AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.
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Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.
What the cards ask you to retrieve
- Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
- Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
- Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
- Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
- Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.
The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.
What's deliberately left out
The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.
Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.
This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.
Selle kaardipaki kaardid
Kaart 1
Küsimus
Nature in the nature–nurture question?
Vastus
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
Kaart 2
Küsimus
Central nervous system?
Vastus
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
Kaart 3
Küsimus
Main role of the spinal cord?
Vastus
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
Kaart 4
Küsimus
Scores are
4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?Vastus
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
Kaart 5
Küsimus
Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
Vastus
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
Kaart 6
Küsimus
Peripheral nervous system?
Vastus
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Kaart 7
Küsimus
Reflex arc?
Vastus
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
Kaart 8
Küsimus
Reflex times are
180, 190, 210, 260, 410milliseconds. What is the median?Vastus
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
Kaart 9
Küsimus
Heritability?
Vastus
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
Kaart 10
Küsimus
Autonomic nervous system?
Vastus
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
Kaart 11
Küsimus
Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
Vastus
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
Kaart 12
Küsimus
Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
Vastus
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
Kaart 13
Küsimus
Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
Vastus
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
Kaart 14
Küsimus
Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
Vastus
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
Kaart 15
Küsimus
Natural selection?
Vastus
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
Kaart 16
Küsimus
Somatic nervous system?
Vastus
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
Kaart 17
Küsimus
Sensory neurons?
Vastus
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
Kaart 18
Küsimus
Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
Vastus
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
Kaart 19
Küsimus
Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
Vastus
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
Kaart 20
Küsimus
Sympathetic nervous system?
Vastus
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
Kaart 21
Küsimus
Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
Vastus
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
Kaart 22
Küsimus
Motor neurons?
Vastus
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
Kaart 23
Küsimus
Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
Vastus
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
Kaart 24
Küsimus
Parasympathetic nervous system?
Vastus
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
Kaart 25
Küsimus
Resting potential?
Vastus
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
Kaart 26
Küsimus
Interneurons?
Vastus
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
Kaart 27
Küsimus
Adrenaline's behavioral role?
Vastus
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
Kaart 28
Küsimus
Frontal lobes?
Vastus
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
Kaart 29
Küsimus
Neural threshold?
Vastus
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
Kaart 30
Küsimus
Corpus callosum?
Vastus
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
Kaart 31
Küsimus
Leptin's role in eating?
Vastus
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
Kaart 32
Küsimus
Temporal lobes?
Vastus
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
Kaart 33
Küsimus
Depolarization during an action potential?
Vastus
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
Kaart 34
Küsimus
Dopamine's major psychological functions?
Vastus
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
Kaart 35
Küsimus
Ghrelin's role in eating?
Vastus
It helps stimulate hunger.
Kaart 36
Küsimus
Drug agonist?
Vastus
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
Kaart 37
Küsimus
Action potential?
Vastus
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
Kaart 38
Küsimus
Reuptake?
Vastus
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
Kaart 39
Küsimus
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
Vastus
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
Kaart 40
Küsimus
Glutamate's major psychological functions?
Vastus
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
Kaart 41
Küsimus
Refractory period?
Vastus
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
Kaart 42
Küsimus
Melatonin's role?
Vastus
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
Kaart 43
Küsimus
Drug antagonist?
Vastus
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
Kaart 44
Küsimus
Stimulants?
Vastus
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
Kaart 45
Küsimus
Drug tolerance?
Vastus
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
Kaart 46
Küsimus
Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Vastus
Multiple sclerosis.
Kaart 47
Küsimus
All-or-none principle?
Vastus
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
Kaart 48
Küsimus
Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
Vastus
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
Kaart 49
Küsimus
GABA's major psychological function?
Vastus
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
Kaart 50
Küsimus
Oxytocin's behavioral role?
Vastus
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
Kaart 51
Küsimus
Reuptake inhibitor?
Vastus
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
Kaart 52
Küsimus
Depressants?
Vastus
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
Kaart 53
Küsimus
Drug withdrawal?
Vastus
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
Kaart 54
Küsimus
Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Vastus
Myasthenia gravis.
Kaart 55
Küsimus
Glial cells?
Vastus
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
Kaart 56
Küsimus
Endorphins?
Vastus
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
Kaart 57
Küsimus
Substance P?
Vastus
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
Kaart 58
Küsimus
Acetylcholine's major functions?
Vastus
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
Kaart 59
Küsimus
Opioids?
Vastus
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
Kaart 60
Küsimus
Hallucinogens?
Vastus
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
Kaart 61
Küsimus
Addiction?
Vastus
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
Kaart 62
Küsimus
Parietal lobes?
Vastus
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
Kaart 63
Küsimus
Consciousness?
Vastus
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
Kaart 64
Küsimus
Circadian rhythm?
Vastus
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
Kaart 65
Küsimus
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
Vastus
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
Kaart 66
Küsimus
Occipital lobes?
Vastus
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
Kaart 67
Küsimus
What does split-brain research reveal?
Vastus
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
Kaart 68
Küsimus
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
Vastus
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
Kaart 69
Küsimus
NREM-1 sleep?
Vastus
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
Kaart 70
Küsimus
Motor cortex?
Vastus
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
Kaart 71
Küsimus
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
Vastus
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
Kaart 72
Küsimus
Brainstem's core function?
Vastus
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
Kaart 73
Küsimus
NREM-2 sleep?
Vastus
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
Kaart 74
Küsimus
Somatosensory cortex?
Vastus
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
Kaart 75
Küsimus
Medulla's main functions?
Vastus
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
Kaart 76
Küsimus
Reticular activating system?
Vastus
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
Kaart 77
Küsimus
NREM-3 sleep?
Vastus
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
Kaart 78
Küsimus
Cerebellum's main functions?
Vastus
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
Kaart 79
Küsimus
Thalamus?
Vastus
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
Kaart 80
Küsimus
Hypothalamus?
Vastus
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
Kaart 81
Küsimus
REM sleep?
Vastus
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
Kaart 82
Küsimus
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
Vastus
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
Kaart 83
Küsimus
Amygdala?
Vastus
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
Kaart 84
Küsimus
Hippocampus?
Vastus
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
Kaart 85
Küsimus
How does sleep change across a typical night?
