AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.
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Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.
What the cards ask you to retrieve
- Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
- Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
- Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
- Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
- Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.
The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.
What's deliberately left out
The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.
Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.
This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.
Tämän pakan kortit
Kortti 1
Kysymys
Nature in the nature–nurture question?
Vastaus
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
Kortti 2
Kysymys
Central nervous system?
Vastaus
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
Kortti 3
Kysymys
Main role of the spinal cord?
Vastaus
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
Kortti 4
Kysymys
Scores are
4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?Vastaus
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
Kortti 5
Kysymys
Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
Vastaus
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
Kortti 6
Kysymys
Peripheral nervous system?
Vastaus
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Kortti 7
Kysymys
Reflex arc?
Vastaus
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
Kortti 8
Kysymys
Reflex times are
180, 190, 210, 260, 410milliseconds. What is the median?Vastaus
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
Kortti 9
Kysymys
Heritability?
Vastaus
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
Kortti 10
Kysymys
Autonomic nervous system?
Vastaus
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
Kortti 11
Kysymys
Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
Vastaus
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
Kortti 12
Kysymys
Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
Vastaus
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
Kortti 13
Kysymys
Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
Vastaus
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
Kortti 14
Kysymys
Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
Vastaus
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
Kortti 15
Kysymys
Natural selection?
Vastaus
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
Kortti 16
Kysymys
Somatic nervous system?
Vastaus
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
Kortti 17
Kysymys
Sensory neurons?
Vastaus
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
Kortti 18
Kysymys
Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
Vastaus
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
Kortti 19
Kysymys
Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
Vastaus
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
Kortti 20
Kysymys
Sympathetic nervous system?
Vastaus
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
Kortti 21
Kysymys
Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
Vastaus
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
Kortti 22
Kysymys
Motor neurons?
Vastaus
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
Kortti 23
Kysymys
Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
Vastaus
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
Kortti 24
Kysymys
Parasympathetic nervous system?
Vastaus
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
Kortti 25
Kysymys
Resting potential?
Vastaus
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
Kortti 26
Kysymys
Interneurons?
Vastaus
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
Kortti 27
Kysymys
Adrenaline's behavioral role?
Vastaus
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
Kortti 28
Kysymys
Frontal lobes?
Vastaus
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
Kortti 29
Kysymys
Neural threshold?
Vastaus
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
Kortti 30
Kysymys
Corpus callosum?
Vastaus
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
Kortti 31
Kysymys
Leptin's role in eating?
Vastaus
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
Kortti 32
Kysymys
Temporal lobes?
Vastaus
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
Kortti 33
Kysymys
Depolarization during an action potential?
Vastaus
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
Kortti 34
Kysymys
Dopamine's major psychological functions?
Vastaus
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
Kortti 35
Kysymys
Ghrelin's role in eating?
Vastaus
It helps stimulate hunger.
Kortti 36
Kysymys
Drug agonist?
Vastaus
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
Kortti 37
Kysymys
Action potential?
Vastaus
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
Kortti 38
Kysymys
Reuptake?
Vastaus
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
Kortti 39
Kysymys
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
Vastaus
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
Kortti 40
Kysymys
Glutamate's major psychological functions?
Vastaus
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
Kortti 41
Kysymys
Refractory period?
Vastaus
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
Kortti 42
Kysymys
Melatonin's role?
Vastaus
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
Kortti 43
Kysymys
Drug antagonist?
Vastaus
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
Kortti 44
Kysymys
Stimulants?
Vastaus
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
Kortti 45
Kysymys
Drug tolerance?
Vastaus
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
Kortti 46
Kysymys
Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Vastaus
Multiple sclerosis.
Kortti 47
Kysymys
All-or-none principle?
Vastaus
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
Kortti 48
Kysymys
Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
Vastaus
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
Kortti 49
Kysymys
GABA's major psychological function?
Vastaus
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
Kortti 50
Kysymys
Oxytocin's behavioral role?
Vastaus
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
Kortti 51
Kysymys
Reuptake inhibitor?
Vastaus
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
Kortti 52
Kysymys
Depressants?
Vastaus
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
Kortti 53
Kysymys
Drug withdrawal?
Vastaus
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
Kortti 54
Kysymys
Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Vastaus
Myasthenia gravis.
Kortti 55
Kysymys
Glial cells?
Vastaus
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
Kortti 56
Kysymys
Endorphins?
Vastaus
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
Kortti 57
Kysymys
Substance P?
Vastaus
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
Kortti 58
Kysymys
Acetylcholine's major functions?
Vastaus
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
Kortti 59
Kysymys
Opioids?
Vastaus
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
Kortti 60
Kysymys
Hallucinogens?
Vastaus
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
Kortti 61
Kysymys
Addiction?
Vastaus
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
Kortti 62
Kysymys
Parietal lobes?
Vastaus
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
Kortti 63
Kysymys
Consciousness?
Vastaus
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
Kortti 64
Kysymys
Circadian rhythm?
Vastaus
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
Kortti 65
Kysymys
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
Vastaus
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
Kortti 66
Kysymys
Occipital lobes?
Vastaus
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
Kortti 67
Kysymys
What does split-brain research reveal?
Vastaus
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
Kortti 68
Kysymys
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
Vastaus
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
Kortti 69
Kysymys
NREM-1 sleep?
Vastaus
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
Kortti 70
Kysymys
Motor cortex?
Vastaus
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
Kortti 71
Kysymys
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
Vastaus
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
Kortti 72
Kysymys
Brainstem's core function?
Vastaus
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
Kortti 73
Kysymys
NREM-2 sleep?
Vastaus
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
Kortti 74
Kysymys
Somatosensory cortex?
Vastaus
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
Kortti 75
Kysymys
Medulla's main functions?
Vastaus
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
Kortti 76
Kysymys
Reticular activating system?
Vastaus
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
Kortti 77
Kysymys
NREM-3 sleep?
Vastaus
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
Kortti 78
Kysymys
Cerebellum's main functions?
Vastaus
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
Kortti 79
Kysymys
Thalamus?
Vastaus
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
Kortti 80
Kysymys
Hypothalamus?
Vastaus
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
Kortti 81
Kysymys
REM sleep?
Vastaus
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
Kortti 82
Kysymys
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
Vastaus
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
Kortti 83
Kysymys
Amygdala?
Vastaus
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
Kortti 84
Kysymys
Hippocampus?
Vastaus
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
Kortti 85
Kysymys
How does sleep change across a typical night?
