AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.
A pakliról
Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.
What the cards ask you to retrieve
- Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
- Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
- Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
- Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
- Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.
The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.
What's deliberately left out
The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.
Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.
This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.
Kártyák ebben a pakliban
1. kártya
Kérdés
Nature in the nature–nurture question?
Válasz
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
2. kártya
Kérdés
Central nervous system?
Válasz
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
3. kártya
Kérdés
Main role of the spinal cord?
Válasz
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
4. kártya
Kérdés
Scores are
4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?Válasz
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
5. kártya
Kérdés
Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
Válasz
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
6. kártya
Kérdés
Peripheral nervous system?
Válasz
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
7. kártya
Kérdés
Reflex arc?
Válasz
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
8. kártya
Kérdés
Reflex times are
180, 190, 210, 260, 410milliseconds. What is the median?Válasz
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
9. kártya
Kérdés
Heritability?
Válasz
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
10. kártya
Kérdés
Autonomic nervous system?
Válasz
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
11. kártya
Kérdés
Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
Válasz
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
12. kártya
Kérdés
Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
Válasz
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
13. kártya
Kérdés
Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
Válasz
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
14. kártya
Kérdés
Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
Válasz
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
15. kártya
Kérdés
Natural selection?
Válasz
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
16. kártya
Kérdés
Somatic nervous system?
Válasz
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
17. kártya
Kérdés
Sensory neurons?
Válasz
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
18. kártya
Kérdés
Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
Válasz
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
19. kártya
Kérdés
Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
Válasz
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
20. kártya
Kérdés
Sympathetic nervous system?
Válasz
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
21. kártya
Kérdés
Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
Válasz
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
22. kártya
Kérdés
Motor neurons?
Válasz
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
23. kártya
Kérdés
Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
Válasz
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
24. kártya
Kérdés
Parasympathetic nervous system?
Válasz
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
25. kártya
Kérdés
Resting potential?
Válasz
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
26. kártya
Kérdés
Interneurons?
Válasz
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
27. kártya
Kérdés
Adrenaline's behavioral role?
Válasz
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
28. kártya
Kérdés
Frontal lobes?
Válasz
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
29. kártya
Kérdés
Neural threshold?
Válasz
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
30. kártya
Kérdés
Corpus callosum?
Válasz
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
31. kártya
Kérdés
Leptin's role in eating?
Válasz
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
32. kártya
Kérdés
Temporal lobes?
Válasz
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
33. kártya
Kérdés
Depolarization during an action potential?
Válasz
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
34. kártya
Kérdés
Dopamine's major psychological functions?
Válasz
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
35. kártya
Kérdés
Ghrelin's role in eating?
Válasz
It helps stimulate hunger.
36. kártya
Kérdés
Drug agonist?
Válasz
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
37. kártya
Kérdés
Action potential?
Válasz
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
38. kártya
Kérdés
Reuptake?
Válasz
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
39. kártya
Kérdés
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
Válasz
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
40. kártya
Kérdés
Glutamate's major psychological functions?
Válasz
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
41. kártya
Kérdés
Refractory period?
Válasz
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
42. kártya
Kérdés
Melatonin's role?
Válasz
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
43. kártya
Kérdés
Drug antagonist?
Válasz
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
44. kártya
Kérdés
Stimulants?
Válasz
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
45. kártya
Kérdés
Drug tolerance?
Válasz
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
46. kártya
Kérdés
Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Válasz
Multiple sclerosis.
47. kártya
Kérdés
All-or-none principle?
Válasz
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
48. kártya
Kérdés
Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
Válasz
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
49. kártya
Kérdés
GABA's major psychological function?
Válasz
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
50. kártya
Kérdés
Oxytocin's behavioral role?
Válasz
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
51. kártya
Kérdés
Reuptake inhibitor?
Válasz
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
52. kártya
Kérdés
Depressants?
Válasz
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
53. kártya
Kérdés
Drug withdrawal?
Válasz
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
54. kártya
Kérdés
Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Válasz
Myasthenia gravis.
55. kártya
Kérdés
Glial cells?
Válasz
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
56. kártya
Kérdés
Endorphins?
Válasz
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
57. kártya
Kérdés
Substance P?
Válasz
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
58. kártya
Kérdés
Acetylcholine's major functions?
Válasz
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
59. kártya
Kérdés
Opioids?
Válasz
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
60. kártya
Kérdés
Hallucinogens?
Válasz
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
61. kártya
Kérdés
Addiction?
Válasz
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
62. kártya
Kérdés
Parietal lobes?
Válasz
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
63. kártya
Kérdés
Consciousness?
Válasz
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
64. kártya
Kérdés
Circadian rhythm?
Válasz
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
65. kártya
Kérdés
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
Válasz
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
66. kártya
Kérdés
Occipital lobes?
Válasz
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
67. kártya
Kérdés
What does split-brain research reveal?
Válasz
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
68. kártya
Kérdés
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
Válasz
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
69. kártya
Kérdés
NREM-1 sleep?
Válasz
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
70. kártya
Kérdés
Motor cortex?
Válasz
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
71. kártya
Kérdés
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
Válasz
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
72. kártya
Kérdés
Brainstem's core function?
Válasz
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
73. kártya
Kérdés
NREM-2 sleep?
Válasz
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
74. kártya
Kérdés
Somatosensory cortex?
Válasz
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
75. kártya
Kérdés
Medulla's main functions?
Válasz
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
76. kártya
Kérdés
Reticular activating system?
Válasz
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
77. kártya
Kérdés
NREM-3 sleep?
Válasz
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
78. kártya
Kérdés
Cerebellum's main functions?
Válasz
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
79. kártya
Kérdés
Thalamus?
Válasz
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
80. kártya
Kérdés
Hypothalamus?
Válasz
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
81. kártya
Kérdés
REM sleep?
Válasz
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
82. kártya
Kérdés
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
Válasz
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
83. kártya
Kérdés
Amygdala?
Válasz
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
84. kártya
Kérdés
Hippocampus?