Vastus
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
Kaart 86
Küsimus
Contralateral brain control?
Vastus
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
Kaart 87
Küsimus
What does an EEG measure?
Vastus
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
Kaart 88
Küsimus
Reward-center activity?
Vastus
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
Kaart 89
Küsimus
Neuroplasticity?
Vastus
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
Kaart 90
Küsimus
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
Vastus
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
Kaart 91
Küsimus
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
Vastus
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
Kaart 92
Küsimus
Insomnia?
Vastus
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
Kaart 93
Küsimus
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
Vastus
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
Kaart 94
Küsimus
Absolute threshold?
Vastus
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
Kaart 95
Küsimus
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
Vastus
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
Kaart 96
Küsimus
Narcolepsy?
Vastus
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
Kaart 97
Küsimus
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
Vastus
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
Kaart 98
Küsimus
Difference threshold?
Vastus
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
Kaart 99
Küsimus
Consolidation view of dreams?
Vastus
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
Kaart 100
Küsimus
REM sleep behavior disorder?
Vastus
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
Kaart 101
Küsimus
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
Vastus
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
Kaart 102
Küsimus
Weber's law?
Vastus
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
Kaart 103
Küsimus
Two supported functions of sleep?
Vastus
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
Kaart 104
Küsimus
Sleep apnea?
Vastus
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
Kaart 105
Küsimus
REM rebound?
Vastus
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
Kaart 106
Küsimus
Signal detection theory?
Vastus
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
Kaart 107
Küsimus
Sensory transduction?
Vastus
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
Kaart 108
Küsimus
Vestibular sense?
Vastus
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
Kaart 109
Küsimus
Somnambulism?
Vastus
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
Kaart 110
Küsimus
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Vastus
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
Kaart 111
Küsimus
What begins visual transduction?
Vastus
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
Kaart 112
Küsimus
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
Vastus
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
Kaart 113
Küsimus
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
Vastus
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
Kaart 114
Küsimus
Accommodation in vision?
Vastus
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
Kaart 115
Küsimus
Cones?
Vastus
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
Kaart 116
Küsimus
What begins auditory transduction?
Vastus
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
Kaart 117
Küsimus
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
Vastus
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
Kaart 118
Küsimus
How is smell unusual among the senses?
Vastus
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
Kaart 119
Küsimus
Kinesthesia?
Vastus
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
Kaart 120
Küsimus
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
Vastus
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
Kaart 121
Küsimus
Nearsightedness?
Vastus
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
Kaart 122
Küsimus
Pheromones?
Vastus
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
Kaart 123
Küsimus
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
Vastus
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
Kaart 124
Küsimus
Volley theory of pitch?
Vastus
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
Kaart 125
Küsimus
Farsightedness?
Vastus
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
Kaart 126
Küsimus
Six taste qualities named in the course?
Vastus
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
Kaart 127
Küsimus
Phantom-limb sensation?
Vastus
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
Kaart 128
Küsimus
Sensory interaction?
Vastus
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
Kaart 129
Küsimus
What causes most color-vision deficiency?
Vastus
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
Kaart 130
Küsimus
Prosopagnosia?
Vastus
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
Kaart 131
Küsimus
Rods?
Vastus
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
Kaart 132
Küsimus
How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
Vastus
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
Kaart 133
Küsimus
Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
Vastus
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
Kaart 134
Küsimus
Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
Vastus
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
Kaart 135
Küsimus
What do the semicircular canals detect?
Vastus
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
Kaart 136
Küsimus
Synesthesia?
Vastus
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
Kaart 137
Küsimus
Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
Vastus
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
Kaart 138
Küsimus
Blindsight?
Vastus
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
Kaart 139
Küsimus
Sensory adaptation?
Vastus
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
Kaart 140
Küsimus
Gate-control view of pain?
Vastus
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
Kaart 141
Küsimus
Bottom-up processing?
Vastus
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
Kaart 142
Küsimus
Concept?
Vastus
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Kaart 143
Küsimus
Fixation in problem solving?
Vastus
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
Kaart 144
Küsimus
Algorithm?
Vastus
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
Kaart 145
Küsimus
Top-down processing?
Vastus
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
Kaart 146
Küsimus
Confirmation bias?
Vastus
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
Kaart 147
Küsimus
Retinal disparity?
Vastus
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
Kaart 148
Küsimus
Heuristic?
Vastus
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
Kaart 149
Küsimus
Selective attention?
Vastus
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
Kaart 150
Küsimus
Figure–ground organization?
Vastus
Separating the object of attention from its background.
Kaart 151
Küsimus
Convergence as a depth cue?
Vastus
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
Kaart 152
Küsimus
Representativeness heuristic?
Vastus
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
Kaart 153
Küsimus
Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
Vastus
Inattentional blindness.
Kaart 154
Küsimus
Gestalt proximity principle?
Vastus
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
Kaart 155
Küsimus
Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
Vastus
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
Kaart 156
Küsimus
Cocktail-party effect?
Vastus
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
Kaart 157
Küsimus
Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
Vastus
Change blindness.
Kaart 158
Küsimus
Gestalt similarity principle?
Vastus
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
Kaart 159
Küsimus
Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
Vastus
Linear perspective.
Kaart 160
Küsimus
Perceptual constancy?
Vastus
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
Kaart 161
Küsimus
Perceptual set?
Vastus
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
Kaart 162
Küsimus
Gestalt closure principle?
Vastus
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
Kaart 163
Küsimus
One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
Vastus
The blocking object, using interposition.
Kaart 164
Küsimus
Apparent motion?
Vastus
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
Kaart 165
Küsimus
Availability heuristic?
Vastus
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
Kaart 166
Küsimus
Divergent thinking?
Vastus
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
Kaart 167
Küsimus
A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
Vastus
Relative clarity.
Kaart 168
Küsimus
Prototype?
Vastus
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
Kaart 169
Küsimus
Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
Vastus
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
Kaart 170
Küsimus
Convergent thinking?
Vastus
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
Kaart 171
Küsimus
A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
Vastus
Texture gradient.
Kaart 172
Küsimus
Belief perseverance?
Vastus
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
Kaart 173
Küsimus
Explicit memory?
