AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.
Sobre este baralho
Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.
What the cards ask you to retrieve
- Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
- Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
- Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
- Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
- Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.
The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.
What's deliberately left out
The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.
Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.
This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.
Cartões deste baralho
Cartão 1
Pergunta
Nature in the nature–nurture question?
Resposta
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
Cartão 2
Pergunta
Central nervous system?
Resposta
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
Cartão 3
Pergunta
Main role of the spinal cord?
Resposta
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
Cartão 4
Pergunta
Scores are
4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?Resposta
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
Cartão 5
Pergunta
Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
Resposta
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
Cartão 6
Pergunta
Peripheral nervous system?
Resposta
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Cartão 7
Pergunta
Reflex arc?
Resposta
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
Cartão 8
Pergunta
Reflex times are
180, 190, 210, 260, 410milliseconds. What is the median?Resposta
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
Cartão 9
Pergunta
Heritability?
Resposta
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
Cartão 10
Pergunta
Autonomic nervous system?
Resposta
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
Cartão 11
Pergunta
Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
Resposta
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
Cartão 12
Pergunta
Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
Resposta
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
Cartão 13
Pergunta
Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
Resposta
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
Cartão 14
Pergunta
Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
Resposta
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
Cartão 15
Pergunta
Natural selection?
Resposta
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
Cartão 16
Pergunta
Somatic nervous system?
Resposta
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
Cartão 17
Pergunta
Sensory neurons?
Resposta
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
Cartão 18
Pergunta
Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
Resposta
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
Cartão 19
Pergunta
Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
Resposta
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
Cartão 20
Pergunta
Sympathetic nervous system?
Resposta
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
Cartão 21
Pergunta
Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
Resposta
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
Cartão 22
Pergunta
Motor neurons?
Resposta
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
Cartão 23
Pergunta
Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
Resposta
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
Cartão 24
Pergunta
Parasympathetic nervous system?
Resposta
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
Cartão 25
Pergunta
Resting potential?
Resposta
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
Cartão 26
Pergunta
Interneurons?
Resposta
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
Cartão 27
Pergunta
Adrenaline's behavioral role?
Resposta
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
Cartão 28
Pergunta
Frontal lobes?
Resposta
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
Cartão 29
Pergunta
Neural threshold?
Resposta
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
Cartão 30
Pergunta
Corpus callosum?
Resposta
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
Cartão 31
Pergunta
Leptin's role in eating?
Resposta
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
Cartão 32
Pergunta
Temporal lobes?
Resposta
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
Cartão 33
Pergunta
Depolarization during an action potential?
Resposta
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
Cartão 34
Pergunta
Dopamine's major psychological functions?
Resposta
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
Cartão 35
Pergunta
Ghrelin's role in eating?
Resposta
It helps stimulate hunger.
Cartão 36
Pergunta
Drug agonist?
Resposta
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
Cartão 37
Pergunta
Action potential?
Resposta
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
Cartão 38
Pergunta
Reuptake?
Resposta
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
Cartão 39
Pergunta
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
Resposta
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
Cartão 40
Pergunta
Glutamate's major psychological functions?
Resposta
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
Cartão 41
Pergunta
Refractory period?
Resposta
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
Cartão 42
Pergunta
Melatonin's role?
Resposta
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
Cartão 43
Pergunta
Drug antagonist?
Resposta
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
Cartão 44
Pergunta
Stimulants?
Resposta
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
Cartão 45
Pergunta
Drug tolerance?
Resposta
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
Cartão 46
Pergunta
Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Resposta
Multiple sclerosis.
Cartão 47
Pergunta
All-or-none principle?
Resposta
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
Cartão 48
Pergunta
Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
Resposta
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
Cartão 49
Pergunta
GABA's major psychological function?
Resposta
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
Cartão 50
Pergunta
Oxytocin's behavioral role?
Resposta
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
Cartão 51
Pergunta
Reuptake inhibitor?
Resposta
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
Cartão 52
Pergunta
Depressants?
Resposta
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
Cartão 53
Pergunta
Drug withdrawal?
Resposta
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
Cartão 54
Pergunta
Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Resposta
Myasthenia gravis.
Cartão 55
Pergunta
Glial cells?
Resposta
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
Cartão 56
Pergunta
Endorphins?
Resposta
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
Cartão 57
Pergunta
Substance P?
Resposta
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
Cartão 58
Pergunta
Acetylcholine's major functions?
Resposta
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
Cartão 59
Pergunta
Opioids?
Resposta
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
Cartão 60
Pergunta
Hallucinogens?
Resposta
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
Cartão 61
Pergunta
Addiction?
Resposta
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
Cartão 62
Pergunta
Parietal lobes?
Resposta
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
Cartão 63
Pergunta
Consciousness?
Resposta
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
Cartão 64
Pergunta
Circadian rhythm?
Resposta
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
Cartão 65
Pergunta
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
Resposta
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
Cartão 66
Pergunta
Occipital lobes?
Resposta
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
Cartão 67
Pergunta
What does split-brain research reveal?
Resposta
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
Cartão 68
Pergunta
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
Resposta
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
Cartão 69
Pergunta
NREM-1 sleep?
Resposta
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
Cartão 70
Pergunta
Motor cortex?
Resposta
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
Cartão 71
Pergunta
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
Resposta
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
Cartão 72
Pergunta
Brainstem's core function?
Resposta
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
Cartão 73
Pergunta
NREM-2 sleep?
Resposta
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
Cartão 74
Pergunta
Somatosensory cortex?
Resposta
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
Cartão 75
Pergunta
Medulla's main functions?
Resposta
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
Cartão 76
Pergunta
Reticular activating system?
Resposta
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
Cartão 77
Pergunta
NREM-3 sleep?
Resposta
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
Cartão 78
Pergunta
Cerebellum's main functions?
Resposta
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
Cartão 79
Pergunta
Thalamus?
Resposta
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
Cartão 80
Pergunta
Hypothalamus?
Resposta
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
Cartão 81
Pergunta
REM sleep?
Resposta
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
Cartão 82
Pergunta
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
Resposta
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
Cartão 83
Pergunta
Amygdala?
Resposta
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
Cartão 84
Pergunta
Hippocampus?
