Nature in the nature–nurture question?

Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.

Central nervous system?

The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.

Main role of the spinal cord?

It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.

Scores are 4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?

7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.

Nurture in the nature–nurture question?

Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.

Peripheral nervous system?

The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.

A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.

Reflex times are 180, 190, 210, 260, 410 milliseconds. What is the median?

210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.

The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.

Autonomic nervous system?

The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.

Evolutionary perspective on behavior?

It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.

Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?

It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.

Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?

They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.

Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?

A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.

Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.

Somatic nervous system?

The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.

They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.

Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?

An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.

Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?

Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.

Sympathetic nervous system?

The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.

Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?

The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.

They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.

Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?

The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.

Parasympathetic nervous system?

The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.

The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.

Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.

Adrenaline's behavioral role?

It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.

Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.

The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.

The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.

Leptin's role in eating?

It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.

Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.

Depolarization during an action potential?

Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.

Dopamine's major psychological functions?

Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.

A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.

A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.

The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.

Serotonin's major psychological functions?

Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.

Glutamate's major psychological functions?

It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.

A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.

It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.

A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.

Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.

A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.

All-or-none principle?

A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.

Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?

Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.

GABA's major psychological function?

It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.

Oxytocin's behavioral role?

It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.

A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.

AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review

Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.

مصنف Open Study Contributor

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ڈیک کی تفصیلات

کارڈز: 705 کارڈز
ورژن: 3
شائع شدہ: 25 اگست، 2026
آخری بار اپ ڈیٹ ہوا: 10 ستمبر، 2026
لائسنس: Common knowledge · CC0 1.0
ہدف سیکھنے والوں کی زبانیں: en
مضمون: Psychology
سطح: AP Psychology
ٹیگز: psychology-course-review, psychology-course-review-u1, psychology-course-review-u2, psychology-course-review-u3, psychology-course-review-u4, psychology-course-review-u5

ملتے جلتے ڈیک

اس ڈیک کے بارے میں

Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.

What the cards ask you to retrieve

Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.

The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.

What's deliberately left out

The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.

Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.

This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.