Vastus
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
Kaart 174
Küsimus
Three stores in the multi-store model?
Vastus
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Kaart 175
Küsimus
Seeing an object only in its usual role?
Vastus
Functional fixedness.
Kaart 176
Küsimus
Mental set?
Vastus
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
Kaart 177
Küsimus
Episodic memory?
Vastus
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
Kaart 178
Küsimus
Working memory?
Vastus
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
Kaart 179
Küsimus
Insight?
Vastus
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
Kaart 180
Küsimus
Framing effect?
Vastus
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
Kaart 181
Küsimus
Implicit memory?
Vastus
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
Kaart 182
Küsimus
Overconfidence bias?
Vastus
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
Kaart 183
Küsimus
Anchoring bias?
Vastus
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
Kaart 184
Küsimus
Schema in thinking?
Vastus
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
Kaart 185
Küsimus
Procedural memory?
Vastus
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
Kaart 186
Küsimus
Gambler's fallacy?
Vastus
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
Kaart 187
Küsimus
Sunk-cost fallacy?
Vastus
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
Kaart 188
Küsimus
Executive functions?
Vastus
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
Kaart 189
Küsimus
How can priming affect judgment?
Vastus
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
Kaart 190
Küsimus
Central executive in working memory?
Vastus
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
Kaart 191
Küsimus
Serial-position effect?
Vastus
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
Kaart 192
Küsimus
Semantic memory?
Vastus
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
Kaart 193
Küsimus
Levels-of-processing principle?
Vastus
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
Kaart 194
Küsimus
Automatic processing?
Vastus
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
Kaart 195
Küsimus
Maintenance rehearsal?
Vastus
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
Kaart 196
Küsimus
Prospective memory?
Vastus
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
Kaart 197
Küsimus
Primacy effect?
Vastus
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
Kaart 198
Küsimus
Long-term memory?
Vastus
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
Kaart 199
Küsimus
Highly superior autobiographical memory?
Vastus
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
Kaart 200
Küsimus
Effortful processing?
Vastus
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
Kaart 201
Küsimus
Elaborative rehearsal?
Vastus
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
Kaart 202
Küsimus
Memory consolidation?
Vastus
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
Kaart 203
Küsimus
Recency effect?
Vastus
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
Kaart 204
Küsimus
Spacing effect?
Vastus
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
Kaart 205
Küsimus
Testing effect?
Vastus
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
Kaart 206
Küsimus
Chunking?
Vastus
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
Kaart 207
Küsimus
Mnemonic?
Vastus
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
Kaart 208
Küsimus
Why organize material into a hierarchy?
Vastus
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
Kaart 209
Küsimus
How can a schema help encoding?
Vastus
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
Kaart 210
Küsimus
Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
Vastus
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
Kaart 211
Küsimus
Iconic memory?
Vastus
A very brief visual sensory memory.
Kaart 212
Küsimus
Recall?
Vastus
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
Kaart 213
Küsimus
Retrieval cue?
Vastus
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
Kaart 214
Küsimus
Encoding-specificity principle?
Vastus
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
Kaart 215
Küsimus
Context-dependent memory?
Vastus
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
Kaart 216
Küsimus
Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
Vastus
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
Kaart 217
Küsimus
Echoic memory?
Vastus
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
Kaart 218
Küsimus
Anterograde amnesia?
Vastus
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
Kaart 219
Küsimus
Phonological loop?
Vastus
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
Kaart 220
Küsimus
Cerebellum's memory role?
Vastus
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
Kaart 221
Küsimus
Why is short-term memory described as limited?
Vastus
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
Kaart 222
Küsimus
Retrograde amnesia?
Vastus
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
Kaart 223
Küsimus
Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
Vastus
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
Kaart 224
Küsimus
How can the amygdala affect memory?
Vastus
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
Kaart 225
Küsimus
Visuospatial sketchpad?
Vastus
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
Kaart 226
Küsimus
Long-term potentiation?
Vastus
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
Kaart 227
Küsimus
Infantile amnesia?
Vastus
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
Kaart 228
Küsimus
Alzheimer's disease?
Vastus
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
Kaart 229
Küsimus
Scores are
2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?Vastus
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because
9 - 2 = 7.Kaart 230
Küsimus
Recognition?
Vastus
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
Kaart 231
Küsimus
Why is memory called reconstructive?
Vastus
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
Kaart 232
Küsimus
Storage decay?
Vastus
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
Kaart 233
Küsimus
State-dependent memory?
Vastus
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
Kaart 234
Küsimus
Relearning?
Vastus
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
Kaart 235
Küsimus
Misinformation effect?
Vastus
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
Kaart 236
Küsimus
A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
Vastus
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
Kaart 237
Küsimus
Mood-congruent memory?
Vastus
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
Kaart 238
Küsimus
Priming?
Vastus
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
Kaart 239
Küsimus
Tip-of-the-tongue state?
Vastus
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
Kaart 240
Küsimus
Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
Vastus
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
Kaart 241
Küsimus
Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
Vastus
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
Kaart 242
Küsimus
Metacognition?
Vastus
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
Kaart 243
Küsimus
Source amnesia?
Vastus
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
Kaart 244
Küsimus
Test standardization?
Vastus
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
Kaart 245
Küsimus
Reliability?
Vastus
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
Kaart 246
Küsimus
Stereotype threat?
Vastus
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
Kaart 247
Küsimus
General intelligence, or g?
Vastus
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
Kaart 248
Küsimus
Encoding failure?
Vastus
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
Kaart 249
Küsimus
Validity?
Vastus
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
Kaart 250
Küsimus
Proactive interference?
Vastus
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
Kaart 251
Küsimus
Imagination inflation?
Vastus
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
Kaart 252
Küsimus
A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
Vastus
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
Kaart 253
Küsimus
Retrieval failure?
Vastus
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
Kaart 254
Küsimus
Retroactive interference?
Vastus
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
Kaart 255
Küsimus
A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
Vastus
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
Kaart 256
Küsimus
Repression in psychodynamic theory?
Vastus
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
Kaart 257
Küsimus
Flashbulb memory?
Vastus
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
Kaart 258
Küsimus
A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
Vastus
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
Kaart 259
Küsimus
A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
Vastus
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
Kaart 260
Küsimus
Stereotype lift?