Resposta
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
Cartão 85
Pergunta
How does sleep change across a typical night?
Resposta
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
Cartão 86
Pergunta
Contralateral brain control?
Resposta
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
Cartão 87
Pergunta
What does an EEG measure?
Resposta
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
Cartão 88
Pergunta
Reward-center activity?
Resposta
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
Cartão 89
Pergunta
Neuroplasticity?
Resposta
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
Cartão 90
Pergunta
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
Resposta
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
Cartão 91
Pergunta
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
Resposta
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
Cartão 92
Pergunta
Insomnia?
Resposta
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
Cartão 93
Pergunta
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
Resposta
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
Cartão 94
Pergunta
Absolute threshold?
Resposta
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
Cartão 95
Pergunta
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
Resposta
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
Cartão 96
Pergunta
Narcolepsy?
Resposta
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
Cartão 97
Pergunta
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
Resposta
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
Cartão 98
Pergunta
Difference threshold?
Resposta
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
Cartão 99
Pergunta
Consolidation view of dreams?
Resposta
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
Cartão 100
Pergunta
REM sleep behavior disorder?
Resposta
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
Cartão 101
Pergunta
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
Resposta
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
Cartão 102
Pergunta
Weber's law?
Resposta
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
Cartão 103
Pergunta
Two supported functions of sleep?
Resposta
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
Cartão 104
Pergunta
Sleep apnea?
Resposta
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
Cartão 105
Pergunta
REM rebound?
Resposta
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
Cartão 106
Pergunta
Signal detection theory?
Resposta
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
Cartão 107
Pergunta
Sensory transduction?
Resposta
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
Cartão 108
Pergunta
Vestibular sense?
Resposta
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
Cartão 109
Pergunta
Somnambulism?
Resposta
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
Cartão 110
Pergunta
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Resposta
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
Cartão 111
Pergunta
What begins visual transduction?
Resposta
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
Cartão 112
Pergunta
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
Resposta
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
Cartão 113
Pergunta
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
Resposta
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
Cartão 114
Pergunta
Accommodation in vision?
Resposta
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
Cartão 115
Pergunta
Cones?
Resposta
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
Cartão 116
Pergunta
What begins auditory transduction?
Resposta
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
Cartão 117
Pergunta
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
Resposta
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
Cartão 118
Pergunta
How is smell unusual among the senses?
Resposta
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
Cartão 119
Pergunta
Kinesthesia?
Resposta
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
Cartão 120
Pergunta
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
Resposta
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
Cartão 121
Pergunta
Nearsightedness?
Resposta
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
Cartão 122
Pergunta
Pheromones?
Resposta
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
Cartão 123
Pergunta
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
Resposta
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
Cartão 124
Pergunta
Volley theory of pitch?
Resposta
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
Cartão 125
Pergunta
Farsightedness?
Resposta
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
Cartão 126
Pergunta
Six taste qualities named in the course?
Resposta
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
Cartão 127
Pergunta
Phantom-limb sensation?
Resposta
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
Cartão 128
Pergunta
Sensory interaction?
Resposta
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
Cartão 129
Pergunta
What causes most color-vision deficiency?
Resposta
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
Cartão 130
Pergunta
Prosopagnosia?
Resposta
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
Cartão 131
Pergunta
Rods?
Resposta
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
Cartão 132
Pergunta
How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
Resposta
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
Cartão 133
Pergunta
Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
Resposta
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
Cartão 134
Pergunta
Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
Resposta
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
Cartão 135
Pergunta
What do the semicircular canals detect?
Resposta
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
Cartão 136
Pergunta
Synesthesia?
Resposta
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
Cartão 137
Pergunta
Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
Resposta
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
Cartão 138
Pergunta
Blindsight?
Resposta
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
Cartão 139
Pergunta
Sensory adaptation?
Resposta
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
Cartão 140
Pergunta
Gate-control view of pain?
Resposta
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
Cartão 141
Pergunta
Bottom-up processing?
Resposta
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
Cartão 142
Pergunta
Concept?
Resposta
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Cartão 143
Pergunta
Fixation in problem solving?
Resposta
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
Cartão 144
Pergunta
Algorithm?
Resposta
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
Cartão 145
Pergunta
Top-down processing?
Resposta
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
Cartão 146
Pergunta
Confirmation bias?
Resposta
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
Cartão 147
Pergunta
Retinal disparity?
Resposta
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
Cartão 148
Pergunta
Heuristic?
Resposta
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
Cartão 149
Pergunta
Selective attention?
Resposta
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
Cartão 150
Pergunta
Figure–ground organization?
Resposta
Separating the object of attention from its background.
Cartão 151
Pergunta
Convergence as a depth cue?
Resposta
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
Cartão 152
Pergunta
Representativeness heuristic?
Resposta
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
Cartão 153
Pergunta
Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
Resposta
Inattentional blindness.
Cartão 154
Pergunta
Gestalt proximity principle?
Resposta
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
Cartão 155
Pergunta
Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
Resposta
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
Cartão 156
Pergunta
Cocktail-party effect?
Resposta
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
Cartão 157
Pergunta
Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
Resposta
Change blindness.
Cartão 158
Pergunta
Gestalt similarity principle?
Resposta
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
Cartão 159
Pergunta
Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
Resposta
Linear perspective.
Cartão 160
Pergunta
Perceptual constancy?
Resposta
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
Cartão 161
Pergunta
Perceptual set?
Resposta
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
Cartão 162
Pergunta
Gestalt closure principle?
Resposta
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
Cartão 163
Pergunta
One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
Resposta
The blocking object, using interposition.
Cartão 164
Pergunta
Apparent motion?
Resposta
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
Cartão 165
Pergunta
Availability heuristic?
Resposta
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
Cartão 166
Pergunta
Divergent thinking?
Resposta
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
Cartão 167
Pergunta
A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
Resposta
Relative clarity.
Cartão 168
Pergunta
Prototype?
Resposta
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
Cartão 169
Pergunta
Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
Resposta
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
Cartão 170
Pergunta
Convergent thinking?
Resposta
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
Cartão 171
Pergunta
A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
Resposta
Texture gradient.
Cartão 172
Pergunta
Belief perseverance?
Resposta
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
Cartão 173
Pergunta
Explicit memory?
