AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.
Over dit deck
Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.
What the cards ask you to retrieve
- Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
- Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
- Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
- Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
- Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.
The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.
What's deliberately left out
The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.
Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.
This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.
Kaarten in dit deck
Kaart 1
Vraag
Nature in the nature–nurture question?
Antwoord
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
Kaart 2
Vraag
Central nervous system?
Antwoord
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
Kaart 3
Vraag
Main role of the spinal cord?
Antwoord
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
Kaart 4
Vraag
Scores are
4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?Antwoord
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
Kaart 5
Vraag
Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
Antwoord
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
Kaart 6
Vraag
Peripheral nervous system?
Antwoord
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Kaart 7
Vraag
Reflex arc?
Antwoord
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
Kaart 8
Vraag
Reflex times are
180, 190, 210, 260, 410milliseconds. What is the median?Antwoord
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
Kaart 9
Vraag
Heritability?
Antwoord
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
Kaart 10
Vraag
Autonomic nervous system?
Antwoord
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
Kaart 11
Vraag
Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
Antwoord
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
Kaart 12
Vraag
Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
Antwoord
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
Kaart 13
Vraag
Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
Antwoord
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
Kaart 14
Vraag
Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
Antwoord
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
Kaart 15
Vraag
Natural selection?
Antwoord
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
Kaart 16
Vraag
Somatic nervous system?
Antwoord
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
Kaart 17
Vraag
Sensory neurons?
Antwoord
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
Kaart 18
Vraag
Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
Antwoord
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
Kaart 19
Vraag
Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
Antwoord
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
Kaart 20
Vraag
Sympathetic nervous system?
Antwoord
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
Kaart 21
Vraag
Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
Antwoord
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
Kaart 22
Vraag
Motor neurons?
Antwoord
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
Kaart 23
Vraag
Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
Antwoord
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
Kaart 24
Vraag
Parasympathetic nervous system?
Antwoord
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
Kaart 25
Vraag
Resting potential?
Antwoord
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
Kaart 26
Vraag
Interneurons?
Antwoord
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
Kaart 27
Vraag
Adrenaline's behavioral role?
Antwoord
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
Kaart 28
Vraag
Frontal lobes?
Antwoord
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
Kaart 29
Vraag
Neural threshold?
Antwoord
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
Kaart 30
Vraag
Corpus callosum?
Antwoord
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
Kaart 31
Vraag
Leptin's role in eating?
Antwoord
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
Kaart 32
Vraag
Temporal lobes?
Antwoord
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
Kaart 33
Vraag
Depolarization during an action potential?
Antwoord
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
Kaart 34
Vraag
Dopamine's major psychological functions?
Antwoord
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
Kaart 35
Vraag
Ghrelin's role in eating?
Antwoord
It helps stimulate hunger.
Kaart 36
Vraag
Drug agonist?
Antwoord
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
Kaart 37
Vraag
Action potential?
Antwoord
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
Kaart 38
Vraag
Reuptake?
Antwoord
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
Kaart 39
Vraag
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
Antwoord
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
Kaart 40
Vraag
Glutamate's major psychological functions?
Antwoord
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
Kaart 41
Vraag
Refractory period?
Antwoord
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
Kaart 42
Vraag
Melatonin's role?
Antwoord
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
Kaart 43
Vraag
Drug antagonist?
Antwoord
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
Kaart 44
Vraag
Stimulants?
Antwoord
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
Kaart 45
Vraag
Drug tolerance?
Antwoord
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
Kaart 46
Vraag
Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Antwoord
Multiple sclerosis.
Kaart 47
Vraag
All-or-none principle?
Antwoord
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
Kaart 48
Vraag
Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
Antwoord
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
Kaart 49
Vraag
GABA's major psychological function?
Antwoord
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
Kaart 50
Vraag
Oxytocin's behavioral role?
Antwoord
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
Kaart 51
Vraag
Reuptake inhibitor?
Antwoord
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
Kaart 52
Vraag
Depressants?
Antwoord
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
Kaart 53
Vraag
Drug withdrawal?
Antwoord
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
Kaart 54
Vraag
Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Antwoord
Myasthenia gravis.
Kaart 55
Vraag
Glial cells?
Antwoord
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
Kaart 56
Vraag
Endorphins?
Antwoord
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
Kaart 57
Vraag
Substance P?
Antwoord
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
Kaart 58
Vraag
Acetylcholine's major functions?
Antwoord
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
Kaart 59
Vraag
Opioids?
Antwoord
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
Kaart 60
Vraag
Hallucinogens?
Antwoord
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
Kaart 61
Vraag
Addiction?
Antwoord
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
Kaart 62
Vraag
Parietal lobes?