Vastaus
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
Kortti 86
Kysymys
Contralateral brain control?
Vastaus
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
Kortti 87
Kysymys
What does an EEG measure?
Vastaus
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
Kortti 88
Kysymys
Reward-center activity?
Vastaus
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
Kortti 89
Kysymys
Neuroplasticity?
Vastaus
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
Kortti 90
Kysymys
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
Vastaus
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
Kortti 91
Kysymys
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
Vastaus
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
Kortti 92
Kysymys
Insomnia?
Vastaus
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
Kortti 93
Kysymys
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
Vastaus
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
Kortti 94
Kysymys
Absolute threshold?
Vastaus
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
Kortti 95
Kysymys
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
Vastaus
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
Kortti 96
Kysymys
Narcolepsy?
Vastaus
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
Kortti 97
Kysymys
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
Vastaus
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
Kortti 98
Kysymys
Difference threshold?
Vastaus
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
Kortti 99
Kysymys
Consolidation view of dreams?
Vastaus
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
Kortti 100
Kysymys
REM sleep behavior disorder?
Vastaus
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
Kortti 101
Kysymys
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
Vastaus
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
Kortti 102
Kysymys
Weber's law?
Vastaus
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
Kortti 103
Kysymys
Two supported functions of sleep?
Vastaus
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
Kortti 104
Kysymys
Sleep apnea?
Vastaus
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
Kortti 105
Kysymys
REM rebound?
Vastaus
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
Kortti 106
Kysymys
Signal detection theory?
Vastaus
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
Kortti 107
Kysymys
Sensory transduction?
Vastaus
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
Kortti 108
Kysymys
Vestibular sense?
Vastaus
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
Kortti 109
Kysymys
Somnambulism?
Vastaus
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
Kortti 110
Kysymys
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Vastaus
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
Kortti 111
Kysymys
What begins visual transduction?
Vastaus
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
Kortti 112
Kysymys
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
Vastaus
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
Kortti 113
Kysymys
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
Vastaus
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
Kortti 114
Kysymys
Accommodation in vision?
Vastaus
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
Kortti 115
Kysymys
Cones?
Vastaus
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
Kortti 116
Kysymys
What begins auditory transduction?
Vastaus
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
Kortti 117
Kysymys
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
Vastaus
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
Kortti 118
Kysymys
How is smell unusual among the senses?
Vastaus
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
Kortti 119
Kysymys
Kinesthesia?
Vastaus
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
Kortti 120
Kysymys
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
Vastaus
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
Kortti 121
Kysymys
Nearsightedness?
Vastaus
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
Kortti 122
Kysymys
Pheromones?
Vastaus
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
Kortti 123
Kysymys
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
Vastaus
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
Kortti 124
Kysymys
Volley theory of pitch?
Vastaus
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
Kortti 125
Kysymys
Farsightedness?
Vastaus
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
Kortti 126
Kysymys
Six taste qualities named in the course?
Vastaus
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
Kortti 127
Kysymys
Phantom-limb sensation?
Vastaus
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
Kortti 128
Kysymys
Sensory interaction?
Vastaus
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
Kortti 129
Kysymys
What causes most color-vision deficiency?
Vastaus
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
Kortti 130
Kysymys
Prosopagnosia?
Vastaus
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
Kortti 131
Kysymys
Rods?
Vastaus
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
Kortti 132
Kysymys
How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
Vastaus
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
Kortti 133
Kysymys
Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
Vastaus
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
Kortti 134
Kysymys
Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
Vastaus
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
Kortti 135
Kysymys
What do the semicircular canals detect?
Vastaus
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
Kortti 136
Kysymys
Synesthesia?
Vastaus
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
Kortti 137
Kysymys
Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
Vastaus
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
Kortti 138
Kysymys
Blindsight?
Vastaus
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
Kortti 139
Kysymys
Sensory adaptation?
Vastaus
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
Kortti 140
Kysymys
Gate-control view of pain?
Vastaus
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
Kortti 141
Kysymys
Bottom-up processing?
Vastaus
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
Kortti 142
Kysymys
Concept?
Vastaus
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Kortti 143
Kysymys
Fixation in problem solving?
Vastaus
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
Kortti 144
Kysymys
Algorithm?
Vastaus
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
Kortti 145
Kysymys
Top-down processing?
Vastaus
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
Kortti 146
Kysymys
Confirmation bias?
Vastaus
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
Kortti 147
Kysymys
Retinal disparity?
Vastaus
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
Kortti 148
Kysymys
Heuristic?
Vastaus
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
Kortti 149
Kysymys
Selective attention?
Vastaus
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
Kortti 150
Kysymys
Figure–ground organization?
Vastaus
Separating the object of attention from its background.
Kortti 151
Kysymys
Convergence as a depth cue?
Vastaus
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
Kortti 152
Kysymys
Representativeness heuristic?
Vastaus
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
Kortti 153
Kysymys
Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
Vastaus
Inattentional blindness.
Kortti 154
Kysymys
Gestalt proximity principle?
Vastaus
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
Kortti 155
Kysymys
Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
Vastaus
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
Kortti 156
Kysymys
Cocktail-party effect?
Vastaus
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
Kortti 157
Kysymys
Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
Vastaus
Change blindness.
Kortti 158
Kysymys
Gestalt similarity principle?
Vastaus
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
Kortti 159
Kysymys
Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
Vastaus
Linear perspective.
Kortti 160
Kysymys
Perceptual constancy?
Vastaus
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
Kortti 161
Kysymys
Perceptual set?
Vastaus
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
Kortti 162
Kysymys
Gestalt closure principle?
Vastaus
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
Kortti 163
Kysymys
One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
Vastaus
The blocking object, using interposition.
Kortti 164
Kysymys
Apparent motion?
Vastaus
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
Kortti 165
Kysymys
Availability heuristic?
Vastaus
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
Kortti 166
Kysymys
Divergent thinking?
Vastaus
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
Kortti 167
Kysymys
A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
Vastaus
Relative clarity.
Kortti 168
Kysymys
Prototype?
Vastaus
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
Kortti 169
Kysymys
Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
Vastaus
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
Kortti 170
Kysymys
Convergent thinking?
Vastaus
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
Kortti 171
Kysymys
A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
Vastaus
Texture gradient.
Kortti 172
Kysymys
Belief perseverance?
Vastaus
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
Kortti 173
Kysymys
Explicit memory?