Resposta
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
Cartão 174
Pergunta
Three stores in the multi-store model?
Resposta
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Cartão 175
Pergunta
Seeing an object only in its usual role?
Resposta
Functional fixedness.
Cartão 176
Pergunta
Mental set?
Resposta
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
Cartão 177
Pergunta
Episodic memory?
Resposta
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
Cartão 178
Pergunta
Working memory?
Resposta
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
Cartão 179
Pergunta
Insight?
Resposta
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
Cartão 180
Pergunta
Framing effect?
Resposta
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
Cartão 181
Pergunta
Implicit memory?
Resposta
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
Cartão 182
Pergunta
Overconfidence bias?
Resposta
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
Cartão 183
Pergunta
Anchoring bias?
Resposta
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
Cartão 184
Pergunta
Schema in thinking?
Resposta
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
Cartão 185
Pergunta
Procedural memory?
Resposta
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
Cartão 186
Pergunta
Gambler's fallacy?
Resposta
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
Cartão 187
Pergunta
Sunk-cost fallacy?
Resposta
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
Cartão 188
Pergunta
Executive functions?
Resposta
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
Cartão 189
Pergunta
How can priming affect judgment?
Resposta
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
Cartão 190
Pergunta
Central executive in working memory?
Resposta
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
Cartão 191
Pergunta
Serial-position effect?
Resposta
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
Cartão 192
Pergunta
Semantic memory?
Resposta
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
Cartão 193
Pergunta
Levels-of-processing principle?
Resposta
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
Cartão 194
Pergunta
Automatic processing?
Resposta
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
Cartão 195
Pergunta
Maintenance rehearsal?
Resposta
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
Cartão 196
Pergunta
Prospective memory?
Resposta
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
Cartão 197
Pergunta
Primacy effect?
Resposta
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
Cartão 198
Pergunta
Long-term memory?
Resposta
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
Cartão 199
Pergunta
Highly superior autobiographical memory?
Resposta
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
Cartão 200
Pergunta
Effortful processing?
Resposta
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
Cartão 201
Pergunta
Elaborative rehearsal?
Resposta
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
Cartão 202
Pergunta
Memory consolidation?
Resposta
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
Cartão 203
Pergunta
Recency effect?
Resposta
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
Cartão 204
Pergunta
Spacing effect?
Resposta
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
Cartão 205
Pergunta
Testing effect?
Resposta
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
Cartão 206
Pergunta
Chunking?
Resposta
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
Cartão 207
Pergunta
Mnemonic?
Resposta
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
Cartão 208
Pergunta
Why organize material into a hierarchy?
Resposta
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
Cartão 209
Pergunta
How can a schema help encoding?
Resposta
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
Cartão 210
Pergunta
Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
Resposta
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
Cartão 211
Pergunta
Iconic memory?
Resposta
A very brief visual sensory memory.
Cartão 212
Pergunta
Recall?
Resposta
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
Cartão 213
Pergunta
Retrieval cue?
Resposta
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
Cartão 214
Pergunta
Encoding-specificity principle?
Resposta
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
Cartão 215
Pergunta
Context-dependent memory?
Resposta
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
Cartão 216
Pergunta
Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
Resposta
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
Cartão 217
Pergunta
Echoic memory?
Resposta
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
Cartão 218
Pergunta
Anterograde amnesia?
Resposta
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
Cartão 219
Pergunta
Phonological loop?
Resposta
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
Cartão 220
Pergunta
Cerebellum's memory role?
Resposta
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
Cartão 221
Pergunta
Why is short-term memory described as limited?
Resposta
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
Cartão 222
Pergunta
Retrograde amnesia?
Resposta
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
Cartão 223
Pergunta
Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
Resposta
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
Cartão 224
Pergunta
How can the amygdala affect memory?
Resposta
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
Cartão 225
Pergunta
Visuospatial sketchpad?
Resposta
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
Cartão 226
Pergunta
Long-term potentiation?
Resposta
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
Cartão 227
Pergunta
Infantile amnesia?
Resposta
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
Cartão 228
Pergunta
Alzheimer's disease?
Resposta
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
Cartão 229
Pergunta
Scores are
2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?Resposta
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because
9 - 2 = 7.Cartão 230
Pergunta
Recognition?
Resposta
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
Cartão 231
Pergunta
Why is memory called reconstructive?
Resposta
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
Cartão 232
Pergunta
Storage decay?
Resposta
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
Cartão 233
Pergunta
State-dependent memory?
Resposta
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
Cartão 234
Pergunta
Relearning?
Resposta
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
Cartão 235
Pergunta
Misinformation effect?
Resposta
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
Cartão 236
Pergunta
A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
Resposta
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
Cartão 237
Pergunta
Mood-congruent memory?
Resposta
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
Cartão 238
Pergunta
Priming?
Resposta
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
Cartão 239
Pergunta
Tip-of-the-tongue state?
Resposta
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
Cartão 240
Pergunta
Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
Resposta
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
Cartão 241
Pergunta
Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
Resposta
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
Cartão 242
Pergunta
Metacognition?
Resposta
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
Cartão 243
Pergunta
Source amnesia?
Resposta
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
Cartão 244
Pergunta
Test standardization?
Resposta
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
Cartão 245
Pergunta
Reliability?
Resposta
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
Cartão 246
Pergunta
Stereotype threat?
Resposta
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
Cartão 247
Pergunta
General intelligence, or g?
Resposta
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
Cartão 248
Pergunta
Encoding failure?
Resposta
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
Cartão 249
Pergunta
Validity?
Resposta
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
Cartão 250
Pergunta
Proactive interference?
Resposta
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
Cartão 251
Pergunta
Imagination inflation?
Resposta
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
Cartão 252
Pergunta
A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
Resposta
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
Cartão 253
Pergunta
Retrieval failure?
Resposta
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
Cartão 254
Pergunta
Retroactive interference?
Resposta
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
Cartão 255
Pergunta
A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
Resposta
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
Cartão 256
Pergunta
Repression in psychodynamic theory?
Resposta
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
Cartão 257
Pergunta
Flashbulb memory?
