AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.
Par šo kavu
Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.
What the cards ask you to retrieve
- Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
- Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
- Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
- Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
- Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.
The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.
What's deliberately left out
The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.
Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.
This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.
Kartītes šajā kavā
1. kartīte
Jautājums
Nature in the nature–nurture question?
Atbilde
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
2. kartīte
Jautājums
Central nervous system?
Atbilde
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
3. kartīte
Jautājums
Main role of the spinal cord?
Atbilde
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
4. kartīte
Jautājums
Scores are
4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?Atbilde
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
5. kartīte
Jautājums
Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
Atbilde
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
6. kartīte
Jautājums
Peripheral nervous system?
Atbilde
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
7. kartīte
Jautājums
Reflex arc?
Atbilde
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
8. kartīte
Jautājums
Reflex times are
180, 190, 210, 260, 410milliseconds. What is the median?Atbilde
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
9. kartīte
Jautājums
Heritability?
Atbilde
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
10. kartīte
Jautājums
Autonomic nervous system?
Atbilde
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
11. kartīte
Jautājums
Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
Atbilde
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
12. kartīte
Jautājums
Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
Atbilde
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
13. kartīte
Jautājums
Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
Atbilde
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
14. kartīte
Jautājums
Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
Atbilde
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
15. kartīte
Jautājums
Natural selection?
Atbilde
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
16. kartīte
Jautājums
Somatic nervous system?
Atbilde
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
17. kartīte
Jautājums
Sensory neurons?
Atbilde
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
18. kartīte
Jautājums
Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
Atbilde
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
19. kartīte
Jautājums
Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
Atbilde
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
20. kartīte
Jautājums
Sympathetic nervous system?
Atbilde
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
21. kartīte
Jautājums
Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
Atbilde
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
22. kartīte
Jautājums
Motor neurons?
Atbilde
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
23. kartīte
Jautājums
Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
Atbilde
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
24. kartīte
Jautājums
Parasympathetic nervous system?
Atbilde
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
25. kartīte
Jautājums
Resting potential?
Atbilde
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
26. kartīte
Jautājums
Interneurons?
Atbilde
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
27. kartīte
Jautājums
Adrenaline's behavioral role?
Atbilde
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
28. kartīte
Jautājums
Frontal lobes?
Atbilde
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
29. kartīte
Jautājums
Neural threshold?
Atbilde
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
30. kartīte
Jautājums
Corpus callosum?
Atbilde
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
31. kartīte
Jautājums
Leptin's role in eating?
Atbilde
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
32. kartīte
Jautājums
Temporal lobes?
Atbilde
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
33. kartīte
Jautājums
Depolarization during an action potential?
Atbilde
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
34. kartīte
Jautājums
Dopamine's major psychological functions?
Atbilde
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
35. kartīte
Jautājums
Ghrelin's role in eating?
Atbilde
It helps stimulate hunger.
36. kartīte
Jautājums
Drug agonist?
Atbilde
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
37. kartīte
Jautājums
Action potential?
Atbilde
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
38. kartīte
Jautājums
Reuptake?
Atbilde
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
39. kartīte
Jautājums
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
Atbilde
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
40. kartīte
Jautājums
Glutamate's major psychological functions?
Atbilde
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
41. kartīte
Jautājums
Refractory period?
Atbilde
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
42. kartīte
Jautājums
Melatonin's role?
Atbilde
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
43. kartīte
Jautājums
Drug antagonist?
Atbilde
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
44. kartīte
Jautājums
Stimulants?
Atbilde
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
45. kartīte
Jautājums
Drug tolerance?
Atbilde
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
46. kartīte
Jautājums
Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Atbilde
Multiple sclerosis.
47. kartīte
Jautājums
All-or-none principle?
Atbilde
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
48. kartīte
Jautājums
Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
Atbilde
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
49. kartīte
Jautājums
GABA's major psychological function?
Atbilde
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
50. kartīte
Jautājums
Oxytocin's behavioral role?
Atbilde
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
51. kartīte
Jautājums
Reuptake inhibitor?
Atbilde
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
52. kartīte
Jautājums
Depressants?
Atbilde
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
53. kartīte
Jautājums
Drug withdrawal?
Atbilde
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
54. kartīte
Jautājums
Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Atbilde
Myasthenia gravis.
55. kartīte
Jautājums
Glial cells?
Atbilde
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
56. kartīte
Jautājums
Endorphins?
Atbilde
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
57. kartīte
Jautājums
Substance P?
Atbilde
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
58. kartīte
Jautājums
Acetylcholine's major functions?
Atbilde
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
59. kartīte
Jautājums
Opioids?
Atbilde
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
60. kartīte
Jautājums
Hallucinogens?
Atbilde
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
61. kartīte
Jautājums
Addiction?
Atbilde
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
62. kartīte
Jautājums
Parietal lobes?
Atbilde
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
63. kartīte
Jautājums
Consciousness?
Atbilde
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
64. kartīte
Jautājums
Circadian rhythm?
Atbilde
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
65. kartīte
Jautājums
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
Atbilde
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
66. kartīte
Jautājums
Occipital lobes?
Atbilde
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
67. kartīte
Jautājums
What does split-brain research reveal?
Atbilde
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
68. kartīte
Jautājums
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
Atbilde
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
69. kartīte
Jautājums
NREM-1 sleep?
Atbilde
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
70. kartīte
Jautājums
Motor cortex?
Atbilde
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
71. kartīte
Jautājums
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
Atbilde
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
72. kartīte
Jautājums
Brainstem's core function?
Atbilde
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
73. kartīte
Jautājums
NREM-2 sleep?