اس ڈیک کے کارڈز

کارڈ 1
سوال
Nature in the nature–nurture question?
جواب
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
کارڈ 2
سوال
Central nervous system?
جواب
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
کارڈ 3
سوال
Main role of the spinal cord?
جواب
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
کارڈ 4
سوال
Scores are 4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?
جواب
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
کارڈ 5
سوال
Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
جواب
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
کارڈ 6
سوال
Peripheral nervous system?
جواب
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
کارڈ 7
سوال
Reflex arc?
جواب
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
کارڈ 8
سوال
Reflex times are 180, 190, 210, 260, 410 milliseconds. What is the median?
جواب
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
کارڈ 9
سوال
Heritability?
جواب
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
کارڈ 10
سوال
Autonomic nervous system?
جواب
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
کارڈ 11
سوال
Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
جواب
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
کارڈ 12
سوال
Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
جواب
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
کارڈ 13
سوال
Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
جواب
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
کارڈ 14
سوال
Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
جواب
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
کارڈ 15
سوال
Natural selection?
جواب
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
کارڈ 16
سوال
Somatic nervous system?
جواب
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
کارڈ 17
سوال
Sensory neurons?
جواب
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
کارڈ 18
سوال
Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
جواب
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
کارڈ 19
سوال
Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
جواب
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
کارڈ 20
سوال
Sympathetic nervous system?
جواب
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
کارڈ 21
سوال
Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
جواب
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
کارڈ 22
سوال
Motor neurons?
جواب
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
کارڈ 23
سوال
Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
جواب
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
کارڈ 24
سوال
Parasympathetic nervous system?
جواب
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
کارڈ 25
سوال
Resting potential?
جواب
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
کارڈ 26
سوال
Interneurons?
جواب
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
کارڈ 27
سوال
Adrenaline's behavioral role?
جواب
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
کارڈ 28
سوال
Frontal lobes?
جواب
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
کارڈ 29
سوال
Neural threshold?
جواب
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
کارڈ 30
سوال
Corpus callosum?
جواب
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
کارڈ 31
سوال
Leptin's role in eating?
جواب
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
کارڈ 32
سوال
Temporal lobes?
جواب
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
کارڈ 33
سوال
Depolarization during an action potential?
جواب
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
کارڈ 34
سوال
Dopamine's major psychological functions?
جواب
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
کارڈ 35
سوال
Ghrelin's role in eating?
جواب
It helps stimulate hunger.
کارڈ 36
سوال
Drug agonist?
جواب
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
کارڈ 37
سوال
Action potential?
جواب
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
کارڈ 38
سوال
Reuptake?
جواب
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
کارڈ 39
سوال
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
جواب
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
کارڈ 40
سوال
Glutamate's major psychological functions?
جواب
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
کارڈ 41
سوال
Refractory period?
جواب
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
کارڈ 42
سوال
Melatonin's role?
جواب
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
کارڈ 43
سوال
Drug antagonist?
جواب
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
کارڈ 44
سوال
Stimulants?
جواب
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
کارڈ 45
سوال
Drug tolerance?
جواب
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
کارڈ 46
سوال
Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
جواب
Multiple sclerosis.
کارڈ 47
سوال
All-or-none principle?
جواب
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
کارڈ 48
سوال
Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
جواب
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
کارڈ 49
سوال
GABA's major psychological function?
جواب
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
کارڈ 50
سوال
Oxytocin's behavioral role?
جواب
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
کارڈ 51
سوال
Reuptake inhibitor?
جواب
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
کارڈ 52
سوال
Depressants?
جواب
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
کارڈ 53
سوال
Drug withdrawal?
جواب
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
کارڈ 54
سوال
Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
جواب
Myasthenia gravis.
کارڈ 55
سوال
Glial cells?
جواب
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
کارڈ 56
سوال
Endorphins?
جواب
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
کارڈ 57
سوال
Substance P?
جواب
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
کارڈ 58
سوال
Acetylcholine's major functions?
جواب
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
کارڈ 59
سوال
Opioids?
جواب
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
کارڈ 60
سوال
Hallucinogens?
جواب
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
کارڈ 61
سوال
Addiction?
جواب
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
کارڈ 62
سوال
Parietal lobes?
جواب
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
کارڈ 63
سوال
Consciousness?
جواب
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
کارڈ 64
سوال
Circadian rhythm?
جواب
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
کارڈ 65
سوال
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
جواب
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
کارڈ 66
سوال
Occipital lobes?
جواب
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
کارڈ 67
سوال
What does split-brain research reveal?
جواب
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
کارڈ 68
سوال
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
جواب
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
کارڈ 69
سوال
NREM-1 sleep?
جواب
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
کارڈ 70
سوال
Motor cortex?
جواب
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
کارڈ 71
سوال
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
جواب
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
کارڈ 72
سوال
Brainstem's core function?
جواب
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
کارڈ 73
سوال
NREM-2 sleep?
جواب
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
کارڈ 74
سوال
Somatosensory cortex?
جواب
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
کارڈ 75
سوال
Medulla's main functions?
جواب
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
کارڈ 76
سوال
Reticular activating system?
جواب
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
کارڈ 77
سوال
NREM-3 sleep?
جواب
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
کارڈ 78
سوال
Cerebellum's main functions?
جواب
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
کارڈ 79
سوال
Thalamus?
جواب
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
کارڈ 80
سوال
Hypothalamus?
جواب
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
کارڈ 81
سوال
REM sleep?
جواب
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
کارڈ 82
سوال
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
جواب
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
کارڈ 83
سوال
Amygdala?
جواب
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
کارڈ 84
سوال
Hippocampus?
جواب
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
کارڈ 85
سوال
How does sleep change across a typical night?
جواب
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
کارڈ 86
سوال
Contralateral brain control?
جواب
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
کارڈ 87
سوال
What does an EEG measure?
جواب
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
کارڈ 88
سوال
Reward-center activity?
جواب
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
کارڈ 89
سوال
Neuroplasticity?
جواب
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
کارڈ 90
سوال
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
جواب
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
کارڈ 91
سوال
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
جواب
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
کارڈ 92
سوال
Insomnia?
جواب
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
کارڈ 93
سوال
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
جواب
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
کارڈ 94
سوال
Absolute threshold?
جواب
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
کارڈ 95
سوال
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
جواب
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
کارڈ 96
سوال
Narcolepsy?
جواب
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
کارڈ 97
سوال
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
جواب
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
کارڈ 98
سوال
Difference threshold?
جواب
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
کارڈ 99
سوال
Consolidation view of dreams?
جواب
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
