AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.
Mayelana naleli qoqo
Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.
What the cards ask you to retrieve
- Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
- Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
- Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
- Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
- Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.
The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.
What's deliberately left out
The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.
Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.
This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.
Amakhadi akuleli qoqo
Ikhadi 1
Umbuzo
Nature in the nature–nurture question?
Impendulo
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
Ikhadi 2
Umbuzo
Central nervous system?
Impendulo
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
Ikhadi 3
Umbuzo
Main role of the spinal cord?
Impendulo
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
Ikhadi 4
Umbuzo
Scores are
4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?Impendulo
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
Ikhadi 5
Umbuzo
Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
Impendulo
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
Ikhadi 6
Umbuzo
Peripheral nervous system?
Impendulo
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Ikhadi 7
Umbuzo
Reflex arc?
Impendulo
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
Ikhadi 8
Umbuzo
Reflex times are
180, 190, 210, 260, 410milliseconds. What is the median?Impendulo
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
Ikhadi 9
Umbuzo
Heritability?
Impendulo
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
Ikhadi 10
Umbuzo
Autonomic nervous system?
Impendulo
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
Ikhadi 11
Umbuzo
Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
Impendulo
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
Ikhadi 12
Umbuzo
Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
Impendulo
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
Ikhadi 13
Umbuzo
Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
Impendulo
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
Ikhadi 14
Umbuzo
Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
Impendulo
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
Ikhadi 15
Umbuzo
Natural selection?
Impendulo
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
Ikhadi 16
Umbuzo
Somatic nervous system?
Impendulo
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
Ikhadi 17
Umbuzo
Sensory neurons?
Impendulo
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
Ikhadi 18
Umbuzo
Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
Impendulo
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
Ikhadi 19
Umbuzo
Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
Impendulo
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
Ikhadi 20
Umbuzo
Sympathetic nervous system?
Impendulo
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
Ikhadi 21
Umbuzo
Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
Impendulo
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
Ikhadi 22
Umbuzo
Motor neurons?
Impendulo
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
Ikhadi 23
Umbuzo
Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
Impendulo
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
Ikhadi 24
Umbuzo
Parasympathetic nervous system?
Impendulo
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
Ikhadi 25
Umbuzo
Resting potential?
Impendulo
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
Ikhadi 26
Umbuzo
Interneurons?
Impendulo
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
Ikhadi 27
Umbuzo
Adrenaline's behavioral role?
Impendulo
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
Ikhadi 28
Umbuzo
Frontal lobes?
Impendulo
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
Ikhadi 29
Umbuzo
Neural threshold?
Impendulo
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
Ikhadi 30
Umbuzo
Corpus callosum?
Impendulo
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
Ikhadi 31
Umbuzo
Leptin's role in eating?
Impendulo
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
Ikhadi 32
Umbuzo
Temporal lobes?
Impendulo
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
Ikhadi 33
Umbuzo
Depolarization during an action potential?
Impendulo
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
Ikhadi 34
Umbuzo
Dopamine's major psychological functions?
Impendulo
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
Ikhadi 35
Umbuzo
Ghrelin's role in eating?
Impendulo
It helps stimulate hunger.
Ikhadi 36
Umbuzo
Drug agonist?
Impendulo
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
Ikhadi 37
Umbuzo
Action potential?
Impendulo
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
Ikhadi 38
Umbuzo
Reuptake?
Impendulo
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
Ikhadi 39
Umbuzo
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
Impendulo
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
Ikhadi 40
Umbuzo
Glutamate's major psychological functions?
Impendulo
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
Ikhadi 41
Umbuzo
Refractory period?
Impendulo
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
Ikhadi 42
Umbuzo
Melatonin's role?
Impendulo
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
Ikhadi 43
Umbuzo
Drug antagonist?
Impendulo
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
Ikhadi 44
Umbuzo
Stimulants?
Impendulo
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
Ikhadi 45
Umbuzo
Drug tolerance?
Impendulo
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
Ikhadi 46
Umbuzo
Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Impendulo
Multiple sclerosis.
Ikhadi 47
Umbuzo
All-or-none principle?
Impendulo
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
Ikhadi 48
Umbuzo
Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
Impendulo
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
Ikhadi 49
Umbuzo
GABA's major psychological function?
Impendulo
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
Ikhadi 50
Umbuzo
Oxytocin's behavioral role?
Impendulo
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
Ikhadi 51
Umbuzo
Reuptake inhibitor?
Impendulo
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
Ikhadi 52
Umbuzo
Depressants?
Impendulo
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
Ikhadi 53
Umbuzo
Drug withdrawal?
Impendulo
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
Ikhadi 54
Umbuzo
Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Impendulo
Myasthenia gravis.
Ikhadi 55
Umbuzo
Glial cells?
Impendulo
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
Ikhadi 56
Umbuzo
Endorphins?
Impendulo
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
Ikhadi 57
Umbuzo
Substance P?
Impendulo
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
Ikhadi 58
Umbuzo
Acetylcholine's major functions?
Impendulo
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
Ikhadi 59
Umbuzo
Opioids?
Impendulo
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
Ikhadi 60
Umbuzo
Hallucinogens?
Impendulo
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
Ikhadi 61
Umbuzo
Addiction?
Impendulo
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
Ikhadi 62
Umbuzo
Parietal lobes?
Impendulo
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
Ikhadi 63
Umbuzo
Consciousness?
Impendulo
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
Ikhadi 64
Umbuzo
Circadian rhythm?
Impendulo
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
Ikhadi 65
Umbuzo
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
Impendulo
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
Ikhadi 66
Umbuzo
Occipital lobes?
Impendulo
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
Ikhadi 67
Umbuzo
What does split-brain research reveal?
Impendulo
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
Ikhadi 68
Umbuzo
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
Impendulo
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
Ikhadi 69
Umbuzo
NREM-1 sleep?
Impendulo
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
Ikhadi 70
Umbuzo
Motor cortex?
Impendulo
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
Ikhadi 71
Umbuzo
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
Impendulo
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
Ikhadi 72
Umbuzo
Brainstem's core function?
Impendulo
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
Ikhadi 73
Umbuzo
NREM-2 sleep?
Impendulo
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
Ikhadi 74
Umbuzo
Somatosensory cortex?
Impendulo
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
Ikhadi 75
Umbuzo
Medulla's main functions?
Impendulo
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
Ikhadi 76
Umbuzo
Reticular activating system?
Impendulo
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
Ikhadi 77
Umbuzo
NREM-3 sleep?
Impendulo
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
Ikhadi 78
Umbuzo
Cerebellum's main functions?
Impendulo
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
Ikhadi 79
Umbuzo
Thalamus?
Impendulo
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
Ikhadi 80
Umbuzo
Hypothalamus?
Impendulo
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
Ikhadi 81
Umbuzo
REM sleep?
Impendulo
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
Ikhadi 82
Umbuzo
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
Impendulo
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
Ikhadi 83
Umbuzo
Amygdala?
Impendulo
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
Ikhadi 84
Umbuzo
Hippocampus?
Impendulo
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
Ikhadi 85
Umbuzo
How does sleep change across a typical night?