Válasz
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
85. kártya
Kérdés
How does sleep change across a typical night?
Válasz
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
86. kártya
Kérdés
Contralateral brain control?
Válasz
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
87. kártya
Kérdés
What does an EEG measure?
Válasz
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
88. kártya
Kérdés
Reward-center activity?
Válasz
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
89. kártya
Kérdés
Neuroplasticity?
Válasz
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
90. kártya
Kérdés
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
Válasz
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
91. kártya
Kérdés
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
Válasz
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
92. kártya
Kérdés
Insomnia?
Válasz
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
93. kártya
Kérdés
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
Válasz
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
94. kártya
Kérdés
Absolute threshold?
Válasz
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
95. kártya
Kérdés
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
Válasz
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
96. kártya
Kérdés
Narcolepsy?
Válasz
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
97. kártya
Kérdés
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
Válasz
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
98. kártya
Kérdés
Difference threshold?
Válasz
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
99. kártya
Kérdés
Consolidation view of dreams?
Válasz
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
100. kártya
Kérdés
REM sleep behavior disorder?
Válasz
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
101. kártya
Kérdés
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
Válasz
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
102. kártya
Kérdés
Weber's law?
Válasz
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
103. kártya
Kérdés
Two supported functions of sleep?
Válasz
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
104. kártya
Kérdés
Sleep apnea?
Válasz
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
105. kártya
Kérdés
REM rebound?
Válasz
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
106. kártya
Kérdés
Signal detection theory?
Válasz
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
107. kártya
Kérdés
Sensory transduction?
Válasz
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
108. kártya
Kérdés
Vestibular sense?
Válasz
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
109. kártya
Kérdés
Somnambulism?
Válasz
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
110. kártya
Kérdés
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Válasz
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
111. kártya
Kérdés
What begins visual transduction?
Válasz
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
112. kártya
Kérdés
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
Válasz
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
113. kártya
Kérdés
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
Válasz
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
114. kártya
Kérdés
Accommodation in vision?
Válasz
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
115. kártya
Kérdés
Cones?
Válasz
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
116. kártya
Kérdés
What begins auditory transduction?
Válasz
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
117. kártya
Kérdés
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
Válasz
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
118. kártya
Kérdés
How is smell unusual among the senses?
Válasz
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
119. kártya
Kérdés
Kinesthesia?
Válasz
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
120. kártya
Kérdés
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
Válasz
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
121. kártya
Kérdés
Nearsightedness?
Válasz
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
122. kártya
Kérdés
Pheromones?
Válasz
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
123. kártya
Kérdés
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
Válasz
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
124. kártya
Kérdés
Volley theory of pitch?
Válasz
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
125. kártya
Kérdés
Farsightedness?
Válasz
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
126. kártya
Kérdés
Six taste qualities named in the course?
Válasz
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
127. kártya
Kérdés
Phantom-limb sensation?
Válasz
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
128. kártya
Kérdés
Sensory interaction?
Válasz
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
129. kártya
Kérdés
What causes most color-vision deficiency?
Válasz
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
130. kártya
Kérdés
Prosopagnosia?
Válasz
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
131. kártya
Kérdés
Rods?
Válasz
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
132. kártya
Kérdés
How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
Válasz
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
133. kártya
Kérdés
Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
Válasz
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
134. kártya
Kérdés
Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
Válasz
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
135. kártya
Kérdés
What do the semicircular canals detect?
Válasz
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
136. kártya
Kérdés
Synesthesia?
Válasz
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
137. kártya
Kérdés
Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
Válasz
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
138. kártya
Kérdés
Blindsight?
Válasz
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
139. kártya
Kérdés
Sensory adaptation?
Válasz
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
140. kártya
Kérdés
Gate-control view of pain?
Válasz
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
141. kártya
Kérdés
Bottom-up processing?
Válasz
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
142. kártya
Kérdés
Concept?
Válasz
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
143. kártya
Kérdés
Fixation in problem solving?
Válasz
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
144. kártya
Kérdés
Algorithm?
Válasz
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
145. kártya
Kérdés
Top-down processing?
Válasz
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
146. kártya
Kérdés
Confirmation bias?
Válasz
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
147. kártya
Kérdés
Retinal disparity?
Válasz
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
148. kártya
Kérdés
Heuristic?
Válasz
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
149. kártya
Kérdés
Selective attention?
Válasz
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
150. kártya
Kérdés
Figure–ground organization?
Válasz
Separating the object of attention from its background.
151. kártya
Kérdés
Convergence as a depth cue?
Válasz
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
152. kártya
Kérdés
Representativeness heuristic?
Válasz
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
153. kártya
Kérdés
Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
Válasz
Inattentional blindness.
154. kártya
Kérdés
Gestalt proximity principle?
Válasz
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
155. kártya
Kérdés
Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
Válasz
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
156. kártya
Kérdés
Cocktail-party effect?
Válasz
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
157. kártya
Kérdés
Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
Válasz
Change blindness.
158. kártya
Kérdés
Gestalt similarity principle?
Válasz
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
159. kártya
Kérdés
Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
Válasz
Linear perspective.
160. kártya
Kérdés
Perceptual constancy?
Válasz
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
161. kártya
Kérdés
Perceptual set?
Válasz
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
162. kártya
Kérdés
Gestalt closure principle?
Válasz
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
163. kártya
Kérdés
One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
Válasz
The blocking object, using interposition.
164. kártya
Kérdés
Apparent motion?
Válasz
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
165. kártya
Kérdés
Availability heuristic?
Válasz
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
166. kártya
Kérdés
Divergent thinking?
Válasz
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
167. kártya
Kérdés
A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
Válasz
Relative clarity.
168. kártya
Kérdés
Prototype?
Válasz
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
169. kártya
Kérdés
Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
Válasz
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
170. kártya
Kérdés
Convergent thinking?
Válasz
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
171. kártya
Kérdés
A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
Válasz
Texture gradient.
172. kártya
Kérdés
Belief perseverance?
Válasz
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
173. kártya
Kérdés
Explicit memory?
