Nature in the nature–nurture question?

Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.

Central nervous system?

The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.

Main role of the spinal cord?

It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.

Scores are 4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?

7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.

Nurture in the nature–nurture question?

Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.

Peripheral nervous system?

The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.

A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.

Reflex times are 180, 190, 210, 260, 410 milliseconds. What is the median?

210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.

The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.

Autonomic nervous system?

The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.

Evolutionary perspective on behavior?

It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.

Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?

It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.

Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?

They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.

Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?

A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.

Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.

Somatic nervous system?

The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.

They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.

Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?

An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.

Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?

Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.

Sympathetic nervous system?

The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.

Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?

The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.

They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.

Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?

The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.

Parasympathetic nervous system?

The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.

The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.

Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.

Adrenaline's behavioral role?

It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.

Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.

The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.

The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.

Leptin's role in eating?

It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.

Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.

Depolarization during an action potential?

Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.

Dopamine's major psychological functions?

Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.

A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.

A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.

The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.

Serotonin's major psychological functions?

Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.

Glutamate's major psychological functions?

It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.

A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.

It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.

A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.

Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.

A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.

All-or-none principle?

A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.

Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?

Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.

GABA's major psychological function?

It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.

Oxytocin's behavioral role?

It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.

A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.

AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review

Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.

מאת Open Study Contributor

ללמוד את החפיסה הזו בחינם

Nibomo תיפתח כדי שתוכל להתחיל ללמוד.

פרטי החפיסה

כרטיסים: 705 כרטיסים
גרסה: 3
פורסם: 25 באוגוסט 2026
עודכן לאחרונה: 10 בספטמבר 2026
רישיון: Common knowledge · CC0 1.0
שפות הקהל: en
נושא: Psychology
רמה: AP Psychology
תגיות: psychology-course-review, psychology-course-review-u1, psychology-course-review-u2, psychology-course-review-u3, psychology-course-review-u4, psychology-course-review-u5

חפיסות דומות

על החפיסה הזו

Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.

What the cards ask you to retrieve

Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.

The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.

What's deliberately left out

The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.

Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.

This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.