Resposta
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
Cartão 258
Pergunta
A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
Resposta
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
Cartão 259
Pergunta
A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
Resposta
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
Cartão 260
Pergunta
Stereotype lift?
Resposta
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
Cartão 261
Pergunta
Achievement test?
Resposta
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
Cartão 262
Pergunta
Construct validity?
Resposta
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
Cartão 263
Pergunta
Test–retest reliability?
Resposta
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
Cartão 264
Pergunta
Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
Resposta
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
Cartão 265
Pergunta
Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
Resposta
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
Cartão 266
Pergunta
Aptitude test?
Resposta
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
Cartão 267
Pergunta
Traditional IQ formula?
Resposta
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
Cartão 268
Pergunta
Predictive validity?
Resposta
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
Cartão 269
Pergunta
What does a normal score distribution look like?
Resposta
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
Cartão 270
Pergunta
Split-half reliability?
Resposta
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
Cartão 271
Pergunta
Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
Resposta
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
Cartão 272
Pergunta
Flynn effect?
Resposta
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
Cartão 273
Pergunta
A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
Resposta
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
Cartão 274
Pergunta
Continuous versus stage development?
Resposta
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
Cartão 275
Pergunta
How can prenatal environment affect later development?
Resposta
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
Cartão 276
Pergunta
Teratogen?
Resposta
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
Cartão 277
Pergunta
Maturation?
Resposta
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
Cartão 278
Pergunta
Stability–change question in development?
Resposta
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
Cartão 279
Pergunta
A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
Resposta
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
Cartão 280
Pergunta
Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
Resposta
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
Cartão 281
Pergunta
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
Resposta
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
Cartão 282
Pergunta
Fine versus gross motor skills?
Resposta
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
Cartão 283
Pergunta
Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
Resposta
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
Cartão 284
Pergunta
What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
Resposta
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
Cartão 285
Pergunta
Puberty?
Resposta
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
Cartão 286
Pergunta
Sensitive period?
Resposta
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
Cartão 287
Pergunta
What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
Resposta
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
Cartão 288
Pergunta
Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
Resposta
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
Cartão 289
Pergunta
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
Resposta
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
Cartão 290
Pergunta
Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
Resposta
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
Cartão 291
Pergunta
Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
Resposta
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
Cartão 292
Pergunta
Menarche?
Resposta
The first menstrual period.
Cartão 293
Pergunta
Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
Resposta
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
Cartão 294
Pergunta
About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
Resposta
About 68%.
Cartão 295
Pergunta
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
Resposta
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
Cartão 296
Pergunta
Spermarche?
Resposta
The first ejaculation.
Cartão 297
Pergunta
Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
Resposta
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
Cartão 298
Pergunta
Imprinting?
Resposta
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
Cartão 299
Pergunta
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
Resposta
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
Cartão 300
Pergunta
Menopause?
Resposta
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
Cartão 301
Pergunta
Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
Resposta
Naturalistic observation.
Cartão 302
Pergunta
How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
Resposta
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
Cartão 303
Pergunta
Gender identity?
Resposta
A person's internal sense of their gender.
Cartão 304
Pergunta
Gender role?
Resposta
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
Cartão 305
Pergunta
Sex versus gender?
Resposta
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
Cartão 306
Pergunta
Common sensory change in later adulthood?
Resposta
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
Cartão 307
Pergunta
Sexual orientation?
Resposta
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
Cartão 308
Pergunta
Gender schema?
Resposta
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
Cartão 309
Pergunta
Best broad view of gender development?
Resposta
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
Cartão 310
Pergunta
Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
Resposta
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
Cartão 311
Pergunta
Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
Resposta
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
Cartão 312
Pergunta
Schema in cognitive development?
Resposta
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
Cartão 313
Pergunta
Sensorimotor stage?
Resposta
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
Cartão 314
Pergunta
Preoperational stage?
Resposta
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
Cartão 315
Pergunta
Assimilation?
Resposta
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
Cartão 316
Pergunta
A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
Resposta
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
Cartão 317
Pergunta
Animism in preoperational thought?
Resposta
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
Cartão 318
Pergunta
Concrete operational stage?
Resposta
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
Cartão 319
Pergunta
Accommodation?
Resposta
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
Cartão 320
Pergunta
Reversibility in cognitive development?
Resposta
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
Cartão 321
Pergunta
How can social learning shape gender expression?
Resposta
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
Cartão 322
Pergunta
A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
Resposta
Assimilation.
Cartão 323
Pergunta
Language?
Resposta
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
Cartão 324
Pergunta
Cooing stage?
Resposta
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
Cartão 325
Pergunta
Babbling stage?
Resposta
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
Cartão 326
Pergunta
One-word stage?
Resposta
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
Cartão 327
Pergunta
Grammar?
Resposta
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
Cartão 328
Pergunta
A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
Resposta
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
Cartão 329
Pergunta
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
Resposta
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
Cartão 330
Pergunta
A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
Resposta
Accommodation.
Cartão 331
Pergunta
A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
Resposta
Scaffolding.
Cartão 332
Pergunta
A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
Resposta
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
Cartão 333
Pergunta
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
Resposta
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
Cartão 334
Pergunta
An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
Resposta
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
Cartão 335
Pergunta
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
Resposta
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
Cartão 336
Pergunta
Formal operational stage?
Resposta
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
Cartão 337
Pergunta
Dementia?
Resposta
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
Cartão 338
Pergunta
Phoneme?
Resposta
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
Cartão 339
Pergunta
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
Resposta
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
Cartão 340
Pergunta
Temperament?
Resposta
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
Cartão 341
Pergunta
Attachment?
Resposta
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
Cartão 342
Pergunta
Erikson's infancy conflict?
Resposta
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
Cartão 343
Pergunta
Microsystem?
Resposta
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
Cartão 344
Pergunta
Erikson's toddler conflict?
Resposta
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
Cartão 345
Pergunta
Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
Resposta
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
Cartão 346
Pergunta
Erikson's school-age conflict?
Resposta
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
Cartão 347
Pergunta
Mesosystem?
Resposta
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
Cartão 348
Pergunta
Erikson's adolescent conflict?
Resposta
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
Cartão 349
Pergunta
Erikson's young-adult conflict?
Resposta
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
Cartão 350
Pergunta
Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
Resposta
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
Cartão 351
Pergunta
Exosystem?