Impendulo
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
Ikhadi 86
Umbuzo
Contralateral brain control?
Impendulo
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
Ikhadi 87
Umbuzo
What does an EEG measure?
Impendulo
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
Ikhadi 88
Umbuzo
Reward-center activity?
Impendulo
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
Ikhadi 89
Umbuzo
Neuroplasticity?
Impendulo
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
Ikhadi 90
Umbuzo
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
Impendulo
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
Ikhadi 91
Umbuzo
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
Impendulo
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
Ikhadi 92
Umbuzo
Insomnia?
Impendulo
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
Ikhadi 93
Umbuzo
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
Impendulo
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
Ikhadi 94
Umbuzo
Absolute threshold?
Impendulo
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
Ikhadi 95
Umbuzo
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
Impendulo
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
Ikhadi 96
Umbuzo
Narcolepsy?
Impendulo
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
Ikhadi 97
Umbuzo
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
Impendulo
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
Ikhadi 98
Umbuzo
Difference threshold?
Impendulo
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
Ikhadi 99
Umbuzo
Consolidation view of dreams?
Impendulo
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
Ikhadi 100
Umbuzo
REM sleep behavior disorder?
Impendulo
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
Ikhadi 101
Umbuzo
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
Impendulo
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
Ikhadi 102
Umbuzo
Weber's law?
Impendulo
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
Ikhadi 103
Umbuzo
Two supported functions of sleep?
Impendulo
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
Ikhadi 104
Umbuzo
Sleep apnea?
Impendulo
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
Ikhadi 105
Umbuzo
REM rebound?
Impendulo
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
Ikhadi 106
Umbuzo
Signal detection theory?
Impendulo
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
Ikhadi 107
Umbuzo
Sensory transduction?
Impendulo
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
Ikhadi 108
Umbuzo
Vestibular sense?
Impendulo
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
Ikhadi 109
Umbuzo
Somnambulism?
Impendulo
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
Ikhadi 110
Umbuzo
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Impendulo
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
Ikhadi 111
Umbuzo
What begins visual transduction?
Impendulo
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
Ikhadi 112
Umbuzo
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
Impendulo
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
Ikhadi 113
Umbuzo
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
Impendulo
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
Ikhadi 114
Umbuzo
Accommodation in vision?
Impendulo
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
Ikhadi 115
Umbuzo
Cones?
Impendulo
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
Ikhadi 116
Umbuzo
What begins auditory transduction?
Impendulo
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
Ikhadi 117
Umbuzo
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
Impendulo
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
Ikhadi 118
Umbuzo
How is smell unusual among the senses?
Impendulo
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
Ikhadi 119
Umbuzo
Kinesthesia?
Impendulo
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
Ikhadi 120
Umbuzo
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
Impendulo
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
Ikhadi 121
Umbuzo
Nearsightedness?
Impendulo
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
Ikhadi 122
Umbuzo
Pheromones?
Impendulo
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
Ikhadi 123
Umbuzo
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
Impendulo
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
Ikhadi 124
Umbuzo
Volley theory of pitch?
Impendulo
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
Ikhadi 125
Umbuzo
Farsightedness?
Impendulo
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
Ikhadi 126
Umbuzo
Six taste qualities named in the course?
Impendulo
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
Ikhadi 127
Umbuzo
Phantom-limb sensation?
Impendulo
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
Ikhadi 128
Umbuzo
Sensory interaction?
Impendulo
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
Ikhadi 129
Umbuzo
What causes most color-vision deficiency?
Impendulo
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
Ikhadi 130
Umbuzo
Prosopagnosia?
Impendulo
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
Ikhadi 131
Umbuzo
Rods?
Impendulo
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
Ikhadi 132
Umbuzo
How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
Impendulo
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
Ikhadi 133
Umbuzo
Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
Impendulo
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
Ikhadi 134
Umbuzo
Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
Impendulo
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
Ikhadi 135
Umbuzo
What do the semicircular canals detect?
Impendulo
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
Ikhadi 136
Umbuzo
Synesthesia?
Impendulo
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
Ikhadi 137
Umbuzo
Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
Impendulo
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
Ikhadi 138
Umbuzo
Blindsight?
Impendulo
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
Ikhadi 139
Umbuzo
Sensory adaptation?
Impendulo
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
Ikhadi 140
Umbuzo
Gate-control view of pain?
Impendulo
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
Ikhadi 141
Umbuzo
Bottom-up processing?
Impendulo
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
Ikhadi 142
Umbuzo
Concept?
Impendulo
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Ikhadi 143
Umbuzo
Fixation in problem solving?
Impendulo
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
Ikhadi 144
Umbuzo
Algorithm?
Impendulo
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
Ikhadi 145
Umbuzo
Top-down processing?
Impendulo
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
Ikhadi 146
Umbuzo
Confirmation bias?
Impendulo
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
Ikhadi 147
Umbuzo
Retinal disparity?
Impendulo
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
Ikhadi 148
Umbuzo
Heuristic?
Impendulo
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
Ikhadi 149
Umbuzo
Selective attention?
Impendulo
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
Ikhadi 150
Umbuzo
Figure–ground organization?
Impendulo
Separating the object of attention from its background.
Ikhadi 151
Umbuzo
Convergence as a depth cue?
Impendulo
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
Ikhadi 152
Umbuzo
Representativeness heuristic?
Impendulo
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
Ikhadi 153
Umbuzo
Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
Impendulo
Inattentional blindness.
Ikhadi 154
Umbuzo
Gestalt proximity principle?
Impendulo
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
Ikhadi 155
Umbuzo
Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
Impendulo
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
Ikhadi 156
Umbuzo
Cocktail-party effect?
Impendulo
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
Ikhadi 157
Umbuzo
Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
Impendulo
Change blindness.
Ikhadi 158
Umbuzo
Gestalt similarity principle?
Impendulo
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
Ikhadi 159
Umbuzo
Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
Impendulo
Linear perspective.
Ikhadi 160
Umbuzo
Perceptual constancy?
Impendulo
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
Ikhadi 161
Umbuzo
Perceptual set?
Impendulo
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
Ikhadi 162
Umbuzo
Gestalt closure principle?
Impendulo
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
Ikhadi 163
Umbuzo
One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
Impendulo
The blocking object, using interposition.
Ikhadi 164
Umbuzo
Apparent motion?
Impendulo
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
Ikhadi 165
Umbuzo
Availability heuristic?
Impendulo
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
Ikhadi 166
Umbuzo
Divergent thinking?
Impendulo
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
Ikhadi 167
Umbuzo
A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
Impendulo
Relative clarity.
Ikhadi 168
Umbuzo
Prototype?
Impendulo
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
Ikhadi 169
Umbuzo
Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
Impendulo
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
Ikhadi 170
Umbuzo
Convergent thinking?
Impendulo
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
Ikhadi 171
Umbuzo
A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
Impendulo
Texture gradient.
Ikhadi 172
Umbuzo
Belief perseverance?
Impendulo
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
Ikhadi 173
Umbuzo
Explicit memory?