Válasz
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
174. kártya
Kérdés
Three stores in the multi-store model?
Válasz
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
175. kártya
Kérdés
Seeing an object only in its usual role?
Válasz
Functional fixedness.
176. kártya
Kérdés
Mental set?
Válasz
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
177. kártya
Kérdés
Episodic memory?
Válasz
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
178. kártya
Kérdés
Working memory?
Válasz
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
179. kártya
Kérdés
Insight?
Válasz
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
180. kártya
Kérdés
Framing effect?
Válasz
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
181. kártya
Kérdés
Implicit memory?
Válasz
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
182. kártya
Kérdés
Overconfidence bias?
Válasz
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
183. kártya
Kérdés
Anchoring bias?
Válasz
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
184. kártya
Kérdés
Schema in thinking?
Válasz
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
185. kártya
Kérdés
Procedural memory?
Válasz
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
186. kártya
Kérdés
Gambler's fallacy?
Válasz
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
187. kártya
Kérdés
Sunk-cost fallacy?
Válasz
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
188. kártya
Kérdés
Executive functions?
Válasz
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
189. kártya
Kérdés
How can priming affect judgment?
Válasz
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
190. kártya
Kérdés
Central executive in working memory?
Válasz
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
191. kártya
Kérdés
Serial-position effect?
Válasz
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
192. kártya
Kérdés
Semantic memory?
Válasz
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
193. kártya
Kérdés
Levels-of-processing principle?
Válasz
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
194. kártya
Kérdés
Automatic processing?
Válasz
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
195. kártya
Kérdés
Maintenance rehearsal?
Válasz
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
196. kártya
Kérdés
Prospective memory?
Válasz
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
197. kártya
Kérdés
Primacy effect?
Válasz
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
198. kártya
Kérdés
Long-term memory?
Válasz
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
199. kártya
Kérdés
Highly superior autobiographical memory?
Válasz
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
200. kártya
Kérdés
Effortful processing?
Válasz
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
201. kártya
Kérdés
Elaborative rehearsal?
Válasz
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
202. kártya
Kérdés
Memory consolidation?
Válasz
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
203. kártya
Kérdés
Recency effect?
Válasz
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
204. kártya
Kérdés
Spacing effect?
Válasz
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
205. kártya
Kérdés
Testing effect?
Válasz
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
206. kártya
Kérdés
Chunking?
Válasz
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
207. kártya
Kérdés
Mnemonic?
Válasz
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
208. kártya
Kérdés
Why organize material into a hierarchy?
Válasz
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
209. kártya
Kérdés
How can a schema help encoding?
Válasz
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
210. kártya
Kérdés
Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
Válasz
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
211. kártya
Kérdés
Iconic memory?
Válasz
A very brief visual sensory memory.
212. kártya
Kérdés
Recall?
Válasz
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
213. kártya
Kérdés
Retrieval cue?
Válasz
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
214. kártya
Kérdés
Encoding-specificity principle?
Válasz
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
215. kártya
Kérdés
Context-dependent memory?
Válasz
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
216. kártya
Kérdés
Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
Válasz
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
217. kártya
Kérdés
Echoic memory?
Válasz
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
218. kártya
Kérdés
Anterograde amnesia?
Válasz
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
219. kártya
Kérdés
Phonological loop?
Válasz
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
220. kártya
Kérdés
Cerebellum's memory role?
Válasz
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
221. kártya
Kérdés
Why is short-term memory described as limited?
Válasz
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
222. kártya
Kérdés
Retrograde amnesia?
Válasz
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
223. kártya
Kérdés
Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
Válasz
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
224. kártya
Kérdés
How can the amygdala affect memory?
Válasz
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
225. kártya
Kérdés
Visuospatial sketchpad?
Válasz
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
226. kártya
Kérdés
Long-term potentiation?
Válasz
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
227. kártya
Kérdés
Infantile amnesia?
Válasz
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
228. kártya
Kérdés
Alzheimer's disease?
Válasz
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
229. kártya
Kérdés
Scores are
2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?Válasz
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because
9 - 2 = 7.230. kártya
Kérdés
Recognition?
Válasz
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
231. kártya
Kérdés
Why is memory called reconstructive?
Válasz
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
232. kártya
Kérdés
Storage decay?
Válasz
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
233. kártya
Kérdés
State-dependent memory?
Válasz
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
234. kártya
Kérdés
Relearning?
Válasz
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
235. kártya
Kérdés
Misinformation effect?
Válasz
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
236. kártya
Kérdés
A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
Válasz
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
237. kártya
Kérdés
Mood-congruent memory?
Válasz
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
238. kártya
Kérdés
Priming?
Válasz
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
239. kártya
Kérdés
Tip-of-the-tongue state?
Válasz
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
240. kártya
Kérdés
Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
Válasz
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
241. kártya
Kérdés
Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
Válasz
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
242. kártya
Kérdés
Metacognition?
Válasz
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
243. kártya
Kérdés
Source amnesia?
Válasz
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
244. kártya
Kérdés
Test standardization?
Válasz
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
245. kártya
Kérdés
Reliability?
Válasz
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
246. kártya
Kérdés
Stereotype threat?
Válasz
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
247. kártya
Kérdés
General intelligence, or g?
Válasz
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
248. kártya
Kérdés
Encoding failure?
Válasz
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
249. kártya
Kérdés
Validity?
Válasz
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
250. kártya
Kérdés
Proactive interference?
Válasz
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
251. kártya
Kérdés
Imagination inflation?
Válasz
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
252. kártya
Kérdés
A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
Válasz
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
253. kártya
Kérdés
Retrieval failure?
Válasz
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
254. kártya
Kérdés
Retroactive interference?
Válasz
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
255. kártya
Kérdés
A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
Válasz
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
256. kártya
Kérdés
Repression in psychodynamic theory?
Válasz
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
257. kártya
Kérdés
Flashbulb memory?
Válasz
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
258. kártya
Kérdés
A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
Válasz
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
259. kártya
Kérdés
A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
Válasz
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
260. kártya
Kérdés
Stereotype lift?