Resposta
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
Cartão 352
Pergunta
Morpheme?
Resposta
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
Cartão 353
Pergunta
Telegraphic speech?
Resposta
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
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Cartão 354
Pergunta
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
Resposta
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
Cartão 355
Pergunta
Macrosystem?
Resposta
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
Cartão 356
Pergunta
Semantics?
Resposta
The meanings of words and sentences.
Cartão 357
Pergunta
A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
Resposta
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
Cartão 358
Pergunta
What does a sensitive period for language imply?
Resposta
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
Cartão 359
Pergunta
Does language completely determine thought?
Resposta
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
Cartão 360
Pergunta
Syntax?
Resposta
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
Cartão 361
Pergunta
A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
Resposta
Secure attachment.
Cartão 362
Pergunta
How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
Resposta
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
Cartão 363
Pergunta
Authoritative parenting?
Resposta
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
Cartão 364
Pergunta
Identity achievement?
Resposta
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
Cartão 365
Pergunta
Avoidant attachment pattern?
Resposta
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
Cartão 366
Pergunta
Classical conditioning?
Resposta
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
Cartão 367
Pergunta
Unconditioned stimulus?
Resposta
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
Cartão 368
Pergunta
Unconditioned response?
Resposta
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
Cartão 369
Pergunta
Conditioned stimulus?
Resposta
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
Cartão 370
Pergunta
Conditioned response?
Resposta
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
Cartão 371
Pergunta
Acquisition in classical conditioning?
Resposta
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
Cartão 372
Pergunta
During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
Resposta
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
Cartão 373
Pergunta
Authoritarian parenting?
Resposta
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
Cartão 374
Pergunta
Identity diffusion?
Resposta
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
Cartão 375
Pergunta
Extinction in classical conditioning?
Resposta
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
Cartão 376
Pergunta
Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
Resposta
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
Cartão 377
Pergunta
Permissive parenting?
Resposta
High warmth with few demands or limits.
Cartão 378
Pergunta
Parallel play?
Resposta
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
Cartão 379
Pergunta
Imaginary audience?
Resposta
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
Cartão 380
Pergunta
Identity foreclosure?
Resposta
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
Cartão 381
Pergunta
Disorganized attachment pattern?
Resposta
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
Cartão 382
Pergunta
Neglectful parenting?
Resposta
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
Cartão 383
Pergunta
Chronosystem?
Resposta
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
Cartão 384
Pergunta
Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
Resposta
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
Cartão 385
Pergunta
Personal fable?
Resposta
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
Cartão 386
Pergunta
Identity moratorium?
Resposta
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
Cartão 387
Pergunta
Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
Resposta
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
Cartão 388
Pergunta
Separation anxiety in infancy?
Resposta
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
Cartão 389
Pergunta
What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
Resposta
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
Cartão 390
Pergunta
Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
Resposta
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
Cartão 391
Pergunta
Emerging adulthood?
Resposta
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
Cartão 392
Pergunta
Social clock?
Resposta
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
Cartão 393
Pergunta
Erikson's later-adult conflict?
Resposta
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
Cartão 394
Pergunta
Possible selves?
Resposta
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
Cartão 395
Pergunta
Stimulus generalization?
Resposta
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
Cartão 396
Pergunta
Operant conditioning?
Resposta
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
Cartão 397
Pergunta
Law of effect?
Resposta
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
Cartão 398
Pergunta
Spontaneous recovery?
Resposta
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
Cartão 399
Pergunta
Stimulus discrimination?
Resposta
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
Cartão 400
Pergunta
Reinforcement?
Resposta
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
Cartão 401
Pergunta
Higher-order conditioning?
Resposta
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
Cartão 402
Pergunta
Counterconditioning?
Resposta
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
Cartão 403
Pergunta
Habituation?
Resposta
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
Cartão 404
Pergunta
Punishment?
Resposta
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
Cartão 405
Pergunta
Partial reinforcement?
Resposta
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
Cartão 406
Pergunta
Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
Resposta
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
Cartão 407
Pergunta
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
Resposta
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
Cartão 408
Pergunta
Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
Resposta
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
Cartão 409
Pergunta
Fixed-ratio schedule?
Resposta
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
Cartão 410
Pergunta
Observational learning?
Resposta
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
Cartão 411
Pergunta
A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
Resposta
Positive reinforcement.
Cartão 412
Pergunta
Primary reinforcer?
Resposta
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
Cartão 413
Pergunta
Variable-ratio schedule?
Resposta
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
Cartão 414
Pergunta
Modeling?
Resposta
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
Cartão 415
Pergunta
Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
Resposta
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
Cartão 416
Pergunta
Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
Resposta
Negative reinforcement.
Cartão 417
Pergunta
Conditioned reinforcer?
Resposta
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
Cartão 418
Pergunta
A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
Resposta
Vicarious reinforcement.
Cartão 419
Pergunta
Fixed-interval schedule?
Resposta
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
Cartão 420
Pergunta
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
Resposta
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
Cartão 421
Pergunta
A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
Resposta
Positive punishment.
Cartão 422
Pergunta
Shaping?
Resposta
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
Cartão 423
Pergunta
Extinction in operant conditioning?
Resposta
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
Cartão 424
Pergunta
Variable-interval schedule?
Resposta
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
Cartão 425
Pergunta
A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
Resposta
Negative punishment.
Cartão 426
Pergunta
Learned helplessness?
Resposta
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
Cartão 427
Pergunta
Continuous reinforcement?
Resposta
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
Cartão 428
Pergunta
A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
Resposta
A fixed-interval schedule.
Cartão 429
Pergunta
Discriminative stimulus?
Resposta
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
Cartão 430
Pergunta
Operant generalization versus discrimination?
Resposta
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
Cartão 431
Pergunta
Instinctive drift?
Resposta
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
Cartão 432
Pergunta
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
Resposta
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
Cartão 433
Pergunta
How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
Resposta
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
Cartão 434
Pergunta
How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
Resposta
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
Cartão 435
Pergunta
Vicarious conditioning?
Resposta
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
Cartão 436
Pergunta
A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
Resposta
A variable-interval schedule.