הכרטיסים בחפיסה הזו

כרטיס 1
שאלה
Nature in the nature–nurture question?
תשובה
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
כרטיס 2
שאלה
Central nervous system?
תשובה
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
כרטיס 3
שאלה
Main role of the spinal cord?
תשובה
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
כרטיס 4
שאלה
Scores are 4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?
תשובה
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
כרטיס 5
שאלה
Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
תשובה
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
כרטיס 6
שאלה
Peripheral nervous system?
תשובה
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
כרטיס 7
שאלה
Reflex arc?
תשובה
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
כרטיס 8
שאלה
Reflex times are 180, 190, 210, 260, 410 milliseconds. What is the median?
תשובה
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
כרטיס 9
שאלה
Heritability?
תשובה
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
כרטיס 10
שאלה
Autonomic nervous system?
תשובה
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
כרטיס 11
שאלה
Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
תשובה
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
כרטיס 12
שאלה
Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
תשובה
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
כרטיס 13
שאלה
Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
תשובה
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
כרטיס 14
שאלה
Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
תשובה
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
כרטיס 15
שאלה
Natural selection?
תשובה
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
כרטיס 16
שאלה
Somatic nervous system?
תשובה
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
כרטיס 17
שאלה
Sensory neurons?
תשובה
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
כרטיס 18
שאלה
Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
תשובה
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
כרטיס 19
שאלה
Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
תשובה
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
כרטיס 20
שאלה
Sympathetic nervous system?
תשובה
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
כרטיס 21
שאלה
Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
תשובה
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
כרטיס 22
שאלה
Motor neurons?
תשובה
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
כרטיס 23
שאלה
Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
תשובה
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
כרטיס 24
שאלה
Parasympathetic nervous system?
תשובה
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
כרטיס 25
שאלה
Resting potential?
תשובה
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
כרטיס 26
שאלה
Interneurons?
תשובה
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
כרטיס 27
שאלה
Adrenaline's behavioral role?
תשובה
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
כרטיס 28
שאלה
Frontal lobes?
תשובה
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
כרטיס 29
שאלה
Neural threshold?
תשובה
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
כרטיס 30
שאלה
Corpus callosum?
תשובה
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
כרטיס 31
שאלה
Leptin's role in eating?
תשובה
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
כרטיס 32
שאלה
Temporal lobes?
תשובה
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
כרטיס 33
שאלה
Depolarization during an action potential?
תשובה
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
כרטיס 34
שאלה
Dopamine's major psychological functions?
תשובה
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
כרטיס 35
שאלה
Ghrelin's role in eating?
תשובה
It helps stimulate hunger.
כרטיס 36
שאלה
Drug agonist?
תשובה
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
כרטיס 37
שאלה
Action potential?
תשובה
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
כרטיס 38
שאלה
Reuptake?
תשובה
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
כרטיס 39
שאלה
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
תשובה
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
כרטיס 40
שאלה
Glutamate's major psychological functions?
תשובה
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
כרטיס 41
שאלה
Refractory period?
תשובה
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
כרטיס 42
שאלה
Melatonin's role?
תשובה
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
כרטיס 43
שאלה
Drug antagonist?
תשובה
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
כרטיס 44
שאלה
Stimulants?
תשובה
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
כרטיס 45
שאלה
Drug tolerance?
תשובה
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
כרטיס 46
שאלה
Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
תשובה
Multiple sclerosis.
כרטיס 47
שאלה
All-or-none principle?
תשובה
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
כרטיס 48
שאלה
Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
תשובה
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
כרטיס 49
שאלה
GABA's major psychological function?
תשובה
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
כרטיס 50
שאלה
Oxytocin's behavioral role?
תשובה
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
כרטיס 51
שאלה
Reuptake inhibitor?
תשובה
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
כרטיס 52
שאלה
Depressants?
תשובה
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
כרטיס 53
שאלה
Drug withdrawal?
תשובה
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
כרטיס 54
שאלה
Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
תשובה
Myasthenia gravis.
כרטיס 55
שאלה
Glial cells?
תשובה
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
כרטיס 56
שאלה
Endorphins?
תשובה
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
כרטיס 57
שאלה
Substance P?
תשובה
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
כרטיס 58
שאלה
Acetylcholine's major functions?
תשובה
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
כרטיס 59
שאלה
Opioids?
תשובה
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
כרטיס 60
שאלה
Hallucinogens?
תשובה
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
כרטיס 61
שאלה
Addiction?
תשובה
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
כרטיס 62
שאלה
Parietal lobes?
תשובה
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
כרטיס 63
שאלה
Consciousness?
תשובה
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
כרטיס 64
שאלה
Circadian rhythm?
תשובה
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
כרטיס 65
שאלה
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
תשובה
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
כרטיס 66
שאלה
Occipital lobes?
תשובה
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
כרטיס 67
שאלה
What does split-brain research reveal?
תשובה
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
כרטיס 68
שאלה
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
תשובה
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
כרטיס 69
שאלה
NREM-1 sleep?
תשובה
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
כרטיס 70
שאלה
Motor cortex?
תשובה
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
כרטיס 71
שאלה
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
תשובה
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
כרטיס 72
שאלה
Brainstem's core function?
תשובה
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
כרטיס 73
שאלה
NREM-2 sleep?
תשובה
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
כרטיס 74
שאלה
Somatosensory cortex?
תשובה
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
כרטיס 75
שאלה
Medulla's main functions?
תשובה
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
כרטיס 76
שאלה
Reticular activating system?
תשובה
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
כרטיס 77
שאלה
NREM-3 sleep?
תשובה
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
כרטיס 78
שאלה
Cerebellum's main functions?
תשובה
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
כרטיס 79
שאלה
Thalamus?
תשובה
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
כרטיס 80
שאלה
Hypothalamus?
תשובה
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
כרטיס 81
שאלה
REM sleep?
תשובה
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
כרטיס 82
שאלה
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
תשובה
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
כרטיס 83
שאלה
Amygdala?
תשובה
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
כרטיס 84
שאלה
Hippocampus?
תשובה
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
כרטיס 85
שאלה
How does sleep change across a typical night?
תשובה
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
כרטיס 86
שאלה
Contralateral brain control?
תשובה
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
כרטיס 87
שאלה
What does an EEG measure?
תשובה
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
כרטיס 88
שאלה
Reward-center activity?
תשובה
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
כרטיס 89
שאלה
Neuroplasticity?
תשובה
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
כרטיס 90
שאלה
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
תשובה
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
כרטיס 91
שאלה
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
תשובה
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
כרטיס 92
שאלה
Insomnia?
תשובה
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
כרטיס 93
שאלה
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
תשובה
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
כרטיס 94
שאלה
Absolute threshold?
תשובה
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
כרטיס 95
שאלה
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
תשובה
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
כרטיס 96
שאלה
Narcolepsy?
תשובה
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
כרטיס 97
שאלה
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
תשובה
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
כרטיס 98
שאלה
Difference threshold?
תשובה
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
כרטיס 99
שאלה
Consolidation view of dreams?
תשובה
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
כרטיס 100
שאלה
REM sleep behavior disorder?
תשובה
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
כרטיס 101
שאלה
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
תשובה
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
כרטיס 102
שאלה
Weber's law?
תשובה
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
כרטיס 103
שאלה
Two supported functions of sleep?
תשובה
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
כרטיס 104
שאלה
Sleep apnea?
תשובה
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
כרטיס 105
שאלה
REM rebound?
תשובה
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
כרטיס 106
שאלה
Signal detection theory?
תשובה
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
כרטיס 107
שאלה
Sensory transduction?
תשובה
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
כרטיס 108
שאלה
Vestibular sense?
תשובה
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
כרטיס 109
שאלה
Somnambulism?
תשובה
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
כרטיס 110
שאלה
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
תשובה
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
כרטיס 111
שאלה
What begins visual transduction?
תשובה
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
כרטיס 112
שאלה
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
תשובה
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
כרטיס 113
שאלה
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
תשובה
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
כרטיס 114
שאלה
Accommodation in vision?
תשובה
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
כרטיס 115
שאלה
Cones?
תשובה
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
כרטיס 116
שאלה
What begins auditory transduction?
תשובה
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
כרטיס 117
שאלה
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
תשובה
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
כרטיס 118
שאלה
How is smell unusual among the senses?
תשובה
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
כרטיס 119
שאלה
Kinesthesia?
תשובה
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
כרטיס 120
שאלה
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
תשובה
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
כרטיס 121
שאלה
Nearsightedness?
תשובה
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
כרטיס 122
שאלה
Pheromones?
תשובה
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
כרטיס 123
שאלה
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
תשובה
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
כרטיס 124
שאלה