Vastaus
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
Kortti 174
Kysymys
Three stores in the multi-store model?
Vastaus
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Kortti 175
Kysymys
Seeing an object only in its usual role?
Vastaus
Functional fixedness.
Kortti 176
Kysymys
Mental set?
Vastaus
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
Kortti 177
Kysymys
Episodic memory?
Vastaus
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
Kortti 178
Kysymys
Working memory?
Vastaus
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
Kortti 179
Kysymys
Insight?
Vastaus
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
Kortti 180
Kysymys
Framing effect?
Vastaus
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
Kortti 181
Kysymys
Implicit memory?
Vastaus
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
Kortti 182
Kysymys
Overconfidence bias?
Vastaus
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
Kortti 183
Kysymys
Anchoring bias?
Vastaus
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
Kortti 184
Kysymys
Schema in thinking?
Vastaus
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
Kortti 185
Kysymys
Procedural memory?
Vastaus
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
Kortti 186
Kysymys
Gambler's fallacy?
Vastaus
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
Kortti 187
Kysymys
Sunk-cost fallacy?
Vastaus
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
Kortti 188
Kysymys
Executive functions?
Vastaus
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
Kortti 189
Kysymys
How can priming affect judgment?
Vastaus
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
Kortti 190
Kysymys
Central executive in working memory?
Vastaus
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
Kortti 191
Kysymys
Serial-position effect?
Vastaus
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
Kortti 192
Kysymys
Semantic memory?
Vastaus
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
Kortti 193
Kysymys
Levels-of-processing principle?
Vastaus
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
Kortti 194
Kysymys
Automatic processing?
Vastaus
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
Kortti 195
Kysymys
Maintenance rehearsal?
Vastaus
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
Kortti 196
Kysymys
Prospective memory?
Vastaus
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
Kortti 197
Kysymys
Primacy effect?
Vastaus
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
Kortti 198
Kysymys
Long-term memory?
Vastaus
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
Kortti 199
Kysymys
Highly superior autobiographical memory?
Vastaus
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
Kortti 200
Kysymys
Effortful processing?
Vastaus
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
Kortti 201
Kysymys
Elaborative rehearsal?
Vastaus
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
Kortti 202
Kysymys
Memory consolidation?
Vastaus
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
Kortti 203
Kysymys
Recency effect?
Vastaus
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
Kortti 204
Kysymys
Spacing effect?
Vastaus
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
Kortti 205
Kysymys
Testing effect?
Vastaus
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
Kortti 206
Kysymys
Chunking?
Vastaus
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
Kortti 207
Kysymys
Mnemonic?
Vastaus
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
Kortti 208
Kysymys
Why organize material into a hierarchy?
Vastaus
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
Kortti 209
Kysymys
How can a schema help encoding?
Vastaus
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
Kortti 210
Kysymys
Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
Vastaus
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
Kortti 211
Kysymys
Iconic memory?
Vastaus
A very brief visual sensory memory.
Kortti 212
Kysymys
Recall?
Vastaus
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
Kortti 213
Kysymys
Retrieval cue?
Vastaus
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
Kortti 214
Kysymys
Encoding-specificity principle?
Vastaus
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
Kortti 215
Kysymys
Context-dependent memory?
Vastaus
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
Kortti 216
Kysymys
Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
Vastaus
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
Kortti 217
Kysymys
Echoic memory?
Vastaus
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
Kortti 218
Kysymys
Anterograde amnesia?
Vastaus
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
Kortti 219
Kysymys
Phonological loop?
Vastaus
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
Kortti 220
Kysymys
Cerebellum's memory role?
Vastaus
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
Kortti 221
Kysymys
Why is short-term memory described as limited?
Vastaus
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
Kortti 222
Kysymys
Retrograde amnesia?
Vastaus
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
Kortti 223
Kysymys
Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
Vastaus
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
Kortti 224
Kysymys
How can the amygdala affect memory?
Vastaus
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
Kortti 225
Kysymys
Visuospatial sketchpad?
Vastaus
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
Kortti 226
Kysymys
Long-term potentiation?
Vastaus
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
Kortti 227
Kysymys
Infantile amnesia?
Vastaus
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
Kortti 228
Kysymys
Alzheimer's disease?
Vastaus
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
Kortti 229
Kysymys
Scores are
2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?Vastaus
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because
9 - 2 = 7.Kortti 230
Kysymys
Recognition?
Vastaus
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
Kortti 231
Kysymys
Why is memory called reconstructive?
Vastaus
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
Kortti 232
Kysymys
Storage decay?
Vastaus
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
Kortti 233
Kysymys
State-dependent memory?
Vastaus
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
Kortti 234
Kysymys
Relearning?
Vastaus
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
Kortti 235
Kysymys
Misinformation effect?
Vastaus
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
Kortti 236
Kysymys
A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
Vastaus
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
Kortti 237
Kysymys
Mood-congruent memory?
Vastaus
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
Kortti 238
Kysymys
Priming?
Vastaus
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
Kortti 239
Kysymys
Tip-of-the-tongue state?
Vastaus
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
Kortti 240
Kysymys
Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
Vastaus
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
Kortti 241
Kysymys
Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
Vastaus
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
Kortti 242
Kysymys
Metacognition?
Vastaus
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
Kortti 243
Kysymys
Source amnesia?
Vastaus
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
Kortti 244
Kysymys
Test standardization?
Vastaus
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
Kortti 245
Kysymys
Reliability?
Vastaus
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
Kortti 246
Kysymys
Stereotype threat?
Vastaus
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
Kortti 247
Kysymys
General intelligence, or g?
Vastaus
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
Kortti 248
Kysymys
Encoding failure?
Vastaus
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
Kortti 249
Kysymys
Validity?
Vastaus
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
Kortti 250
Kysymys
Proactive interference?
Vastaus
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
Kortti 251
Kysymys
Imagination inflation?
Vastaus
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
Kortti 252
Kysymys
A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
Vastaus
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
Kortti 253
Kysymys
Retrieval failure?
Vastaus
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
Kortti 254
Kysymys
Retroactive interference?
Vastaus
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
Kortti 255
Kysymys
A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
Vastaus
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
Kortti 256
Kysymys
Repression in psychodynamic theory?
Vastaus
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
Kortti 257
Kysymys
Flashbulb memory?
Vastaus
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
Kortti 258
Kysymys
A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
Vastaus
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
Kortti 259
Kysymys
A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
Vastaus
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
Kortti 260
Kysymys
Stereotype lift?