Válasz
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
261. kártya
Kérdés
Achievement test?
Válasz
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
262. kártya
Kérdés
Construct validity?
Válasz
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
263. kártya
Kérdés
Test–retest reliability?
Válasz
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
264. kártya
Kérdés
Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
Válasz
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
265. kártya
Kérdés
Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
Válasz
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
266. kártya
Kérdés
Aptitude test?
Válasz
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
267. kártya
Kérdés
Traditional IQ formula?
Válasz
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
268. kártya
Kérdés
Predictive validity?
Válasz
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
269. kártya
Kérdés
What does a normal score distribution look like?
Válasz
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
270. kártya
Kérdés
Split-half reliability?
Válasz
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
271. kártya
Kérdés
Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
Válasz
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
272. kártya
Kérdés
Flynn effect?
Válasz
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
273. kártya
Kérdés
A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
Válasz
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
274. kártya
Kérdés
Continuous versus stage development?
Válasz
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
275. kártya
Kérdés
How can prenatal environment affect later development?
Válasz
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
276. kártya
Kérdés
Teratogen?
Válasz
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
277. kártya
Kérdés
Maturation?
Válasz
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
278. kártya
Kérdés
Stability–change question in development?
Válasz
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
279. kártya
Kérdés
A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
Válasz
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
280. kártya
Kérdés
Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
Válasz
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
281. kártya
Kérdés
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
Válasz
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
282. kártya
Kérdés
Fine versus gross motor skills?
Válasz
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
283. kártya
Kérdés
Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
Válasz
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
284. kártya
Kérdés
What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
Válasz
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
285. kártya
Kérdés
Puberty?
Válasz
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
286. kártya
Kérdés
Sensitive period?
Válasz
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
287. kártya
Kérdés
What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
Válasz
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
288. kártya
Kérdés
Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
Válasz
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
289. kártya
Kérdés
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
Válasz
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
290. kártya
Kérdés
Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
Válasz
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
291. kártya
Kérdés
Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
Válasz
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
292. kártya
Kérdés
Menarche?
Válasz
The first menstrual period.
293. kártya
Kérdés
Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
Válasz
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
294. kártya
Kérdés
About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
Válasz
About 68%.
295. kártya
Kérdés
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
Válasz
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
296. kártya
Kérdés
Spermarche?
Válasz
The first ejaculation.
297. kártya
Kérdés
Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
Válasz
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
298. kártya
Kérdés
Imprinting?
Válasz
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
299. kártya
Kérdés
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
Válasz
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
300. kártya
Kérdés
Menopause?
Válasz
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
301. kártya
Kérdés
Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
Válasz
Naturalistic observation.
302. kártya
Kérdés
How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
Válasz
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
303. kártya
Kérdés
Gender identity?
Válasz
A person's internal sense of their gender.
304. kártya
Kérdés
Gender role?
Válasz
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
305. kártya
Kérdés
Sex versus gender?
Válasz
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
306. kártya
Kérdés
Common sensory change in later adulthood?
Válasz
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
307. kártya
Kérdés
Sexual orientation?
Válasz
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
308. kártya
Kérdés
Gender schema?
Válasz
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
309. kártya
Kérdés
Best broad view of gender development?
Válasz
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
310. kártya
Kérdés
Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
Válasz
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
311. kártya
Kérdés
Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
Válasz
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
312. kártya
Kérdés
Schema in cognitive development?
Válasz
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
313. kártya
Kérdés
Sensorimotor stage?
Válasz
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
314. kártya
Kérdés
Preoperational stage?
Válasz
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
315. kártya
Kérdés
Assimilation?
Válasz
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
316. kártya
Kérdés
A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
Válasz
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
317. kártya
Kérdés
Animism in preoperational thought?
Válasz
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
318. kártya
Kérdés
Concrete operational stage?
Válasz
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
319. kártya
Kérdés
Accommodation?
Válasz
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
320. kártya
Kérdés
Reversibility in cognitive development?
Válasz
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
321. kártya
Kérdés
How can social learning shape gender expression?
Válasz
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
322. kártya
Kérdés
A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
Válasz
Assimilation.
323. kártya
Kérdés
Language?
Válasz
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
324. kártya
Kérdés
Cooing stage?
Válasz
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
325. kártya
Kérdés
Babbling stage?
Válasz
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
326. kártya
Kérdés
One-word stage?
Válasz
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
327. kártya
Kérdés
Grammar?
Válasz
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
328. kártya
Kérdés
A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
Válasz
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
329. kártya
Kérdés
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
Válasz
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
330. kártya
Kérdés
A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
Válasz
Accommodation.
331. kártya
Kérdés
A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
Válasz
Scaffolding.
332. kártya
Kérdés
A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
Válasz
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
333. kártya
Kérdés
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
Válasz
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
334. kártya
Kérdés
An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
Válasz
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
335. kártya
Kérdés
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
Válasz
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
336. kártya
Kérdés
Formal operational stage?
Válasz
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
337. kártya
Kérdés
Dementia?
Válasz
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
338. kártya
Kérdés
Phoneme?
Válasz
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
339. kártya
Kérdés
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
Válasz
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
340. kártya
Kérdés
Temperament?
Válasz
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
341. kártya
Kérdés
Attachment?
Válasz
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
342. kártya
Kérdés
Erikson's infancy conflict?
Válasz
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
343. kártya
Kérdés
Microsystem?
Válasz
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
344. kártya
Kérdés
Erikson's toddler conflict?
Válasz
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
345. kártya
Kérdés
Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
Válasz
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
346. kártya
Kérdés
Erikson's school-age conflict?
Válasz
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
347. kártya
Kérdés
Mesosystem?
Válasz
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
348. kártya
Kérdés
Erikson's adolescent conflict?
Válasz
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
349. kártya
Kérdés
Erikson's young-adult conflict?
Válasz
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
350. kártya
Kérdés
Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
Válasz
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
351. kártya
Kérdés
Exosystem?