Impendulo
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
Ikhadi 174
Umbuzo
Three stores in the multi-store model?
Impendulo
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Ikhadi 175
Umbuzo
Seeing an object only in its usual role?
Impendulo
Functional fixedness.
Ikhadi 176
Umbuzo
Mental set?
Impendulo
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
Ikhadi 177
Umbuzo
Episodic memory?
Impendulo
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
Ikhadi 178
Umbuzo
Working memory?
Impendulo
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
Ikhadi 179
Umbuzo
Insight?
Impendulo
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
Ikhadi 180
Umbuzo
Framing effect?
Impendulo
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
Ikhadi 181
Umbuzo
Implicit memory?
Impendulo
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
Ikhadi 182
Umbuzo
Overconfidence bias?
Impendulo
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
Ikhadi 183
Umbuzo
Anchoring bias?
Impendulo
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
Ikhadi 184
Umbuzo
Schema in thinking?
Impendulo
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
Ikhadi 185
Umbuzo
Procedural memory?
Impendulo
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
Ikhadi 186
Umbuzo
Gambler's fallacy?
Impendulo
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
Ikhadi 187
Umbuzo
Sunk-cost fallacy?
Impendulo
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
Ikhadi 188
Umbuzo
Executive functions?
Impendulo
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
Ikhadi 189
Umbuzo
How can priming affect judgment?
Impendulo
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
Ikhadi 190
Umbuzo
Central executive in working memory?
Impendulo
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
Ikhadi 191
Umbuzo
Serial-position effect?
Impendulo
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
Ikhadi 192
Umbuzo
Semantic memory?
Impendulo
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
Ikhadi 193
Umbuzo
Levels-of-processing principle?
Impendulo
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
Ikhadi 194
Umbuzo
Automatic processing?
Impendulo
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
Ikhadi 195
Umbuzo
Maintenance rehearsal?
Impendulo
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
Ikhadi 196
Umbuzo
Prospective memory?
Impendulo
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
Ikhadi 197
Umbuzo
Primacy effect?
Impendulo
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
Ikhadi 198
Umbuzo
Long-term memory?
Impendulo
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
Ikhadi 199
Umbuzo
Highly superior autobiographical memory?
Impendulo
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
Ikhadi 200
Umbuzo
Effortful processing?
Impendulo
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
Ikhadi 201
Umbuzo
Elaborative rehearsal?
Impendulo
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
Ikhadi 202
Umbuzo
Memory consolidation?
Impendulo
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
Ikhadi 203
Umbuzo
Recency effect?
Impendulo
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
Ikhadi 204
Umbuzo
Spacing effect?
Impendulo
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
Ikhadi 205
Umbuzo
Testing effect?
Impendulo
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
Ikhadi 206
Umbuzo
Chunking?
Impendulo
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
Ikhadi 207
Umbuzo
Mnemonic?
Impendulo
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
Ikhadi 208
Umbuzo
Why organize material into a hierarchy?
Impendulo
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
Ikhadi 209
Umbuzo
How can a schema help encoding?
Impendulo
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
Ikhadi 210
Umbuzo
Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
Impendulo
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
Ikhadi 211
Umbuzo
Iconic memory?
Impendulo
A very brief visual sensory memory.
Ikhadi 212
Umbuzo
Recall?
Impendulo
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
Ikhadi 213
Umbuzo
Retrieval cue?
Impendulo
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
Ikhadi 214
Umbuzo
Encoding-specificity principle?
Impendulo
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
Ikhadi 215
Umbuzo
Context-dependent memory?
Impendulo
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
Ikhadi 216
Umbuzo
Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
Impendulo
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
Ikhadi 217
Umbuzo
Echoic memory?
Impendulo
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
Ikhadi 218
Umbuzo
Anterograde amnesia?
Impendulo
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
Ikhadi 219
Umbuzo
Phonological loop?
Impendulo
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
Ikhadi 220
Umbuzo
Cerebellum's memory role?
Impendulo
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
Ikhadi 221
Umbuzo
Why is short-term memory described as limited?
Impendulo
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
Ikhadi 222
Umbuzo
Retrograde amnesia?
Impendulo
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
Ikhadi 223
Umbuzo
Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
Impendulo
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
Ikhadi 224
Umbuzo
How can the amygdala affect memory?
Impendulo
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
Ikhadi 225
Umbuzo
Visuospatial sketchpad?
Impendulo
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
Ikhadi 226
Umbuzo
Long-term potentiation?
Impendulo
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
Ikhadi 227
Umbuzo
Infantile amnesia?
Impendulo
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
Ikhadi 228
Umbuzo
Alzheimer's disease?
Impendulo
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
Ikhadi 229
Umbuzo
Scores are
2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?Impendulo
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because
9 - 2 = 7.Ikhadi 230
Umbuzo
Recognition?
Impendulo
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
Ikhadi 231
Umbuzo
Why is memory called reconstructive?
Impendulo
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
Ikhadi 232
Umbuzo
Storage decay?
Impendulo
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
Ikhadi 233
Umbuzo
State-dependent memory?
Impendulo
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
Ikhadi 234
Umbuzo
Relearning?
Impendulo
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
Ikhadi 235
Umbuzo
Misinformation effect?
Impendulo
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
Ikhadi 236
Umbuzo
A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
Impendulo
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
Ikhadi 237
Umbuzo
Mood-congruent memory?
Impendulo
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
Ikhadi 238
Umbuzo
Priming?
Impendulo
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
Ikhadi 239
Umbuzo
Tip-of-the-tongue state?
Impendulo
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
Ikhadi 240
Umbuzo
Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
Impendulo
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
Ikhadi 241
Umbuzo
Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
Impendulo
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
Ikhadi 242
Umbuzo
Metacognition?
Impendulo
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
Ikhadi 243
Umbuzo
Source amnesia?
Impendulo
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
Ikhadi 244
Umbuzo
Test standardization?
Impendulo
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
Ikhadi 245
Umbuzo
Reliability?
Impendulo
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
Ikhadi 246
Umbuzo
Stereotype threat?
Impendulo
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
Ikhadi 247
Umbuzo
General intelligence, or g?
Impendulo
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
Ikhadi 248
Umbuzo
Encoding failure?
Impendulo
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
Ikhadi 249
Umbuzo
Validity?
Impendulo
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
Ikhadi 250
Umbuzo
Proactive interference?
Impendulo
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
Ikhadi 251
Umbuzo
Imagination inflation?
Impendulo
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
Ikhadi 252
Umbuzo
A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
Impendulo
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
Ikhadi 253
Umbuzo
Retrieval failure?
Impendulo
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
Ikhadi 254
Umbuzo
Retroactive interference?
Impendulo
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
Ikhadi 255
Umbuzo
A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
Impendulo
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
Ikhadi 256
Umbuzo
Repression in psychodynamic theory?
Impendulo
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
Ikhadi 257
Umbuzo
Flashbulb memory?
Impendulo
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
Ikhadi 258
Umbuzo
A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
Impendulo
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
Ikhadi 259
Umbuzo
A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
Impendulo
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
Ikhadi 260
Umbuzo
Stereotype lift?