Vastaus
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
Kortti 261
Kysymys
Achievement test?
Vastaus
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
Kortti 262
Kysymys
Construct validity?
Vastaus
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
Kortti 263
Kysymys
Test–retest reliability?
Vastaus
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
Kortti 264
Kysymys
Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
Vastaus
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
Kortti 265
Kysymys
Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
Vastaus
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
Kortti 266
Kysymys
Aptitude test?
Vastaus
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
Kortti 267
Kysymys
Traditional IQ formula?
Vastaus
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
Kortti 268
Kysymys
Predictive validity?
Vastaus
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
Kortti 269
Kysymys
What does a normal score distribution look like?
Vastaus
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
Kortti 270
Kysymys
Split-half reliability?
Vastaus
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
Kortti 271
Kysymys
Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
Vastaus
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
Kortti 272
Kysymys
Flynn effect?
Vastaus
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
Kortti 273
Kysymys
A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
Vastaus
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
Kortti 274
Kysymys
Continuous versus stage development?
Vastaus
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
Kortti 275
Kysymys
How can prenatal environment affect later development?
Vastaus
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
Kortti 276
Kysymys
Teratogen?
Vastaus
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
Kortti 277
Kysymys
Maturation?
Vastaus
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
Kortti 278
Kysymys
Stability–change question in development?
Vastaus
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
Kortti 279
Kysymys
A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
Vastaus
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
Kortti 280
Kysymys
Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
Vastaus
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
Kortti 281
Kysymys
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
Vastaus
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
Kortti 282
Kysymys
Fine versus gross motor skills?
Vastaus
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
Kortti 283
Kysymys
Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
Vastaus
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
Kortti 284
Kysymys
What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
Vastaus
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
Kortti 285
Kysymys
Puberty?
Vastaus
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
Kortti 286
Kysymys
Sensitive period?
Vastaus
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
Kortti 287
Kysymys
What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
Vastaus
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
Kortti 288
Kysymys
Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
Vastaus
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
Kortti 289
Kysymys
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
Vastaus
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
Kortti 290
Kysymys
Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
Vastaus
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
Kortti 291
Kysymys
Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
Vastaus
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
Kortti 292
Kysymys
Menarche?
Vastaus
The first menstrual period.
Kortti 293
Kysymys
Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
Vastaus
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
Kortti 294
Kysymys
About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
Vastaus
About 68%.
Kortti 295
Kysymys
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
Vastaus
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
Kortti 296
Kysymys
Spermarche?
Vastaus
The first ejaculation.
Kortti 297
Kysymys
Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
Vastaus
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
Kortti 298
Kysymys
Imprinting?
Vastaus
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
Kortti 299
Kysymys
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
Vastaus
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
Kortti 300
Kysymys
Menopause?
Vastaus
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
Kortti 301
Kysymys
Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
Vastaus
Naturalistic observation.
Kortti 302
Kysymys
How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
Vastaus
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
Kortti 303
Kysymys
Gender identity?
Vastaus
A person's internal sense of their gender.
Kortti 304
Kysymys
Gender role?
Vastaus
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
Kortti 305
Kysymys
Sex versus gender?
Vastaus
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
Kortti 306
Kysymys
Common sensory change in later adulthood?
Vastaus
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
Kortti 307
Kysymys
Sexual orientation?
Vastaus
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
Kortti 308
Kysymys
Gender schema?
Vastaus
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
Kortti 309
Kysymys
Best broad view of gender development?
Vastaus
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
Kortti 310
Kysymys
Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
Vastaus
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
Kortti 311
Kysymys
Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
Vastaus
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
Kortti 312
Kysymys
Schema in cognitive development?
Vastaus
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
Kortti 313
Kysymys
Sensorimotor stage?
Vastaus
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
Kortti 314
Kysymys
Preoperational stage?
Vastaus
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
Kortti 315
Kysymys
Assimilation?
Vastaus
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
Kortti 316
Kysymys
A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
Vastaus
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
Kortti 317
Kysymys
Animism in preoperational thought?
Vastaus
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
Kortti 318
Kysymys
Concrete operational stage?
Vastaus
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
Kortti 319
Kysymys
Accommodation?
Vastaus
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
Kortti 320
Kysymys
Reversibility in cognitive development?
Vastaus
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
Kortti 321
Kysymys
How can social learning shape gender expression?
Vastaus
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
Kortti 322
Kysymys
A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
Vastaus
Assimilation.
Kortti 323
Kysymys
Language?
Vastaus
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
Kortti 324
Kysymys
Cooing stage?
Vastaus
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
Kortti 325
Kysymys
Babbling stage?
Vastaus
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
Kortti 326
Kysymys
One-word stage?
Vastaus
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
Kortti 327
Kysymys
Grammar?
Vastaus
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
Kortti 328
Kysymys
A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
Vastaus
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
Kortti 329
Kysymys
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
Vastaus
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
Kortti 330
Kysymys
A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
Vastaus
Accommodation.
Kortti 331
Kysymys
A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
Vastaus
Scaffolding.
Kortti 332
Kysymys
A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
Vastaus
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
Kortti 333
Kysymys
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
Vastaus
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
Kortti 334
Kysymys
An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
Vastaus
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
Kortti 335
Kysymys
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
Vastaus
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
Kortti 336
Kysymys
Formal operational stage?
Vastaus
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
Kortti 337
Kysymys
Dementia?
Vastaus
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
Kortti 338
Kysymys
Phoneme?
Vastaus
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
Kortti 339
Kysymys
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
Vastaus
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
Kortti 340
Kysymys
Temperament?
Vastaus
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
Kortti 341
Kysymys
Attachment?
Vastaus
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
Kortti 342
Kysymys
Erikson's infancy conflict?
Vastaus
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
Kortti 343
Kysymys
Microsystem?
Vastaus
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
Kortti 344
Kysymys
Erikson's toddler conflict?
Vastaus
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
Kortti 345
Kysymys
Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
Vastaus
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
Kortti 346
Kysymys
Erikson's school-age conflict?
Vastaus
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
Kortti 347
Kysymys
Mesosystem?
Vastaus
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
Kortti 348
Kysymys
Erikson's adolescent conflict?
Vastaus
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
Kortti 349
Kysymys
Erikson's young-adult conflict?
Vastaus
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
Kortti 350
Kysymys
Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
Vastaus
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
Kortti 351
Kysymys
Exosystem?