کارڈ 100
سوال
REM sleep behavior disorder?
جواب
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
کارڈ 101
سوال
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
جواب
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
کارڈ 102
سوال
Weber's law?
جواب
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
کارڈ 103
سوال
Two supported functions of sleep?
جواب
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
کارڈ 104
سوال
Sleep apnea?
جواب
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
کارڈ 105
سوال
REM rebound?
جواب
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
کارڈ 106
سوال
Signal detection theory?
جواب
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
کارڈ 107
سوال
Sensory transduction?
جواب
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
کارڈ 108
سوال
Vestibular sense?
جواب
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
کارڈ 109
سوال
Somnambulism?
جواب
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
کارڈ 110
سوال
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
جواب
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
کارڈ 111
سوال
What begins visual transduction?
جواب
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
کارڈ 112
سوال
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
جواب
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
کارڈ 113
سوال
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
جواب
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
کارڈ 114
سوال
Accommodation in vision?
جواب
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
کارڈ 115
سوال
Cones?
جواب
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
کارڈ 116
سوال
What begins auditory transduction?
جواب
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
کارڈ 117
سوال
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
جواب
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
کارڈ 118
سوال
How is smell unusual among the senses?
جواب
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
کارڈ 119
سوال
Kinesthesia?
جواب
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
کارڈ 120
سوال
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
جواب
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
کارڈ 121
سوال
Nearsightedness?
جواب
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
کارڈ 122
سوال
Pheromones?
جواب
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
کارڈ 123
سوال
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
جواب
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
کارڈ 124
سوال
Volley theory of pitch?
جواب
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
کارڈ 125
سوال
Farsightedness?
جواب
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
کارڈ 126
سوال
Six taste qualities named in the course?
جواب
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
کارڈ 127
سوال
Phantom-limb sensation?
جواب
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
کارڈ 128
سوال
Sensory interaction?
جواب
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
کارڈ 129
سوال
What causes most color-vision deficiency?
جواب
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
کارڈ 130
سوال
Prosopagnosia?
جواب
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
کارڈ 131
سوال
Rods?
جواب
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
کارڈ 132
سوال
How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
جواب
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
کارڈ 133
سوال
Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
جواب
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
کارڈ 134
سوال
Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
جواب
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
کارڈ 135
سوال
What do the semicircular canals detect?
جواب
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
کارڈ 136
سوال
Synesthesia?
جواب
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
کارڈ 137
سوال
Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
جواب
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
کارڈ 138
سوال
Blindsight?
جواب
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
کارڈ 139
سوال
Sensory adaptation?
جواب
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
کارڈ 140
سوال
Gate-control view of pain?
جواب
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
کارڈ 141
سوال
Bottom-up processing?
جواب
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
کارڈ 142
سوال
Concept?
جواب
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
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Fixation in problem solving?
جواب
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
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Algorithm?
جواب
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
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Top-down processing?
جواب
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
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Confirmation bias?
جواب
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
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Retinal disparity?
جواب
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
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Heuristic?
جواب
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
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Selective attention?
جواب
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
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Figure–ground organization?
جواب
Separating the object of attention from its background.
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Convergence as a depth cue?
جواب
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
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Representativeness heuristic?
جواب
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
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Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
جواب
Inattentional blindness.
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Gestalt proximity principle?
جواب
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
کارڈ 155
سوال
Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
جواب
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
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Cocktail-party effect?
جواب
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
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Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
جواب
Change blindness.
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Gestalt similarity principle?
جواب
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
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Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
جواب
Linear perspective.
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Perceptual constancy?
جواب
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
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Perceptual set?
جواب
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
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Gestalt closure principle?
جواب
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
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One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
جواب
The blocking object, using interposition.
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Apparent motion?
جواب
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
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Availability heuristic?
جواب
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
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Divergent thinking?
جواب
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
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A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
جواب
Relative clarity.
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Prototype?
جواب
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
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Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
جواب
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
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Convergent thinking?
جواب
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
کارڈ 171
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A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
جواب
Texture gradient.
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Belief perseverance?
جواب
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
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Explicit memory?
جواب
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
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Three stores in the multi-store model?
جواب
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
کارڈ 175
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Seeing an object only in its usual role?
جواب
Functional fixedness.
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Mental set?
جواب
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
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Episodic memory?
جواب
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
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Working memory?
جواب
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
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Insight?
جواب
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
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Framing effect?
جواب
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
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Implicit memory?
جواب
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
کارڈ 182
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Overconfidence bias?
جواب
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
کارڈ 183
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Anchoring bias?
جواب
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