Cartão 437
Pergunta
Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
Resposta
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
Cartão 438
Pergunta
Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
Resposta
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
Cartão 439
Pergunta
Latent learning?
Resposta
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
Cartão 440
Pergunta
Cognitive map?
Resposta
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
Cartão 441
Pergunta
Insight learning?
Resposta
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
Cartão 442
Pergunta
Biological preparedness?
Resposta
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
Cartão 443
Pergunta
What can mirror-neuron activity show?
Resposta
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
Cartão 444
Pergunta
Attribution?
Resposta
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
Cartão 445
Pergunta
Attitude?
Resposta
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
Cartão 446
Pergunta
Upward social comparison?
Resposta
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
Cartão 447
Pergunta
Optimistic explanatory style?
Resposta
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
Cartão 448
Pergunta
Situational attribution?
Resposta
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
Cartão 449
Pergunta
A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
Resposta
Cognitive dissonance.
Cartão 450
Pergunta
Downward social comparison?
Resposta
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
Cartão 451
Pergunta
Internal locus of control?
Resposta
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
Cartão 452
Pergunta
Dispositional attribution?
Resposta
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
Cartão 453
Pergunta
Pessimistic explanatory style?
Resposta
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
Cartão 454
Pergunta
Relative deprivation?
Resposta
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
Cartão 455
Pergunta
External locus of control?
Resposta
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
Cartão 456
Pergunta
Fundamental attribution error?
Resposta
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
Cartão 457
Pergunta
Halo effect?
Resposta
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
Cartão 458
Pergunta
Self-fulfilling prophecy?
Resposta
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
Cartão 459
Pergunta
Mere-exposure effect?
Resposta
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
Cartão 460
Pergunta
A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
Resposta
The actor–observer difference.
Cartão 461
Pergunta
A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
Resposta
The central route.
Cartão 462
Pergunta
Effort justification?
Resposta
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
Cartão 463
Pergunta
Stereotype?
Resposta
A generalized belief about members of a group.
Cartão 464
Pergunta
A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
Resposta
Self-serving bias.
Cartão 465
Pergunta
A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
Resposta
The peripheral route.
Cartão 466
Pergunta
Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
Resposta
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
Cartão 467
Pergunta
Prejudice?
Resposta
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
Cartão 468
Pergunta
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:
Workload Errors Low 2 High 8 Which attribution is better supported?
Resposta
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
Cartão 469
Pergunta
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
Resposta
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
Cartão 470
Pergunta
Conformity?
Resposta
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
Cartão 471
Pergunta
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
Resposta
The bystander effect.
Cartão 472
Pergunta
Diffusion of responsibility?
Resposta
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
Cartão 473
Pergunta
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
Resposta
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
Cartão 474
Pergunta
In-group bias?
Resposta
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
Cartão 475
Pergunta
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
Resposta
The foot-in-the-door technique.
Cartão 476
Pergunta
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
Resposta
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
Cartão 477
Pergunta
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
Resposta
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
Cartão 478
Pergunta
Discrimination?
Resposta
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
Cartão 479
Pergunta
Out-group homogeneity effect?
Resposta
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
Cartão 480
Pergunta
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
Resposta
The door-in-the-face technique.
Cartão 481
Pergunta
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
Resposta
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
Cartão 482
Pergunta
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
Resposta
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
Cartão 483
Pergunta
Just-world belief?
Resposta
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
Cartão 484
Pergunta
Implicit attitude?
Resposta
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
Cartão 485
Pergunta
Ethnocentrism?
Resposta
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
Cartão 486
Pergunta
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
Resposta
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
Cartão 487
Pergunta
Normative social influence?
Resposta
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
Cartão 488
Pergunta
Psychodynamic view of personality?
Resposta
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
Cartão 489
Pergunta
Norm of reciprocity?
Resposta
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
Cartão 490
Pergunta
Individualism?
Resposta
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
Cartão 491
Pergunta
Informational social influence?
Resposta
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
Cartão 492
Pergunta
Id?
Resposta
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
Cartão 493
Pergunta
Altruism?
Resposta
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
Cartão 494
Pergunta
Social norm?
Resposta
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
Cartão 495
Pergunta
What tends to increase conformity?
Resposta
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
Cartão 496
Pergunta
Ego?
Resposta
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
Cartão 497
Pergunta
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
Resposta
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
Cartão 498
Pergunta
Collectivism?
Resposta
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
Cartão 499
Pergunta
Obedience?
Resposta
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
Cartão 500
Pergunta
Superego?
Resposta
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
Cartão 501
Pergunta
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
Resposta
Denial.
Cartão 502
Pergunta
Social-responsibility norm?
Resposta
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
Cartão 503
Pergunta
How does proximity affect attraction?
Resposta
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
Cartão 504
Pergunta
What tends to increase obedience?
Resposta
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
Cartão 505
Pergunta
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
Resposta
Displacement.
Cartão 506
Pergunta
Social loafing?
Resposta
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
Cartão 507
Pergunta
Multiculturalism?
Resposta
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
Cartão 508
Pergunta
How does similarity affect attraction?
Resposta
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
Cartão 509
Pergunta
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
Resposta
Projection.
Cartão 510
Pergunta
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
Resposta
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
Cartão 511
Pergunta
Deindividuation?
Resposta
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
Cartão 512
Pergunta
Group polarization?
Resposta
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
Cartão 513
Pergunta
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
Resposta
Rationalization.
Cartão 514
Pergunta
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
Resposta
Groupthink.
Cartão 515
Pergunta
Pluralistic ignorance?
Resposta
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
Cartão 516
Pergunta
Social trap?
Resposta
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
Cartão 517
Pergunta
Reaction formation?
Resposta
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
Cartão 518
Pergunta
Superordinate goal?
Resposta
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
Cartão 519
Pergunta
False-consensus effect?
Resposta
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
Cartão 520
Pergunta
Industrial-organizational psychology?
Resposta
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
Cartão 521
Pergunta
Repression?
Resposta
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
Cartão 522
Pergunta
Burnout?
Resposta
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
Cartão 523
Pergunta
Unconditional positive regard?
Resposta
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
Cartão 524
Pergunta
Trait?
Resposta
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
Cartão 525
Pergunta
Regression as a defense mechanism?