Válasz
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
352. kártya
Kérdés
Morpheme?
Válasz
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
353. kártya
Kérdés
Telegraphic speech?
Válasz
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
705 kártya
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Tanulj ingyen ebből a paklibólA Nibomo megnyílik, és elkezdheted a tanulást.
354. kártya
Kérdés
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
Válasz
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
355. kártya
Kérdés
Macrosystem?
Válasz
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
356. kártya
Kérdés
Semantics?
Válasz
The meanings of words and sentences.
357. kártya
Kérdés
A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
Válasz
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
358. kártya
Kérdés
What does a sensitive period for language imply?
Válasz
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
359. kártya
Kérdés
Does language completely determine thought?
Válasz
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
360. kártya
Kérdés
Syntax?
Válasz
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
361. kártya
Kérdés
A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
Válasz
Secure attachment.
362. kártya
Kérdés
How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
Válasz
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
363. kártya
Kérdés
Authoritative parenting?
Válasz
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
364. kártya
Kérdés
Identity achievement?
Válasz
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
365. kártya
Kérdés
Avoidant attachment pattern?
Válasz
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
366. kártya
Kérdés
Classical conditioning?
Válasz
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
367. kártya
Kérdés
Unconditioned stimulus?
Válasz
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
368. kártya
Kérdés
Unconditioned response?
Válasz
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
369. kártya
Kérdés
Conditioned stimulus?
Válasz
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
370. kártya
Kérdés
Conditioned response?
Válasz
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
371. kártya
Kérdés
Acquisition in classical conditioning?
Válasz
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
372. kártya
Kérdés
During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
Válasz
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
373. kártya
Kérdés
Authoritarian parenting?
Válasz
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
374. kártya
Kérdés
Identity diffusion?
Válasz
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
375. kártya
Kérdés
Extinction in classical conditioning?
Válasz
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
376. kártya
Kérdés
Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
Válasz
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
377. kártya
Kérdés
Permissive parenting?
Válasz
High warmth with few demands or limits.
378. kártya
Kérdés
Parallel play?
Válasz
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
379. kártya
Kérdés
Imaginary audience?
Válasz
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
380. kártya
Kérdés
Identity foreclosure?
Válasz
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
381. kártya
Kérdés
Disorganized attachment pattern?
Válasz
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
382. kártya
Kérdés
Neglectful parenting?
Válasz
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
383. kártya
Kérdés
Chronosystem?
Válasz
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
384. kártya
Kérdés
Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
Válasz
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
385. kártya
Kérdés
Personal fable?
Válasz
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
386. kártya
Kérdés
Identity moratorium?
Válasz
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
387. kártya
Kérdés
Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
Válasz
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
388. kártya
Kérdés
Separation anxiety in infancy?
Válasz
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
389. kártya
Kérdés
What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
Válasz
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
390. kártya
Kérdés
Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
Válasz
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
391. kártya
Kérdés
Emerging adulthood?
Válasz
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
392. kártya
Kérdés
Social clock?
Válasz
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
393. kártya
Kérdés
Erikson's later-adult conflict?
Válasz
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
394. kártya
Kérdés
Possible selves?
Válasz
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
395. kártya
Kérdés
Stimulus generalization?
Válasz
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
396. kártya
Kérdés
Operant conditioning?
Válasz
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
397. kártya
Kérdés
Law of effect?
Válasz
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
398. kártya
Kérdés
Spontaneous recovery?
Válasz
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
399. kártya
Kérdés
Stimulus discrimination?
Válasz
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
400. kártya
Kérdés
Reinforcement?
Válasz
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
401. kártya
Kérdés
Higher-order conditioning?
Válasz
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
402. kártya
Kérdés
Counterconditioning?
Válasz
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
403. kártya
Kérdés
Habituation?
Válasz
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
404. kártya
Kérdés
Punishment?
Válasz
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
405. kártya
Kérdés
Partial reinforcement?
Válasz
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
406. kártya
Kérdés
Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
Válasz
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
407. kártya
Kérdés
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
Válasz
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
408. kártya
Kérdés
Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
Válasz
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
409. kártya
Kérdés
Fixed-ratio schedule?
Válasz
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
410. kártya
Kérdés
Observational learning?
Válasz
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
411. kártya
Kérdés
A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
Válasz
Positive reinforcement.
412. kártya
Kérdés
Primary reinforcer?
Válasz
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
413. kártya
Kérdés
Variable-ratio schedule?
Válasz
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
414. kártya
Kérdés
Modeling?
Válasz
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
415. kártya
Kérdés
Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
Válasz
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
416. kártya
Kérdés
Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
Válasz
Negative reinforcement.
417. kártya
Kérdés
Conditioned reinforcer?
Válasz
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
418. kártya
Kérdés
A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
Válasz
Vicarious reinforcement.
419. kártya
Kérdés
Fixed-interval schedule?
Válasz
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
420. kártya
Kérdés
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
Válasz
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
421. kártya
Kérdés
A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
Válasz
Positive punishment.
422. kártya
Kérdés
Shaping?
Válasz
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
423. kártya
Kérdés
Extinction in operant conditioning?
Válasz
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
424. kártya
Kérdés
Variable-interval schedule?
Válasz
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
425. kártya
Kérdés
A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
Válasz
Negative punishment.
426. kártya
Kérdés
Learned helplessness?
Válasz
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
427. kártya
Kérdés
Continuous reinforcement?
Válasz
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
428. kártya
Kérdés
A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
Válasz
A fixed-interval schedule.
429. kártya
Kérdés
Discriminative stimulus?
Válasz
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
430. kártya
Kérdés
Operant generalization versus discrimination?
Válasz
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
431. kártya
Kérdés
Instinctive drift?
Válasz
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
432. kártya
Kérdés
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
Válasz
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
433. kártya
Kérdés
How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
Válasz
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
434. kártya
Kérdés
How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
Válasz
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
435. kártya
Kérdés
Vicarious conditioning?
Válasz
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
436. kártya
Kérdés
A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
Válasz
A variable-interval schedule.