Volley theory of pitch?
תשובה
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
כרטיס 125
שאלה
Farsightedness?
תשובה
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
כרטיס 126
שאלה
Six taste qualities named in the course?
תשובה
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
כרטיס 127
שאלה
Phantom-limb sensation?
תשובה
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
כרטיס 128
שאלה
Sensory interaction?
תשובה
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
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What causes most color-vision deficiency?
תשובה
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
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Prosopagnosia?
תשובה
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
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Rods?
תשובה
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
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How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
תשובה
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
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Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
תשובה
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
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Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
תשובה
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
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What do the semicircular canals detect?
תשובה
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
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Synesthesia?
תשובה
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
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Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
תשובה
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
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Blindsight?
תשובה
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
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Sensory adaptation?
תשובה
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
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Gate-control view of pain?
תשובה
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
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Bottom-up processing?
תשובה
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
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Concept?
תשובה
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
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Fixation in problem solving?
תשובה
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
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Algorithm?
תשובה
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
כרטיס 145
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Top-down processing?
תשובה
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
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Confirmation bias?
תשובה
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
כרטיס 147
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Retinal disparity?
תשובה
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
כרטיס 148
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Heuristic?
תשובה
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
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Selective attention?
תשובה
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
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Figure–ground organization?
תשובה
Separating the object of attention from its background.
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Convergence as a depth cue?
תשובה
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
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Representativeness heuristic?
תשובה
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
כרטיס 153
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Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
תשובה
Inattentional blindness.
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Gestalt proximity principle?
תשובה
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
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Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
תשובה
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
כרטיס 156
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Cocktail-party effect?
תשובה
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
כרטיס 157
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Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
תשובה
Change blindness.
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Gestalt similarity principle?
תשובה
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
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Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
תשובה
Linear perspective.
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Perceptual constancy?
תשובה
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
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Perceptual set?
תשובה
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
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Gestalt closure principle?
תשובה
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
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One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
תשובה
The blocking object, using interposition.
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Apparent motion?
תשובה
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
כרטיס 165
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Availability heuristic?
תשובה
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
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Divergent thinking?
תשובה
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
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A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
תשובה
Relative clarity.
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Prototype?
תשובה
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
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Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
תשובה
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
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Convergent thinking?
תשובה
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
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A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
תשובה
Texture gradient.
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Belief perseverance?
תשובה
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
כרטיס 173
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Explicit memory?
תשובה
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
כרטיס 174
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Three stores in the multi-store model?
תשובה
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
כרטיס 175
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Seeing an object only in its usual role?
תשובה
Functional fixedness.
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Mental set?
תשובה
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
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Episodic memory?
תשובה
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
כרטיס 178
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Working memory?
תשובה
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
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Insight?
תשובה
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
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Framing effect?
תשובה
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
כרטיס 181
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Implicit memory?
תשובה
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
כרטיס 182
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Overconfidence bias?
תשובה
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
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Anchoring bias?
תשובה
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
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Schema in thinking?
תשובה
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
כרטיס 185
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Procedural memory?
תשובה
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
כרטיס 186
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Gambler's fallacy?
תשובה
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
כרטיס 187
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Sunk-cost fallacy?
תשובה
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
כרטיס 188
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Executive functions?
תשובה
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
כרטיס 189
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How can priming affect judgment?
תשובה
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
כרטיס 190
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Central executive in working memory?
תשובה
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
כרטיס 191
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Serial-position effect?
תשובה
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
כרטיס 192
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Semantic memory?
תשובה
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
כרטיס 193
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Levels-of-processing principle?
תשובה
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
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Automatic processing?
תשובה
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
כרטיס 195
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Maintenance rehearsal?
תשובה
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
כרטיס 196
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Prospective memory?
תשובה
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
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Primacy effect?
תשובה
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
כרטיס 198
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Long-term memory?
תשובה
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
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Highly superior autobiographical memory?
תשובה
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
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Effortful processing?
תשובה
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
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Elaborative rehearsal?
תשובה
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
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Memory consolidation?
תשובה
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
כרטיס 203
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Recency effect?
תשובה
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
כרטיס 204
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Spacing effect?
תשובה
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
כרטיס 205
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Testing effect?
תשובה
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
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Chunking?
תשובה
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
כרטיס 207
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Mnemonic?
תשובה
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
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Why organize material into a hierarchy?
תשובה
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
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How can a schema help encoding?
תשובה
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
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Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
תשובה
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
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Iconic memory?
תשובה
A very brief visual sensory memory.
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Recall?
תשובה
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
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Retrieval cue?
תשובה
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
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Encoding-specificity principle?
תשובה
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
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Context-dependent memory?
תשובה
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