Impendulo
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
Ikhadi 261
Umbuzo
Achievement test?
Impendulo
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
Ikhadi 262
Umbuzo
Construct validity?
Impendulo
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
Ikhadi 263
Umbuzo
Test–retest reliability?
Impendulo
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
Ikhadi 264
Umbuzo
Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
Impendulo
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
Ikhadi 265
Umbuzo
Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
Impendulo
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
Ikhadi 266
Umbuzo
Aptitude test?
Impendulo
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
Ikhadi 267
Umbuzo
Traditional IQ formula?
Impendulo
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
Ikhadi 268
Umbuzo
Predictive validity?
Impendulo
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
Ikhadi 269
Umbuzo
What does a normal score distribution look like?
Impendulo
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
Ikhadi 270
Umbuzo
Split-half reliability?
Impendulo
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
Ikhadi 271
Umbuzo
Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
Impendulo
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
Ikhadi 272
Umbuzo
Flynn effect?
Impendulo
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
Ikhadi 273
Umbuzo
A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
Impendulo
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
Ikhadi 274
Umbuzo
Continuous versus stage development?
Impendulo
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
Ikhadi 275
Umbuzo
How can prenatal environment affect later development?
Impendulo
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
Ikhadi 276
Umbuzo
Teratogen?
Impendulo
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
Ikhadi 277
Umbuzo
Maturation?
Impendulo
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
Ikhadi 278
Umbuzo
Stability–change question in development?
Impendulo
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
Ikhadi 279
Umbuzo
A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
Impendulo
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
Ikhadi 280
Umbuzo
Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
Impendulo
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
Ikhadi 281
Umbuzo
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
Impendulo
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
Ikhadi 282
Umbuzo
Fine versus gross motor skills?
Impendulo
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
Ikhadi 283
Umbuzo
Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
Impendulo
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
Ikhadi 284
Umbuzo
What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
Impendulo
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
Ikhadi 285
Umbuzo
Puberty?
Impendulo
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
Ikhadi 286
Umbuzo
Sensitive period?
Impendulo
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
Ikhadi 287
Umbuzo
What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
Impendulo
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
Ikhadi 288
Umbuzo
Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
Impendulo
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
Ikhadi 289
Umbuzo
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
Impendulo
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
Ikhadi 290
Umbuzo
Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
Impendulo
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
Ikhadi 291
Umbuzo
Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
Impendulo
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
Ikhadi 292
Umbuzo
Menarche?
Impendulo
The first menstrual period.
Ikhadi 293
Umbuzo
Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
Impendulo
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
Ikhadi 294
Umbuzo
About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
Impendulo
About 68%.
Ikhadi 295
Umbuzo
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
Impendulo
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
Ikhadi 296
Umbuzo
Spermarche?
Impendulo
The first ejaculation.
Ikhadi 297
Umbuzo
Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
Impendulo
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
Ikhadi 298
Umbuzo
Imprinting?
Impendulo
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
Ikhadi 299
Umbuzo
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
Impendulo
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
Ikhadi 300
Umbuzo
Menopause?
Impendulo
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
Ikhadi 301
Umbuzo
Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
Impendulo
Naturalistic observation.
Ikhadi 302
Umbuzo
How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
Impendulo
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
Ikhadi 303
Umbuzo
Gender identity?
Impendulo
A person's internal sense of their gender.
Ikhadi 304
Umbuzo
Gender role?
Impendulo
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
Ikhadi 305
Umbuzo
Sex versus gender?
Impendulo
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
Ikhadi 306
Umbuzo
Common sensory change in later adulthood?
Impendulo
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
Ikhadi 307
Umbuzo
Sexual orientation?
Impendulo
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
Ikhadi 308
Umbuzo
Gender schema?
Impendulo
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
Ikhadi 309
Umbuzo
Best broad view of gender development?
Impendulo
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
Ikhadi 310
Umbuzo
Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
Impendulo
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
Ikhadi 311
Umbuzo
Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
Impendulo
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
Ikhadi 312
Umbuzo
Schema in cognitive development?
Impendulo
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
Ikhadi 313
Umbuzo
Sensorimotor stage?
Impendulo
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
Ikhadi 314
Umbuzo
Preoperational stage?
Impendulo
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
Ikhadi 315
Umbuzo
Assimilation?
Impendulo
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
Ikhadi 316
Umbuzo
A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
Impendulo
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
Ikhadi 317
Umbuzo
Animism in preoperational thought?
Impendulo
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
Ikhadi 318
Umbuzo
Concrete operational stage?
Impendulo
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
Ikhadi 319
Umbuzo
Accommodation?
Impendulo
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
Ikhadi 320
Umbuzo
Reversibility in cognitive development?
Impendulo
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
Ikhadi 321
Umbuzo
How can social learning shape gender expression?
Impendulo
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
Ikhadi 322
Umbuzo
A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
Impendulo
Assimilation.
Ikhadi 323
Umbuzo
Language?
Impendulo
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
Ikhadi 324
Umbuzo
Cooing stage?
Impendulo
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
Ikhadi 325
Umbuzo
Babbling stage?
Impendulo
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
Ikhadi 326
Umbuzo
One-word stage?
Impendulo
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
Ikhadi 327
Umbuzo
Grammar?
Impendulo
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
Ikhadi 328
Umbuzo
A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
Impendulo
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
Ikhadi 329
Umbuzo
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
Impendulo
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
Ikhadi 330
Umbuzo
A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
Impendulo
Accommodation.
Ikhadi 331
Umbuzo
A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
Impendulo
Scaffolding.
Ikhadi 332
Umbuzo
A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
Impendulo
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
Ikhadi 333
Umbuzo
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
Impendulo
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
Ikhadi 334
Umbuzo
An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
Impendulo
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
Ikhadi 335
Umbuzo
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
Impendulo
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
Ikhadi 336
Umbuzo
Formal operational stage?
Impendulo
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
Ikhadi 337
Umbuzo
Dementia?
Impendulo
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
Ikhadi 338
Umbuzo
Phoneme?
Impendulo
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
Ikhadi 339
Umbuzo
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
Impendulo
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
Ikhadi 340
Umbuzo
Temperament?
Impendulo
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
Ikhadi 341
Umbuzo
Attachment?
Impendulo
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
Ikhadi 342
Umbuzo
Erikson's infancy conflict?
Impendulo
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
Ikhadi 343
Umbuzo
Microsystem?
Impendulo
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
Ikhadi 344
Umbuzo
Erikson's toddler conflict?
Impendulo
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
Ikhadi 345
Umbuzo
Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
Impendulo
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
Ikhadi 346
Umbuzo
Erikson's school-age conflict?
Impendulo
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
Ikhadi 347
Umbuzo
Mesosystem?
Impendulo
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
Ikhadi 348
Umbuzo
Erikson's adolescent conflict?
Impendulo
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
Ikhadi 349
Umbuzo
Erikson's young-adult conflict?
Impendulo
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
Ikhadi 350
Umbuzo
Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
Impendulo
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
Ikhadi 351
Umbuzo
Exosystem?
Impendulo
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
Ikhadi 352
Umbuzo
Morpheme?