Atbilde
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
74. kartīte
Jautājums
Somatosensory cortex?
Atbilde
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
75. kartīte
Jautājums
Medulla's main functions?
Atbilde
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
76. kartīte
Jautājums
Reticular activating system?
Atbilde
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
77. kartīte
Jautājums
NREM-3 sleep?
Atbilde
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
78. kartīte
Jautājums
Cerebellum's main functions?
Atbilde
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
79. kartīte
Jautājums
Thalamus?
Atbilde
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
80. kartīte
Jautājums
Hypothalamus?
Atbilde
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
81. kartīte
Jautājums
REM sleep?
Atbilde
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
82. kartīte
Jautājums
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
Atbilde
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
83. kartīte
Jautājums
Amygdala?
Atbilde
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
84. kartīte
Jautājums
Hippocampus?
Atbilde
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
85. kartīte
Jautājums
How does sleep change across a typical night?
Atbilde
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
86. kartīte
Jautājums
Contralateral brain control?
Atbilde
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
87. kartīte
Jautājums
What does an EEG measure?
Atbilde
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
88. kartīte
Jautājums
Reward-center activity?
Atbilde
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
89. kartīte
Jautājums
Neuroplasticity?
Atbilde
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
90. kartīte
Jautājums
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
Atbilde
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
91. kartīte
Jautājums
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
Atbilde
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
92. kartīte
Jautājums
Insomnia?
Atbilde
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
93. kartīte
Jautājums
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
Atbilde
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
94. kartīte
Jautājums
Absolute threshold?
Atbilde
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
95. kartīte
Jautājums
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
Atbilde
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
96. kartīte
Jautājums
Narcolepsy?
Atbilde
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
97. kartīte
Jautājums
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
Atbilde
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
98. kartīte
Jautājums
Difference threshold?
Atbilde
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
99. kartīte
Jautājums
Consolidation view of dreams?
Atbilde
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
100. kartīte
Jautājums
REM sleep behavior disorder?
Atbilde
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
101. kartīte
Jautājums
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
Atbilde
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
102. kartīte
Jautājums
Weber's law?
Atbilde
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
103. kartīte
Jautājums
Two supported functions of sleep?
Atbilde
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
104. kartīte
Jautājums
Sleep apnea?
Atbilde
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
105. kartīte
Jautājums
REM rebound?
Atbilde
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
106. kartīte
Jautājums
Signal detection theory?
Atbilde
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
107. kartīte
Jautājums
Sensory transduction?
Atbilde
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
108. kartīte
Jautājums
Vestibular sense?
Atbilde
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
109. kartīte
Jautājums
Somnambulism?
Atbilde
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
110. kartīte
Jautājums
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Atbilde
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
111. kartīte
Jautājums
What begins visual transduction?
Atbilde
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
112. kartīte
Jautājums
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
Atbilde
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
113. kartīte
Jautājums
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
Atbilde
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
114. kartīte
Jautājums
Accommodation in vision?
Atbilde
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
115. kartīte
Jautājums
Cones?
Atbilde
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
116. kartīte
Jautājums
What begins auditory transduction?
Atbilde
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
117. kartīte
Jautājums
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
Atbilde
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
118. kartīte
Jautājums
How is smell unusual among the senses?
Atbilde
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
119. kartīte
Jautājums
Kinesthesia?
Atbilde
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
120. kartīte
Jautājums
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
Atbilde
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
121. kartīte
Jautājums
Nearsightedness?
Atbilde
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
122. kartīte
Jautājums
Pheromones?
Atbilde
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
123. kartīte
Jautājums
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
Atbilde
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
124. kartīte
Jautājums
Volley theory of pitch?
Atbilde
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
125. kartīte
Jautājums
Farsightedness?
Atbilde
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
126. kartīte
Jautājums
Six taste qualities named in the course?
Atbilde
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
127. kartīte
Jautājums
Phantom-limb sensation?
Atbilde
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
128. kartīte
Jautājums
Sensory interaction?
Atbilde
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
129. kartīte
Jautājums
What causes most color-vision deficiency?
Atbilde
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
130. kartīte
Jautājums
Prosopagnosia?
Atbilde
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
131. kartīte
Jautājums
Rods?
Atbilde
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
132. kartīte
Jautājums
How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
Atbilde
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
133. kartīte
Jautājums
Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
Atbilde
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
134. kartīte
Jautājums
Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
Atbilde
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
135. kartīte
Jautājums
What do the semicircular canals detect?
Atbilde
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
136. kartīte
Jautājums
Synesthesia?
Atbilde
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
137. kartīte
Jautājums
Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
Atbilde
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
138. kartīte
Jautājums
Blindsight?
Atbilde
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
139. kartīte
Jautājums
Sensory adaptation?
Atbilde
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
140. kartīte
Jautājums
Gate-control view of pain?
Atbilde
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
141. kartīte
Jautājums
Bottom-up processing?
Atbilde
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
142. kartīte
Jautājums
Concept?
Atbilde
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
143. kartīte
Jautājums
Fixation in problem solving?
Atbilde
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
144. kartīte
Jautājums
Algorithm?
Atbilde
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
145. kartīte
Jautājums
Top-down processing?
Atbilde
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
146. kartīte
Jautājums
Confirmation bias?
Atbilde
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
147. kartīte
Jautājums
Retinal disparity?
Atbilde
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
148. kartīte
Jautājums
Heuristic?
Atbilde
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
149. kartīte
Jautājums
Selective attention?
Atbilde
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
150. kartīte
Jautājums
Figure–ground organization?
Atbilde
Separating the object of attention from its background.
