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
Atsakymas
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
612 kortelė
Klausimas
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
Atsakymas
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
613 kortelė
Klausimas
Biological explanation of disorder?
Atsakymas
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
614 kortelė
Klausimas
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Atsakymas
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
615 kortelė
Klausimas
Purpose of the DSM?
Atsakymas
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
616 kortelė
Klausimas
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
Atsakymas
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
617 kortelė
Klausimas
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
Atsakymas
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
618 kortelė
Klausimas
Autism spectrum disorder?
Atsakymas
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
619 kortelė
Klausimas
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
Atsakymas
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
620 kortelė
Klausimas
Major depressive disorder?
Atsakymas
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
621 kortelė
Klausimas
Specific phobia?
Atsakymas
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
622 kortelė
Klausimas
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Atsakymas
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
623 kortelė
Klausimas
Dissociative amnesia?
Atsakymas
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
624 kortelė
Klausimas
Bipolar I disorder?
Atsakymas
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
625 kortelė
Klausimas
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
Atsakymas
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
626 kortelė
Klausimas
Anorexia nervosa?
Atsakymas
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
627 kortelė
Klausimas
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
Atsakymas
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
628 kortelė
Klausimas
Bipolar II disorder?
Atsakymas
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
629 kortelė
Klausimas
Purpose of the ICD?
Atsakymas
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
630 kortelė
Klausimas
Bulimia nervosa?
Atsakymas
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
631 kortelė
Klausimas
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
Atsakymas
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
632 kortelė
Klausimas
Ataque de nervios?
Atsakymas
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
633 kortelė
Klausimas
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
Atsakymas
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
634 kortelė
Klausimas
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
Atsakymas
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
635 kortelė
Klausimas
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
Atsakymas
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
636 kortelė
Klausimas
Comorbidity?
Atsakymas
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
637 kortelė
Klausimas
Humanistic explanation of distress?
Atsakymas
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
638 kortelė
Klausimas
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
Atsakymas
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
639 kortelė
Klausimas
Stigma around mental disorder?
Atsakymas
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
640 kortelė
Klausimas
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
Atsakymas
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
641 kortelė
Klausimas
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
Atsakymas
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
642 kortelė
Klausimas
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
Atsakymas
Interrater reliability.
643 kortelė
Klausimas
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
Atsakymas
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
644 kortelė
Klausimas
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
Atsakymas
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
645 kortelė
Klausimas
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
Atsakymas
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
646 kortelė
Klausimas
Delusion?
Atsakymas
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
647 kortelė
Klausimas
Agoraphobia?
Atsakymas
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
648 kortelė
Klausimas
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
Atsakymas
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
649 kortelė
Klausimas
Eclectic approach to disorder?
Atsakymas
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
650 kortelė
Klausimas
Hallucination?
Atsakymas
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
651 kortelė
Klausimas
Panic disorder?
Atsakymas
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
652 kortelė
Klausimas
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
Atsakymas
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
653 kortelė
Klausimas
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
Atsakymas
The diathesis–stress model.
654 kortelė
Klausimas
Cluster A personality disorders?
Atsakymas
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
655 kortelė
Klausimas
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
Atsakymas
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
656 kortelė
Klausimas
Evidence-based treatment?
Atsakymas
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
657 kortelė
Klausimas
Therapeutic alliance?
Atsakymas
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
658 kortelė
Klausimas
Cultural humility in therapy?
Atsakymas
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
659 kortelė
Klausimas
Deinstitutionalization?
Atsakymas
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
660 kortelė
Klausimas
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
Atsakymas
Exposure therapy.
661 kortelė
Klausimas
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
Atsakymas
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
662 kortelė
Klausimas
Four medication categories in the course?
Atsakymas
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
663 kortelė
Klausimas
Depressive cognitive triad?
Atsakymas
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
664 kortelė
Klausimas
Applied behavior analysis?
Atsakymas
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
665 kortelė
Klausimas
Psychosurgery?
Atsakymas
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
666 kortelė
Klausimas
Free association?
Atsakymas
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
667 kortelė
Klausimas
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
Atsakymas
Cognitive restructuring.
668 kortelė
Klausimas
One advantage of group therapy?
Atsakymas
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
669 kortelė
Klausimas
Lobotomy?
Atsakymas
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
670 kortelė
Klausimas
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
Atsakymas
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
671 kortelė
Klausimas
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
Atsakymas
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
672 kortelė
Klausimas
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
Atsakymas
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
673 kortelė
Klausimas
Social anxiety disorder?
Atsakymas
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
674 kortelė
Klausimas
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
Atsakymas
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
675 kortelė
Klausimas
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
Atsakymas
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
676 kortelė
Klausimas
Dissociative fugue?
Atsakymas
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
677 kortelė
Klausimas
Cluster B personality disorders?
Atsakymas
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
678 kortelė
Klausimas
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
Atsakymas
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
679 kortelė
Klausimas
Catatonia?
Atsakymas
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
680 kortelė
Klausimas
Manic episode?
Atsakymas
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
681 kortelė
Klausimas
Dissociative identity disorder?
Atsakymas
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
682 kortelė
Klausimas
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
Atsakymas
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
683 kortelė
Klausimas
Cluster C personality disorders?
Atsakymas
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
684 kortelė
Klausimas
Taijin kyofusho?
Atsakymas
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
685 kortelė
Klausimas
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Atsakymas
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
686 kortelė
Klausimas
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
Atsakymas
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
687 kortelė
Klausimas
Hypomanic episode?
Atsakymas
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
688 kortelė
Klausimas
Generalized anxiety disorder?
Atsakymas
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
689 kortelė
Klausimas
Hoarding disorder?
Atsakymas
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
690 kortelė
Klausimas
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
Atsakymas
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
691 kortelė
Klausimas
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
Atsakymas
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
692 kortelė
Klausimas
Persistent depressive disorder?
Atsakymas
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
693 kortelė
Klausimas
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
Atsakymas
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
694 kortelė
Klausimas
Systematic desensitization?
Atsakymas
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
695 kortelė
Klausimas
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
Atsakymas
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
696 kortelė
Klausimas
Dialectical behavior therapy?
Atsakymas
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
697 kortelė
Klausimas
Integrity in therapy ethics?
Atsakymas
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
698 kortelė
Klausimas
Aversion therapy?
Atsakymas
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
699 kortelė
Klausimas
Tardive dyskinesia?
Atsakymas
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
700 kortelė
Klausimas
ECT versus TMS?
Atsakymas
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
701 kortelė
Klausimas
Respect for rights and dignity?
Atsakymas
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
702 kortelė
Klausimas
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
Atsakymas
A token economy.
703 kortelė
Klausimas
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
Atsakymas
Person-centered therapy.
704 kortelė
Klausimas
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
Atsakymas
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
705 kortelė
Klausimas
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
Atsakymas
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.
705 kortelės
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Atsidarys Nibomo ir galėsite pradėti mokytis.