437. kártya
Kérdés
Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
Válasz
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
438. kártya
Kérdés
Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
Válasz
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
439. kártya
Kérdés
Latent learning?
Válasz
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
440. kártya
Kérdés
Cognitive map?
Válasz
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
441. kártya
Kérdés
Insight learning?
Válasz
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
442. kártya
Kérdés
Biological preparedness?
Válasz
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
443. kártya
Kérdés
What can mirror-neuron activity show?
Válasz
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
444. kártya
Kérdés
Attribution?
Válasz
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
445. kártya
Kérdés
Attitude?
Válasz
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
446. kártya
Kérdés
Upward social comparison?
Válasz
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
447. kártya
Kérdés
Optimistic explanatory style?
Válasz
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
448. kártya
Kérdés
Situational attribution?
Válasz
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
449. kártya
Kérdés
A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
Válasz
Cognitive dissonance.
450. kártya
Kérdés
Downward social comparison?
Válasz
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
451. kártya
Kérdés
Internal locus of control?
Válasz
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
452. kártya
Kérdés
Dispositional attribution?
Válasz
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
453. kártya
Kérdés
Pessimistic explanatory style?
Válasz
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
454. kártya
Kérdés
Relative deprivation?
Válasz
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
455. kártya
Kérdés
External locus of control?
Válasz
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
456. kártya
Kérdés
Fundamental attribution error?
Válasz
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
457. kártya
Kérdés
Halo effect?
Válasz
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
458. kártya
Kérdés
Self-fulfilling prophecy?
Válasz
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
459. kártya
Kérdés
Mere-exposure effect?
Válasz
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
460. kártya
Kérdés
A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
Válasz
The actor–observer difference.
461. kártya
Kérdés
A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
Válasz
The central route.
462. kártya
Kérdés
Effort justification?
Válasz
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
463. kártya
Kérdés
Stereotype?
Válasz
A generalized belief about members of a group.
464. kártya
Kérdés
A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
Válasz
Self-serving bias.
465. kártya
Kérdés
A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
Válasz
The peripheral route.
466. kártya
Kérdés
Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
Válasz
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
467. kártya
Kérdés
Prejudice?
Válasz
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
468. kártya
Kérdés
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:
Workload Errors Low 2 High 8 Which attribution is better supported?
Válasz
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
469. kártya
Kérdés
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
Válasz
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
470. kártya
Kérdés
Conformity?
Válasz
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
471. kártya
Kérdés
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
Válasz
The bystander effect.
472. kártya
Kérdés
Diffusion of responsibility?
Válasz
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
473. kártya
Kérdés
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
Válasz
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
474. kártya
Kérdés
In-group bias?
Válasz
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
475. kártya
Kérdés
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
Válasz
The foot-in-the-door technique.
476. kártya
Kérdés
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
Válasz
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
477. kártya
Kérdés
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
Válasz
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
478. kártya
Kérdés
Discrimination?
Válasz
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
479. kártya
Kérdés
Out-group homogeneity effect?
Válasz
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
480. kártya
Kérdés
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
Válasz
The door-in-the-face technique.
481. kártya
Kérdés
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
Válasz
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
482. kártya
Kérdés
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
Válasz
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
483. kártya
Kérdés
Just-world belief?
Válasz
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
484. kártya
Kérdés
Implicit attitude?
Válasz
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
485. kártya
Kérdés
Ethnocentrism?
Válasz
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
486. kártya
Kérdés
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
Válasz
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
487. kártya
Kérdés
Normative social influence?
Válasz
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
488. kártya
Kérdés
Psychodynamic view of personality?
Válasz
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
489. kártya
Kérdés
Norm of reciprocity?
Válasz
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
490. kártya
Kérdés
Individualism?
Válasz
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
491. kártya
Kérdés
Informational social influence?
Válasz
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
492. kártya
Kérdés
Id?
Válasz
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
493. kártya
Kérdés
Altruism?
Válasz
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
494. kártya
Kérdés
Social norm?
Válasz
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
495. kártya
Kérdés
What tends to increase conformity?
Válasz
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
496. kártya
Kérdés
Ego?
Válasz
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
497. kártya
Kérdés
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
Válasz
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
498. kártya
Kérdés
Collectivism?
Válasz
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
499. kártya
Kérdés
Obedience?
Válasz
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
500. kártya
Kérdés
Superego?
Válasz
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
501. kártya
Kérdés
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
Válasz
Denial.
502. kártya
Kérdés
Social-responsibility norm?
Válasz
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
503. kártya
Kérdés
How does proximity affect attraction?
Válasz
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
504. kártya
Kérdés
What tends to increase obedience?
Válasz
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
505. kártya
Kérdés
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
Válasz
Displacement.
506. kártya
Kérdés
Social loafing?
Válasz
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
507. kártya
Kérdés
Multiculturalism?
Válasz
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
508. kártya
Kérdés
How does similarity affect attraction?
Válasz
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
509. kártya
Kérdés
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
Válasz
Projection.
510. kártya
Kérdés
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
Válasz
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
511. kártya
Kérdés
Deindividuation?
Válasz
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
512. kártya
Kérdés
Group polarization?
Válasz
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
513. kártya
Kérdés
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
Válasz
Rationalization.
514. kártya
Kérdés
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
Válasz
Groupthink.
515. kártya
Kérdés
Pluralistic ignorance?
Válasz
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
516. kártya
Kérdés
Social trap?
Válasz
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
517. kártya
Kérdés
Reaction formation?
Válasz
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
518. kártya
Kérdés
Superordinate goal?
Válasz
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
519. kártya
Kérdés
False-consensus effect?
Válasz
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
520. kártya
Kérdés
Industrial-organizational psychology?
Válasz
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
521. kártya
Kérdés
Repression?
Válasz
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
522. kártya
Kérdés
Burnout?
Válasz
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
523. kártya
Kérdés
Unconditional positive regard?
Válasz
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
524. kártya
Kérdés
Trait?