Impendulo
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
Ikhadi 353
Umbuzo
Telegraphic speech?
Impendulo
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
amakhadi angu-705
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Funda leli qoqo mahhalaI-Nibomo iyavuleka ukuze uqale ukufunda.
Ikhadi 354
Umbuzo
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
Impendulo
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
Ikhadi 355
Umbuzo
Macrosystem?
Impendulo
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
Ikhadi 356
Umbuzo
Semantics?
Impendulo
The meanings of words and sentences.
Ikhadi 357
Umbuzo
A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
Impendulo
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
Ikhadi 358
Umbuzo
What does a sensitive period for language imply?
Impendulo
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
Ikhadi 359
Umbuzo
Does language completely determine thought?
Impendulo
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
Ikhadi 360
Umbuzo
Syntax?
Impendulo
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
Ikhadi 361
Umbuzo
A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
Impendulo
Secure attachment.
Ikhadi 362
Umbuzo
How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
Impendulo
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
Ikhadi 363
Umbuzo
Authoritative parenting?
Impendulo
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
Ikhadi 364
Umbuzo
Identity achievement?
Impendulo
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
Ikhadi 365
Umbuzo
Avoidant attachment pattern?
Impendulo
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
Ikhadi 366
Umbuzo
Classical conditioning?
Impendulo
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
Ikhadi 367
Umbuzo
Unconditioned stimulus?
Impendulo
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
Ikhadi 368
Umbuzo
Unconditioned response?
Impendulo
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
Ikhadi 369
Umbuzo
Conditioned stimulus?
Impendulo
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
Ikhadi 370
Umbuzo
Conditioned response?
Impendulo
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
Ikhadi 371
Umbuzo
Acquisition in classical conditioning?
Impendulo
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
Ikhadi 372
Umbuzo
During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
Impendulo
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
Ikhadi 373
Umbuzo
Authoritarian parenting?
Impendulo
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
Ikhadi 374
Umbuzo
Identity diffusion?
Impendulo
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
Ikhadi 375
Umbuzo
Extinction in classical conditioning?
Impendulo
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
Ikhadi 376
Umbuzo
Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
Impendulo
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
Ikhadi 377
Umbuzo
Permissive parenting?
Impendulo
High warmth with few demands or limits.
Ikhadi 378
Umbuzo
Parallel play?
Impendulo
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
Ikhadi 379
Umbuzo
Imaginary audience?
Impendulo
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
Ikhadi 380
Umbuzo
Identity foreclosure?
Impendulo
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
Ikhadi 381
Umbuzo
Disorganized attachment pattern?
Impendulo
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
Ikhadi 382
Umbuzo
Neglectful parenting?
Impendulo
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
Ikhadi 383
Umbuzo
Chronosystem?
Impendulo
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
Ikhadi 384
Umbuzo
Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
Impendulo
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
Ikhadi 385
Umbuzo
Personal fable?
Impendulo
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
Ikhadi 386
Umbuzo
Identity moratorium?
Impendulo
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
Ikhadi 387
Umbuzo
Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
Impendulo
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
Ikhadi 388
Umbuzo
Separation anxiety in infancy?
Impendulo
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
Ikhadi 389
Umbuzo
What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
Impendulo
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
Ikhadi 390
Umbuzo
Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
Impendulo
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
Ikhadi 391
Umbuzo
Emerging adulthood?
Impendulo
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
Ikhadi 392
Umbuzo
Social clock?
Impendulo
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
Ikhadi 393
Umbuzo
Erikson's later-adult conflict?
Impendulo
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
Ikhadi 394
Umbuzo
Possible selves?
Impendulo
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
Ikhadi 395
Umbuzo
Stimulus generalization?
Impendulo
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
Ikhadi 396
Umbuzo
Operant conditioning?
Impendulo
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
Ikhadi 397
Umbuzo
Law of effect?
Impendulo
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
Ikhadi 398
Umbuzo
Spontaneous recovery?
Impendulo
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
Ikhadi 399
Umbuzo
Stimulus discrimination?
Impendulo
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
Ikhadi 400
Umbuzo
Reinforcement?
Impendulo
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
Ikhadi 401
Umbuzo
Higher-order conditioning?
Impendulo
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
Ikhadi 402
Umbuzo
Counterconditioning?
Impendulo
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
Ikhadi 403
Umbuzo
Habituation?
Impendulo
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
Ikhadi 404
Umbuzo
Punishment?
Impendulo
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
Ikhadi 405
Umbuzo
Partial reinforcement?
Impendulo
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
Ikhadi 406
Umbuzo
Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
Impendulo
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
Ikhadi 407
Umbuzo
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
Impendulo
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
Ikhadi 408
Umbuzo
Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
Impendulo
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
Ikhadi 409
Umbuzo
Fixed-ratio schedule?
Impendulo
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
Ikhadi 410
Umbuzo
Observational learning?
Impendulo
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
Ikhadi 411
Umbuzo
A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
Impendulo
Positive reinforcement.
Ikhadi 412
Umbuzo
Primary reinforcer?
Impendulo
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
Ikhadi 413
Umbuzo
Variable-ratio schedule?
Impendulo
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
Ikhadi 414
Umbuzo
Modeling?
Impendulo
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
Ikhadi 415
Umbuzo
Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
Impendulo
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
Ikhadi 416
Umbuzo
Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
Impendulo
Negative reinforcement.
Ikhadi 417
Umbuzo
Conditioned reinforcer?
Impendulo
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
Ikhadi 418
Umbuzo
A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
Impendulo
Vicarious reinforcement.
Ikhadi 419
Umbuzo
Fixed-interval schedule?
Impendulo
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
Ikhadi 420
Umbuzo
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
Impendulo
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
Ikhadi 421
Umbuzo
A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
Impendulo
Positive punishment.
Ikhadi 422
Umbuzo
Shaping?
Impendulo
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
Ikhadi 423
Umbuzo
Extinction in operant conditioning?
Impendulo
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
Ikhadi 424
Umbuzo
Variable-interval schedule?
Impendulo
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
Ikhadi 425
Umbuzo
A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
Impendulo
Negative punishment.
Ikhadi 426
Umbuzo
Learned helplessness?
Impendulo
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
Ikhadi 427
Umbuzo
Continuous reinforcement?
Impendulo
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
Ikhadi 428
Umbuzo
A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
Impendulo
A fixed-interval schedule.
Ikhadi 429
Umbuzo
Discriminative stimulus?
Impendulo
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
Ikhadi 430
Umbuzo
Operant generalization versus discrimination?
Impendulo
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
Ikhadi 431
Umbuzo
Instinctive drift?
Impendulo
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
Ikhadi 432
Umbuzo
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
Impendulo
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
Ikhadi 433
Umbuzo
How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
Impendulo
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
Ikhadi 434
Umbuzo
How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
Impendulo
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
Ikhadi 435
Umbuzo
Vicarious conditioning?
Impendulo
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
Ikhadi 436
Umbuzo
A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
Impendulo
A variable-interval schedule.