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Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
תשובה
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
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Echoic memory?
תשובה
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
כרטיס 218
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Anterograde amnesia?
תשובה
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
כרטיס 219
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Phonological loop?
תשובה
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
כרטיס 220
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Cerebellum's memory role?
תשובה
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
כרטיס 221
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Why is short-term memory described as limited?
תשובה
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
כרטיס 222
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Retrograde amnesia?
תשובה
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
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Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
תשובה
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
כרטיס 224
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How can the amygdala affect memory?
תשובה
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
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Visuospatial sketchpad?
תשובה
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
כרטיס 226
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Long-term potentiation?
תשובה
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
כרטיס 227
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Infantile amnesia?
תשובה
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
כרטיס 228
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Alzheimer's disease?
תשובה
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
כרטיס 229
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Scores are 2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?
תשובה
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because 9 - 2 = 7.
כרטיס 230
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Recognition?
תשובה
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
כרטיס 231
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Why is memory called reconstructive?
תשובה
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
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Storage decay?
תשובה
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
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State-dependent memory?
תשובה
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
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Relearning?
תשובה
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
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Misinformation effect?
תשובה
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
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A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
תשובה
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
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Mood-congruent memory?
תשובה
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
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Priming?
תשובה
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
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Tip-of-the-tongue state?
תשובה
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
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Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
תשובה
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
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Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
תשובה
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
כרטיס 242
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Metacognition?
תשובה
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
כרטיס 243
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Source amnesia?
תשובה
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
כרטיס 244
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Test standardization?
תשובה
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
כרטיס 245
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Reliability?
תשובה
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
כרטיס 246
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Stereotype threat?
תשובה
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
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General intelligence, or g?
תשובה
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
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Encoding failure?
תשובה
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
כרטיס 249
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Validity?
תשובה
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
כרטיס 250
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Proactive interference?
תשובה
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
כרטיס 251
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Imagination inflation?
תשובה
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
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A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
תשובה
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
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Retrieval failure?
תשובה
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
כרטיס 254
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Retroactive interference?
תשובה
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
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A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
תשובה
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
כרטיס 256
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Repression in psychodynamic theory?
תשובה
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
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Flashbulb memory?
תשובה
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
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A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
תשובה
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
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A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
תשובה
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
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Stereotype lift?
תשובה
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
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Achievement test?
תשובה
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
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Construct validity?
תשובה
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
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Test–retest reliability?
תשובה
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
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Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
תשובה
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
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Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
תשובה
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
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Aptitude test?
תשובה
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
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Traditional IQ formula?
תשובה
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
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Predictive validity?
תשובה
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
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What does a normal score distribution look like?
תשובה
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
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Split-half reliability?
תשובה
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
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Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
תשובה
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
כרטיס 272
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Flynn effect?
תשובה
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
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A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
תשובה
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
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Continuous versus stage development?
תשובה
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
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How can prenatal environment affect later development?
תשובה
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
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Teratogen?
תשובה
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
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Maturation?
תשובה
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
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Stability–change question in development?
תשובה
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
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A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
תשובה
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
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Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
תשובה
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
כרטיס 281
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Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
תשובה
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
כרטיס 282
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Fine versus gross motor skills?
תשובה
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
כרטיס 283
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Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
תשובה
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
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What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
תשובה
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
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Puberty?
תשובה
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
כרטיס 286
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Sensitive period?
תשובה
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
כרטיס 287
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What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
תשובה
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
כרטיס 288
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Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
תשובה
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
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Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
תשובה
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
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Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
תשובה
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
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Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
תשובה
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
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Menarche?
תשובה
The first menstrual period.
כרטיס 293
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Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
תשובה
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
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About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
תשובה
About 68%.
כרטיס 295
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A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
תשובה
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
כרטיס 296
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Spermarche?
תשובה
The first ejaculation.
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Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
תשובה
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
כרטיס 298
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Imprinting?
תשובה
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
כרטיס 299
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Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
תשובה
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
כרטיס 300
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Menopause?
תשובה
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
כרטיס 301