Vastus
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
Kaart 261
Küsimus
Achievement test?
Vastus
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
Kaart 262
Küsimus
Construct validity?
Vastus
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
Kaart 263
Küsimus
Test–retest reliability?
Vastus
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
Kaart 264
Küsimus
Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
Vastus
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
Kaart 265
Küsimus
Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
Vastus
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
Kaart 266
Küsimus
Aptitude test?
Vastus
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
Kaart 267
Küsimus
Traditional IQ formula?
Vastus
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
Kaart 268
Küsimus
Predictive validity?
Vastus
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
Kaart 269
Küsimus
What does a normal score distribution look like?
Vastus
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
Kaart 270
Küsimus
Split-half reliability?
Vastus
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
Kaart 271
Küsimus
Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
Vastus
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
Kaart 272
Küsimus
Flynn effect?
Vastus
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
Kaart 273
Küsimus
A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
Vastus
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
Kaart 274
Küsimus
Continuous versus stage development?
Vastus
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
Kaart 275
Küsimus
How can prenatal environment affect later development?
Vastus
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
Kaart 276
Küsimus
Teratogen?
Vastus
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
Kaart 277
Küsimus
Maturation?
Vastus
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
Kaart 278
Küsimus
Stability–change question in development?
Vastus
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
Kaart 279
Küsimus
A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
Vastus
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
Kaart 280
Küsimus
Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
Vastus
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
Kaart 281
Küsimus
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
Vastus
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
Kaart 282
Küsimus
Fine versus gross motor skills?
Vastus
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
Kaart 283
Küsimus
Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
Vastus
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
Kaart 284
Küsimus
What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
Vastus
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
Kaart 285
Küsimus
Puberty?
Vastus
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
Kaart 286
Küsimus
Sensitive period?
Vastus
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
Kaart 287
Küsimus
What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
Vastus
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
Kaart 288
Küsimus
Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
Vastus
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
Kaart 289
Küsimus
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
Vastus
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
Kaart 290
Küsimus
Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
Vastus
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
Kaart 291
Küsimus
Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
Vastus
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
Kaart 292
Küsimus
Menarche?
Vastus
The first menstrual period.
Kaart 293
Küsimus
Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
Vastus
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
Kaart 294
Küsimus
About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
Vastus
About 68%.
Kaart 295
Küsimus
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
Vastus
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
Kaart 296
Küsimus
Spermarche?
Vastus
The first ejaculation.
Kaart 297
Küsimus
Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
Vastus
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
Kaart 298
Küsimus
Imprinting?
Vastus
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
Kaart 299
Küsimus
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
Vastus
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
Kaart 300
Küsimus
Menopause?
Vastus
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
Kaart 301
Küsimus
Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
Vastus
Naturalistic observation.
Kaart 302
Küsimus
How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
Vastus
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
Kaart 303
Küsimus
Gender identity?
Vastus
A person's internal sense of their gender.
Kaart 304
Küsimus
Gender role?
Vastus
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
Kaart 305
Küsimus
Sex versus gender?
Vastus
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
Kaart 306
Küsimus
Common sensory change in later adulthood?
Vastus
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
Kaart 307
Küsimus
Sexual orientation?
Vastus
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
Kaart 308
Küsimus
Gender schema?
Vastus
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
Kaart 309
Küsimus
Best broad view of gender development?
Vastus
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
Kaart 310
Küsimus
Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
Vastus
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
Kaart 311
Küsimus
Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
Vastus
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
Kaart 312
Küsimus
Schema in cognitive development?
Vastus
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
Kaart 313
Küsimus
Sensorimotor stage?
Vastus
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
Kaart 314
Küsimus
Preoperational stage?
Vastus
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
Kaart 315
Küsimus
Assimilation?
Vastus
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
Kaart 316
Küsimus
A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
Vastus
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
Kaart 317
Küsimus
Animism in preoperational thought?
Vastus
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
Kaart 318
Küsimus
Concrete operational stage?
Vastus
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
Kaart 319
Küsimus
Accommodation?
Vastus
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
Kaart 320
Küsimus
Reversibility in cognitive development?
Vastus
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
Kaart 321
Küsimus
How can social learning shape gender expression?
Vastus
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
Kaart 322
Küsimus
A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
Vastus
Assimilation.
Kaart 323
Küsimus
Language?
Vastus
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
Kaart 324
Küsimus
Cooing stage?
Vastus
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
Kaart 325
Küsimus
Babbling stage?
Vastus
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
Kaart 326
Küsimus
One-word stage?
Vastus
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
Kaart 327
Küsimus
Grammar?
Vastus
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
Kaart 328
Küsimus
A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
Vastus
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
Kaart 329
Küsimus
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
Vastus
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
Kaart 330
Küsimus
A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
Vastus
Accommodation.
Kaart 331
Küsimus
A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
Vastus
Scaffolding.
Kaart 332
Küsimus
A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
Vastus
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
Kaart 333
Küsimus
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
Vastus
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
Kaart 334
Küsimus
An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
Vastus
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
Kaart 335
Küsimus
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
Vastus
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
Kaart 336
Küsimus
Formal operational stage?
Vastus
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
Kaart 337
Küsimus
Dementia?
Vastus
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
Kaart 338
Küsimus
Phoneme?
Vastus
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
Kaart 339
Küsimus
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
Vastus
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
Kaart 340
Küsimus
Temperament?
Vastus
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
Kaart 341
Küsimus
Attachment?
Vastus
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
Kaart 342
Küsimus
Erikson's infancy conflict?
Vastus
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
Kaart 343
Küsimus
Microsystem?
Vastus
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
Kaart 344
Küsimus
Erikson's toddler conflict?
Vastus
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
Kaart 345
Küsimus
Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
Vastus
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
Kaart 346
Küsimus
Erikson's school-age conflict?
Vastus
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
Kaart 347
Küsimus
Mesosystem?
Vastus
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
Kaart 348
Küsimus
Erikson's adolescent conflict?
Vastus
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
Kaart 349
Küsimus
Erikson's young-adult conflict?
Vastus
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
Kaart 350
Küsimus
Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
Vastus
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
Kaart 351
Küsimus
Exosystem?
Vastus
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
Kaart 352
Küsimus
Morpheme?