Ikhadi 437
Umbuzo
Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
Impendulo
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
Ikhadi 438
Umbuzo
Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
Impendulo
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
Ikhadi 439
Umbuzo
Latent learning?
Impendulo
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
Ikhadi 440
Umbuzo
Cognitive map?
Impendulo
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
Ikhadi 441
Umbuzo
Insight learning?
Impendulo
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
Ikhadi 442
Umbuzo
Biological preparedness?
Impendulo
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
Ikhadi 443
Umbuzo
What can mirror-neuron activity show?
Impendulo
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
Ikhadi 444
Umbuzo
Attribution?
Impendulo
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
Ikhadi 445
Umbuzo
Attitude?
Impendulo
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
Ikhadi 446
Umbuzo
Upward social comparison?
Impendulo
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
Ikhadi 447
Umbuzo
Optimistic explanatory style?
Impendulo
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
Ikhadi 448
Umbuzo
Situational attribution?
Impendulo
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
Ikhadi 449
Umbuzo
A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
Impendulo
Cognitive dissonance.
Ikhadi 450
Umbuzo
Downward social comparison?
Impendulo
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
Ikhadi 451
Umbuzo
Internal locus of control?
Impendulo
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
Ikhadi 452
Umbuzo
Dispositional attribution?
Impendulo
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
Ikhadi 453
Umbuzo
Pessimistic explanatory style?
Impendulo
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
Ikhadi 454
Umbuzo
Relative deprivation?
Impendulo
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
Ikhadi 455
Umbuzo
External locus of control?
Impendulo
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
Ikhadi 456
Umbuzo
Fundamental attribution error?
Impendulo
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
Ikhadi 457
Umbuzo
Halo effect?
Impendulo
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
Ikhadi 458
Umbuzo
Self-fulfilling prophecy?
Impendulo
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
Ikhadi 459
Umbuzo
Mere-exposure effect?
Impendulo
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
Ikhadi 460
Umbuzo
A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
Impendulo
The actor–observer difference.
Ikhadi 461
Umbuzo
A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
Impendulo
The central route.
Ikhadi 462
Umbuzo
Effort justification?
Impendulo
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
Ikhadi 463
Umbuzo
Stereotype?
Impendulo
A generalized belief about members of a group.
Ikhadi 464
Umbuzo
A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
Impendulo
Self-serving bias.
Ikhadi 465
Umbuzo
A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
Impendulo
The peripheral route.
Ikhadi 466
Umbuzo
Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
Impendulo
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
Ikhadi 467
Umbuzo
Prejudice?
Impendulo
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
Ikhadi 468
Umbuzo
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:
Workload Errors Low 2 High 8 Which attribution is better supported?
Impendulo
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
Ikhadi 469
Umbuzo
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
Impendulo
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
Ikhadi 470
Umbuzo
Conformity?
Impendulo
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
Ikhadi 471
Umbuzo
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
Impendulo
The bystander effect.
Ikhadi 472
Umbuzo
Diffusion of responsibility?
Impendulo
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
Ikhadi 473
Umbuzo
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
Impendulo
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
Ikhadi 474
Umbuzo
In-group bias?
Impendulo
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
Ikhadi 475
Umbuzo
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
Impendulo
The foot-in-the-door technique.
Ikhadi 476
Umbuzo
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
Impendulo
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
Ikhadi 477
Umbuzo
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
Impendulo
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
Ikhadi 478
Umbuzo
Discrimination?
Impendulo
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
Ikhadi 479
Umbuzo
Out-group homogeneity effect?
Impendulo
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
Ikhadi 480
Umbuzo
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
Impendulo
The door-in-the-face technique.
Ikhadi 481
Umbuzo
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
Impendulo
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
Ikhadi 482
Umbuzo
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
Impendulo
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
Ikhadi 483
Umbuzo
Just-world belief?
Impendulo
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
Ikhadi 484
Umbuzo
Implicit attitude?
Impendulo
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
Ikhadi 485
Umbuzo
Ethnocentrism?
Impendulo
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
Ikhadi 486
Umbuzo
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
Impendulo
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
Ikhadi 487
Umbuzo
Normative social influence?
Impendulo
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
Ikhadi 488
Umbuzo
Psychodynamic view of personality?
Impendulo
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
Ikhadi 489
Umbuzo
Norm of reciprocity?
Impendulo
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
Ikhadi 490
Umbuzo
Individualism?
Impendulo
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
Ikhadi 491
Umbuzo
Informational social influence?
Impendulo
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
Ikhadi 492
Umbuzo
Id?
Impendulo
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
Ikhadi 493
Umbuzo
Altruism?
Impendulo
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
Ikhadi 494
Umbuzo
Social norm?
Impendulo
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
Ikhadi 495
Umbuzo
What tends to increase conformity?
Impendulo
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
Ikhadi 496
Umbuzo
Ego?
Impendulo
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
Ikhadi 497
Umbuzo
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
Impendulo
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
Ikhadi 498
Umbuzo
Collectivism?
Impendulo
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
Ikhadi 499
Umbuzo
Obedience?
Impendulo
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
Ikhadi 500
Umbuzo
Superego?
Impendulo
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
Ikhadi 501
Umbuzo
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
Impendulo
Denial.
Ikhadi 502
Umbuzo
Social-responsibility norm?
Impendulo
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
Ikhadi 503
Umbuzo
How does proximity affect attraction?
Impendulo
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
Ikhadi 504
Umbuzo
What tends to increase obedience?
Impendulo
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
Ikhadi 505
Umbuzo
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
Impendulo
Displacement.
Ikhadi 506
Umbuzo
Social loafing?
Impendulo
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
Ikhadi 507
Umbuzo
Multiculturalism?
Impendulo
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
Ikhadi 508
Umbuzo
How does similarity affect attraction?
Impendulo
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
Ikhadi 509
Umbuzo
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
Impendulo
Projection.
Ikhadi 510
Umbuzo
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
Impendulo
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
Ikhadi 511
Umbuzo
Deindividuation?
Impendulo
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
Ikhadi 512
Umbuzo
Group polarization?
Impendulo
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
Ikhadi 513
Umbuzo
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
Impendulo
Rationalization.
Ikhadi 514
Umbuzo
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
Impendulo
Groupthink.
Ikhadi 515
Umbuzo
Pluralistic ignorance?
Impendulo
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
Ikhadi 516
Umbuzo
Social trap?
Impendulo
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
Ikhadi 517
Umbuzo
Reaction formation?
Impendulo
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
Ikhadi 518
Umbuzo
Superordinate goal?
Impendulo
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
Ikhadi 519
Umbuzo
False-consensus effect?
Impendulo
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
Ikhadi 520
Umbuzo
Industrial-organizational psychology?
Impendulo
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
Ikhadi 521
Umbuzo
Repression?
Impendulo
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
Ikhadi 522
Umbuzo
Burnout?
Impendulo
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
Ikhadi 523
Umbuzo
Unconditional positive regard?
Impendulo
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
Ikhadi 524
Umbuzo
Trait?
Impendulo
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
Ikhadi 525
Umbuzo
Regression as a defense mechanism?