Válasz
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
525. kártya
Kérdés
Regression as a defense mechanism?
Válasz
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
526. kártya
Kérdés
Reciprocal determinism?
Válasz
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
527. kártya
Kérdés
Self-efficacy?
Válasz
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
528. kártya
Kérdés
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
Válasz
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
529. kártya
Kérdés
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
Válasz
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
530. kártya
Kérdés
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Válasz
Openness.
531. kártya
Kérdés
Personality inventory?
Válasz
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
532. kártya
Kérdés
Self-actualizing tendency?
Válasz
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
533. kártya
Kérdés
Self-esteem?
Válasz
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
534. kártya
Kérdés
Instinct in motivation research?
Válasz
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
535. kártya
Kérdés
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Válasz
Conscientiousness.
536. kártya
Kérdés
Projective test?
Válasz
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
537. kártya
Kérdés
How does factor analysis help trait research?
Válasz
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
538. kártya
Kérdés
Drive-reduction theory?
Válasz
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
539. kártya
Kérdés
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Válasz
Extraversion.
540. kártya
Kérdés
Person–situation debate?
Válasz
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
541. kártya
Kérdés
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
Válasz
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
542. kártya
Kérdés
Homeostasis?
Válasz
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
543. kártya
Kérdés
Incentive theory?
Válasz
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
544. kártya
Kérdés
Big Five agreeableness?
Válasz
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
545. kártya
Kérdés
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
Válasz
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
546. kártya
Kérdés
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
Válasz
An approach–approach conflict.
547. kártya
Kérdés
Arousal theory of motivation?
Válasz
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
548. kártya
Kérdés
Big Five emotional stability?
Válasz
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
549. kártya
Kérdés
What regulates hunger?
Válasz
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
550. kártya
Kérdés
Three broad components of emotion?
Válasz
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
551. kártya
Kérdés
Self-determination theory?
Válasz
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
552. kártya
Kérdés
Emotion regulation?
Válasz
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
553. kártya
Kérdés
Sensation-seeking?
Válasz
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
554. kártya
Kérdés
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
Válasz
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
555. kártya
Kérdés
Intrinsic motivation?
Válasz
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
556. kártya
Kérdés
Display rules?
Válasz
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
557. kártya
Kérdés
Arousal and performance relationship?
Válasz
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
558. kártya
Kérdés
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
Válasz
An approach–avoidance conflict.
559. kártya
Kérdés
Extrinsic motivation?
Válasz
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
560. kártya
Kérdés
Achievement motivation?
Válasz
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
561. kártya
Kérdés
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
Válasz
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
562. kártya
Kérdés
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
Válasz
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
563. kártya
Kérdés
Overjustification effect?
Válasz
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
564. kártya
Kérdés
Belongingness motivation?
Válasz
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
565. kártya
Kérdés
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:
Condition Mean minutes Assigned topic 34 Chosen topic 47 What is the observed mean difference?
Válasz
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
566. kártya
Kérdés
Facial-feedback effect?
Válasz
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
567. kártya
Kérdés
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
Válasz
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
568. kártya
Kérdés
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
Válasz
Cognitive reappraisal.
569. kártya
Kérdés
Broaden-and-build view?
Válasz
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
570. kártya
Kérdés
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
Válasz
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
571. kártya
Kérdés
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
Válasz
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
572. kártya
Kérdés
Expressive suppression?
Válasz
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
573. kártya
Kérdés
How does acute stress affect the body?
Válasz
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
574. kártya
Kérdés
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
Válasz
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
575. kártya
Kérdés
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
Válasz
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
576. kártya
Kérdés
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
Válasz
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
577. kártya
Kérdés
Health psychology?
Válasz
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
578. kártya
Kérdés
Positive psychology?
Válasz
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
579. kártya
Kérdés
Stress?
Válasz
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
580. kártya
Kérdés
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
Válasz
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
581. kártya
Kérdés
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
Válasz
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
582. kártya
Kérdés
Resilience?
Válasz
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
583. kártya
Kérdés
Stressor?
Válasz
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
584. kártya
Kérdés
General adaptation syndrome?
Válasz
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
585. kártya
Kérdés
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
Válasz
Problem-focused coping.
586. kártya
Kérdés
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
Válasz
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
587. kártya
Kérdés
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
Válasz
Primary appraisal.
588. kártya
Kérdés
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
Válasz
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
589. kártya
Kérdés
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
Válasz
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
590. kártya
Kérdés
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
Válasz
Emotion-focused coping.
591. kártya
Kérdés
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
Válasz
Secondary appraisal.
592. kártya
Kérdés
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
Válasz
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
593. kártya
Kérdés
Adverse childhood experiences?
Válasz
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
594. kártya
Kérdés
How can social support protect health?
Válasz
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
595. kártya
Kérdés
Eustress versus distress?
Válasz
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
596. kártya
Kérdés
Tend-and-befriend response?
Válasz
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
597. kártya
Kérdés
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
Válasz
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
598. kártya
Kérdés
Biofeedback?
Válasz
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
599. kártya
Kérdés
How does perceived control affect stress?
Válasz
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
600. kártya
Kérdés
Psychoneuroimmunology?
Válasz
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
601. kártya
Kérdés
Subjective well-being?
Válasz
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
602. kártya
Kérdés
Psychological disorder?
Válasz
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
603. kártya
Kérdés
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
Válasz
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
604. kártya
Kérdés
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
Válasz
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
605. kártya
Kérdés
Signature strengths?
Válasz
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
606. kártya
Kérdés
Biopsychosocial model?
Válasz
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
607. kártya
Kérdés
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
Válasz
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
608. kártya
Kérdés
Posttraumatic growth?
Válasz
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
609. kártya
Kérdés
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
Válasz
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
610. kártya
Kérdés
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
Válasz
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
611. kártya
Kérdés
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
Válasz
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
612. kártya
Kérdés
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
Válasz
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
613. kártya
Kérdés
Biological explanation of disorder?