Vastus
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
Kaart 353
Küsimus
Telegraphic speech?
Vastus
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
705 kaarti
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Õpi seda kaardipakki tasutaNibomo avaneb, et saaksid õppimist alustada.
Kaart 354
Küsimus
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
Vastus
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
Kaart 355
Küsimus
Macrosystem?
Vastus
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
Kaart 356
Küsimus
Semantics?
Vastus
The meanings of words and sentences.
Kaart 357
Küsimus
A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
Vastus
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
Kaart 358
Küsimus
What does a sensitive period for language imply?
Vastus
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
Kaart 359
Küsimus
Does language completely determine thought?
Vastus
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
Kaart 360
Küsimus
Syntax?
Vastus
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
Kaart 361
Küsimus
A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
Vastus
Secure attachment.
Kaart 362
Küsimus
How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
Vastus
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
Kaart 363
Küsimus
Authoritative parenting?
Vastus
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
Kaart 364
Küsimus
Identity achievement?
Vastus
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
Kaart 365
Küsimus
Avoidant attachment pattern?
Vastus
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
Kaart 366
Küsimus
Classical conditioning?
Vastus
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
Kaart 367
Küsimus
Unconditioned stimulus?
Vastus
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
Kaart 368
Küsimus
Unconditioned response?
Vastus
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
Kaart 369
Küsimus
Conditioned stimulus?
Vastus
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
Kaart 370
Küsimus
Conditioned response?
Vastus
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
Kaart 371
Küsimus
Acquisition in classical conditioning?
Vastus
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
Kaart 372
Küsimus
During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
Vastus
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
Kaart 373
Küsimus
Authoritarian parenting?
Vastus
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
Kaart 374
Küsimus
Identity diffusion?
Vastus
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
Kaart 375
Küsimus
Extinction in classical conditioning?
Vastus
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
Kaart 376
Küsimus
Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
Vastus
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
Kaart 377
Küsimus
Permissive parenting?
Vastus
High warmth with few demands or limits.
Kaart 378
Küsimus
Parallel play?
Vastus
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
Kaart 379
Küsimus
Imaginary audience?
Vastus
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
Kaart 380
Küsimus
Identity foreclosure?
Vastus
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
Kaart 381
Küsimus
Disorganized attachment pattern?
Vastus
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
Kaart 382
Küsimus
Neglectful parenting?
Vastus
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
Kaart 383
Küsimus
Chronosystem?
Vastus
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
Kaart 384
Küsimus
Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
Vastus
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
Kaart 385
Küsimus
Personal fable?
Vastus
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
Kaart 386
Küsimus
Identity moratorium?
Vastus
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
Kaart 387
Küsimus
Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
Vastus
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
Kaart 388
Küsimus
Separation anxiety in infancy?
Vastus
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
Kaart 389
Küsimus
What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
Vastus
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
Kaart 390
Küsimus
Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
Vastus
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
Kaart 391
Küsimus
Emerging adulthood?
Vastus
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
Kaart 392
Küsimus
Social clock?
Vastus
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
Kaart 393
Küsimus
Erikson's later-adult conflict?
Vastus
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
Kaart 394
Küsimus
Possible selves?
Vastus
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
Kaart 395
Küsimus
Stimulus generalization?
Vastus
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
Kaart 396
Küsimus
Operant conditioning?
Vastus
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
Kaart 397
Küsimus
Law of effect?
Vastus
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
Kaart 398
Küsimus
Spontaneous recovery?
Vastus
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
Kaart 399
Küsimus
Stimulus discrimination?
Vastus
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
Kaart 400
Küsimus
Reinforcement?
Vastus
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
Kaart 401
Küsimus
Higher-order conditioning?
Vastus
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
Kaart 402
Küsimus
Counterconditioning?
Vastus
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
Kaart 403
Küsimus
Habituation?
Vastus
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
Kaart 404
Küsimus
Punishment?
Vastus
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
Kaart 405
Küsimus
Partial reinforcement?
Vastus
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
Kaart 406
Küsimus
Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
Vastus
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
Kaart 407
Küsimus
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
Vastus
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
Kaart 408
Küsimus
Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
Vastus
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
Kaart 409
Küsimus
Fixed-ratio schedule?
Vastus
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
Kaart 410
Küsimus
Observational learning?
Vastus
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
Kaart 411
Küsimus
A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
Vastus
Positive reinforcement.
Kaart 412
Küsimus
Primary reinforcer?
Vastus
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
Kaart 413
Küsimus
Variable-ratio schedule?
Vastus
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
Kaart 414
Küsimus
Modeling?
Vastus
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
Kaart 415
Küsimus
Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
Vastus
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
Kaart 416
Küsimus
Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
Vastus
Negative reinforcement.
Kaart 417
Küsimus
Conditioned reinforcer?
Vastus
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
Kaart 418
Küsimus
A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
Vastus
Vicarious reinforcement.
Kaart 419
Küsimus
Fixed-interval schedule?
Vastus
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
Kaart 420
Küsimus
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
Vastus
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
Kaart 421
Küsimus
A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
Vastus
Positive punishment.
Kaart 422
Küsimus
Shaping?
Vastus
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
Kaart 423
Küsimus
Extinction in operant conditioning?
Vastus
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
Kaart 424
Küsimus
Variable-interval schedule?
Vastus
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
Kaart 425
Küsimus
A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
Vastus
Negative punishment.
Kaart 426
Küsimus
Learned helplessness?
Vastus
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
Kaart 427
Küsimus
Continuous reinforcement?
Vastus
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
Kaart 428
Küsimus
A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
Vastus
A fixed-interval schedule.
Kaart 429
Küsimus
Discriminative stimulus?
Vastus
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
Kaart 430
Küsimus
Operant generalization versus discrimination?
Vastus
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
Kaart 431
Küsimus
Instinctive drift?
Vastus
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
Kaart 432
Küsimus
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
Vastus
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
Kaart 433
Küsimus
How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
Vastus
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
Kaart 434
Küsimus
How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
Vastus
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
Kaart 435
Küsimus
Vicarious conditioning?
Vastus
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
Kaart 436
Küsimus
A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
Vastus
A variable-interval schedule.