Impendulo
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
Ikhadi 526
Umbuzo
Reciprocal determinism?
Impendulo
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
Ikhadi 527
Umbuzo
Self-efficacy?
Impendulo
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
Ikhadi 528
Umbuzo
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
Impendulo
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
Ikhadi 529
Umbuzo
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
Impendulo
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
Ikhadi 530
Umbuzo
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Impendulo
Openness.
Ikhadi 531
Umbuzo
Personality inventory?
Impendulo
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
Ikhadi 532
Umbuzo
Self-actualizing tendency?
Impendulo
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
Ikhadi 533
Umbuzo
Self-esteem?
Impendulo
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
Ikhadi 534
Umbuzo
Instinct in motivation research?
Impendulo
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
Ikhadi 535
Umbuzo
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Impendulo
Conscientiousness.
Ikhadi 536
Umbuzo
Projective test?
Impendulo
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
Ikhadi 537
Umbuzo
How does factor analysis help trait research?
Impendulo
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
Ikhadi 538
Umbuzo
Drive-reduction theory?
Impendulo
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
Ikhadi 539
Umbuzo
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Impendulo
Extraversion.
Ikhadi 540
Umbuzo
Person–situation debate?
Impendulo
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
Ikhadi 541
Umbuzo
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
Impendulo
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
Ikhadi 542
Umbuzo
Homeostasis?
Impendulo
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
Ikhadi 543
Umbuzo
Incentive theory?
Impendulo
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
Ikhadi 544
Umbuzo
Big Five agreeableness?
Impendulo
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
Ikhadi 545
Umbuzo
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
Impendulo
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
Ikhadi 546
Umbuzo
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
Impendulo
An approach–approach conflict.
Ikhadi 547
Umbuzo
Arousal theory of motivation?
Impendulo
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
Ikhadi 548
Umbuzo
Big Five emotional stability?
Impendulo
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
Ikhadi 549
Umbuzo
What regulates hunger?
Impendulo
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
Ikhadi 550
Umbuzo
Three broad components of emotion?
Impendulo
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
Ikhadi 551
Umbuzo
Self-determination theory?
Impendulo
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
Ikhadi 552
Umbuzo
Emotion regulation?
Impendulo
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
Ikhadi 553
Umbuzo
Sensation-seeking?
Impendulo
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
Ikhadi 554
Umbuzo
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
Impendulo
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
Ikhadi 555
Umbuzo
Intrinsic motivation?
Impendulo
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
Ikhadi 556
Umbuzo
Display rules?
Impendulo
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
Ikhadi 557
Umbuzo
Arousal and performance relationship?
Impendulo
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
Ikhadi 558
Umbuzo
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
Impendulo
An approach–avoidance conflict.
Ikhadi 559
Umbuzo
Extrinsic motivation?
Impendulo
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
Ikhadi 560
Umbuzo
Achievement motivation?
Impendulo
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
Ikhadi 561
Umbuzo
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
Impendulo
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
Ikhadi 562
Umbuzo
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
Impendulo
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
Ikhadi 563
Umbuzo
Overjustification effect?
Impendulo
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
Ikhadi 564
Umbuzo
Belongingness motivation?
Impendulo
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
Ikhadi 565
Umbuzo
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:
Condition Mean minutes Assigned topic 34 Chosen topic 47 What is the observed mean difference?
Impendulo
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
Ikhadi 566
Umbuzo
Facial-feedback effect?
Impendulo
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
Ikhadi 567
Umbuzo
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
Impendulo
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
Ikhadi 568
Umbuzo
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
Impendulo
Cognitive reappraisal.
Ikhadi 569
Umbuzo
Broaden-and-build view?
Impendulo
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
Ikhadi 570
Umbuzo
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
Impendulo
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
Ikhadi 571
Umbuzo
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
Impendulo
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
Ikhadi 572
Umbuzo
Expressive suppression?
Impendulo
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
Ikhadi 573
Umbuzo
How does acute stress affect the body?
Impendulo
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
Ikhadi 574
Umbuzo
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
Impendulo
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
Ikhadi 575
Umbuzo
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
Impendulo
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
Ikhadi 576
Umbuzo
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
Impendulo
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
Ikhadi 577
Umbuzo
Health psychology?
Impendulo
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
Ikhadi 578
Umbuzo
Positive psychology?
Impendulo
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
Ikhadi 579
Umbuzo
Stress?
Impendulo
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
Ikhadi 580
Umbuzo
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
Impendulo
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
Ikhadi 581
Umbuzo
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
Impendulo
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
Ikhadi 582
Umbuzo
Resilience?
Impendulo
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
Ikhadi 583
Umbuzo
Stressor?
Impendulo
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
Ikhadi 584
Umbuzo
General adaptation syndrome?
Impendulo
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
Ikhadi 585
Umbuzo
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
Impendulo
Problem-focused coping.
Ikhadi 586
Umbuzo
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
Impendulo
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
Ikhadi 587
Umbuzo
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
Impendulo
Primary appraisal.
Ikhadi 588
Umbuzo
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
Impendulo
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
Ikhadi 589
Umbuzo
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
Impendulo
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
Ikhadi 590
Umbuzo
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
Impendulo
Emotion-focused coping.
Ikhadi 591
Umbuzo
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
Impendulo
Secondary appraisal.
Ikhadi 592
Umbuzo
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
Impendulo
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
Ikhadi 593
Umbuzo
Adverse childhood experiences?
Impendulo
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
Ikhadi 594
Umbuzo
How can social support protect health?
Impendulo
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
Ikhadi 595
Umbuzo
Eustress versus distress?
Impendulo
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
Ikhadi 596
Umbuzo
Tend-and-befriend response?
Impendulo
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
Ikhadi 597
Umbuzo
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
Impendulo
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
Ikhadi 598
Umbuzo
Biofeedback?
Impendulo
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
Ikhadi 599
Umbuzo
How does perceived control affect stress?
Impendulo
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
Ikhadi 600
Umbuzo
Psychoneuroimmunology?
Impendulo
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
Ikhadi 601
Umbuzo
Subjective well-being?
Impendulo
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
Ikhadi 602
Umbuzo
Psychological disorder?
Impendulo
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
Ikhadi 603
Umbuzo
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
Impendulo
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
Ikhadi 604
Umbuzo
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
Impendulo
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
Ikhadi 605
Umbuzo
Signature strengths?
Impendulo
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
Ikhadi 606
Umbuzo
Biopsychosocial model?
Impendulo
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
Ikhadi 607
Umbuzo
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
Impendulo
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
Ikhadi 608
Umbuzo
Posttraumatic growth?
Impendulo
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
Ikhadi 609
Umbuzo
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
Impendulo
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
Ikhadi 610
Umbuzo
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
Impendulo
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
Ikhadi 611
Umbuzo
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
Impendulo
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
Ikhadi 612
Umbuzo
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
Impendulo
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
Ikhadi 613
Umbuzo
Biological explanation of disorder?
Impendulo
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
Ikhadi 614
Umbuzo
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Impendulo
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
Ikhadi 615
Umbuzo
Purpose of the DSM?