Válasz
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
614. kártya
Kérdés
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Válasz
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
615. kártya
Kérdés
Purpose of the DSM?
Válasz
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
616. kártya
Kérdés
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
Válasz
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
617. kártya
Kérdés
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
Válasz
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
618. kártya
Kérdés
Autism spectrum disorder?
Válasz
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
619. kártya
Kérdés
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
Válasz
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
620. kártya
Kérdés
Major depressive disorder?
Válasz
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
621. kártya
Kérdés
Specific phobia?
Válasz
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
622. kártya
Kérdés
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Válasz
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
623. kártya
Kérdés
Dissociative amnesia?
Válasz
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
624. kártya
Kérdés
Bipolar I disorder?
Válasz
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
625. kártya
Kérdés
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
Válasz
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
626. kártya
Kérdés
Anorexia nervosa?
Válasz
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
627. kártya
Kérdés
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
Válasz
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
628. kártya
Kérdés
Bipolar II disorder?
Válasz
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
629. kártya
Kérdés
Purpose of the ICD?
Válasz
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
630. kártya
Kérdés
Bulimia nervosa?
Válasz
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
631. kártya
Kérdés
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
Válasz
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
632. kártya
Kérdés
Ataque de nervios?
Válasz
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
633. kártya
Kérdés
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
Válasz
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
634. kártya
Kérdés
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
Válasz
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
635. kártya
Kérdés
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
Válasz
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
636. kártya
Kérdés
Comorbidity?
Válasz
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
637. kártya
Kérdés
Humanistic explanation of distress?
Válasz
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
638. kártya
Kérdés
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
Válasz
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
639. kártya
Kérdés
Stigma around mental disorder?
Válasz
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
640. kártya
Kérdés
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
Válasz
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
641. kártya
Kérdés
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
Válasz
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
642. kártya
Kérdés
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
Válasz
Interrater reliability.
643. kártya
Kérdés
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
Válasz
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
644. kártya
Kérdés
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
Válasz
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
645. kártya
Kérdés
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
Válasz
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
646. kártya
Kérdés
Delusion?
Válasz
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
647. kártya
Kérdés
Agoraphobia?
Válasz
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
648. kártya
Kérdés
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
Válasz
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
649. kártya
Kérdés
Eclectic approach to disorder?
Válasz
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
650. kártya
Kérdés
Hallucination?
Válasz
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
651. kártya
Kérdés
Panic disorder?
Válasz
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
652. kártya
Kérdés
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
Válasz
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
653. kártya
Kérdés
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
Válasz
The diathesis–stress model.
654. kártya
Kérdés
Cluster A personality disorders?
Válasz
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
655. kártya
Kérdés
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
Válasz
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
656. kártya
Kérdés
Evidence-based treatment?
Válasz
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
657. kártya
Kérdés
Therapeutic alliance?
Válasz
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
658. kártya
Kérdés
Cultural humility in therapy?
Válasz
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
659. kártya
Kérdés
Deinstitutionalization?
Válasz
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
660. kártya
Kérdés
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
Válasz
Exposure therapy.
661. kártya
Kérdés
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
Válasz
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
662. kártya
Kérdés
Four medication categories in the course?
Válasz
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
663. kártya
Kérdés
Depressive cognitive triad?
Válasz
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
664. kártya
Kérdés
Applied behavior analysis?
Válasz
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
665. kártya
Kérdés
Psychosurgery?
Válasz
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
666. kártya
Kérdés
Free association?
Válasz
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
667. kártya
Kérdés
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
Válasz
Cognitive restructuring.
668. kártya
Kérdés
One advantage of group therapy?
Válasz
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
669. kártya
Kérdés
Lobotomy?
Válasz
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
670. kártya
Kérdés
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
Válasz
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
671. kártya
Kérdés
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
Válasz
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
672. kártya
Kérdés
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
Válasz
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
673. kártya
Kérdés
Social anxiety disorder?
Válasz
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
674. kártya
Kérdés
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
Válasz
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
675. kártya
Kérdés
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
Válasz
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
676. kártya
Kérdés
Dissociative fugue?
Válasz
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
677. kártya
Kérdés
Cluster B personality disorders?
Válasz
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
678. kártya
Kérdés
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
Válasz
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
679. kártya
Kérdés
Catatonia?
Válasz
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
680. kártya
Kérdés
Manic episode?
Válasz
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
681. kártya
Kérdés
Dissociative identity disorder?
Válasz
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
682. kártya
Kérdés
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
Válasz
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
683. kártya
Kérdés
Cluster C personality disorders?
Válasz
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
684. kártya
Kérdés
Taijin kyofusho?
Válasz
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
685. kártya
Kérdés
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Válasz
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
686. kártya
Kérdés
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
Válasz
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
687. kártya
Kérdés
Hypomanic episode?
Válasz
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
688. kártya
Kérdés
Generalized anxiety disorder?
Válasz
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
689. kártya
Kérdés
Hoarding disorder?
Válasz
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
690. kártya
Kérdés
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
Válasz
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
691. kártya
Kérdés
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
Válasz
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
692. kártya
Kérdés
Persistent depressive disorder?
Válasz
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
693. kártya
Kérdés
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
Válasz
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
694. kártya
Kérdés
Systematic desensitization?
Válasz
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
695. kártya
Kérdés
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
Válasz
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
696. kártya
Kérdés
Dialectical behavior therapy?
Válasz
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
697. kártya
Kérdés
Integrity in therapy ethics?
Válasz
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
698. kártya
Kérdés
Aversion therapy?
Válasz
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
699. kártya
Kérdés
Tardive dyskinesia?
Válasz
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
700. kártya
Kérdés
ECT versus TMS?
Válasz
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
701. kártya
Kérdés
Respect for rights and dignity?
Válasz
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
702. kártya
Kérdés
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
Válasz
A token economy.
703. kártya
Kérdés
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
Válasz
Person-centered therapy.
704. kártya
Kérdés
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
Válasz
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
705. kártya
Kérdés
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
Válasz
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.
705 kártya
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
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