Kaart 437
Küsimus
Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
Vastus
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
Kaart 438
Küsimus
Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
Vastus
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
Kaart 439
Küsimus
Latent learning?
Vastus
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
Kaart 440
Küsimus
Cognitive map?
Vastus
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
Kaart 441
Küsimus
Insight learning?
Vastus
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
Kaart 442
Küsimus
Biological preparedness?
Vastus
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
Kaart 443
Küsimus
What can mirror-neuron activity show?
Vastus
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
Kaart 444
Küsimus
Attribution?
Vastus
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
Kaart 445
Küsimus
Attitude?
Vastus
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
Kaart 446
Küsimus
Upward social comparison?
Vastus
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
Kaart 447
Küsimus
Optimistic explanatory style?
Vastus
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
Kaart 448
Küsimus
Situational attribution?
Vastus
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
Kaart 449
Küsimus
A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
Vastus
Cognitive dissonance.
Kaart 450
Küsimus
Downward social comparison?
Vastus
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
Kaart 451
Küsimus
Internal locus of control?
Vastus
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
Kaart 452
Küsimus
Dispositional attribution?
Vastus
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
Kaart 453
Küsimus
Pessimistic explanatory style?
Vastus
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
Kaart 454
Küsimus
Relative deprivation?
Vastus
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
Kaart 455
Küsimus
External locus of control?
Vastus
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
Kaart 456
Küsimus
Fundamental attribution error?
Vastus
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
Kaart 457
Küsimus
Halo effect?
Vastus
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
Kaart 458
Küsimus
Self-fulfilling prophecy?
Vastus
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
Kaart 459
Küsimus
Mere-exposure effect?
Vastus
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
Kaart 460
Küsimus
A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
Vastus
The actor–observer difference.
Kaart 461
Küsimus
A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
Vastus
The central route.
Kaart 462
Küsimus
Effort justification?
Vastus
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
Kaart 463
Küsimus
Stereotype?
Vastus
A generalized belief about members of a group.
Kaart 464
Küsimus
A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
Vastus
Self-serving bias.
Kaart 465
Küsimus
A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
Vastus
The peripheral route.
Kaart 466
Küsimus
Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
Vastus
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
Kaart 467
Küsimus
Prejudice?
Vastus
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
Kaart 468
Küsimus
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:
Workload Errors Low 2 High 8 Which attribution is better supported?
Vastus
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
Kaart 469
Küsimus
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
Vastus
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
Kaart 470
Küsimus
Conformity?
Vastus
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
Kaart 471
Küsimus
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
Vastus
The bystander effect.
Kaart 472
Küsimus
Diffusion of responsibility?
Vastus
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
Kaart 473
Küsimus
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
Vastus
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
Kaart 474
Küsimus
In-group bias?
Vastus
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
Kaart 475
Küsimus
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
Vastus
The foot-in-the-door technique.
Kaart 476
Küsimus
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
Vastus
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
Kaart 477
Küsimus
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
Vastus
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
Kaart 478
Küsimus
Discrimination?
Vastus
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
Kaart 479
Küsimus
Out-group homogeneity effect?
Vastus
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
Kaart 480
Küsimus
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
Vastus
The door-in-the-face technique.
Kaart 481
Küsimus
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
Vastus
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
Kaart 482
Küsimus
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
Vastus
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
Kaart 483
Küsimus
Just-world belief?
Vastus
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
Kaart 484
Küsimus
Implicit attitude?
Vastus
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
Kaart 485
Küsimus
Ethnocentrism?
Vastus
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
Kaart 486
Küsimus
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
Vastus
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
Kaart 487
Küsimus
Normative social influence?
Vastus
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
Kaart 488
Küsimus
Psychodynamic view of personality?
Vastus
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
Kaart 489
Küsimus
Norm of reciprocity?
Vastus
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
Kaart 490
Küsimus
Individualism?
Vastus
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
Kaart 491
Küsimus
Informational social influence?
Vastus
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
Kaart 492
Küsimus
Id?
Vastus
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
Kaart 493
Küsimus
Altruism?
Vastus
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
Kaart 494
Küsimus
Social norm?
Vastus
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
Kaart 495
Küsimus
What tends to increase conformity?
Vastus
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
Kaart 496
Küsimus
Ego?
Vastus
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
Kaart 497
Küsimus
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
Vastus
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
Kaart 498
Küsimus
Collectivism?
Vastus
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
Kaart 499
Küsimus
Obedience?
Vastus
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
Kaart 500
Küsimus
Superego?
Vastus
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
Kaart 501
Küsimus
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
Vastus
Denial.
Kaart 502
Küsimus
Social-responsibility norm?
Vastus
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
Kaart 503
Küsimus
How does proximity affect attraction?
Vastus
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
Kaart 504
Küsimus
What tends to increase obedience?
Vastus
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
Kaart 505
Küsimus
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
Vastus
Displacement.
Kaart 506
Küsimus
Social loafing?
Vastus
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
Kaart 507
Küsimus
Multiculturalism?
Vastus
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
Kaart 508
Küsimus
How does similarity affect attraction?
Vastus
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
Kaart 509
Küsimus
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
Vastus
Projection.
Kaart 510
Küsimus
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
Vastus
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
Kaart 511
Küsimus
Deindividuation?
Vastus
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
Kaart 512
Küsimus
Group polarization?
Vastus
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
Kaart 513
Küsimus
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
Vastus
Rationalization.
Kaart 514
Küsimus
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
Vastus
Groupthink.
Kaart 515
Küsimus
Pluralistic ignorance?
Vastus
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
Kaart 516
Küsimus
Social trap?
Vastus
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
Kaart 517
Küsimus
Reaction formation?
Vastus
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
Kaart 518
Küsimus
Superordinate goal?
Vastus
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
Kaart 519
Küsimus
False-consensus effect?
Vastus
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
Kaart 520
Küsimus
Industrial-organizational psychology?
Vastus
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
Kaart 521
Küsimus
Repression?
Vastus
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
Kaart 522
Küsimus
Burnout?
Vastus
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
Kaart 523
Küsimus
Unconditional positive regard?
Vastus
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
Kaart 524
Küsimus
Trait?
Vastus
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
Kaart 525
Küsimus
Regression as a defense mechanism?