Vastaus
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
Kortti 352
Kysymys
Morpheme?
Vastaus
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
Kortti 353
Kysymys
Telegraphic speech?
Vastaus
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
705 korttia
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Opiskele tätä pakkaa ilmaiseksiNibomo avautuu, jotta voit aloittaa opiskelun.
Kortti 354
Kysymys
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
Vastaus
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
Kortti 355
Kysymys
Macrosystem?
Vastaus
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
Kortti 356
Kysymys
Semantics?
Vastaus
The meanings of words and sentences.
Kortti 357
Kysymys
A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
Vastaus
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
Kortti 358
Kysymys
What does a sensitive period for language imply?
Vastaus
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
Kortti 359
Kysymys
Does language completely determine thought?
Vastaus
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
Kortti 360
Kysymys
Syntax?
Vastaus
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
Kortti 361
Kysymys
A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
Vastaus
Secure attachment.
Kortti 362
Kysymys
How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
Vastaus
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
Kortti 363
Kysymys
Authoritative parenting?
Vastaus
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
Kortti 364
Kysymys
Identity achievement?
Vastaus
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
Kortti 365
Kysymys
Avoidant attachment pattern?
Vastaus
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
Kortti 366
Kysymys
Classical conditioning?
Vastaus
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
Kortti 367
Kysymys
Unconditioned stimulus?
Vastaus
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
Kortti 368
Kysymys
Unconditioned response?
Vastaus
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
Kortti 369
Kysymys
Conditioned stimulus?
Vastaus
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
Kortti 370
Kysymys
Conditioned response?
Vastaus
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
Kortti 371
Kysymys
Acquisition in classical conditioning?
Vastaus
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
Kortti 372
Kysymys
During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
Vastaus
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
Kortti 373
Kysymys
Authoritarian parenting?
Vastaus
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
Kortti 374
Kysymys
Identity diffusion?
Vastaus
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
Kortti 375
Kysymys
Extinction in classical conditioning?
Vastaus
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
Kortti 376
Kysymys
Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
Vastaus
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
Kortti 377
Kysymys
Permissive parenting?
Vastaus
High warmth with few demands or limits.
Kortti 378
Kysymys
Parallel play?
Vastaus
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
Kortti 379
Kysymys
Imaginary audience?
Vastaus
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
Kortti 380
Kysymys
Identity foreclosure?
Vastaus
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
Kortti 381
Kysymys
Disorganized attachment pattern?
Vastaus
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
Kortti 382
Kysymys
Neglectful parenting?
Vastaus
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
Kortti 383
Kysymys
Chronosystem?
Vastaus
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
Kortti 384
Kysymys
Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
Vastaus
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
Kortti 385
Kysymys
Personal fable?
Vastaus
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
Kortti 386
Kysymys
Identity moratorium?
Vastaus
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
Kortti 387
Kysymys
Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
Vastaus
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
Kortti 388
Kysymys
Separation anxiety in infancy?
Vastaus
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
Kortti 389
Kysymys
What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
Vastaus
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
Kortti 390
Kysymys
Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
Vastaus
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
Kortti 391
Kysymys
Emerging adulthood?
Vastaus
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
Kortti 392
Kysymys
Social clock?
Vastaus
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
Kortti 393
Kysymys
Erikson's later-adult conflict?
Vastaus
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
Kortti 394
Kysymys
Possible selves?
Vastaus
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
Kortti 395
Kysymys
Stimulus generalization?
Vastaus
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
Kortti 396
Kysymys
Operant conditioning?
Vastaus
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
Kortti 397
Kysymys
Law of effect?
Vastaus
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
Kortti 398
Kysymys
Spontaneous recovery?
Vastaus
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
Kortti 399
Kysymys
Stimulus discrimination?
Vastaus
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
Kortti 400
Kysymys
Reinforcement?
Vastaus
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
Kortti 401
Kysymys
Higher-order conditioning?
Vastaus
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
Kortti 402
Kysymys
Counterconditioning?
Vastaus
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
Kortti 403
Kysymys
Habituation?
Vastaus
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
Kortti 404
Kysymys
Punishment?
Vastaus
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
Kortti 405
Kysymys
Partial reinforcement?
Vastaus
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
Kortti 406
Kysymys
Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
Vastaus
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
Kortti 407
Kysymys
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
Vastaus
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
Kortti 408
Kysymys
Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
Vastaus
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
Kortti 409
Kysymys
Fixed-ratio schedule?
Vastaus
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
Kortti 410
Kysymys
Observational learning?
Vastaus
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
Kortti 411
Kysymys
A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
Vastaus
Positive reinforcement.
Kortti 412
Kysymys
Primary reinforcer?
Vastaus
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
Kortti 413
Kysymys
Variable-ratio schedule?
Vastaus
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
Kortti 414
Kysymys
Modeling?
Vastaus
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
Kortti 415
Kysymys
Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
Vastaus
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
Kortti 416
Kysymys
Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
Vastaus
Negative reinforcement.
Kortti 417
Kysymys
Conditioned reinforcer?
Vastaus
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
Kortti 418
Kysymys
A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
Vastaus
Vicarious reinforcement.
Kortti 419
Kysymys
Fixed-interval schedule?
Vastaus
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
Kortti 420
Kysymys
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
Vastaus
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
Kortti 421
Kysymys
A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
Vastaus
Positive punishment.
Kortti 422
Kysymys
Shaping?
Vastaus
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
Kortti 423
Kysymys
Extinction in operant conditioning?
Vastaus
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
Kortti 424
Kysymys
Variable-interval schedule?
Vastaus
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
Kortti 425
Kysymys
A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
Vastaus
Negative punishment.
Kortti 426
Kysymys
Learned helplessness?
Vastaus
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
Kortti 427
Kysymys
Continuous reinforcement?
Vastaus
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
Kortti 428
Kysymys
A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
Vastaus
A fixed-interval schedule.
Kortti 429
Kysymys
Discriminative stimulus?
Vastaus
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
Kortti 430
Kysymys
Operant generalization versus discrimination?
Vastaus
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
Kortti 431
Kysymys
Instinctive drift?
Vastaus
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
Kortti 432
Kysymys
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
Vastaus
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
Kortti 433
Kysymys
How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
Vastaus
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
Kortti 434
Kysymys
How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
Vastaus
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
Kortti 435
Kysymys
Vicarious conditioning?
Vastaus
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
Kortti 436
Kysymys
A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
Vastaus
A variable-interval schedule.