Resposta
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
Cartão 526
Pergunta
Reciprocal determinism?
Resposta
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
Cartão 527
Pergunta
Self-efficacy?
Resposta
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
Cartão 528
Pergunta
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
Resposta
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
Cartão 529
Pergunta
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
Resposta
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
Cartão 530
Pergunta
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Resposta
Openness.
Cartão 531
Pergunta
Personality inventory?
Resposta
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
Cartão 532
Pergunta
Self-actualizing tendency?
Resposta
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
Cartão 533
Pergunta
Self-esteem?
Resposta
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
Cartão 534
Pergunta
Instinct in motivation research?
Resposta
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
Cartão 535
Pergunta
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Resposta
Conscientiousness.
Cartão 536
Pergunta
Projective test?
Resposta
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
Cartão 537
Pergunta
How does factor analysis help trait research?
Resposta
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
Cartão 538
Pergunta
Drive-reduction theory?
Resposta
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
Cartão 539
Pergunta
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Resposta
Extraversion.
Cartão 540
Pergunta
Person–situation debate?
Resposta
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
Cartão 541
Pergunta
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
Resposta
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
Cartão 542
Pergunta
Homeostasis?
Resposta
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
Cartão 543
Pergunta
Incentive theory?
Resposta
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
Cartão 544
Pergunta
Big Five agreeableness?
Resposta
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
Cartão 545
Pergunta
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
Resposta
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
Cartão 546
Pergunta
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
Resposta
An approach–approach conflict.
Cartão 547
Pergunta
Arousal theory of motivation?
Resposta
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
Cartão 548
Pergunta
Big Five emotional stability?
Resposta
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
Cartão 549
Pergunta
What regulates hunger?
Resposta
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
Cartão 550
Pergunta
Three broad components of emotion?
Resposta
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
Cartão 551
Pergunta
Self-determination theory?
Resposta
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
Cartão 552
Pergunta
Emotion regulation?
Resposta
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
Cartão 553
Pergunta
Sensation-seeking?
Resposta
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
Cartão 554
Pergunta
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
Resposta
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
Cartão 555
Pergunta
Intrinsic motivation?
Resposta
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
Cartão 556
Pergunta
Display rules?
Resposta
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
Cartão 557
Pergunta
Arousal and performance relationship?
Resposta
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
Cartão 558
Pergunta
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
Resposta
An approach–avoidance conflict.
Cartão 559
Pergunta
Extrinsic motivation?
Resposta
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
Cartão 560
Pergunta
Achievement motivation?
Resposta
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
Cartão 561
Pergunta
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
Resposta
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
Cartão 562
Pergunta
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
Resposta
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
Cartão 563
Pergunta
Overjustification effect?
Resposta
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
Cartão 564
Pergunta
Belongingness motivation?
Resposta
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
Cartão 565
Pergunta
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:
Condition Mean minutes Assigned topic 34 Chosen topic 47 What is the observed mean difference?
Resposta
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
Cartão 566
Pergunta
Facial-feedback effect?
Resposta
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
Cartão 567
Pergunta
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
Resposta
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
Cartão 568
Pergunta
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
Resposta
Cognitive reappraisal.
Cartão 569
Pergunta
Broaden-and-build view?
Resposta
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
Cartão 570
Pergunta
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
Resposta
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
Cartão 571
Pergunta
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
Resposta
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
Cartão 572
Pergunta
Expressive suppression?
Resposta
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
Cartão 573
Pergunta
How does acute stress affect the body?
Resposta
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
Cartão 574
Pergunta
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
Resposta
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
Cartão 575
Pergunta
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
Resposta
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
Cartão 576
Pergunta
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
Resposta
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
Cartão 577
Pergunta
Health psychology?
Resposta
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
Cartão 578
Pergunta
Positive psychology?
Resposta
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
Cartão 579
Pergunta
Stress?
Resposta
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
Cartão 580
Pergunta
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
Resposta
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
Cartão 581
Pergunta
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
Resposta
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
Cartão 582
Pergunta
Resilience?
Resposta
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
Cartão 583
Pergunta
Stressor?
Resposta
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
Cartão 584
Pergunta
General adaptation syndrome?
Resposta
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
Cartão 585
Pergunta
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
Resposta
Problem-focused coping.
Cartão 586
Pergunta
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
Resposta
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
Cartão 587
Pergunta
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
Resposta
Primary appraisal.
Cartão 588
Pergunta
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
Resposta
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
Cartão 589
Pergunta
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
Resposta
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
Cartão 590
Pergunta
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
Resposta
Emotion-focused coping.
Cartão 591
Pergunta
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
Resposta
Secondary appraisal.
Cartão 592
Pergunta
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
Resposta
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
Cartão 593
Pergunta
Adverse childhood experiences?
Resposta
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
Cartão 594
Pergunta
How can social support protect health?
Resposta
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
Cartão 595
Pergunta
Eustress versus distress?
Resposta
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
Cartão 596
Pergunta
Tend-and-befriend response?
Resposta
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
Cartão 597
Pergunta
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
Resposta
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
Cartão 598
Pergunta
Biofeedback?
Resposta
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
Cartão 599
Pergunta
How does perceived control affect stress?
Resposta
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
Cartão 600
Pergunta
Psychoneuroimmunology?
Resposta
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
Cartão 601
Pergunta
Subjective well-being?
Resposta
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
Cartão 602
Pergunta
Psychological disorder?
Resposta
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
Cartão 603
Pergunta
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
Resposta
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
Cartão 604
Pergunta
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
Resposta
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
Cartão 605
Pergunta
Signature strengths?
Resposta
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
Cartão 606
Pergunta
Biopsychosocial model?
Resposta
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
Cartão 607
Pergunta
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
Resposta
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
Cartão 608
Pergunta
Posttraumatic growth?
Resposta
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
Cartão 609
Pergunta
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
Resposta
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
Cartão 610
Pergunta
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
Resposta
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
Cartão 611
Pergunta
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
Resposta
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
Cartão 612
Pergunta
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
Resposta
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
Cartão 613
Pergunta
Biological explanation of disorder?
Resposta
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
Cartão 614
Pergunta
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Resposta
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
Cartão 615
Pergunta
Purpose of the DSM?