Vastus
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
Kaart 526
Küsimus
Reciprocal determinism?
Vastus
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
Kaart 527
Küsimus
Self-efficacy?
Vastus
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
Kaart 528
Küsimus
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
Vastus
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
Kaart 529
Küsimus
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
Vastus
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
Kaart 530
Küsimus
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Vastus
Openness.
Kaart 531
Küsimus
Personality inventory?
Vastus
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
Kaart 532
Küsimus
Self-actualizing tendency?
Vastus
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
Kaart 533
Küsimus
Self-esteem?
Vastus
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
Kaart 534
Küsimus
Instinct in motivation research?
Vastus
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
Kaart 535
Küsimus
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Vastus
Conscientiousness.
Kaart 536
Küsimus
Projective test?
Vastus
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
Kaart 537
Küsimus
How does factor analysis help trait research?
Vastus
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
Kaart 538
Küsimus
Drive-reduction theory?
Vastus
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
Kaart 539
Küsimus
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Vastus
Extraversion.
Kaart 540
Küsimus
Person–situation debate?
Vastus
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
Kaart 541
Küsimus
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
Vastus
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
Kaart 542
Küsimus
Homeostasis?
Vastus
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
Kaart 543
Küsimus
Incentive theory?
Vastus
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
Kaart 544
Küsimus
Big Five agreeableness?
Vastus
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
Kaart 545
Küsimus
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
Vastus
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
Kaart 546
Küsimus
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
Vastus
An approach–approach conflict.
Kaart 547
Küsimus
Arousal theory of motivation?
Vastus
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
Kaart 548
Küsimus
Big Five emotional stability?
Vastus
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
Kaart 549
Küsimus
What regulates hunger?
Vastus
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
Kaart 550
Küsimus
Three broad components of emotion?
Vastus
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
Kaart 551
Küsimus
Self-determination theory?
Vastus
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
Kaart 552
Küsimus
Emotion regulation?
Vastus
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
Kaart 553
Küsimus
Sensation-seeking?
Vastus
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
Kaart 554
Küsimus
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
Vastus
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
Kaart 555
Küsimus
Intrinsic motivation?
Vastus
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
Kaart 556
Küsimus
Display rules?
Vastus
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
Kaart 557
Küsimus
Arousal and performance relationship?
Vastus
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
Kaart 558
Küsimus
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
Vastus
An approach–avoidance conflict.
Kaart 559
Küsimus
Extrinsic motivation?
Vastus
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
Kaart 560
Küsimus
Achievement motivation?
Vastus
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
Kaart 561
Küsimus
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
Vastus
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
Kaart 562
Küsimus
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
Vastus
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
Kaart 563
Küsimus
Overjustification effect?
Vastus
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
Kaart 564
Küsimus
Belongingness motivation?
Vastus
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
Kaart 565
Küsimus
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:
Condition Mean minutes Assigned topic 34 Chosen topic 47 What is the observed mean difference?
Vastus
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
Kaart 566
Küsimus
Facial-feedback effect?
Vastus
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
Kaart 567
Küsimus
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
Vastus
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
Kaart 568
Küsimus
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
Vastus
Cognitive reappraisal.
Kaart 569
Küsimus
Broaden-and-build view?
Vastus
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
Kaart 570
Küsimus
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
Vastus
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
Kaart 571
Küsimus
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
Vastus
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
Kaart 572
Küsimus
Expressive suppression?
Vastus
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
Kaart 573
Küsimus
How does acute stress affect the body?
Vastus
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
Kaart 574
Küsimus
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
Vastus
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
Kaart 575
Küsimus
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
Vastus
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
Kaart 576
Küsimus
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
Vastus
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
Kaart 577
Küsimus
Health psychology?
Vastus
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
Kaart 578
Küsimus
Positive psychology?
Vastus
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
Kaart 579
Küsimus
Stress?
Vastus
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
Kaart 580
Küsimus
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
Vastus
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
Kaart 581
Küsimus
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
Vastus
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
Kaart 582
Küsimus
Resilience?
Vastus
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
Kaart 583
Küsimus
Stressor?
Vastus
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
Kaart 584
Küsimus
General adaptation syndrome?
Vastus
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
Kaart 585
Küsimus
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
Vastus
Problem-focused coping.
Kaart 586
Küsimus
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
Vastus
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
Kaart 587
Küsimus
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
Vastus
Primary appraisal.
Kaart 588
Küsimus
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
Vastus
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
Kaart 589
Küsimus
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
Vastus
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
Kaart 590
Küsimus
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
Vastus
Emotion-focused coping.
Kaart 591
Küsimus
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
Vastus
Secondary appraisal.
Kaart 592
Küsimus
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
Vastus
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
Kaart 593
Küsimus
Adverse childhood experiences?
Vastus
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
Kaart 594
Küsimus
How can social support protect health?
Vastus
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
Kaart 595
Küsimus
Eustress versus distress?
Vastus
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
Kaart 596
Küsimus
Tend-and-befriend response?
Vastus
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
Kaart 597
Küsimus
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
Vastus
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
Kaart 598
Küsimus
Biofeedback?
Vastus
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
Kaart 599
Küsimus
How does perceived control affect stress?
Vastus
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
Kaart 600
Küsimus
Psychoneuroimmunology?
Vastus
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
Kaart 601
Küsimus
Subjective well-being?
Vastus
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
Kaart 602
Küsimus
Psychological disorder?
Vastus
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
Kaart 603
Küsimus
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
Vastus
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
Kaart 604
Küsimus
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
Vastus
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
Kaart 605
Küsimus
Signature strengths?
Vastus
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
Kaart 606
Küsimus
Biopsychosocial model?
Vastus
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
Kaart 607
Küsimus
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
Vastus
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
Kaart 608
Küsimus
Posttraumatic growth?
Vastus
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
Kaart 609
Küsimus
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
Vastus
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
Kaart 610
Küsimus
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
Vastus
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
Kaart 611
Küsimus
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
Vastus
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
Kaart 612
Küsimus
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
Vastus
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
Kaart 613
Küsimus
Biological explanation of disorder?
Vastus
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
Kaart 614
Küsimus
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Vastus
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
Kaart 615
Küsimus
Purpose of the DSM?