Kortti 437
Kysymys
Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
Vastaus
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
Kortti 438
Kysymys
Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
Vastaus
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
Kortti 439
Kysymys
Latent learning?
Vastaus
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
Kortti 440
Kysymys
Cognitive map?
Vastaus
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
Kortti 441
Kysymys
Insight learning?
Vastaus
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
Kortti 442
Kysymys
Biological preparedness?
Vastaus
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
Kortti 443
Kysymys
What can mirror-neuron activity show?
Vastaus
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
Kortti 444
Kysymys
Attribution?
Vastaus
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
Kortti 445
Kysymys
Attitude?
Vastaus
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
Kortti 446
Kysymys
Upward social comparison?
Vastaus
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
Kortti 447
Kysymys
Optimistic explanatory style?
Vastaus
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
Kortti 448
Kysymys
Situational attribution?
Vastaus
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
Kortti 449
Kysymys
A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
Vastaus
Cognitive dissonance.
Kortti 450
Kysymys
Downward social comparison?
Vastaus
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
Kortti 451
Kysymys
Internal locus of control?
Vastaus
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
Kortti 452
Kysymys
Dispositional attribution?
Vastaus
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
Kortti 453
Kysymys
Pessimistic explanatory style?
Vastaus
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
Kortti 454
Kysymys
Relative deprivation?
Vastaus
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
Kortti 455
Kysymys
External locus of control?
Vastaus
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
Kortti 456
Kysymys
Fundamental attribution error?
Vastaus
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
Kortti 457
Kysymys
Halo effect?
Vastaus
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
Kortti 458
Kysymys
Self-fulfilling prophecy?
Vastaus
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
Kortti 459
Kysymys
Mere-exposure effect?
Vastaus
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
Kortti 460
Kysymys
A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
Vastaus
The actor–observer difference.
Kortti 461
Kysymys
A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
Vastaus
The central route.
Kortti 462
Kysymys
Effort justification?
Vastaus
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
Kortti 463
Kysymys
Stereotype?
Vastaus
A generalized belief about members of a group.
Kortti 464
Kysymys
A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
Vastaus
Self-serving bias.
Kortti 465
Kysymys
A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
Vastaus
The peripheral route.
Kortti 466
Kysymys
Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
Vastaus
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
Kortti 467
Kysymys
Prejudice?
Vastaus
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
Kortti 468
Kysymys
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:
Workload Errors Low 2 High 8 Which attribution is better supported?
Vastaus
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
Kortti 469
Kysymys
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
Vastaus
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
Kortti 470
Kysymys
Conformity?
Vastaus
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
Kortti 471
Kysymys
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
Vastaus
The bystander effect.
Kortti 472
Kysymys
Diffusion of responsibility?
Vastaus
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
Kortti 473
Kysymys
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
Vastaus
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
Kortti 474
Kysymys
In-group bias?
Vastaus
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
Kortti 475
Kysymys
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
Vastaus
The foot-in-the-door technique.
Kortti 476
Kysymys
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
Vastaus
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
Kortti 477
Kysymys
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
Vastaus
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
Kortti 478
Kysymys
Discrimination?
Vastaus
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
Kortti 479
Kysymys
Out-group homogeneity effect?
Vastaus
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
Kortti 480
Kysymys
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
Vastaus
The door-in-the-face technique.
Kortti 481
Kysymys
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
Vastaus
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
Kortti 482
Kysymys
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
Vastaus
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
Kortti 483
Kysymys
Just-world belief?
Vastaus
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
Kortti 484
Kysymys
Implicit attitude?
Vastaus
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
Kortti 485
Kysymys
Ethnocentrism?
Vastaus
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
Kortti 486
Kysymys
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
Vastaus
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
Kortti 487
Kysymys
Normative social influence?
Vastaus
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
Kortti 488
Kysymys
Psychodynamic view of personality?
Vastaus
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
Kortti 489
Kysymys
Norm of reciprocity?
Vastaus
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
Kortti 490
Kysymys
Individualism?
Vastaus
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
Kortti 491
Kysymys
Informational social influence?
Vastaus
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
Kortti 492
Kysymys
Id?
Vastaus
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
Kortti 493
Kysymys
Altruism?
Vastaus
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
Kortti 494
Kysymys
Social norm?
Vastaus
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
Kortti 495
Kysymys
What tends to increase conformity?
Vastaus
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
Kortti 496
Kysymys
Ego?
Vastaus
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
Kortti 497
Kysymys
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
Vastaus
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
Kortti 498
Kysymys
Collectivism?
Vastaus
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
Kortti 499
Kysymys
Obedience?
Vastaus
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
Kortti 500
Kysymys
Superego?
Vastaus
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
Kortti 501
Kysymys
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
Vastaus
Denial.
Kortti 502
Kysymys
Social-responsibility norm?
Vastaus
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
Kortti 503
Kysymys
How does proximity affect attraction?
Vastaus
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
Kortti 504
Kysymys
What tends to increase obedience?
Vastaus
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
Kortti 505
Kysymys
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
Vastaus
Displacement.
Kortti 506
Kysymys
Social loafing?
Vastaus
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
Kortti 507
Kysymys
Multiculturalism?
Vastaus
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
Kortti 508
Kysymys
How does similarity affect attraction?
Vastaus
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
Kortti 509
Kysymys
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
Vastaus
Projection.
Kortti 510
Kysymys
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
Vastaus
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
Kortti 511
Kysymys
Deindividuation?
Vastaus
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
Kortti 512
Kysymys
Group polarization?
Vastaus
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
Kortti 513
Kysymys
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
Vastaus
Rationalization.
Kortti 514
Kysymys
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
Vastaus
Groupthink.
Kortti 515
Kysymys
Pluralistic ignorance?
Vastaus
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
Kortti 516
Kysymys
Social trap?
Vastaus
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
Kortti 517
Kysymys
Reaction formation?
Vastaus
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
Kortti 518
Kysymys
Superordinate goal?
Vastaus
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
Kortti 519
Kysymys
False-consensus effect?
Vastaus
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
Kortti 520
Kysymys
Industrial-organizational psychology?
Vastaus
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
Kortti 521
Kysymys
Repression?
Vastaus
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
Kortti 522
Kysymys
Burnout?
Vastaus
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
Kortti 523
Kysymys
Unconditional positive regard?
Vastaus
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
Kortti 524
Kysymys
Trait?
Vastaus
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
Kortti 525
Kysymys
Regression as a defense mechanism?