Antwoord
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
Kaart 63
Vraag
Consciousness?
Antwoord
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
Kaart 64
Vraag
Circadian rhythm?
Antwoord
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
Kaart 65
Vraag
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
Antwoord
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
Kaart 66
Vraag
Occipital lobes?
Antwoord
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
Kaart 67
Vraag
What does split-brain research reveal?
Antwoord
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
Kaart 68
Vraag
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
Antwoord
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
Kaart 69
Vraag
NREM-1 sleep?
Antwoord
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
Kaart 70
Vraag
Motor cortex?
Antwoord
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
Kaart 71
Vraag
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
Antwoord
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
Kaart 72
Vraag
Brainstem's core function?
Antwoord
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
Kaart 73
Vraag
NREM-2 sleep?
Antwoord
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
Kaart 74
Vraag
Somatosensory cortex?
Antwoord
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
Kaart 75
Vraag
Medulla's main functions?
Antwoord
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
Kaart 76
Vraag
Reticular activating system?
Antwoord
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
Kaart 77
Vraag
NREM-3 sleep?
Antwoord
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
Kaart 78
Vraag
Cerebellum's main functions?
Antwoord
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
Kaart 79
Vraag
Thalamus?
Antwoord
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
Kaart 80
Vraag
Hypothalamus?
Antwoord
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
Kaart 81
Vraag
REM sleep?
Antwoord
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
Kaart 82
Vraag
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
Antwoord
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
Kaart 83
Vraag
Amygdala?
Antwoord
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
Kaart 84
Vraag
Hippocampus?
Antwoord
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
Kaart 85
Vraag
How does sleep change across a typical night?
Antwoord
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
Kaart 86
Vraag
Contralateral brain control?
Antwoord
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
Kaart 87
Vraag
What does an EEG measure?
Antwoord
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
Kaart 88
Vraag
Reward-center activity?
Antwoord
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
Kaart 89
Vraag
Neuroplasticity?
Antwoord
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
Kaart 90
Vraag
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
Antwoord
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
Kaart 91
Vraag
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
Antwoord
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
Kaart 92
Vraag
Insomnia?
Antwoord
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
Kaart 93
Vraag
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
Antwoord
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
Kaart 94
Vraag
Absolute threshold?
Antwoord
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
Kaart 95
Vraag
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
Antwoord
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
Kaart 96
Vraag
Narcolepsy?
Antwoord
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
Kaart 97
Vraag
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
Antwoord
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
Kaart 98
Vraag
Difference threshold?
Antwoord
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
Kaart 99
Vraag
Consolidation view of dreams?
Antwoord
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
Kaart 100
Vraag
REM sleep behavior disorder?
Antwoord
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
Kaart 101
Vraag
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
Antwoord
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
Kaart 102
Vraag
Weber's law?
Antwoord
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
Kaart 103
Vraag
Two supported functions of sleep?
Antwoord
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
Kaart 104
Vraag
Sleep apnea?
Antwoord
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
Kaart 105
Vraag
REM rebound?
Antwoord
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
Kaart 106
Vraag
Signal detection theory?
Antwoord
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
Kaart 107
Vraag
Sensory transduction?
Antwoord
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
Kaart 108
Vraag
Vestibular sense?
Antwoord
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
Kaart 109
Vraag
Somnambulism?
Antwoord
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
Kaart 110
Vraag
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Antwoord
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
Kaart 111
Vraag
What begins visual transduction?
Antwoord
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
Kaart 112
Vraag
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
Antwoord
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
Kaart 113
Vraag
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
Antwoord
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
Kaart 114
Vraag
Accommodation in vision?
Antwoord
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
Kaart 115
Vraag
Cones?
Antwoord
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
Kaart 116
Vraag
What begins auditory transduction?
Antwoord
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
Kaart 117
Vraag
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
Antwoord
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
Kaart 118
Vraag
How is smell unusual among the senses?
Antwoord
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
Kaart 119
Vraag
Kinesthesia?
Antwoord
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
Kaart 120
Vraag
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
Antwoord
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
Kaart 121
Vraag
Nearsightedness?
Antwoord
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
Kaart 122
Vraag
Pheromones?
Antwoord
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
Kaart 123
Vraag
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
Antwoord
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
Kaart 124
Vraag
Volley theory of pitch?
Antwoord
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
Kaart 125
Vraag
Farsightedness?
Antwoord
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
Kaart 126
Vraag
Six taste qualities named in the course?
Antwoord
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
Kaart 127
Vraag
Phantom-limb sensation?
Antwoord
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
Kaart 128
Vraag
Sensory interaction?