151. kartīte
Jautājums
Convergence as a depth cue?
Atbilde
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
152. kartīte
Jautājums
Representativeness heuristic?
Atbilde
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
153. kartīte
Jautājums
Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
Atbilde
Inattentional blindness.
154. kartīte
Jautājums
Gestalt proximity principle?
Atbilde
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
155. kartīte
Jautājums
Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
Atbilde
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
156. kartīte
Jautājums
Cocktail-party effect?
Atbilde
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
157. kartīte
Jautājums
Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
Atbilde
Change blindness.
158. kartīte
Jautājums
Gestalt similarity principle?
Atbilde
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
159. kartīte
Jautājums
Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
Atbilde
Linear perspective.
160. kartīte
Jautājums
Perceptual constancy?
Atbilde
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
161. kartīte
Jautājums
Perceptual set?
Atbilde
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
162. kartīte
Jautājums
Gestalt closure principle?
Atbilde
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
163. kartīte
Jautājums
One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
Atbilde
The blocking object, using interposition.
164. kartīte
Jautājums
Apparent motion?
Atbilde
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
165. kartīte
Jautājums
Availability heuristic?
Atbilde
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
166. kartīte
Jautājums
Divergent thinking?
Atbilde
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
167. kartīte
Jautājums
A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
Atbilde
Relative clarity.
168. kartīte
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Prototype?
Atbilde
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
169. kartīte
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Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
Atbilde
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
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Convergent thinking?
Atbilde
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
171. kartīte
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A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
Atbilde
Texture gradient.
172. kartīte
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Belief perseverance?
Atbilde
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
173. kartīte
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Explicit memory?
Atbilde
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
174. kartīte
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Three stores in the multi-store model?
Atbilde
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
175. kartīte
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Seeing an object only in its usual role?
Atbilde
Functional fixedness.
176. kartīte
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Mental set?
Atbilde
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
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Episodic memory?
Atbilde
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
178. kartīte
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Working memory?
Atbilde
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
179. kartīte
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Insight?
Atbilde
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
180. kartīte
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Framing effect?
Atbilde
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
181. kartīte
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Implicit memory?
Atbilde
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
182. kartīte
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Overconfidence bias?
Atbilde
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
183. kartīte
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Anchoring bias?
Atbilde
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
184. kartīte
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Schema in thinking?
Atbilde
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
185. kartīte
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Procedural memory?
Atbilde
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
186. kartīte
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Gambler's fallacy?
Atbilde
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
187. kartīte
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Sunk-cost fallacy?
Atbilde
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
188. kartīte
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Executive functions?
Atbilde
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
189. kartīte
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How can priming affect judgment?
Atbilde
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
190. kartīte
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Central executive in working memory?
Atbilde
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
191. kartīte
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Serial-position effect?
Atbilde
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
192. kartīte
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Semantic memory?
Atbilde
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
193. kartīte
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Levels-of-processing principle?
Atbilde
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
194. kartīte
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Automatic processing?
Atbilde
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
195. kartīte
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Maintenance rehearsal?
Atbilde
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
196. kartīte
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Prospective memory?
Atbilde
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
197. kartīte
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Primacy effect?
Atbilde
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
198. kartīte
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Long-term memory?
Atbilde
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
199. kartīte
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Highly superior autobiographical memory?
Atbilde
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
200. kartīte
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Effortful processing?
Atbilde
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
201. kartīte
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Elaborative rehearsal?
Atbilde
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
202. kartīte
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Memory consolidation?
Atbilde
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
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Recency effect?
Atbilde
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
204. kartīte
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Spacing effect?
Atbilde
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
205. kartīte
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Testing effect?
Atbilde
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
206. kartīte
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Chunking?
Atbilde
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
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Mnemonic?
Atbilde
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
208. kartīte
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Why organize material into a hierarchy?
Atbilde
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
209. kartīte
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How can a schema help encoding?
Atbilde
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
210. kartīte
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Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
Atbilde
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
211. kartīte
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Iconic memory?
Atbilde
A very brief visual sensory memory.
212. kartīte
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Recall?
Atbilde
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
213. kartīte
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Retrieval cue?
Atbilde
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
214. kartīte
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Encoding-specificity principle?
Atbilde
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
215. kartīte
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Context-dependent memory?
Atbilde
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
216. kartīte
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Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
Atbilde
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
217. kartīte
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Echoic memory?
Atbilde
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
218. kartīte
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Anterograde amnesia?
Atbilde
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
219. kartīte
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Phonological loop?
Atbilde
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
220. kartīte
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Cerebellum's memory role?
Atbilde
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
221. kartīte
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Why is short-term memory described as limited?
Atbilde
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
222. kartīte
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Retrograde amnesia?
Atbilde
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
223. kartīte
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Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
Atbilde
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
224. kartīte
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How can the amygdala affect memory?
Atbilde
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
225. kartīte
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Visuospatial sketchpad?
Atbilde
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
226. kartīte
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Long-term potentiation?
Atbilde
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
227. kartīte
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Infantile amnesia?
Atbilde
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
228. kartīte
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Alzheimer's disease?
Atbilde
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
229. kartīte
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Scores are
2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?Atbilde
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because
9 - 2 = 7.230. kartīte
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Recognition?
Atbilde
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
231. kartīte
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Why is memory called reconstructive?
Atbilde
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
232. kartīte
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Storage decay?
Atbilde
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
233. kartīte
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State-dependent memory?
Atbilde
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
234. kartīte
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Relearning?
Atbilde
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
235. kartīte
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Misinformation effect?