کارڈ 184
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Schema in thinking?
جواب
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
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Procedural memory?
جواب
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
کارڈ 186
سوال
Gambler's fallacy?
جواب
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
کارڈ 187
سوال
Sunk-cost fallacy?
جواب
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
کارڈ 188
سوال
Executive functions?
جواب
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
کارڈ 189
سوال
How can priming affect judgment?
جواب
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
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سوال
Central executive in working memory?
جواب
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
کارڈ 191
سوال
Serial-position effect?
جواب
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
کارڈ 192
سوال
Semantic memory?
جواب
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
کارڈ 193
سوال
Levels-of-processing principle?
جواب
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
کارڈ 194
سوال
Automatic processing?
جواب
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
کارڈ 195
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Maintenance rehearsal?
جواب
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
کارڈ 196
سوال
Prospective memory?
جواب
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
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Primacy effect?
جواب
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
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سوال
Long-term memory?
جواب
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
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Highly superior autobiographical memory?
جواب
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
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Effortful processing?
جواب
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
کارڈ 201
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Elaborative rehearsal?
جواب
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
کارڈ 202
سوال
Memory consolidation?
جواب
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
کارڈ 203
سوال
Recency effect?
جواب
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
کارڈ 204
سوال
Spacing effect?
جواب
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
کارڈ 205
سوال
Testing effect?
جواب
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
کارڈ 206
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Chunking?
جواب
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
کارڈ 207
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Mnemonic?
جواب
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
کارڈ 208
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Why organize material into a hierarchy?
جواب
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
کارڈ 209
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How can a schema help encoding?
جواب
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
کارڈ 210
سوال
Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
جواب
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
کارڈ 211
سوال
Iconic memory?
جواب
A very brief visual sensory memory.
کارڈ 212
سوال
Recall?
جواب
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
کارڈ 213
سوال
Retrieval cue?
جواب
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
کارڈ 214
سوال
Encoding-specificity principle?
جواب
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
کارڈ 215
سوال
Context-dependent memory?
جواب
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
کارڈ 216
سوال
Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
جواب
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
کارڈ 217
سوال
Echoic memory?
جواب
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
کارڈ 218
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Anterograde amnesia?
جواب
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
کارڈ 219
سوال
Phonological loop?
جواب
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
کارڈ 220
سوال
Cerebellum's memory role?
جواب
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
کارڈ 221
سوال
Why is short-term memory described as limited?
جواب
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
کارڈ 222
سوال
Retrograde amnesia?
جواب
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
کارڈ 223
سوال
Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
جواب
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
کارڈ 224
سوال
How can the amygdala affect memory?
جواب
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
کارڈ 225
سوال
Visuospatial sketchpad?
جواب
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
کارڈ 226
سوال
Long-term potentiation?
جواب
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
کارڈ 227
سوال
Infantile amnesia?
جواب
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
کارڈ 228
سوال
Alzheimer's disease?
جواب
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
کارڈ 229
سوال
Scores are 2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?
جواب
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because 9 - 2 = 7.
کارڈ 230
سوال
Recognition?
جواب
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
کارڈ 231
سوال
Why is memory called reconstructive?
جواب
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
کارڈ 232
سوال
Storage decay?
جواب
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
کارڈ 233
سوال
State-dependent memory?
جواب
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
کارڈ 234
سوال
Relearning?
جواب
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
کارڈ 235
سوال
Misinformation effect?
جواب
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
کارڈ 236
سوال
A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
جواب
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
کارڈ 237
سوال
Mood-congruent memory?
جواب
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
کارڈ 238
سوال
Priming?
جواب
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
کارڈ 239
سوال
Tip-of-the-tongue state?
جواب
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
کارڈ 240
سوال
Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
جواب
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
کارڈ 241
سوال
Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
جواب
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
کارڈ 242
سوال
Metacognition?
جواب
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
کارڈ 243
سوال
Source amnesia?
جواب
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
کارڈ 244
سوال
Test standardization?
جواب
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
کارڈ 245
سوال
Reliability?
جواب
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
کارڈ 246
سوال
Stereotype threat?
جواب
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
کارڈ 247
سوال
General intelligence, or g?
جواب
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
کارڈ 248
سوال
Encoding failure?
جواب
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
کارڈ 249
سوال
Validity?
جواب
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
کارڈ 250
سوال
Proactive interference?
جواب
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
کارڈ 251
سوال
Imagination inflation?
جواب
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
کارڈ 252
سوال
A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
جواب
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
کارڈ 253
سوال
Retrieval failure?
جواب
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
کارڈ 254
سوال
Retroactive interference?
جواب
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
کارڈ 255
سوال
A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
جواب
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
کارڈ 256
سوال
Repression in psychodynamic theory?
جواب
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
کارڈ 257
سوال
Flashbulb memory?
جواب
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
کارڈ 258
سوال
A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
جواب
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
کارڈ 259
سوال
A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
جواب
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
کارڈ 260
سوال
Stereotype lift?
جواب
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
کارڈ 261
سوال
Achievement test?
جواب
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
کارڈ 262
سوال
Construct validity?
جواب
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
کارڈ 263
سوال
Test–retest reliability?
جواب
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
کارڈ 264
سوال
Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
جواب
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
کارڈ 265
سوال
Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
جواب
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
کارڈ 266
سوال
Aptitude test?
جواب
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
کارڈ 267
سوال
Traditional IQ formula?
جواب
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
کارڈ 268
سوال
Predictive validity?
جواب
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
کارڈ 269
سوال
What does a normal score distribution look like?
جواب
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
کارڈ 270
سوال
Split-half reliability?
جواب
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
کارڈ 271
سوال
Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
جواب
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
کارڈ 272
سوال
Flynn effect?
جواب
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
کارڈ 273
سوال
A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
جواب
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
کارڈ 274
سوال
Continuous versus stage development?
جواب
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
کارڈ 275
سوال
How can prenatal environment affect later development?
جواب
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
کارڈ 276