Vastus
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
Kaart 616
Küsimus
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
Vastus
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
Kaart 617
Küsimus
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
Vastus
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
Kaart 618
Küsimus
Autism spectrum disorder?
Vastus
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
Kaart 619
Küsimus
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
Vastus
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
Kaart 620
Küsimus
Major depressive disorder?
Vastus
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
Kaart 621
Küsimus
Specific phobia?
Vastus
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
Kaart 622
Küsimus
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Vastus
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
Kaart 623
Küsimus
Dissociative amnesia?
Vastus
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
Kaart 624
Küsimus
Bipolar I disorder?
Vastus
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
Kaart 625
Küsimus
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
Vastus
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
Kaart 626
Küsimus
Anorexia nervosa?
Vastus
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
Kaart 627
Küsimus
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
Vastus
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
Kaart 628
Küsimus
Bipolar II disorder?
Vastus
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
Kaart 629
Küsimus
Purpose of the ICD?
Vastus
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
Kaart 630
Küsimus
Bulimia nervosa?
Vastus
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
Kaart 631
Küsimus
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
Vastus
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
Kaart 632
Küsimus
Ataque de nervios?
Vastus
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
Kaart 633
Küsimus
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
Vastus
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
Kaart 634
Küsimus
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
Vastus
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
Kaart 635
Küsimus
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
Vastus
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
Kaart 636
Küsimus
Comorbidity?
Vastus
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
Kaart 637
Küsimus
Humanistic explanation of distress?
Vastus
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
Kaart 638
Küsimus
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
Vastus
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
Kaart 639
Küsimus
Stigma around mental disorder?
Vastus
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
Kaart 640
Küsimus
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
Vastus
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
Kaart 641
Küsimus
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
Vastus
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
Kaart 642
Küsimus
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
Vastus
Interrater reliability.
Kaart 643
Küsimus
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
Vastus
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
Kaart 644
Küsimus
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
Vastus
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
Kaart 645
Küsimus
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
Vastus
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
Kaart 646
Küsimus
Delusion?
Vastus
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
Kaart 647
Küsimus
Agoraphobia?
Vastus
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
Kaart 648
Küsimus
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
Vastus
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
Kaart 649
Küsimus
Eclectic approach to disorder?
Vastus
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
Kaart 650
Küsimus
Hallucination?
Vastus
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
Kaart 651
Küsimus
Panic disorder?
Vastus
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
Kaart 652
Küsimus
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
Vastus
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
Kaart 653
Küsimus
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
Vastus
The diathesis–stress model.
Kaart 654
Küsimus
Cluster A personality disorders?
Vastus
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
Kaart 655
Küsimus
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
Vastus
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
Kaart 656
Küsimus
Evidence-based treatment?
Vastus
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
Kaart 657
Küsimus
Therapeutic alliance?
Vastus
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
Kaart 658
Küsimus
Cultural humility in therapy?
Vastus
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
Kaart 659
Küsimus
Deinstitutionalization?
Vastus
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
Kaart 660
Küsimus
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
Vastus
Exposure therapy.
Kaart 661
Küsimus
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
Vastus
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
Kaart 662
Küsimus
Four medication categories in the course?
Vastus
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
Kaart 663
Küsimus
Depressive cognitive triad?
Vastus
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
Kaart 664
Küsimus
Applied behavior analysis?
Vastus
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
Kaart 665
Küsimus
Psychosurgery?
Vastus
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
Kaart 666
Küsimus
Free association?
Vastus
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
Kaart 667
Küsimus
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
Vastus
Cognitive restructuring.
Kaart 668
Küsimus
One advantage of group therapy?
Vastus
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
Kaart 669
Küsimus
Lobotomy?
Vastus
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
Kaart 670
Küsimus
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
Vastus
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
Kaart 671
Küsimus
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
Vastus
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
Kaart 672
Küsimus
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
Vastus
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
Kaart 673
Küsimus
Social anxiety disorder?
Vastus
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
Kaart 674
Küsimus
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
Vastus
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
Kaart 675
Küsimus
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
Vastus
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
Kaart 676
Küsimus
Dissociative fugue?
Vastus
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
Kaart 677
Küsimus
Cluster B personality disorders?
Vastus
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
Kaart 678
Küsimus
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
Vastus
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
Kaart 679
Küsimus
Catatonia?
Vastus
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
Kaart 680
Küsimus
Manic episode?
Vastus
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
Kaart 681
Küsimus
Dissociative identity disorder?
Vastus
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
Kaart 682
Küsimus
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
Vastus
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
Kaart 683
Küsimus
Cluster C personality disorders?
Vastus
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Kaart 684
Küsimus
Taijin kyofusho?
Vastus
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
Kaart 685
Küsimus
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Vastus
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
Kaart 686
Küsimus
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
Vastus
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
Kaart 687
Küsimus
Hypomanic episode?
Vastus
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
Kaart 688
Küsimus
Generalized anxiety disorder?
Vastus
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
Kaart 689
Küsimus
Hoarding disorder?
Vastus
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
Kaart 690
Küsimus
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
Vastus
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
Kaart 691
Küsimus
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
Vastus
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
Kaart 692
Küsimus
Persistent depressive disorder?
Vastus
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
Kaart 693
Küsimus
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
Vastus
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
Kaart 694
Küsimus
Systematic desensitization?
Vastus
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
Kaart 695
Küsimus
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
Vastus
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
Kaart 696
Küsimus
Dialectical behavior therapy?
Vastus
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
Kaart 697
Küsimus
Integrity in therapy ethics?
Vastus
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
Kaart 698
Küsimus
Aversion therapy?
Vastus
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
Kaart 699
Küsimus
Tardive dyskinesia?
Vastus
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
Kaart 700
Küsimus
ECT versus TMS?
Vastus
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
Kaart 701
Küsimus
Respect for rights and dignity?
Vastus
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
Kaart 702
Küsimus
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
Vastus
A token economy.
Kaart 703
Küsimus
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
Vastus
Person-centered therapy.
Kaart 704
Küsimus
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
Vastus
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
Kaart 705
Küsimus
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
Vastus
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.
705 kaarti
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Nibomo avaneb, et saaksid õppimist alustada.