Atbilde
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
236. kartīte
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A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
Atbilde
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
237. kartīte
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Mood-congruent memory?
Atbilde
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
238. kartīte
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Priming?
Atbilde
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
239. kartīte
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Tip-of-the-tongue state?
Atbilde
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
240. kartīte
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Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
Atbilde
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
241. kartīte
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Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
Atbilde
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
242. kartīte
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Metacognition?
Atbilde
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
243. kartīte
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Source amnesia?
Atbilde
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
244. kartīte
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Test standardization?
Atbilde
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
245. kartīte
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Reliability?
Atbilde
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
246. kartīte
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Stereotype threat?
Atbilde
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
247. kartīte
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General intelligence, or g?
Atbilde
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
248. kartīte
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Encoding failure?
Atbilde
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
249. kartīte
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Validity?
Atbilde
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
250. kartīte
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Proactive interference?
Atbilde
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
251. kartīte
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Imagination inflation?
Atbilde
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
252. kartīte
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A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
Atbilde
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
253. kartīte
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Retrieval failure?
Atbilde
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
254. kartīte
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Retroactive interference?
Atbilde
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
255. kartīte
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A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
Atbilde
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
256. kartīte
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Repression in psychodynamic theory?
Atbilde
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
257. kartīte
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Flashbulb memory?
Atbilde
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
258. kartīte
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A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
Atbilde
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
259. kartīte
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A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
Atbilde
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
260. kartīte
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Stereotype lift?
Atbilde
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
261. kartīte
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Achievement test?
Atbilde
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
262. kartīte
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Construct validity?
Atbilde
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
263. kartīte
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Test–retest reliability?
Atbilde
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
264. kartīte
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Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
Atbilde
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
265. kartīte
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Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
Atbilde
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
266. kartīte
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Aptitude test?
Atbilde
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
267. kartīte
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Traditional IQ formula?
Atbilde
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
268. kartīte
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Predictive validity?
Atbilde
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
269. kartīte
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What does a normal score distribution look like?
Atbilde
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
270. kartīte
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Split-half reliability?
Atbilde
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
271. kartīte
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Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
Atbilde
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
272. kartīte
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Flynn effect?
Atbilde
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
273. kartīte
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A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
Atbilde
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
274. kartīte
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Continuous versus stage development?
Atbilde
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
275. kartīte
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How can prenatal environment affect later development?
Atbilde
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
276. kartīte
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Teratogen?
Atbilde
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
277. kartīte
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Maturation?
Atbilde
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
278. kartīte
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Stability–change question in development?
Atbilde
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
279. kartīte
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A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
Atbilde
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
280. kartīte
Jautājums
Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
Atbilde
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
281. kartīte
Jautājums
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
Atbilde
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
282. kartīte
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Fine versus gross motor skills?
Atbilde
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
283. kartīte
Jautājums
Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
Atbilde
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
284. kartīte
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What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
Atbilde
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
285. kartīte
Jautājums
Puberty?
Atbilde
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
286. kartīte
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Sensitive period?
Atbilde
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
287. kartīte
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What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
Atbilde
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
288. kartīte
Jautājums
Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
Atbilde
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
289. kartīte
Jautājums
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
Atbilde
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
290. kartīte
Jautājums
Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
Atbilde
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
291. kartīte
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Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
Atbilde
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
292. kartīte
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Menarche?
Atbilde
The first menstrual period.
293. kartīte
Jautājums
Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
Atbilde
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
294. kartīte
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About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
Atbilde
About 68%.
295. kartīte
Jautājums
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
Atbilde
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
296. kartīte
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Spermarche?
Atbilde
The first ejaculation.
297. kartīte
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Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
Atbilde
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
298. kartīte
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Imprinting?
Atbilde
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
299. kartīte
Jautājums
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
Atbilde
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
300. kartīte
Jautājums
Menopause?
Atbilde
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
301. kartīte
Jautājums
Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
Atbilde
Naturalistic observation.
302. kartīte
Jautājums
How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
Atbilde
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
303. kartīte
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Gender identity?
Atbilde
A person's internal sense of their gender.
304. kartīte
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Gender role?
Atbilde
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
305. kartīte
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Sex versus gender?
Atbilde
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
306. kartīte
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Common sensory change in later adulthood?
Atbilde
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
307. kartīte
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Sexual orientation?
Atbilde
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
308. kartīte
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Gender schema?
Atbilde
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
309. kartīte
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Best broad view of gender development?
Atbilde
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
310. kartīte
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Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
Atbilde
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
311. kartīte
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Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
Atbilde
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
312. kartīte
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Schema in cognitive development?
Atbilde
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
313. kartīte
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Sensorimotor stage?
Atbilde
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
314. kartīte
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Preoperational stage?
Atbilde
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
315. kartīte
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Assimilation?
Atbilde
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
316. kartīte
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A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
Atbilde
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
317. kartīte
Jautājums
Animism in preoperational thought?
Atbilde
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
318. kartīte
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Concrete operational stage?
Atbilde
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
319. kartīte
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Accommodation?
Atbilde
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
320. kartīte
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Reversibility in cognitive development?
Atbilde
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
321. kartīte
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How can social learning shape gender expression?
Atbilde
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
322. kartīte
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A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
Atbilde
Assimilation.
323. kartīte
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Language?
Atbilde
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
324. kartīte
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Cooing stage?
Atbilde
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
325. kartīte
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Babbling stage?
Atbilde
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
326. kartīte
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One-word stage?
Atbilde
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
327. kartīte
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Grammar?
Atbilde
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
328. kartīte
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A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
Atbilde
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
329. kartīte
Jautājums
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
Atbilde
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
330. kartīte
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A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
Atbilde
Accommodation.