سوال
Teratogen?
جواب
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
کارڈ 277
سوال
Maturation?
جواب
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
کارڈ 278
سوال
Stability–change question in development?
جواب
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
کارڈ 279
سوال
A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
جواب
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
کارڈ 280
سوال
Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
جواب
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
کارڈ 281
سوال
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
جواب
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
کارڈ 282
سوال
Fine versus gross motor skills?
جواب
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
کارڈ 283
سوال
Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
جواب
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
کارڈ 284
سوال
What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
جواب
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
کارڈ 285
سوال
Puberty?
جواب
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
کارڈ 286
سوال
Sensitive period?
جواب
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
کارڈ 287
سوال
What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
جواب
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
کارڈ 288
سوال
Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
جواب
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
کارڈ 289
سوال
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
جواب
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
کارڈ 290
سوال
Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
جواب
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
کارڈ 291
سوال
Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
جواب
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
کارڈ 292
سوال
Menarche?
جواب
The first menstrual period.
کارڈ 293
سوال
Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
جواب
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
کارڈ 294
سوال
About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
جواب
About 68%.
کارڈ 295
سوال
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
جواب
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
کارڈ 296
سوال
Spermarche?
جواب
The first ejaculation.
کارڈ 297
سوال
Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
جواب
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
کارڈ 298
سوال
Imprinting?
جواب
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
کارڈ 299
سوال
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
جواب
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
کارڈ 300
سوال
Menopause?
جواب
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
کارڈ 301
سوال
Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
جواب
Naturalistic observation.
کارڈ 302
سوال
How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
جواب
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
کارڈ 303
سوال
Gender identity?
جواب
A person's internal sense of their gender.
کارڈ 304
سوال
Gender role?
جواب
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
کارڈ 305
سوال
Sex versus gender?
جواب
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
کارڈ 306
سوال
Common sensory change in later adulthood?
جواب
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
کارڈ 307
سوال
Sexual orientation?
جواب
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
کارڈ 308
سوال
Gender schema?
جواب
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
کارڈ 309
سوال
Best broad view of gender development?
جواب
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
کارڈ 310
سوال
Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
جواب
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
کارڈ 311
سوال
Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
جواب
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
کارڈ 312
سوال
Schema in cognitive development?
جواب
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
کارڈ 313
سوال
Sensorimotor stage?
جواب
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
کارڈ 314
سوال
Preoperational stage?
جواب
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
کارڈ 315
سوال
Assimilation?
جواب
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
کارڈ 316
سوال
A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
جواب
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
کارڈ 317
سوال
Animism in preoperational thought?
جواب
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
کارڈ 318
سوال
Concrete operational stage?
جواب
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
کارڈ 319
سوال
Accommodation?
جواب
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
کارڈ 320
سوال
Reversibility in cognitive development?
جواب
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
کارڈ 321
سوال
How can social learning shape gender expression?
جواب
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
کارڈ 322
سوال
A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
جواب
Assimilation.
کارڈ 323
سوال
Language?
جواب
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
کارڈ 324
سوال
Cooing stage?
جواب
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
کارڈ 325
سوال
Babbling stage?
جواب
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
کارڈ 326
سوال
One-word stage?
جواب
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
کارڈ 327
سوال
Grammar?
جواب
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
کارڈ 328
سوال
A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
جواب
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
کارڈ 329
سوال
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
جواب
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
کارڈ 330
سوال
A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
جواب
Accommodation.
کارڈ 331
سوال
A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
جواب
Scaffolding.
کارڈ 332
سوال
A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
جواب
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
کارڈ 333
سوال
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
جواب
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
کارڈ 334
سوال
An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
جواب
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
کارڈ 335
سوال
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
جواب
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
کارڈ 336
سوال
Formal operational stage?
جواب
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
کارڈ 337
سوال
Dementia?
جواب
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
کارڈ 338
سوال
Phoneme?
جواب
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
کارڈ 339
سوال
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
جواب
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
کارڈ 340
سوال
Temperament?
جواب
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
کارڈ 341
سوال
Attachment?
جواب
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
کارڈ 342
سوال
Erikson's infancy conflict?
جواب
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
کارڈ 343
سوال
Microsystem?
جواب
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
کارڈ 344
سوال
Erikson's toddler conflict?
جواب
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
کارڈ 345
سوال
Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
جواب
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
کارڈ 346
سوال
Erikson's school-age conflict?
جواب
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
کارڈ 347
سوال
Mesosystem?
جواب
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
کارڈ 348
سوال
Erikson's adolescent conflict?
جواب
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
کارڈ 349
سوال
Erikson's young-adult conflict?
جواب
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
کارڈ 350
سوال
Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
جواب
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
کارڈ 351
سوال
Exosystem?
جواب
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
کارڈ 352
سوال
Morpheme?
جواب
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
کارڈ 353
سوال
Telegraphic speech?
جواب
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
705 کارڈز
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
یہ ڈیک مفت پڑھیں
مطالعہ شروع کرنے کے لیے Nibomo کھلے گا۔
کارڈ 354
سوال
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
جواب
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
کارڈ 355
سوال
Macrosystem?
جواب
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
کارڈ 356
سوال
Semantics?
جواب
The meanings of words and sentences.
کارڈ 357
سوال
A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
جواب
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
کارڈ 358
سوال
What does a sensitive period for language imply?
جواب
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
کارڈ 359
سوال
Does language completely determine thought?
جواب
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
کارڈ 360
سوال
Syntax?
جواب
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
کارڈ 361
سوال
A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
جواب
Secure attachment.
کارڈ 362
سوال
How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
جواب
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
کارڈ 363
سوال
Authoritative parenting?
جواب
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
کارڈ 364
سوال
Identity achievement?
جواب
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
کارڈ 365
سوال
Avoidant attachment pattern?
جواب
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
کارڈ 366
سوال
Classical conditioning?
جواب
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
کارڈ 367
سوال
Unconditioned stimulus?
جواب
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
کارڈ 368
سوال
Unconditioned response?
جواب
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
کارڈ 369
سوال
Conditioned stimulus?
جواب
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
کارڈ 370
سوال
Conditioned response?
جواب