Vastaus
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
Kortti 526
Kysymys
Reciprocal determinism?
Vastaus
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
Kortti 527
Kysymys
Self-efficacy?
Vastaus
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
Kortti 528
Kysymys
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
Vastaus
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
Kortti 529
Kysymys
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
Vastaus
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
Kortti 530
Kysymys
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Vastaus
Openness.
Kortti 531
Kysymys
Personality inventory?
Vastaus
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
Kortti 532
Kysymys
Self-actualizing tendency?
Vastaus
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
Kortti 533
Kysymys
Self-esteem?
Vastaus
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
Kortti 534
Kysymys
Instinct in motivation research?
Vastaus
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
Kortti 535
Kysymys
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Vastaus
Conscientiousness.
Kortti 536
Kysymys
Projective test?
Vastaus
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
Kortti 537
Kysymys
How does factor analysis help trait research?
Vastaus
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
Kortti 538
Kysymys
Drive-reduction theory?
Vastaus
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
Kortti 539
Kysymys
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Vastaus
Extraversion.
Kortti 540
Kysymys
Person–situation debate?
Vastaus
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
Kortti 541
Kysymys
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
Vastaus
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
Kortti 542
Kysymys
Homeostasis?
Vastaus
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
Kortti 543
Kysymys
Incentive theory?
Vastaus
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
Kortti 544
Kysymys
Big Five agreeableness?
Vastaus
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
Kortti 545
Kysymys
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
Vastaus
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
Kortti 546
Kysymys
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
Vastaus
An approach–approach conflict.
Kortti 547
Kysymys
Arousal theory of motivation?
Vastaus
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
Kortti 548
Kysymys
Big Five emotional stability?
Vastaus
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
Kortti 549
Kysymys
What regulates hunger?
Vastaus
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
Kortti 550
Kysymys
Three broad components of emotion?
Vastaus
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
Kortti 551
Kysymys
Self-determination theory?
Vastaus
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
Kortti 552
Kysymys
Emotion regulation?
Vastaus
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
Kortti 553
Kysymys
Sensation-seeking?
Vastaus
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
Kortti 554
Kysymys
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
Vastaus
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
Kortti 555
Kysymys
Intrinsic motivation?
Vastaus
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
Kortti 556
Kysymys
Display rules?
Vastaus
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
Kortti 557
Kysymys
Arousal and performance relationship?
Vastaus
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
Kortti 558
Kysymys
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
Vastaus
An approach–avoidance conflict.
Kortti 559
Kysymys
Extrinsic motivation?
Vastaus
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
Kortti 560
Kysymys
Achievement motivation?
Vastaus
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
Kortti 561
Kysymys
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
Vastaus
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
Kortti 562
Kysymys
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
Vastaus
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
Kortti 563
Kysymys
Overjustification effect?
Vastaus
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
Kortti 564
Kysymys
Belongingness motivation?
Vastaus
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
Kortti 565
Kysymys
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:
Condition Mean minutes Assigned topic 34 Chosen topic 47 What is the observed mean difference?
Vastaus
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
Kortti 566
Kysymys
Facial-feedback effect?
Vastaus
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
Kortti 567
Kysymys
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
Vastaus
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
Kortti 568
Kysymys
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
Vastaus
Cognitive reappraisal.
Kortti 569
Kysymys
Broaden-and-build view?
Vastaus
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
Kortti 570
Kysymys
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
Vastaus
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
Kortti 571
Kysymys
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
Vastaus
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
Kortti 572
Kysymys
Expressive suppression?
Vastaus
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
Kortti 573
Kysymys
How does acute stress affect the body?
Vastaus
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
Kortti 574
Kysymys
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
Vastaus
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
Kortti 575
Kysymys
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
Vastaus
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
Kortti 576
Kysymys
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
Vastaus
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
Kortti 577
Kysymys
Health psychology?
Vastaus
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
Kortti 578
Kysymys
Positive psychology?
Vastaus
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
Kortti 579
Kysymys
Stress?
Vastaus
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
Kortti 580
Kysymys
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
Vastaus
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
Kortti 581
Kysymys
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
Vastaus
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
Kortti 582
Kysymys
Resilience?
Vastaus
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
Kortti 583
Kysymys
Stressor?
Vastaus
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
Kortti 584
Kysymys
General adaptation syndrome?
Vastaus
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
Kortti 585
Kysymys
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
Vastaus
Problem-focused coping.
Kortti 586
Kysymys
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
Vastaus
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
Kortti 587
Kysymys
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
Vastaus
Primary appraisal.
Kortti 588
Kysymys
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
Vastaus
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
Kortti 589
Kysymys
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
Vastaus
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
Kortti 590
Kysymys
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
Vastaus
Emotion-focused coping.
Kortti 591
Kysymys
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
Vastaus
Secondary appraisal.
Kortti 592
Kysymys
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
Vastaus
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
Kortti 593
Kysymys
Adverse childhood experiences?
Vastaus
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
Kortti 594
Kysymys
How can social support protect health?
Vastaus
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
Kortti 595
Kysymys
Eustress versus distress?
Vastaus
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
Kortti 596
Kysymys
Tend-and-befriend response?
Vastaus
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
Kortti 597
Kysymys
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
Vastaus
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
Kortti 598
Kysymys
Biofeedback?
Vastaus
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
Kortti 599
Kysymys
How does perceived control affect stress?
Vastaus
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
Kortti 600
Kysymys
Psychoneuroimmunology?
Vastaus
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
Kortti 601
Kysymys
Subjective well-being?
Vastaus
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
Kortti 602
Kysymys
Psychological disorder?
Vastaus
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
Kortti 603
Kysymys
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
Vastaus
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
Kortti 604
Kysymys
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
Vastaus
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
Kortti 605
Kysymys
Signature strengths?
Vastaus
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
Kortti 606
Kysymys
Biopsychosocial model?
Vastaus
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
Kortti 607
Kysymys
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
Vastaus
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
Kortti 608
Kysymys
Posttraumatic growth?
Vastaus
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
Kortti 609
Kysymys
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
Vastaus
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
Kortti 610
Kysymys
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
Vastaus
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
Kortti 611
Kysymys
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
Vastaus
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
Kortti 612
Kysymys
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
Vastaus
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
Kortti 613
Kysymys
Biological explanation of disorder?
Vastaus
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
Kortti 614
Kysymys
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Vastaus
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
Kortti 615
Kysymys
Purpose of the DSM?