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Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
תשובה
Naturalistic observation.
כרטיס 302
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How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
תשובה
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
כרטיס 303
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Gender identity?
תשובה
A person's internal sense of their gender.
כרטיס 304
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Gender role?
תשובה
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
כרטיס 305
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Sex versus gender?
תשובה
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
כרטיס 306
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Common sensory change in later adulthood?
תשובה
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
כרטיס 307
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Sexual orientation?
תשובה
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
כרטיס 308
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Gender schema?
תשובה
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
כרטיס 309
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Best broad view of gender development?
תשובה
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
כרטיס 310
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Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
תשובה
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
כרטיס 311
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Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
תשובה
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
כרטיס 312
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Schema in cognitive development?
תשובה
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
כרטיס 313
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Sensorimotor stage?
תשובה
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
כרטיס 314
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Preoperational stage?
תשובה
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
כרטיס 315
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Assimilation?
תשובה
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
כרטיס 316
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A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
תשובה
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
כרטיס 317
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Animism in preoperational thought?
תשובה
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
כרטיס 318
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Concrete operational stage?
תשובה
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
כרטיס 319
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Accommodation?
תשובה
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
כרטיס 320
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Reversibility in cognitive development?
תשובה
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
כרטיס 321
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How can social learning shape gender expression?
תשובה
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
כרטיס 322
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A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
תשובה
Assimilation.
כרטיס 323
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Language?
תשובה
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
כרטיס 324
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Cooing stage?
תשובה
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
כרטיס 325
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Babbling stage?
תשובה
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
כרטיס 326
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One-word stage?
תשובה
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
כרטיס 327
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Grammar?
תשובה
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
כרטיס 328
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A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
תשובה
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
כרטיס 329
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Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
תשובה
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
כרטיס 330
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A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
תשובה
Accommodation.
כרטיס 331
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A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
תשובה
Scaffolding.
כרטיס 332
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A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
תשובה
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
כרטיס 333
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Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
תשובה
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
כרטיס 334
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An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
תשובה
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
כרטיס 335
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Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
תשובה
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
כרטיס 336
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Formal operational stage?
תשובה
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
כרטיס 337
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Dementia?
תשובה
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
כרטיס 338
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Phoneme?
תשובה
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
כרטיס 339
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Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
תשובה
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
כרטיס 340
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Temperament?
תשובה
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
כרטיס 341
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Attachment?
תשובה
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
כרטיס 342
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Erikson's infancy conflict?
תשובה
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
כרטיס 343
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Microsystem?
תשובה
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
כרטיס 344
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Erikson's toddler conflict?
תשובה
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
כרטיס 345
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Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
תשובה
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
כרטיס 346
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Erikson's school-age conflict?
תשובה
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
כרטיס 347
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Mesosystem?
תשובה
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
כרטיס 348
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Erikson's adolescent conflict?
תשובה
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
כרטיס 349
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Erikson's young-adult conflict?
תשובה
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
כרטיס 350
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Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
תשובה
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
כרטיס 351
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Exosystem?
תשובה
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
כרטיס 352
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Morpheme?
תשובה
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
כרטיס 353
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Telegraphic speech?
תשובה
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
705 כרטיסים
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
ללמוד את החפיסה הזו בחינם
Nibomo תיפתח כדי שתוכל להתחיל ללמוד.
כרטיס 354
שאלה
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
תשובה
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
כרטיס 355
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Macrosystem?
תשובה
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
כרטיס 356
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Semantics?
תשובה
The meanings of words and sentences.
כרטיס 357
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A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
תשובה
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
כרטיס 358
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What does a sensitive period for language imply?
תשובה
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
כרטיס 359
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Does language completely determine thought?
תשובה
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
כרטיס 360
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Syntax?
תשובה
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
כרטיס 361
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A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
תשובה
Secure attachment.
כרטיס 362
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How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
תשובה
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
כרטיס 363
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Authoritative parenting?
תשובה
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
כרטיס 364
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Identity achievement?
תשובה
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
כרטיס 365
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Avoidant attachment pattern?
תשובה
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
כרטיס 366
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Classical conditioning?
תשובה
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
כרטיס 367
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Unconditioned stimulus?
תשובה
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
כרטיס 368
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Unconditioned response?
תשובה
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
כרטיס 369
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Conditioned stimulus?
תשובה
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
כרטיס 370
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Conditioned response?
תשובה
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
כרטיס 371
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Acquisition in classical conditioning?
תשובה
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
כרטיס 372
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During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
תשובה
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
כרטיס 373
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Authoritarian parenting?
תשובה
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
כרטיס 374
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Identity diffusion?
תשובה
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
כרטיס 375
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Extinction in classical conditioning?
תשובה
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
כרטיס 376
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Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
תשובה
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
כרטיס 377
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Permissive parenting?
תשובה
High warmth with few demands or limits.
כרטיס 378
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Parallel play?
תשובה
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
כרטיס 379
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Imaginary audience?
תשובה
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
כרטיס 380
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Identity foreclosure?
תשובה
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
כרטיס 381
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Disorganized attachment pattern?
תשובה
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
כרטיס 382
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Neglectful parenting?
תשובה
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
כרטיס 383
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Chronosystem?
תשובה
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
כרטיס 384