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
کارڈ 371
سوال
Acquisition in classical conditioning?
جواب
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
کارڈ 372
سوال
During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
جواب
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
کارڈ 373
سوال
Authoritarian parenting?
جواب
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
کارڈ 374
سوال
Identity diffusion?
جواب
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
کارڈ 375
سوال
Extinction in classical conditioning?
جواب
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
کارڈ 376
سوال
Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
جواب
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
کارڈ 377
سوال
Permissive parenting?
جواب
High warmth with few demands or limits.
کارڈ 378
سوال
Parallel play?
جواب
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
کارڈ 379
سوال
Imaginary audience?
جواب
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
کارڈ 380
سوال
Identity foreclosure?
جواب
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
کارڈ 381
سوال
Disorganized attachment pattern?
جواب
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
کارڈ 382
سوال
Neglectful parenting?
جواب
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
کارڈ 383
سوال
Chronosystem?
جواب
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
کارڈ 384
سوال
Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
جواب
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
کارڈ 385
سوال
Personal fable?
جواب
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
کارڈ 386
سوال
Identity moratorium?
جواب
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
کارڈ 387
سوال
Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
جواب
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
کارڈ 388
سوال
Separation anxiety in infancy?
جواب
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
کارڈ 389
سوال
What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
جواب
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
کارڈ 390
سوال
Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
جواب
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
کارڈ 391
سوال
Emerging adulthood?
جواب
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
کارڈ 392
سوال
Social clock?
جواب
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
کارڈ 393
سوال
Erikson's later-adult conflict?
جواب
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
کارڈ 394
سوال
Possible selves?
جواب
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
کارڈ 395
سوال
Stimulus generalization?
جواب
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
کارڈ 396
سوال
Operant conditioning?
جواب
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
کارڈ 397
سوال
Law of effect?
جواب
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
کارڈ 398
سوال
Spontaneous recovery?
جواب
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
کارڈ 399
سوال
Stimulus discrimination?
جواب
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
کارڈ 400
سوال
Reinforcement?
جواب
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
کارڈ 401
سوال
Higher-order conditioning?
جواب
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
کارڈ 402
سوال
Counterconditioning?
جواب
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
کارڈ 403
سوال
Habituation?
جواب
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
کارڈ 404
سوال
Punishment?
جواب
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
کارڈ 405
سوال
Partial reinforcement?
جواب
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
کارڈ 406
سوال
Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
جواب
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
کارڈ 407
سوال
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
جواب
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
کارڈ 408
سوال
Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
جواب
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
کارڈ 409
سوال
Fixed-ratio schedule?
جواب
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
کارڈ 410
سوال
Observational learning?
جواب
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
کارڈ 411
سوال
A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
جواب
Positive reinforcement.
کارڈ 412
سوال
Primary reinforcer?
جواب
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
کارڈ 413
سوال
Variable-ratio schedule?
جواب
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
کارڈ 414
سوال
Modeling?
جواب
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
کارڈ 415
سوال
Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
جواب
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
کارڈ 416
سوال
Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
جواب
Negative reinforcement.
کارڈ 417
سوال
Conditioned reinforcer?
جواب
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
کارڈ 418
سوال
A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
جواب
Vicarious reinforcement.
کارڈ 419
سوال
Fixed-interval schedule?
جواب
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
کارڈ 420
سوال
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
جواب
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
کارڈ 421
سوال
A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
جواب
Positive punishment.
کارڈ 422
سوال
Shaping?
جواب
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
کارڈ 423
سوال
Extinction in operant conditioning?
جواب
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
کارڈ 424
سوال
Variable-interval schedule?
جواب
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
کارڈ 425
سوال
A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
جواب
Negative punishment.
کارڈ 426
سوال
Learned helplessness?
جواب
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
کارڈ 427
سوال
Continuous reinforcement?
جواب
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
کارڈ 428
سوال
A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
جواب
A fixed-interval schedule.
کارڈ 429
سوال
Discriminative stimulus?
جواب
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
کارڈ 430
سوال
Operant generalization versus discrimination?
جواب
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
کارڈ 431
سوال
Instinctive drift?
جواب
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
کارڈ 432
سوال
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
جواب
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
کارڈ 433
سوال
How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
جواب
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
کارڈ 434
سوال
How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
جواب
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
کارڈ 435
سوال
Vicarious conditioning?
جواب
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
کارڈ 436
سوال
A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
جواب
A variable-interval schedule.
کارڈ 437
سوال
Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
جواب
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
کارڈ 438
سوال
Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
جواب
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
کارڈ 439
سوال
Latent learning?
جواب
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
کارڈ 440
سوال
Cognitive map?
جواب
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
کارڈ 441
سوال
Insight learning?
جواب
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
کارڈ 442
سوال
Biological preparedness?
جواب
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
کارڈ 443
سوال
What can mirror-neuron activity show?
جواب
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
کارڈ 444
سوال
Attribution?
جواب
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
کارڈ 445
سوال
Attitude?
جواب
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
کارڈ 446
سوال
Upward social comparison?
جواب
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
کارڈ 447
سوال
Optimistic explanatory style?
جواب
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
کارڈ 448
سوال
Situational attribution?
جواب
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
کارڈ 449
سوال
A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
جواب
Cognitive dissonance.
کارڈ 450
سوال
Downward social comparison?
جواب
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
کارڈ 451
سوال
Internal locus of control?
جواب
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
کارڈ 452
سوال
Dispositional attribution?
جواب
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
کارڈ 453
سوال
Pessimistic explanatory style?
جواب
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
کارڈ 454
سوال
Relative deprivation?
جواب
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
کارڈ 455
سوال
External locus of control?
جواب
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
کارڈ 456
سوال
Fundamental attribution error?
جواب
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
کارڈ 457
سوال
Halo effect?
جواب
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
کارڈ 458
سوال
Self-fulfilling prophecy?
جواب
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
کارڈ 459
سوال
Mere-exposure effect?
جواب
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
کارڈ 460
سوال
A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
جواب
The actor–observer difference.
کارڈ 461
سوال
A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
جواب
The central route.
کارڈ 462
سوال
Effort justification?
جواب
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
کارڈ 463
سوال
Stereotype?
جواب
A generalized belief about members of a group.
کارڈ 464
سوال
A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
جواب
Self-serving bias.
کارڈ 465
سوال
A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
جواب
The peripheral route.
کارڈ 466
سوال
Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
جواب
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
کارڈ 467
سوال
Prejudice?
جواب
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
کارڈ 468
سوال
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:

Workload Errors

Low 2

High 8

Which attribution is better supported?
جواب
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
کارڈ 469
سوال
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
جواب
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
کارڈ 470
سوال
Conformity?
جواب
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
کارڈ 471
سوال
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
جواب
The bystander effect.
کارڈ 472
سوال
Diffusion of responsibility?
جواب
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
کارڈ 473
سوال
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
جواب
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
کارڈ 474
سوال
In-group bias?
جواب
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
کارڈ 475
سوال
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
جواب
The foot-in-the-door technique.
کارڈ 476
سوال
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
جواب
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
کارڈ 477
سوال
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
جواب
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
کارڈ 478
سوال
Discrimination?
جواب
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
کارڈ 479
سوال
Out-group homogeneity effect?
جواب
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
کارڈ 480
سوال
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
جواب
The door-in-the-face technique.
کارڈ 481
سوال
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
جواب
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
کارڈ 482
سوال
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
جواب
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
کارڈ 483
سوال
Just-world belief?
جواب
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
کارڈ 484
سوال
Implicit attitude?
جواب
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
کارڈ 485
سوال
Ethnocentrism?
جواب
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
کارڈ 486
سوال
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
جواب
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
کارڈ 487
سوال
Normative social influence?
جواب
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
کارڈ 488
سوال
Psychodynamic view of personality?
جواب
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
کارڈ 489
سوال
Norm of reciprocity?
جواب
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
کارڈ 490
سوال
Individualism?
جواب
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
کارڈ 491
سوال
Informational social influence?
جواب
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
کارڈ 492
سوال
Id?
جواب
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
کارڈ 493
سوال
Altruism?
جواب
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
کارڈ 494
سوال
Social norm?
جواب
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
کارڈ 495
سوال
What tends to increase conformity?
جواب
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
کارڈ 496
سوال
Ego?
جواب
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
کارڈ 497
سوال
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
جواب
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
کارڈ 498
سوال
Collectivism?
جواب
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
کارڈ 499
سوال
Obedience?
جواب
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
کارڈ 500
سوال
Superego?
جواب
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
کارڈ 501
سوال
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
جواب
Denial.
کارڈ 502
سوال
Social-responsibility norm?
جواب
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
کارڈ 503
سوال
How does proximity affect attraction?
جواب
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
کارڈ 504
سوال
What tends to increase obedience?
جواب
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
کارڈ 505
سوال
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
جواب
Displacement.
کارڈ 506
سوال
Social loafing?
جواب
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
کارڈ 507
سوال
Multiculturalism?
جواب
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
کارڈ 508
سوال
How does similarity affect attraction?
جواب
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
کارڈ 509
سوال
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
جواب
Projection.
کارڈ 510
سوال
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
جواب
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
کارڈ 511
سوال
Deindividuation?
جواب
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
کارڈ 512
سوال
Group polarization?
جواب
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
کارڈ 513
سوال
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
جواب
Rationalization.
کارڈ 514
سوال
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
جواب
Groupthink.
کارڈ 515
سوال
Pluralistic ignorance?
جواب
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
کارڈ 516
سوال
Social trap?
جواب
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
کارڈ 517
سوال
Reaction formation?
جواب
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
کارڈ 518
سوال
Superordinate goal?
جواب
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
کارڈ 519
سوال
False-consensus effect?
جواب
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
کارڈ 520
سوال
Industrial-organizational psychology?
جواب
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
کارڈ 521
سوال
Repression?
جواب
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
کارڈ 522
سوال
Burnout?
جواب
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
کارڈ 523
سوال
Unconditional positive regard?
جواب
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
کارڈ 524
سوال
Trait?
جواب
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
کارڈ 525
سوال
Regression as a defense mechanism?
جواب
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
کارڈ 526
سوال
Reciprocal determinism?
جواب
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
کارڈ 527
سوال
Self-efficacy?
جواب
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
کارڈ 528
سوال
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
جواب
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
کارڈ 529
سوال
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
جواب
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
کارڈ 530
سوال
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
جواب
Openness.
کارڈ 531
سوال
Personality inventory?
جواب
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
کارڈ 532
سوال
Self-actualizing tendency?
جواب
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
کارڈ 533
سوال
Self-esteem?
جواب
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
کارڈ 534
سوال
Instinct in motivation research?
جواب
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
کارڈ 535
سوال
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
جواب
Conscientiousness.
کارڈ 536
سوال
Projective test?
جواب
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
کارڈ 537
سوال
How does factor analysis help trait research?
جواب
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
کارڈ 538
سوال
Drive-reduction theory?
جواب
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
کارڈ 539
سوال
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
جواب
Extraversion.
کارڈ 540
سوال
Person–situation debate?
جواب
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
کارڈ 541
سوال
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
جواب
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
کارڈ 542
سوال
Homeostasis?
جواب
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
کارڈ 543
سوال
Incentive theory?
جواب
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
کارڈ 544
سوال
Big Five agreeableness?
جواب
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
کارڈ 545
سوال
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
جواب
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
کارڈ 546
سوال
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
جواب
An approach–approach conflict.
کارڈ 547
سوال
Arousal theory of motivation?
جواب
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
کارڈ 548
سوال
Big Five emotional stability?
جواب
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
کارڈ 549
سوال
What regulates hunger?
جواب
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
کارڈ 550
سوال
Three broad components of emotion?
جواب
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
کارڈ 551
سوال
Self-determination theory?
جواب
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
کارڈ 552
سوال
Emotion regulation?
جواب
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
کارڈ 553
سوال
Sensation-seeking?
جواب
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
کارڈ 554
سوال
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
جواب
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
کارڈ 555
سوال
Intrinsic motivation?
جواب
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
کارڈ 556
سوال
Display rules?
جواب
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
کارڈ 557
سوال
Arousal and performance relationship?
جواب
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
کارڈ 558
سوال
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
جواب
An approach–avoidance conflict.
کارڈ 559
سوال
Extrinsic motivation?
جواب
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
کارڈ 560
سوال
Achievement motivation?
جواب
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
کارڈ 561
سوال
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
جواب
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
کارڈ 562
سوال
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
جواب
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
کارڈ 563
سوال
Overjustification effect?
جواب
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
کارڈ 564
سوال
Belongingness motivation?
جواب
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
کارڈ 565
سوال
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:

Condition Mean minutes

Assigned topic 34

Chosen topic 47

What is the observed mean difference?
جواب
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
کارڈ 566
سوال
Facial-feedback effect?
جواب
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
کارڈ 567
سوال
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
جواب
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
کارڈ 568
سوال
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
جواب
Cognitive reappraisal.
کارڈ 569
سوال
Broaden-and-build view?
جواب
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
کارڈ 570
سوال
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
جواب
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
کارڈ 571
سوال
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
جواب
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
کارڈ 572
سوال
Expressive suppression?
جواب
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
کارڈ 573
سوال
How does acute stress affect the body?
جواب
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
کارڈ 574
سوال
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
جواب
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
کارڈ 575
سوال
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
جواب
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
کارڈ 576
سوال
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
جواب
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
کارڈ 577
سوال
Health psychology?
جواب
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
کارڈ 578
سوال
Positive psychology?
جواب
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
کارڈ 579
سوال
Stress?
جواب
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
کارڈ 580
سوال
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
جواب
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
کارڈ 581
سوال
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
جواب
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
کارڈ 582
سوال
Resilience?
جواب
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
کارڈ 583
سوال
Stressor?
جواب
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
کارڈ 584
سوال
General adaptation syndrome?
جواب
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
کارڈ 585
سوال
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
جواب
Problem-focused coping.
کارڈ 586
سوال
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
جواب
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
کارڈ 587
سوال
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
جواب
Primary appraisal.
کارڈ 588
سوال
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
جواب
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
کارڈ 589
سوال
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
جواب
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
کارڈ 590
سوال
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
جواب
Emotion-focused coping.
کارڈ 591
سوال
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
جواب
Secondary appraisal.
کارڈ 592
سوال
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
جواب
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
کارڈ 593
سوال
Adverse childhood experiences?
جواب
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
کارڈ 594
سوال
How can social support protect health?
جواب
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
کارڈ 595
سوال
Eustress versus distress?
جواب
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
کارڈ 596
سوال
Tend-and-befriend response?
جواب
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
کارڈ 597
سوال
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
جواب
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
کارڈ 598
سوال
Biofeedback?
جواب
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
کارڈ 599
سوال
How does perceived control affect stress?
جواب
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
کارڈ 600
سوال
Psychoneuroimmunology?
جواب
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
کارڈ 601
سوال
Subjective well-being?
جواب
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
کارڈ 602
سوال
Psychological disorder?
جواب
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
کارڈ 603
سوال
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
جواب
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
کارڈ 604
سوال
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
جواب
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
کارڈ 605
سوال
Signature strengths?
جواب
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
کارڈ 606
سوال
Biopsychosocial model?
جواب
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
کارڈ 607
سوال
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
جواب
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
کارڈ 608
سوال
Posttraumatic growth?
جواب
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
کارڈ 609
سوال
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
جواب
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
کارڈ 610
سوال
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
جواب
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
کارڈ 611
سوال
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
جواب
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
کارڈ 612
سوال
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
جواب
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
کارڈ 613
سوال
Biological explanation of disorder?
جواب
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
کارڈ 614
سوال
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
جواب
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
کارڈ 615
سوال
Purpose of the DSM?
جواب
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
کارڈ 616
سوال
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
جواب
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
کارڈ 617
سوال
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
جواب
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
کارڈ 618
سوال
Autism spectrum disorder?
جواب
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
کارڈ 619
سوال
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
جواب
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
کارڈ 620
سوال
Major depressive disorder?
جواب
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
کارڈ 621
سوال
Specific phobia?
جواب
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
کارڈ 622
سوال
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
جواب
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
کارڈ 623
سوال
Dissociative amnesia?
جواب
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
کارڈ 624
سوال
Bipolar I disorder?
جواب
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
کارڈ 625
سوال
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
جواب
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
کارڈ 626
سوال
Anorexia nervosa?
جواب
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
کارڈ 627
سوال
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
جواب
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
کارڈ 628
سوال
Bipolar II disorder?
جواب
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
کارڈ 629
سوال
Purpose of the ICD?
جواب
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
کارڈ 630
سوال
Bulimia nervosa?
جواب
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
کارڈ 631
سوال
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
جواب
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
کارڈ 632
سوال
Ataque de nervios?
جواب
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
کارڈ 633
سوال
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
جواب
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
کارڈ 634
سوال
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
جواب
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
کارڈ 635
سوال
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
جواب
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
کارڈ 636
سوال
Comorbidity?
جواب
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
کارڈ 637
سوال
Humanistic explanation of distress?
جواب
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
کارڈ 638
سوال
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
جواب
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
کارڈ 639
سوال
Stigma around mental disorder?
جواب
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
کارڈ 640
سوال
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
جواب
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
کارڈ 641
سوال
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
جواب
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
کارڈ 642
سوال
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
جواب
Interrater reliability.
کارڈ 643
سوال
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
جواب
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
کارڈ 644
سوال
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
جواب
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
کارڈ 645
سوال
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
جواب
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
کارڈ 646
سوال
Delusion?
جواب
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
کارڈ 647
سوال
Agoraphobia?
جواب
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
کارڈ 648
سوال
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
جواب
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
کارڈ 649
سوال
Eclectic approach to disorder?
جواب
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
کارڈ 650
سوال
Hallucination?
جواب
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
کارڈ 651
سوال
Panic disorder?
جواب
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
کارڈ 652
سوال
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
جواب
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
کارڈ 653
سوال
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
جواب
The diathesis–stress model.
کارڈ 654
سوال
Cluster A personality disorders?
جواب
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
کارڈ 655
سوال
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
جواب
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
کارڈ 656
سوال
Evidence-based treatment?
جواب
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
کارڈ 657
سوال
Therapeutic alliance?
جواب
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
کارڈ 658
سوال
Cultural humility in therapy?
جواب
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
کارڈ 659
سوال
Deinstitutionalization?
جواب
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
کارڈ 660
سوال
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
جواب
Exposure therapy.
کارڈ 661
سوال
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
جواب
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
کارڈ 662
سوال
Four medication categories in the course?
جواب
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
کارڈ 663
سوال
Depressive cognitive triad?
جواب
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
کارڈ 664
سوال
Applied behavior analysis?
جواب
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
کارڈ 665
سوال
Psychosurgery?
جواب
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
کارڈ 666
سوال
Free association?
جواب
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
کارڈ 667
سوال
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
جواب
Cognitive restructuring.
کارڈ 668
سوال
One advantage of group therapy?
جواب
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
کارڈ 669
سوال
Lobotomy?
جواب
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
کارڈ 670
سوال
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
جواب
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
کارڈ 671
سوال
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
جواب
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
کارڈ 672
سوال
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
جواب
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
کارڈ 673
سوال
Social anxiety disorder?
جواب
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
کارڈ 674
سوال
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
جواب
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
کارڈ 675
سوال
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
جواب
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
کارڈ 676
سوال
Dissociative fugue?
جواب
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
کارڈ 677
سوال
Cluster B personality disorders?
جواب
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
کارڈ 678
سوال
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
جواب
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
کارڈ 679
سوال
Catatonia?
جواب
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
کارڈ 680
سوال
Manic episode?
جواب
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
کارڈ 681
سوال
Dissociative identity disorder?
جواب
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
کارڈ 682
سوال
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
جواب
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
کارڈ 683
سوال
Cluster C personality disorders?
جواب
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
کارڈ 684
سوال
Taijin kyofusho?
جواب
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
کارڈ 685
سوال
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
جواب
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
کارڈ 686
سوال
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
جواب
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
کارڈ 687
سوال
Hypomanic episode?
جواب
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
کارڈ 688
سوال
Generalized anxiety disorder?
جواب
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
کارڈ 689
سوال
Hoarding disorder?
جواب
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
کارڈ 690
سوال
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
جواب
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
کارڈ 691
سوال
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
جواب
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
کارڈ 692
سوال
Persistent depressive disorder?
جواب
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
کارڈ 693
سوال
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
جواب
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
کارڈ 694
سوال
Systematic desensitization?
جواب
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
کارڈ 695
سوال
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
جواب
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
کارڈ 696
سوال
Dialectical behavior therapy?
جواب
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
کارڈ 697
سوال
Integrity in therapy ethics?
جواب
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
کارڈ 698
سوال
Aversion therapy?
جواب
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
کارڈ 699
سوال
Tardive dyskinesia?
جواب
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
کارڈ 700
سوال
ECT versus TMS?
جواب
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
کارڈ 701
سوال
Respect for rights and dignity?
جواب
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
کارڈ 702
سوال
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
جواب
A token economy.
کارڈ 703
سوال
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
جواب
Person-centered therapy.
کارڈ 704
سوال
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
جواب
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
کارڈ 705
سوال
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
جواب
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.

Workload	Errors
Low	2
High	8

Condition	Mean minutes
Assigned topic	34
Chosen topic	47

705 کارڈز