331. kartīte
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A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
Atbilde
Scaffolding.
332. kartīte
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A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
Atbilde
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
333. kartīte
Jautājums
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
Atbilde
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
334. kartīte
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An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
Atbilde
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
335. kartīte
Jautājums
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
Atbilde
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
336. kartīte
Jautājums
Formal operational stage?
Atbilde
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
337. kartīte
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Dementia?
Atbilde
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
338. kartīte
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Phoneme?
Atbilde
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
339. kartīte
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Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
Atbilde
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
340. kartīte
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Temperament?
Atbilde
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
341. kartīte
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Attachment?
Atbilde
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
342. kartīte
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Erikson's infancy conflict?
Atbilde
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
343. kartīte
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Microsystem?
Atbilde
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
344. kartīte
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Erikson's toddler conflict?
Atbilde
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
345. kartīte
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Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
Atbilde
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
346. kartīte
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Erikson's school-age conflict?
Atbilde
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
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Mesosystem?
Atbilde
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
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Erikson's adolescent conflict?
Atbilde
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
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Erikson's young-adult conflict?
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Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
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Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
Atbilde
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
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Exosystem?
Atbilde
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
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Morpheme?
Atbilde
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
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Telegraphic speech?
Atbilde
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
705 kartītes
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Mācies šo kavu bez maksasAtvērsies Nibomo, lai vari sākt mācīties.
354. kartīte
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How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
Atbilde
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
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Macrosystem?
Atbilde
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
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Semantics?
Atbilde
The meanings of words and sentences.
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A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
Atbilde
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
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What does a sensitive period for language imply?
Atbilde
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
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Does language completely determine thought?
Atbilde
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
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Syntax?
Atbilde
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
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A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
Atbilde
Secure attachment.
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How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
Atbilde
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
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Authoritative parenting?
Atbilde
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
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Identity achievement?
Atbilde
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
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Avoidant attachment pattern?
Atbilde
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
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Classical conditioning?
Atbilde
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
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Unconditioned stimulus?
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A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
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Unconditioned response?
Atbilde
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
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Conditioned stimulus?
Atbilde
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
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Conditioned response?
Atbilde
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
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Acquisition in classical conditioning?
Atbilde
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
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During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
Atbilde
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
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Authoritarian parenting?
Atbilde
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
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Identity diffusion?
Atbilde
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
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Extinction in classical conditioning?
Atbilde
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
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Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
Atbilde
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
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Permissive parenting?
Atbilde
High warmth with few demands or limits.
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Parallel play?
Atbilde
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
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Imaginary audience?
Atbilde
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
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Identity foreclosure?
Atbilde
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
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Disorganized attachment pattern?
Atbilde
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
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Neglectful parenting?
Atbilde
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
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Chronosystem?
Atbilde
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
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Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
Atbilde
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
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Personal fable?
Atbilde
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
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Identity moratorium?
Atbilde
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
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Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
Atbilde
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
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Separation anxiety in infancy?
Atbilde
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
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What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
Atbilde
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
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Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
Atbilde
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
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Emerging adulthood?
Atbilde
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
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Social clock?
Atbilde
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
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Erikson's later-adult conflict?
Atbilde
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
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Possible selves?
Atbilde
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
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Stimulus generalization?
Atbilde
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
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Operant conditioning?
Atbilde
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
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Law of effect?
Atbilde
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
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Spontaneous recovery?
Atbilde
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
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Stimulus discrimination?
Atbilde
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
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Reinforcement?
Atbilde
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
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Higher-order conditioning?
Atbilde
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
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Counterconditioning?
Atbilde
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
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Habituation?
Atbilde
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
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Punishment?
Atbilde
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
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Partial reinforcement?
Atbilde
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
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Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
Atbilde
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
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Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
Atbilde
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
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Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
Atbilde
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
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Fixed-ratio schedule?
Atbilde
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
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Observational learning?
Atbilde
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
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A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
Atbilde
Positive reinforcement.
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Primary reinforcer?
Atbilde
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
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Variable-ratio schedule?
Atbilde
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
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Modeling?
Atbilde
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
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Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
Atbilde
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
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Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
Atbilde
Negative reinforcement.
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Conditioned reinforcer?
Atbilde
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
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A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
Atbilde
Vicarious reinforcement.
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Fixed-interval schedule?
Atbilde
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
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Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
Atbilde
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
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A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
Atbilde
Positive punishment.
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Shaping?
Atbilde
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
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Extinction in operant conditioning?
Atbilde
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
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Variable-interval schedule?
Atbilde
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
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A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
Atbilde
Negative punishment.
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Learned helplessness?
Atbilde
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
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Continuous reinforcement?
Atbilde
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
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A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
Atbilde
A fixed-interval schedule.
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Discriminative stimulus?
Atbilde
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
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Operant generalization versus discrimination?
Atbilde
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
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Instinctive drift?
Atbilde
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
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Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
Atbilde
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
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How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
Atbilde
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
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How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
Atbilde
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
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Vicarious conditioning?
Atbilde
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
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A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
Atbilde
A variable-interval schedule.
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Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
Atbilde
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
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Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
Atbilde
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
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Latent learning?
Atbilde
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
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Cognitive map?
Atbilde
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
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Insight learning?
Atbilde
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
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Biological preparedness?
Atbilde
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
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What can mirror-neuron activity show?
Atbilde
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
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Attribution?
Atbilde
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
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Attitude?
Atbilde
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
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Upward social comparison?
Atbilde
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
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Optimistic explanatory style?
Atbilde
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
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Situational attribution?