Impendulo
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
Ikhadi 616
Umbuzo
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
Impendulo
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
Ikhadi 617
Umbuzo
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
Impendulo
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
Ikhadi 618
Umbuzo
Autism spectrum disorder?
Impendulo
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
Ikhadi 619
Umbuzo
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
Impendulo
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
Ikhadi 620
Umbuzo
Major depressive disorder?
Impendulo
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
Ikhadi 621
Umbuzo
Specific phobia?
Impendulo
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
Ikhadi 622
Umbuzo
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Impendulo
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
Ikhadi 623
Umbuzo
Dissociative amnesia?
Impendulo
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
Ikhadi 624
Umbuzo
Bipolar I disorder?
Impendulo
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
Ikhadi 625
Umbuzo
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
Impendulo
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
Ikhadi 626
Umbuzo
Anorexia nervosa?
Impendulo
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
Ikhadi 627
Umbuzo
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
Impendulo
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
Ikhadi 628
Umbuzo
Bipolar II disorder?
Impendulo
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
Ikhadi 629
Umbuzo
Purpose of the ICD?
Impendulo
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
Ikhadi 630
Umbuzo
Bulimia nervosa?
Impendulo
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
Ikhadi 631
Umbuzo
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
Impendulo
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
Ikhadi 632
Umbuzo
Ataque de nervios?
Impendulo
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
Ikhadi 633
Umbuzo
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
Impendulo
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
Ikhadi 634
Umbuzo
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
Impendulo
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
Ikhadi 635
Umbuzo
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
Impendulo
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
Ikhadi 636
Umbuzo
Comorbidity?
Impendulo
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
Ikhadi 637
Umbuzo
Humanistic explanation of distress?
Impendulo
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
Ikhadi 638
Umbuzo
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
Impendulo
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
Ikhadi 639
Umbuzo
Stigma around mental disorder?
Impendulo
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
Ikhadi 640
Umbuzo
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
Impendulo
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
Ikhadi 641
Umbuzo
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
Impendulo
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
Ikhadi 642
Umbuzo
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
Impendulo
Interrater reliability.
Ikhadi 643
Umbuzo
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
Impendulo
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
Ikhadi 644
Umbuzo
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
Impendulo
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
Ikhadi 645
Umbuzo
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
Impendulo
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
Ikhadi 646
Umbuzo
Delusion?
Impendulo
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
Ikhadi 647
Umbuzo
Agoraphobia?
Impendulo
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
Ikhadi 648
Umbuzo
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
Impendulo
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
Ikhadi 649
Umbuzo
Eclectic approach to disorder?
Impendulo
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
Ikhadi 650
Umbuzo
Hallucination?
Impendulo
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
Ikhadi 651
Umbuzo
Panic disorder?
Impendulo
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
Ikhadi 652
Umbuzo
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
Impendulo
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
Ikhadi 653
Umbuzo
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
Impendulo
The diathesis–stress model.
Ikhadi 654
Umbuzo
Cluster A personality disorders?
Impendulo
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
Ikhadi 655
Umbuzo
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
Impendulo
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
Ikhadi 656
Umbuzo
Evidence-based treatment?
Impendulo
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
Ikhadi 657
Umbuzo
Therapeutic alliance?
Impendulo
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
Ikhadi 658
Umbuzo
Cultural humility in therapy?
Impendulo
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
Ikhadi 659
Umbuzo
Deinstitutionalization?
Impendulo
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
Ikhadi 660
Umbuzo
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
Impendulo
Exposure therapy.
Ikhadi 661
Umbuzo
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
Impendulo
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
Ikhadi 662
Umbuzo
Four medication categories in the course?
Impendulo
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
Ikhadi 663
Umbuzo
Depressive cognitive triad?
Impendulo
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
Ikhadi 664
Umbuzo
Applied behavior analysis?
Impendulo
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
Ikhadi 665
Umbuzo
Psychosurgery?
Impendulo
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
Ikhadi 666
Umbuzo
Free association?
Impendulo
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
Ikhadi 667
Umbuzo
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
Impendulo
Cognitive restructuring.
Ikhadi 668
Umbuzo
One advantage of group therapy?
Impendulo
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
Ikhadi 669
Umbuzo
Lobotomy?
Impendulo
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
Ikhadi 670
Umbuzo
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
Impendulo
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
Ikhadi 671
Umbuzo
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
Impendulo
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
Ikhadi 672
Umbuzo
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
Impendulo
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
Ikhadi 673
Umbuzo
Social anxiety disorder?
Impendulo
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
Ikhadi 674
Umbuzo
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
Impendulo
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
Ikhadi 675
Umbuzo
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
Impendulo
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
Ikhadi 676
Umbuzo
Dissociative fugue?
Impendulo
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
Ikhadi 677
Umbuzo
Cluster B personality disorders?
Impendulo
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
Ikhadi 678
Umbuzo
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
Impendulo
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
Ikhadi 679
Umbuzo
Catatonia?
Impendulo
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
Ikhadi 680
Umbuzo
Manic episode?
Impendulo
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
Ikhadi 681
Umbuzo
Dissociative identity disorder?
Impendulo
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
Ikhadi 682
Umbuzo
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
Impendulo
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
Ikhadi 683
Umbuzo
Cluster C personality disorders?
Impendulo
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Ikhadi 684
Umbuzo
Taijin kyofusho?
Impendulo
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
Ikhadi 685
Umbuzo
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Impendulo
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
Ikhadi 686
Umbuzo
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
Impendulo
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
Ikhadi 687
Umbuzo
Hypomanic episode?
Impendulo
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
Ikhadi 688
Umbuzo
Generalized anxiety disorder?
Impendulo
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
Ikhadi 689
Umbuzo
Hoarding disorder?
Impendulo
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
Ikhadi 690
Umbuzo
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
Impendulo
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
Ikhadi 691
Umbuzo
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
Impendulo
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
Ikhadi 692
Umbuzo
Persistent depressive disorder?
Impendulo
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
Ikhadi 693
Umbuzo
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
Impendulo
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
Ikhadi 694
Umbuzo
Systematic desensitization?
Impendulo
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
Ikhadi 695
Umbuzo
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
Impendulo
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
Ikhadi 696
Umbuzo
Dialectical behavior therapy?
Impendulo
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
Ikhadi 697
Umbuzo
Integrity in therapy ethics?
Impendulo
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
Ikhadi 698
Umbuzo
Aversion therapy?
Impendulo
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
Ikhadi 699
Umbuzo
Tardive dyskinesia?
Impendulo
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
Ikhadi 700
Umbuzo
ECT versus TMS?
Impendulo
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
Ikhadi 701
Umbuzo
Respect for rights and dignity?
Impendulo
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
Ikhadi 702
Umbuzo
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
Impendulo
A token economy.
Ikhadi 703
Umbuzo
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
Impendulo
Person-centered therapy.
Ikhadi 704
Umbuzo
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
Impendulo
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
Ikhadi 705
Umbuzo
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
Impendulo
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.
amakhadi angu-705
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
I-Nibomo iyavuleka ukuze uqale ukufunda.