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Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
תשובה
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
כרטיס 385
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Personal fable?
תשובה
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
כרטיס 386
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Identity moratorium?
תשובה
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
כרטיס 387
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Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
תשובה
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
כרטיס 388
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Separation anxiety in infancy?
תשובה
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
כרטיס 389
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What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
תשובה
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
כרטיס 390
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Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
תשובה
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
כרטיס 391
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Emerging adulthood?
תשובה
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
כרטיס 392
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Social clock?
תשובה
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
כרטיס 393
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Erikson's later-adult conflict?
תשובה
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
כרטיס 394
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Possible selves?
תשובה
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
כרטיס 395
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Stimulus generalization?
תשובה
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
כרטיס 396
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Operant conditioning?
תשובה
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
כרטיס 397
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Law of effect?
תשובה
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
כרטיס 398
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Spontaneous recovery?
תשובה
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
כרטיס 399
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Stimulus discrimination?
תשובה
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
כרטיס 400
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Reinforcement?
תשובה
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
כרטיס 401
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Higher-order conditioning?
תשובה
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
כרטיס 402
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Counterconditioning?
תשובה
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
כרטיס 403
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Habituation?
תשובה
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
כרטיס 404
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Punishment?
תשובה
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
כרטיס 405
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Partial reinforcement?
תשובה
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
כרטיס 406
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Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
תשובה
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
כרטיס 407
שאלה
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
תשובה
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
כרטיס 408
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Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
תשובה
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
כרטיס 409
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Fixed-ratio schedule?
תשובה
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
כרטיס 410
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Observational learning?
תשובה
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
כרטיס 411
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A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
תשובה
Positive reinforcement.
כרטיס 412
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Primary reinforcer?
תשובה
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
כרטיס 413
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Variable-ratio schedule?
תשובה
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
כרטיס 414
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Modeling?
תשובה
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
כרטיס 415
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Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
תשובה
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
כרטיס 416
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Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
תשובה
Negative reinforcement.
כרטיס 417
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Conditioned reinforcer?
תשובה
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
כרטיס 418
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A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
תשובה
Vicarious reinforcement.
כרטיס 419
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Fixed-interval schedule?
תשובה
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
כרטיס 420
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Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
תשובה
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
כרטיס 421
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A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
תשובה
Positive punishment.
כרטיס 422
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Shaping?
תשובה
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
כרטיס 423
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Extinction in operant conditioning?
תשובה
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
כרטיס 424
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Variable-interval schedule?
תשובה
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
כרטיס 425
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A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
תשובה
Negative punishment.
כרטיס 426
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Learned helplessness?
תשובה
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
כרטיס 427
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Continuous reinforcement?
תשובה
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
כרטיס 428
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A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
תשובה
A fixed-interval schedule.
כרטיס 429
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Discriminative stimulus?
תשובה
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
כרטיס 430
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Operant generalization versus discrimination?
תשובה
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
כרטיס 431
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Instinctive drift?
תשובה
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
כרטיס 432
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Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
תשובה
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
כרטיס 433
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How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
תשובה
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
כרטיס 434
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How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
תשובה
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
כרטיס 435
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Vicarious conditioning?
תשובה
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
כרטיס 436
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A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
תשובה
A variable-interval schedule.
כרטיס 437
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Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
תשובה
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
כרטיס 438
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Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
תשובה
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
כרטיס 439
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Latent learning?
תשובה
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
כרטיס 440
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Cognitive map?
תשובה
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
כרטיס 441
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Insight learning?
תשובה
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
כרטיס 442
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Biological preparedness?
תשובה
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
כרטיס 443
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What can mirror-neuron activity show?
תשובה
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
כרטיס 444
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Attribution?
תשובה
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
כרטיס 445
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Attitude?
תשובה
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
כרטיס 446
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Upward social comparison?
תשובה
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
כרטיס 447
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Optimistic explanatory style?
תשובה
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
כרטיס 448
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Situational attribution?
תשובה
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
כרטיס 449
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A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
תשובה
Cognitive dissonance.
כרטיס 450
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Downward social comparison?
תשובה
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
כרטיס 451
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Internal locus of control?
תשובה
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
כרטיס 452
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Dispositional attribution?
תשובה
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
כרטיס 453
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Pessimistic explanatory style?
תשובה
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
כרטיס 454
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Relative deprivation?
תשובה
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
כרטיס 455
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External locus of control?
תשובה
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
כרטיס 456
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Fundamental attribution error?
תשובה
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
כרטיס 457
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Halo effect?
תשובה
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
כרטיס 458
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Self-fulfilling prophecy?
תשובה
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
כרטיס 459
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Mere-exposure effect?
תשובה
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
כרטיס 460
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A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
תשובה
The actor–observer difference.
כרטיס 461
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A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
תשובה
The central route.
כרטיס 462
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Effort justification?
תשובה
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
כרטיס 463
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Stereotype?
תשובה
A generalized belief about members of a group.
כרטיס 464
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A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
תשובה
Self-serving bias.
כרטיס 465
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A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
תשובה
The peripheral route.
כרטיס 466
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Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
תשובה
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
כרטיס 467
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Prejudice?
תשובה
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
כרטיס 468
שאלה
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:

Workload Errors

Low 2

High 8

Which attribution is better supported?
תשובה
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
כרטיס 469
שאלה
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
תשובה
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
כרטיס 470
שאלה
Conformity?
תשובה
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
כרטיס 471
שאלה
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
תשובה
The bystander effect.
כרטיס 472
שאלה
Diffusion of responsibility?
תשובה
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
כרטיס 473
שאלה
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
תשובה
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
כרטיס 474
שאלה
In-group bias?
תשובה
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
כרטיס 475
שאלה
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
תשובה
The foot-in-the-door technique.
כרטיס 476
שאלה
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
תשובה
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
כרטיס 477
שאלה
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
תשובה
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
כרטיס 478
שאלה
Discrimination?
תשובה
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
כרטיס 479
שאלה
Out-group homogeneity effect?
תשובה
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
כרטיס 480
שאלה
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
תשובה
The door-in-the-face technique.
כרטיס 481
שאלה
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
תשובה
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
כרטיס 482
שאלה
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
תשובה
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
כרטיס 483
שאלה
Just-world belief?
תשובה
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
כרטיס 484
שאלה
Implicit attitude?
תשובה
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
כרטיס 485
שאלה
Ethnocentrism?
תשובה
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
כרטיס 486
שאלה
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
תשובה
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
כרטיס 487
שאלה
Normative social influence?
תשובה
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
כרטיס 488
שאלה
Psychodynamic view of personality?
תשובה
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
כרטיס 489
שאלה
Norm of reciprocity?
תשובה
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
כרטיס 490
שאלה
Individualism?
תשובה
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
כרטיס 491
שאלה
Informational social influence?
תשובה
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
כרטיס 492
שאלה
Id?
תשובה
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
כרטיס 493
שאלה
Altruism?
תשובה
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
כרטיס 494
שאלה
Social norm?
תשובה
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
כרטיס 495
שאלה
What tends to increase conformity?
תשובה
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
כרטיס 496
שאלה
Ego?
תשובה
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
כרטיס 497
שאלה
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
תשובה
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
כרטיס 498
שאלה
Collectivism?
תשובה
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
כרטיס 499
שאלה
Obedience?
תשובה
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
כרטיס 500
שאלה
Superego?
תשובה
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
כרטיס 501
שאלה
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
תשובה
Denial.
כרטיס 502
שאלה
Social-responsibility norm?
תשובה
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
כרטיס 503
שאלה
How does proximity affect attraction?
תשובה
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
כרטיס 504
שאלה
What tends to increase obedience?
תשובה
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
כרטיס 505
שאלה
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
תשובה
Displacement.
כרטיס 506
שאלה
Social loafing?
תשובה
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
כרטיס 507
שאלה
Multiculturalism?
תשובה
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
כרטיס 508
שאלה
How does similarity affect attraction?
תשובה
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
כרטיס 509
שאלה
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
תשובה
Projection.
כרטיס 510
שאלה
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
תשובה
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
כרטיס 511
שאלה
Deindividuation?
תשובה
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
כרטיס 512
שאלה
Group polarization?
תשובה
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
כרטיס 513
שאלה
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
תשובה
Rationalization.
כרטיס 514
שאלה
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
תשובה
Groupthink.
כרטיס 515
שאלה
Pluralistic ignorance?
תשובה
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
כרטיס 516
שאלה
Social trap?
תשובה
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
כרטיס 517
שאלה
Reaction formation?
תשובה
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
כרטיס 518
שאלה
Superordinate goal?
תשובה
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
כרטיס 519
שאלה
False-consensus effect?
תשובה
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
כרטיס 520
שאלה
Industrial-organizational psychology?
תשובה
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
כרטיס 521
שאלה
Repression?
תשובה
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
כרטיס 522
שאלה
Burnout?
תשובה
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
כרטיס 523
שאלה
Unconditional positive regard?
תשובה
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
כרטיס 524
שאלה
Trait?
תשובה
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
כרטיס 525
שאלה
Regression as a defense mechanism?
תשובה
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
כרטיס 526
שאלה
Reciprocal determinism?
תשובה
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
כרטיס 527
שאלה
Self-efficacy?
תשובה
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
כרטיס 528
שאלה
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
תשובה
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
כרטיס 529
שאלה
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
תשובה
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
כרטיס 530
שאלה
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
תשובה
Openness.
כרטיס 531
שאלה
Personality inventory?
תשובה
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
כרטיס 532
שאלה
Self-actualizing tendency?
תשובה
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
כרטיס 533
שאלה
Self-esteem?
תשובה
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
כרטיס 534
שאלה
Instinct in motivation research?
תשובה
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
כרטיס 535
שאלה
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
תשובה
Conscientiousness.
כרטיס 536
שאלה
Projective test?
תשובה
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
כרטיס 537
שאלה
How does factor analysis help trait research?
תשובה
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
כרטיס 538
שאלה
Drive-reduction theory?
תשובה
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
כרטיס 539
שאלה
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
תשובה
Extraversion.
כרטיס 540
שאלה
Person–situation debate?
תשובה
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
כרטיס 541
שאלה
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
תשובה
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
כרטיס 542
שאלה
Homeostasis?
תשובה
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
כרטיס 543
שאלה
Incentive theory?
תשובה
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
כרטיס 544
שאלה
Big Five agreeableness?
תשובה
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
כרטיס 545
שאלה
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
תשובה
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
כרטיס 546
שאלה
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
תשובה
An approach–approach conflict.
כרטיס 547
שאלה
Arousal theory of motivation?
תשובה
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
כרטיס 548
שאלה
Big Five emotional stability?
תשובה
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
כרטיס 549
שאלה
What regulates hunger?
תשובה
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
כרטיס 550
שאלה
Three broad components of emotion?
תשובה
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
כרטיס 551
שאלה
Self-determination theory?
תשובה
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
כרטיס 552
שאלה
Emotion regulation?
תשובה
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
כרטיס 553
שאלה
Sensation-seeking?
תשובה
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
כרטיס 554
שאלה
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
תשובה
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
כרטיס 555
שאלה
Intrinsic motivation?
תשובה
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
כרטיס 556
שאלה
Display rules?
תשובה
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
כרטיס 557
שאלה
Arousal and performance relationship?
תשובה
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
כרטיס 558
שאלה
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
תשובה
An approach–avoidance conflict.
כרטיס 559
שאלה
Extrinsic motivation?
תשובה
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
כרטיס 560
שאלה
Achievement motivation?
תשובה
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
כרטיס 561
שאלה
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
תשובה
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
כרטיס 562
שאלה
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
תשובה
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
כרטיס 563
שאלה
Overjustification effect?
תשובה
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
כרטיס 564
שאלה
Belongingness motivation?
תשובה
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
כרטיס 565
שאלה
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:

Condition Mean minutes

Assigned topic 34

Chosen topic 47

What is the observed mean difference?
תשובה
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
כרטיס 566
שאלה
Facial-feedback effect?
תשובה
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
כרטיס 567
שאלה
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
תשובה
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
כרטיס 568
שאלה
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
תשובה
Cognitive reappraisal.
כרטיס 569
שאלה
Broaden-and-build view?
תשובה
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
כרטיס 570
שאלה
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
תשובה
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
כרטיס 571
שאלה
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
תשובה
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
כרטיס 572
שאלה
Expressive suppression?
תשובה
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
כרטיס 573
שאלה
How does acute stress affect the body?
תשובה
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
כרטיס 574
שאלה
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
תשובה
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
כרטיס 575
שאלה
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
תשובה
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
כרטיס 576
שאלה
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
תשובה
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
כרטיס 577
שאלה
Health psychology?
תשובה
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
כרטיס 578
שאלה
Positive psychology?
תשובה
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
כרטיס 579
שאלה
Stress?
תשובה
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
כרטיס 580
שאלה
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
תשובה
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
כרטיס 581
שאלה
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
תשובה
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
כרטיס 582
שאלה
Resilience?
תשובה
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
כרטיס 583
שאלה
Stressor?
תשובה
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
כרטיס 584
שאלה
General adaptation syndrome?
תשובה
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
כרטיס 585
שאלה
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
תשובה
Problem-focused coping.
כרטיס 586
שאלה
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
תשובה
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
כרטיס 587
שאלה
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
תשובה
Primary appraisal.
כרטיס 588
שאלה
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
תשובה
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
כרטיס 589
שאלה
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
תשובה
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
כרטיס 590
שאלה
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
תשובה
Emotion-focused coping.
כרטיס 591
שאלה
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
תשובה
Secondary appraisal.
כרטיס 592
שאלה
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
תשובה
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
כרטיס 593
שאלה
Adverse childhood experiences?
תשובה
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
כרטיס 594
שאלה
How can social support protect health?
תשובה
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
כרטיס 595
שאלה
Eustress versus distress?
תשובה
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
כרטיס 596
שאלה
Tend-and-befriend response?
תשובה
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
כרטיס 597
שאלה
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
תשובה
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
כרטיס 598
שאלה
Biofeedback?
תשובה
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
כרטיס 599
שאלה
How does perceived control affect stress?
תשובה
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
כרטיס 600
שאלה
Psychoneuroimmunology?
תשובה
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
כרטיס 601
שאלה
Subjective well-being?
תשובה
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
כרטיס 602
שאלה
Psychological disorder?
תשובה
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
כרטיס 603
שאלה
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
תשובה
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
כרטיס 604
שאלה
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
תשובה
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
כרטיס 605
שאלה
Signature strengths?
תשובה
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
כרטיס 606
שאלה
Biopsychosocial model?
תשובה
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
כרטיס 607
שאלה
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
תשובה
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
כרטיס 608
שאלה
Posttraumatic growth?
תשובה
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
כרטיס 609
שאלה
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
תשובה
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
כרטיס 610
שאלה
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
תשובה
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
כרטיס 611
שאלה
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
תשובה
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
כרטיס 612
שאלה
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
תשובה
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
כרטיס 613
שאלה
Biological explanation of disorder?
תשובה
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
כרטיס 614
שאלה
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
תשובה
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
כרטיס 615
שאלה
Purpose of the DSM?
תשובה
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
כרטיס 616
שאלה
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
תשובה
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
כרטיס 617
שאלה
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
תשובה
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
כרטיס 618
שאלה
Autism spectrum disorder?
תשובה
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
כרטיס 619
שאלה
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
תשובה
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
כרטיס 620
שאלה
Major depressive disorder?
תשובה
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
כרטיס 621
שאלה
Specific phobia?
תשובה
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
כרטיס 622
שאלה
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
תשובה
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
כרטיס 623
שאלה
Dissociative amnesia?
תשובה
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
כרטיס 624
שאלה
Bipolar I disorder?
תשובה
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
כרטיס 625
שאלה
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
תשובה
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
כרטיס 626
שאלה
Anorexia nervosa?
תשובה
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
כרטיס 627
שאלה
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
תשובה
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
כרטיס 628
שאלה
Bipolar II disorder?
תשובה
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
כרטיס 629
שאלה
Purpose of the ICD?
תשובה
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
כרטיס 630
שאלה
Bulimia nervosa?
תשובה
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
כרטיס 631
שאלה
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
תשובה
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
כרטיס 632
שאלה
Ataque de nervios?
תשובה
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
כרטיס 633
שאלה
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
תשובה
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
כרטיס 634
שאלה
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
תשובה
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
כרטיס 635
שאלה
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
תשובה
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
כרטיס 636
שאלה
Comorbidity?
תשובה
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
כרטיס 637
שאלה
Humanistic explanation of distress?
תשובה
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
כרטיס 638
שאלה
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
תשובה
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
כרטיס 639
שאלה
Stigma around mental disorder?
תשובה
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
כרטיס 640
שאלה
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
תשובה
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
כרטיס 641
שאלה
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
תשובה
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
כרטיס 642
שאלה
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
תשובה
Interrater reliability.
כרטיס 643
שאלה
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
תשובה
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
כרטיס 644
שאלה
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
תשובה
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
כרטיס 645
שאלה
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
תשובה
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
כרטיס 646
שאלה
Delusion?
תשובה
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
כרטיס 647
שאלה
Agoraphobia?
תשובה
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
כרטיס 648
שאלה
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
תשובה
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
כרטיס 649
שאלה
Eclectic approach to disorder?
תשובה
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
כרטיס 650
שאלה
Hallucination?
תשובה
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
כרטיס 651
שאלה
Panic disorder?
תשובה
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
כרטיס 652
שאלה
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
תשובה
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
כרטיס 653
שאלה
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
תשובה
The diathesis–stress model.
כרטיס 654
שאלה
Cluster A personality disorders?
תשובה
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
כרטיס 655
שאלה
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
תשובה
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
כרטיס 656
שאלה
Evidence-based treatment?
תשובה
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
כרטיס 657
שאלה
Therapeutic alliance?
תשובה
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
כרטיס 658
שאלה
Cultural humility in therapy?
תשובה
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
כרטיס 659
שאלה
Deinstitutionalization?
תשובה
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
כרטיס 660
שאלה
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
תשובה
Exposure therapy.
כרטיס 661
שאלה
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
תשובה
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
כרטיס 662
שאלה
Four medication categories in the course?
תשובה
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
כרטיס 663
שאלה
Depressive cognitive triad?
תשובה
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
כרטיס 664
שאלה
Applied behavior analysis?
תשובה
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
כרטיס 665
שאלה
Psychosurgery?
תשובה
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
כרטיס 666
שאלה
Free association?
תשובה
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
כרטיס 667
שאלה
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
תשובה
Cognitive restructuring.
כרטיס 668
שאלה
One advantage of group therapy?
תשובה
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
כרטיס 669
שאלה
Lobotomy?
תשובה
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
כרטיס 670
שאלה
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
תשובה
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
כרטיס 671
שאלה
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
תשובה
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
כרטיס 672
שאלה
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
תשובה
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
כרטיס 673
שאלה
Social anxiety disorder?
תשובה
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
כרטיס 674
שאלה
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
תשובה
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
כרטיס 675
שאלה
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
תשובה
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
כרטיס 676
שאלה
Dissociative fugue?
תשובה
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
כרטיס 677
שאלה
Cluster B personality disorders?
תשובה
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
כרטיס 678
שאלה
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
תשובה
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
כרטיס 679
שאלה
Catatonia?
תשובה
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
כרטיס 680
שאלה
Manic episode?
תשובה
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
כרטיס 681
שאלה
Dissociative identity disorder?
תשובה
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
כרטיס 682
שאלה
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
תשובה
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
כרטיס 683
שאלה
Cluster C personality disorders?
תשובה
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
כרטיס 684
שאלה
Taijin kyofusho?
תשובה
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
כרטיס 685
שאלה
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
תשובה
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
כרטיס 686
שאלה
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
תשובה
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
כרטיס 687
שאלה
Hypomanic episode?
תשובה
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
כרטיס 688
שאלה
Generalized anxiety disorder?
תשובה
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
כרטיס 689
שאלה
Hoarding disorder?
תשובה
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
כרטיס 690
שאלה
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
תשובה
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
כרטיס 691
שאלה
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
תשובה
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
כרטיס 692
שאלה
Persistent depressive disorder?
תשובה
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
כרטיס 693
שאלה
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
תשובה
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
כרטיס 694
שאלה
Systematic desensitization?
תשובה
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
כרטיס 695
שאלה
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
תשובה
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
כרטיס 696
שאלה
Dialectical behavior therapy?
תשובה
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
כרטיס 697
שאלה
Integrity in therapy ethics?
תשובה
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
כרטיס 698
שאלה
Aversion therapy?
תשובה
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
כרטיס 699
שאלה
Tardive dyskinesia?
תשובה
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
כרטיס 700
שאלה
ECT versus TMS?
תשובה
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
כרטיס 701
שאלה
Respect for rights and dignity?
תשובה
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
כרטיס 702
שאלה
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
תשובה
A token economy.
כרטיס 703
שאלה
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
תשובה
Person-centered therapy.
כרטיס 704
שאלה
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
תשובה
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
כרטיס 705
שאלה
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
תשובה
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.

Workload	Errors
Low	2
High	8

Condition	Mean minutes
Assigned topic	34
Chosen topic	47

705 כרטיסים