Atbilde
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
449. kartīte
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A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
Atbilde
Cognitive dissonance.
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Downward social comparison?
Atbilde
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
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Internal locus of control?
Atbilde
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
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Dispositional attribution?
Atbilde
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
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Pessimistic explanatory style?
Atbilde
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
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Relative deprivation?
Atbilde
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
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External locus of control?
Atbilde
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
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Fundamental attribution error?
Atbilde
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
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Halo effect?
Atbilde
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
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Self-fulfilling prophecy?
Atbilde
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
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Mere-exposure effect?
Atbilde
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
460. kartīte
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A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
Atbilde
The actor–observer difference.
461. kartīte
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A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
Atbilde
The central route.
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Effort justification?
Atbilde
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
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Stereotype?
Atbilde
A generalized belief about members of a group.
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A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
Atbilde
Self-serving bias.
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A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
Atbilde
The peripheral route.
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Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
Atbilde
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
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Prejudice?
Atbilde
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
468. kartīte
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The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:
Workload Errors Low 2 High 8 Which attribution is better supported?
Atbilde
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
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Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
Atbilde
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
470. kartīte
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Conformity?
Atbilde
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
471. kartīte
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Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
Atbilde
The bystander effect.
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Diffusion of responsibility?
Atbilde
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
473. kartīte
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How can taking on a role affect attitude?
Atbilde
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
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In-group bias?
Atbilde
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
475. kartīte
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After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
Atbilde
The foot-in-the-door technique.
476. kartīte
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A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
Atbilde
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
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When do attitudes best predict behavior?
Atbilde
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
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Discrimination?
Atbilde
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
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Out-group homogeneity effect?
Atbilde
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
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After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
Atbilde
The door-in-the-face technique.
481. kartīte
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A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
Atbilde
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
482. kartīte
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Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
Atbilde
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
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Just-world belief?
Atbilde
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
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Implicit attitude?
Atbilde
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
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Ethnocentrism?
Atbilde
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
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How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
Atbilde
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
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Normative social influence?
Atbilde
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
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Psychodynamic view of personality?
Atbilde
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
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Norm of reciprocity?
Atbilde
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
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Individualism?
Atbilde
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
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Informational social influence?
Atbilde
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
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Id?
Atbilde
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
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Altruism?
Atbilde
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
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Social norm?
Atbilde
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
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What tends to increase conformity?
Atbilde
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
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Ego?
Atbilde
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
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A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
Atbilde
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
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Collectivism?
Atbilde
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
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Obedience?
Atbilde
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
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Superego?
Atbilde
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
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A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
Atbilde
Denial.
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Social-responsibility norm?
Atbilde
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
503. kartīte
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How does proximity affect attraction?
Atbilde
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
504. kartīte
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What tends to increase obedience?
Atbilde
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
505. kartīte
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After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
Atbilde
Displacement.
506. kartīte
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Social loafing?
Atbilde
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
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Multiculturalism?
Atbilde
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
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How does similarity affect attraction?
Atbilde
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
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A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
Atbilde
Projection.
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Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
Atbilde
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
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Deindividuation?
Atbilde
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
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Group polarization?
Atbilde
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
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After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
Atbilde
Rationalization.
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A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
Atbilde
Groupthink.
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Pluralistic ignorance?
Atbilde
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
516. kartīte
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Social trap?
Atbilde
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
517. kartīte
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Reaction formation?
Atbilde
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
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Superordinate goal?
Atbilde
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
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False-consensus effect?
Atbilde
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
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Industrial-organizational psychology?
Atbilde
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
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Repression?
Atbilde
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
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Burnout?
Atbilde
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
523. kartīte
Jautājums
Unconditional positive regard?
Atbilde
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
524. kartīte
Jautājums
Trait?
Atbilde
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
525. kartīte
Jautājums
Regression as a defense mechanism?
Atbilde
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
526. kartīte
Jautājums
Reciprocal determinism?
Atbilde
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
527. kartīte
Jautājums
Self-efficacy?
Atbilde
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
528. kartīte
Jautājums
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
Atbilde
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
529. kartīte
Jautājums
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
Atbilde
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
530. kartīte
Jautājums
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Atbilde
Openness.
531. kartīte
Jautājums
Personality inventory?
Atbilde
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
532. kartīte
Jautājums
Self-actualizing tendency?
Atbilde
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
533. kartīte
Jautājums
Self-esteem?
Atbilde
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
534. kartīte
Jautājums
Instinct in motivation research?
Atbilde
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
535. kartīte
Jautājums
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Atbilde
Conscientiousness.
536. kartīte
Jautājums
Projective test?
Atbilde
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
537. kartīte
Jautājums
How does factor analysis help trait research?
Atbilde
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
538. kartīte
Jautājums
Drive-reduction theory?
Atbilde
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
539. kartīte
Jautājums
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Atbilde
Extraversion.
540. kartīte
Jautājums
Person–situation debate?
Atbilde
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
541. kartīte
Jautājums
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
Atbilde
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
542. kartīte
Jautājums
Homeostasis?
Atbilde
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
543. kartīte
Jautājums
Incentive theory?
Atbilde
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
544. kartīte
Jautājums
Big Five agreeableness?
Atbilde
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
545. kartīte
Jautājums
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
Atbilde
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
546. kartīte
Jautājums
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
Atbilde
An approach–approach conflict.
547. kartīte
Jautājums
Arousal theory of motivation?
Atbilde
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
548. kartīte
Jautājums
Big Five emotional stability?
Atbilde
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
549. kartīte
Jautājums
What regulates hunger?