Vastaus
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
Kortti 616
Kysymys
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
Vastaus
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
Kortti 617
Kysymys
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
Vastaus
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
Kortti 618
Kysymys
Autism spectrum disorder?
Vastaus
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
Kortti 619
Kysymys
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
Vastaus
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
Kortti 620
Kysymys
Major depressive disorder?
Vastaus
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
Kortti 621
Kysymys
Specific phobia?
Vastaus
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
Kortti 622
Kysymys
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Vastaus
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
Kortti 623
Kysymys
Dissociative amnesia?
Vastaus
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
Kortti 624
Kysymys
Bipolar I disorder?
Vastaus
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
Kortti 625
Kysymys
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
Vastaus
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
Kortti 626
Kysymys
Anorexia nervosa?
Vastaus
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
Kortti 627
Kysymys
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
Vastaus
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
Kortti 628
Kysymys
Bipolar II disorder?
Vastaus
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
Kortti 629
Kysymys
Purpose of the ICD?
Vastaus
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
Kortti 630
Kysymys
Bulimia nervosa?
Vastaus
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
Kortti 631
Kysymys
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
Vastaus
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
Kortti 632
Kysymys
Ataque de nervios?
Vastaus
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
Kortti 633
Kysymys
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
Vastaus
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
Kortti 634
Kysymys
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
Vastaus
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
Kortti 635
Kysymys
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
Vastaus
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
Kortti 636
Kysymys
Comorbidity?
Vastaus
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
Kortti 637
Kysymys
Humanistic explanation of distress?
Vastaus
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
Kortti 638
Kysymys
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
Vastaus
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
Kortti 639
Kysymys
Stigma around mental disorder?
Vastaus
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
Kortti 640
Kysymys
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
Vastaus
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
Kortti 641
Kysymys
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
Vastaus
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
Kortti 642
Kysymys
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
Vastaus
Interrater reliability.
Kortti 643
Kysymys
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
Vastaus
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
Kortti 644
Kysymys
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
Vastaus
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
Kortti 645
Kysymys
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
Vastaus
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
Kortti 646
Kysymys
Delusion?
Vastaus
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
Kortti 647
Kysymys
Agoraphobia?
Vastaus
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
Kortti 648
Kysymys
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
Vastaus
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
Kortti 649
Kysymys
Eclectic approach to disorder?
Vastaus
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
Kortti 650
Kysymys
Hallucination?
Vastaus
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
Kortti 651
Kysymys
Panic disorder?
Vastaus
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
Kortti 652
Kysymys
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
Vastaus
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
Kortti 653
Kysymys
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
Vastaus
The diathesis–stress model.
Kortti 654
Kysymys
Cluster A personality disorders?
Vastaus
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
Kortti 655
Kysymys
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
Vastaus
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
Kortti 656
Kysymys
Evidence-based treatment?
Vastaus
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
Kortti 657
Kysymys
Therapeutic alliance?
Vastaus
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
Kortti 658
Kysymys
Cultural humility in therapy?
Vastaus
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
Kortti 659
Kysymys
Deinstitutionalization?
Vastaus
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
Kortti 660
Kysymys
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
Vastaus
Exposure therapy.
Kortti 661
Kysymys
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
Vastaus
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
Kortti 662
Kysymys
Four medication categories in the course?
Vastaus
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
Kortti 663
Kysymys
Depressive cognitive triad?
Vastaus
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
Kortti 664
Kysymys
Applied behavior analysis?
Vastaus
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
Kortti 665
Kysymys
Psychosurgery?
Vastaus
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
Kortti 666
Kysymys
Free association?
Vastaus
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
Kortti 667
Kysymys
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
Vastaus
Cognitive restructuring.
Kortti 668
Kysymys
One advantage of group therapy?
Vastaus
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
Kortti 669
Kysymys
Lobotomy?
Vastaus
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
Kortti 670
Kysymys
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
Vastaus
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
Kortti 671
Kysymys
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
Vastaus
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
Kortti 672
Kysymys
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
Vastaus
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
Kortti 673
Kysymys
Social anxiety disorder?
Vastaus
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
Kortti 674
Kysymys
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
Vastaus
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
Kortti 675
Kysymys
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
Vastaus
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
Kortti 676
Kysymys
Dissociative fugue?
Vastaus
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
Kortti 677
Kysymys
Cluster B personality disorders?
Vastaus
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
Kortti 678
Kysymys
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
Vastaus
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
Kortti 679
Kysymys
Catatonia?
Vastaus
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
Kortti 680
Kysymys
Manic episode?
Vastaus
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
Kortti 681
Kysymys
Dissociative identity disorder?
Vastaus
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
Kortti 682
Kysymys
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
Vastaus
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
Kortti 683
Kysymys
Cluster C personality disorders?
Vastaus
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Kortti 684
Kysymys
Taijin kyofusho?
Vastaus
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
Kortti 685
Kysymys
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Vastaus
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
Kortti 686
Kysymys
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
Vastaus
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
Kortti 687
Kysymys
Hypomanic episode?
Vastaus
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
Kortti 688
Kysymys
Generalized anxiety disorder?
Vastaus
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
Kortti 689
Kysymys
Hoarding disorder?
Vastaus
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
Kortti 690
Kysymys
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
Vastaus
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
Kortti 691
Kysymys
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
Vastaus
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
Kortti 692
Kysymys
Persistent depressive disorder?
Vastaus
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
Kortti 693
Kysymys
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
Vastaus
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
Kortti 694
Kysymys
Systematic desensitization?
Vastaus
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
Kortti 695
Kysymys
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
Vastaus
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
Kortti 696
Kysymys
Dialectical behavior therapy?
Vastaus
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
Kortti 697
Kysymys
Integrity in therapy ethics?
Vastaus
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
Kortti 698
Kysymys
Aversion therapy?
Vastaus
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
Kortti 699
Kysymys
Tardive dyskinesia?
Vastaus
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
Kortti 700
Kysymys
ECT versus TMS?
Vastaus
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
Kortti 701
Kysymys
Respect for rights and dignity?
Vastaus
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
Kortti 702
Kysymys
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
Vastaus
A token economy.
Kortti 703
Kysymys
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
Vastaus
Person-centered therapy.
Kortti 704
Kysymys
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
Vastaus
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
Kortti 705
Kysymys
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
Vastaus
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.
705 korttia
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
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