Resposta
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
Cartão 616
Pergunta
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
Resposta
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
Cartão 617
Pergunta
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
Resposta
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
Cartão 618
Pergunta
Autism spectrum disorder?
Resposta
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
Cartão 619
Pergunta
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
Resposta
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
Cartão 620
Pergunta
Major depressive disorder?
Resposta
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
Cartão 621
Pergunta
Specific phobia?
Resposta
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
Cartão 622
Pergunta
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Resposta
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
Cartão 623
Pergunta
Dissociative amnesia?
Resposta
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
Cartão 624
Pergunta
Bipolar I disorder?
Resposta
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
Cartão 625
Pergunta
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
Resposta
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
Cartão 626
Pergunta
Anorexia nervosa?
Resposta
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
Cartão 627
Pergunta
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
Resposta
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
Cartão 628
Pergunta
Bipolar II disorder?
Resposta
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
Cartão 629
Pergunta
Purpose of the ICD?
Resposta
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
Cartão 630
Pergunta
Bulimia nervosa?
Resposta
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
Cartão 631
Pergunta
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
Resposta
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
Cartão 632
Pergunta
Ataque de nervios?
Resposta
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
Cartão 633
Pergunta
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
Resposta
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
Cartão 634
Pergunta
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
Resposta
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
Cartão 635
Pergunta
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
Resposta
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
Cartão 636
Pergunta
Comorbidity?
Resposta
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
Cartão 637
Pergunta
Humanistic explanation of distress?
Resposta
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
Cartão 638
Pergunta
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
Resposta
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
Cartão 639
Pergunta
Stigma around mental disorder?
Resposta
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
Cartão 640
Pergunta
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
Resposta
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
Cartão 641
Pergunta
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
Resposta
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
Cartão 642
Pergunta
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
Resposta
Interrater reliability.
Cartão 643
Pergunta
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
Resposta
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
Cartão 644
Pergunta
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
Resposta
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
Cartão 645
Pergunta
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
Resposta
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
Cartão 646
Pergunta
Delusion?
Resposta
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
Cartão 647
Pergunta
Agoraphobia?
Resposta
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
Cartão 648
Pergunta
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
Resposta
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
Cartão 649
Pergunta
Eclectic approach to disorder?
Resposta
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
Cartão 650
Pergunta
Hallucination?
Resposta
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
Cartão 651
Pergunta
Panic disorder?
Resposta
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
Cartão 652
Pergunta
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
Resposta
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
Cartão 653
Pergunta
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
Resposta
The diathesis–stress model.
Cartão 654
Pergunta
Cluster A personality disorders?
Resposta
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
Cartão 655
Pergunta
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
Resposta
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
Cartão 656
Pergunta
Evidence-based treatment?
Resposta
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
Cartão 657
Pergunta
Therapeutic alliance?
Resposta
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
Cartão 658
Pergunta
Cultural humility in therapy?
Resposta
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
Cartão 659
Pergunta
Deinstitutionalization?
Resposta
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
Cartão 660
Pergunta
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
Resposta
Exposure therapy.
Cartão 661
Pergunta
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
Resposta
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
Cartão 662
Pergunta
Four medication categories in the course?
Resposta
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
Cartão 663
Pergunta
Depressive cognitive triad?
Resposta
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
Cartão 664
Pergunta
Applied behavior analysis?
Resposta
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
Cartão 665
Pergunta
Psychosurgery?
Resposta
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
Cartão 666
Pergunta
Free association?
Resposta
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
Cartão 667
Pergunta
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
Resposta
Cognitive restructuring.
Cartão 668
Pergunta
One advantage of group therapy?
Resposta
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
Cartão 669
Pergunta
Lobotomy?
Resposta
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
Cartão 670
Pergunta
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
Resposta
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
Cartão 671
Pergunta
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
Resposta
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
Cartão 672
Pergunta
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
Resposta
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
Cartão 673
Pergunta
Social anxiety disorder?
Resposta
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
Cartão 674
Pergunta
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
Resposta
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
Cartão 675
Pergunta
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
Resposta
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
Cartão 676
Pergunta
Dissociative fugue?
Resposta
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
Cartão 677
Pergunta
Cluster B personality disorders?
Resposta
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
Cartão 678
Pergunta
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
Resposta
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
Cartão 679
Pergunta
Catatonia?
Resposta
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
Cartão 680
Pergunta
Manic episode?
Resposta
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
Cartão 681
Pergunta
Dissociative identity disorder?
Resposta
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
Cartão 682
Pergunta
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
Resposta
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
Cartão 683
Pergunta
Cluster C personality disorders?
Resposta
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Cartão 684
Pergunta
Taijin kyofusho?
Resposta
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
Cartão 685
Pergunta
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Resposta
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
Cartão 686
Pergunta
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
Resposta
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
Cartão 687
Pergunta
Hypomanic episode?
Resposta
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
Cartão 688
Pergunta
Generalized anxiety disorder?
Resposta
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
Cartão 689
Pergunta
Hoarding disorder?
Resposta
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
Cartão 690
Pergunta
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
Resposta
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
Cartão 691
Pergunta
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
Resposta
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
Cartão 692
Pergunta
Persistent depressive disorder?
Resposta
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
Cartão 693
Pergunta
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
Resposta
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
Cartão 694
Pergunta
Systematic desensitization?
Resposta
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
Cartão 695
Pergunta
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
Resposta
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
Cartão 696
Pergunta
Dialectical behavior therapy?
Resposta
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
Cartão 697
Pergunta
Integrity in therapy ethics?
Resposta
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
Cartão 698
Pergunta
Aversion therapy?
Resposta
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
Cartão 699
Pergunta
Tardive dyskinesia?
Resposta
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
Cartão 700
Pergunta
ECT versus TMS?
Resposta
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
Cartão 701
Pergunta
Respect for rights and dignity?
Resposta
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
Cartão 702
Pergunta
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
Resposta
A token economy.
Cartão 703
Pergunta
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
Resposta
Person-centered therapy.
Cartão 704
Pergunta
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
Resposta
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
Cartão 705
Pergunta
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
Resposta
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.
705 cartões
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
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