Atbilde
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
550. kartīte
Jautājums
Three broad components of emotion?
Atbilde
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
551. kartīte
Jautājums
Self-determination theory?
Atbilde
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
552. kartīte
Jautājums
Emotion regulation?
Atbilde
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
553. kartīte
Jautājums
Sensation-seeking?
Atbilde
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
554. kartīte
Jautājums
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
Atbilde
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
555. kartīte
Jautājums
Intrinsic motivation?
Atbilde
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
556. kartīte
Jautājums
Display rules?
Atbilde
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
557. kartīte
Jautājums
Arousal and performance relationship?
Atbilde
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
558. kartīte
Jautājums
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
Atbilde
An approach–avoidance conflict.
559. kartīte
Jautājums
Extrinsic motivation?
Atbilde
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
560. kartīte
Jautājums
Achievement motivation?
Atbilde
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
561. kartīte
Jautājums
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
Atbilde
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
562. kartīte
Jautājums
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
Atbilde
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
563. kartīte
Jautājums
Overjustification effect?
Atbilde
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
564. kartīte
Jautājums
Belongingness motivation?
Atbilde
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
565. kartīte
Jautājums
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:
Condition Mean minutes Assigned topic 34 Chosen topic 47 What is the observed mean difference?
Atbilde
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
566. kartīte
Jautājums
Facial-feedback effect?
Atbilde
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
567. kartīte
Jautājums
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
Atbilde
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
568. kartīte
Jautājums
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
Atbilde
Cognitive reappraisal.
569. kartīte
Jautājums
Broaden-and-build view?
Atbilde
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
570. kartīte
Jautājums
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
Atbilde
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
571. kartīte
Jautājums
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
Atbilde
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
572. kartīte
Jautājums
Expressive suppression?
Atbilde
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
573. kartīte
Jautājums
How does acute stress affect the body?
Atbilde
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
574. kartīte
Jautājums
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
Atbilde
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
575. kartīte
Jautājums
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
Atbilde
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
576. kartīte
Jautājums
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
Atbilde
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
577. kartīte
Jautājums
Health psychology?
Atbilde
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
578. kartīte
Jautājums
Positive psychology?
Atbilde
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
579. kartīte
Jautājums
Stress?
Atbilde
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
580. kartīte
Jautājums
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
Atbilde
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
581. kartīte
Jautājums
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
Atbilde
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
582. kartīte
Jautājums
Resilience?
Atbilde
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
583. kartīte
Jautājums
Stressor?
Atbilde
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
584. kartīte
Jautājums
General adaptation syndrome?
Atbilde
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
585. kartīte
Jautājums
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
Atbilde
Problem-focused coping.
586. kartīte
Jautājums
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
Atbilde
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
587. kartīte
Jautājums
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
Atbilde
Primary appraisal.
588. kartīte
Jautājums
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
Atbilde
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
589. kartīte
Jautājums
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
Atbilde
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
590. kartīte
Jautājums
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
Atbilde
Emotion-focused coping.
591. kartīte
Jautājums
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
Atbilde
Secondary appraisal.
592. kartīte
Jautājums
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
Atbilde
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
593. kartīte
Jautājums
Adverse childhood experiences?
Atbilde
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
594. kartīte
Jautājums
How can social support protect health?
Atbilde
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
595. kartīte
Jautājums
Eustress versus distress?
Atbilde
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
596. kartīte
Jautājums
Tend-and-befriend response?
Atbilde
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
597. kartīte
Jautājums
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
Atbilde
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
598. kartīte
Jautājums
Biofeedback?
Atbilde
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
599. kartīte
Jautājums
How does perceived control affect stress?
Atbilde
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
600. kartīte
Jautājums
Psychoneuroimmunology?
Atbilde
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
601. kartīte
Jautājums
Subjective well-being?
Atbilde
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
602. kartīte
Jautājums
Psychological disorder?
Atbilde
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
603. kartīte
Jautājums
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
Atbilde
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
604. kartīte
Jautājums
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
Atbilde
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
605. kartīte
Jautājums
Signature strengths?
Atbilde
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
606. kartīte
Jautājums
Biopsychosocial model?
Atbilde
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
607. kartīte
Jautājums
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
Atbilde
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
608. kartīte
Jautājums
Posttraumatic growth?
Atbilde
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
609. kartīte
Jautājums
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
Atbilde
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
610. kartīte
Jautājums
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
Atbilde
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
611. kartīte
Jautājums
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
Atbilde
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
612. kartīte
Jautājums
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
Atbilde
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
613. kartīte
Jautājums
Biological explanation of disorder?
Atbilde
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
614. kartīte
Jautājums
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Atbilde
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
615. kartīte
Jautājums
Purpose of the DSM?
Atbilde
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
616. kartīte
Jautājums
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
Atbilde
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
617. kartīte
Jautājums
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
Atbilde
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
618. kartīte
Jautājums
Autism spectrum disorder?
Atbilde
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
619. kartīte
Jautājums
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
Atbilde
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
620. kartīte
Jautājums
Major depressive disorder?
Atbilde
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
621. kartīte
Jautājums
Specific phobia?
Atbilde
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
622. kartīte
Jautājums
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Atbilde
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
623. kartīte
Jautājums
Dissociative amnesia?
Atbilde
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
624. kartīte
Jautājums
Bipolar I disorder?
Atbilde
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
625. kartīte
Jautājums
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
Atbilde
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
626. kartīte
Jautājums
Anorexia nervosa?
Atbilde
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
627. kartīte
Jautājums
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
Atbilde
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
628. kartīte
Jautājums
Bipolar II disorder?
Atbilde
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
629. kartīte
Jautājums
Purpose of the ICD?
Atbilde
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
630. kartīte
Jautājums
Bulimia nervosa?
Atbilde
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
631. kartīte
Jautājums
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
Atbilde
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
632. kartīte
Jautājums
Ataque de nervios?
Atbilde
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
633. kartīte
Jautājums
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
Atbilde
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
634. kartīte
Jautājums
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
Atbilde
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
635. kartīte
Jautājums
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
Atbilde
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
636. kartīte
Jautājums
Comorbidity?
Atbilde
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
637. kartīte
Jautājums
Humanistic explanation of distress?
Atbilde
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
638. kartīte
Jautājums
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
Atbilde
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
639. kartīte
Jautājums
Stigma around mental disorder?
Atbilde
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
640. kartīte
Jautājums
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
Atbilde
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
641. kartīte
Jautājums
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
Atbilde
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
642. kartīte
Jautājums
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
Atbilde
Interrater reliability.
643. kartīte
Jautājums
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
Atbilde
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
644. kartīte
Jautājums
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
Atbilde
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
645. kartīte
Jautājums
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
Atbilde
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
646. kartīte
Jautājums
Delusion?
Atbilde
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
647. kartīte
Jautājums
Agoraphobia?
Atbilde
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
648. kartīte
Jautājums
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
Atbilde
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
649. kartīte
Jautājums
Eclectic approach to disorder?
Atbilde
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
650. kartīte
Jautājums
Hallucination?
Atbilde
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
651. kartīte
Jautājums
Panic disorder?
Atbilde
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
652. kartīte
Jautājums
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
Atbilde
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
653. kartīte
Jautājums
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
Atbilde
The diathesis–stress model.
654. kartīte
Jautājums
Cluster A personality disorders?
Atbilde
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
655. kartīte
Jautājums
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
Atbilde
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
656. kartīte
Jautājums
Evidence-based treatment?
Atbilde
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
657. kartīte
Jautājums
Therapeutic alliance?
Atbilde
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
658. kartīte
Jautājums
Cultural humility in therapy?
Atbilde
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
659. kartīte
Jautājums
Deinstitutionalization?
Atbilde
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
660. kartīte
Jautājums
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
Atbilde
Exposure therapy.
661. kartīte
Jautājums
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
Atbilde
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
662. kartīte
Jautājums
Four medication categories in the course?
Atbilde
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
663. kartīte
Jautājums
Depressive cognitive triad?
Atbilde
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
664. kartīte
Jautājums
Applied behavior analysis?
Atbilde
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
665. kartīte
Jautājums
Psychosurgery?
Atbilde
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
666. kartīte
Jautājums
Free association?
Atbilde
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
667. kartīte
Jautājums
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
Atbilde
Cognitive restructuring.
668. kartīte
Jautājums
One advantage of group therapy?
Atbilde
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
669. kartīte
Jautājums
Lobotomy?
Atbilde
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
670. kartīte
Jautājums
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
Atbilde
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
671. kartīte
Jautājums
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
Atbilde
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
672. kartīte
Jautājums
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
Atbilde
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
673. kartīte
Jautājums
Social anxiety disorder?
Atbilde
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
674. kartīte
Jautājums
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
Atbilde
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
675. kartīte
Jautājums
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
Atbilde
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
676. kartīte
Jautājums
Dissociative fugue?
Atbilde
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
677. kartīte
Jautājums
Cluster B personality disorders?
Atbilde
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
678. kartīte
Jautājums
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
Atbilde
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
679. kartīte
Jautājums
Catatonia?
Atbilde
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
680. kartīte
Jautājums
Manic episode?
Atbilde
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
681. kartīte
Jautājums
Dissociative identity disorder?
Atbilde
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
682. kartīte
Jautājums
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
Atbilde
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
683. kartīte
Jautājums
Cluster C personality disorders?
Atbilde
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
684. kartīte
Jautājums
Taijin kyofusho?
Atbilde
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
685. kartīte
Jautājums
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Atbilde
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
686. kartīte
Jautājums
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
Atbilde
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
687. kartīte
Jautājums
Hypomanic episode?
Atbilde
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
688. kartīte
Jautājums
Generalized anxiety disorder?
Atbilde
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
689. kartīte
Jautājums
Hoarding disorder?
Atbilde
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
690. kartīte
Jautājums
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
Atbilde
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
691. kartīte
Jautājums
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
Atbilde
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
692. kartīte
Jautājums
Persistent depressive disorder?
Atbilde
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
693. kartīte
Jautājums
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
Atbilde
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
694. kartīte
Jautājums
Systematic desensitization?
Atbilde
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
695. kartīte
Jautājums
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
Atbilde
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
696. kartīte
Jautājums
Dialectical behavior therapy?
Atbilde
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
697. kartīte
Jautājums
Integrity in therapy ethics?
Atbilde
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
698. kartīte
Jautājums
Aversion therapy?
Atbilde
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
699. kartīte
Jautājums
Tardive dyskinesia?
Atbilde
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
700. kartīte
Jautājums
ECT versus TMS?
Atbilde
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
701. kartīte
Jautājums
Respect for rights and dignity?
Atbilde
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
702. kartīte
Jautājums
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
Atbilde
A token economy.
703. kartīte
Jautājums
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
Atbilde
Person-centered therapy.
704. kartīte
Jautājums
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
Atbilde
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
705. kartīte
Jautājums
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
Atbilde
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.
705 kartītes
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Atvērsies Nibomo, lai vari sākt mācīties.