Antwoord
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
Kaart 129
Vraag
What causes most color-vision deficiency?
Antwoord
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
Kaart 130
Vraag
Prosopagnosia?
Antwoord
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
Kaart 131
Vraag
Rods?
Antwoord
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
Kaart 132
Vraag
How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
Antwoord
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
Kaart 133
Vraag
Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
Antwoord
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
Kaart 134
Vraag
Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
Antwoord
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
Kaart 135
Vraag
What do the semicircular canals detect?
Antwoord
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
Kaart 136
Vraag
Synesthesia?
Antwoord
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
Kaart 137
Vraag
Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
Antwoord
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
Kaart 138
Vraag
Blindsight?
Antwoord
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
Kaart 139
Vraag
Sensory adaptation?
Antwoord
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
Kaart 140
Vraag
Gate-control view of pain?
Antwoord
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
Kaart 141
Vraag
Bottom-up processing?
Antwoord
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
Kaart 142
Vraag
Concept?
Antwoord
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Kaart 143
Vraag
Fixation in problem solving?
Antwoord
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
Kaart 144
Vraag
Algorithm?
Antwoord
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
Kaart 145
Vraag
Top-down processing?
Antwoord
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
Kaart 146
Vraag
Confirmation bias?
Antwoord
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
Kaart 147
Vraag
Retinal disparity?
Antwoord
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
Kaart 148
Vraag
Heuristic?
Antwoord
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
Kaart 149
Vraag
Selective attention?
Antwoord
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
Kaart 150
Vraag
Figure–ground organization?
Antwoord
Separating the object of attention from its background.
Kaart 151
Vraag
Convergence as a depth cue?
Antwoord
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
Kaart 152
Vraag
Representativeness heuristic?
Antwoord
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
Kaart 153
Vraag
Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
Antwoord
Inattentional blindness.
Kaart 154
Vraag
Gestalt proximity principle?
Antwoord
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
Kaart 155
Vraag
Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
Antwoord
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
Kaart 156
Vraag
Cocktail-party effect?
Antwoord
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
Kaart 157
Vraag
Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
Antwoord
Change blindness.
Kaart 158
Vraag
Gestalt similarity principle?
Antwoord
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
Kaart 159
Vraag
Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
Antwoord
Linear perspective.
Kaart 160
Vraag
Perceptual constancy?
Antwoord
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
Kaart 161
Vraag
Perceptual set?
Antwoord
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
Kaart 162
Vraag
Gestalt closure principle?
Antwoord
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
Kaart 163
Vraag
One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
Antwoord
The blocking object, using interposition.
Kaart 164
Vraag
Apparent motion?
Antwoord
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
Kaart 165
Vraag
Availability heuristic?
Antwoord
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
Kaart 166
Vraag
Divergent thinking?
Antwoord
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
Kaart 167
Vraag
A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
Antwoord
Relative clarity.
Kaart 168
Vraag
Prototype?
Antwoord
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
Kaart 169
Vraag
Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
Antwoord
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
Kaart 170
Vraag
Convergent thinking?
Antwoord
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
Kaart 171
Vraag
A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
Antwoord
Texture gradient.
Kaart 172
Vraag
Belief perseverance?
Antwoord
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
Kaart 173
Vraag
Explicit memory?
Antwoord
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
Kaart 174
Vraag
Three stores in the multi-store model?
Antwoord
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Kaart 175
Vraag
Seeing an object only in its usual role?
Antwoord
Functional fixedness.
Kaart 176
Vraag
Mental set?
Antwoord
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
Kaart 177
Vraag
Episodic memory?
Antwoord
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
Kaart 178
Vraag
Working memory?
Antwoord
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
Kaart 179
Vraag
Insight?
Antwoord
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
Kaart 180
Vraag
Framing effect?
Antwoord
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
Kaart 181
Vraag
Implicit memory?
Antwoord
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
Kaart 182
Vraag
Overconfidence bias?
Antwoord
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
Kaart 183
Vraag
Anchoring bias?
Antwoord
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
Kaart 184
Vraag
Schema in thinking?
Antwoord
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
Kaart 185
Vraag
Procedural memory?
Antwoord
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
Kaart 186
Vraag
Gambler's fallacy?
Antwoord
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
Kaart 187
Vraag
Sunk-cost fallacy?
Antwoord
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
Kaart 188
Vraag
Executive functions?
Antwoord
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
Kaart 189
Vraag
How can priming affect judgment?
Antwoord
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
Kaart 190
Vraag
Central executive in working memory?
Antwoord
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
Kaart 191
Vraag
Serial-position effect?
Antwoord
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
Kaart 192
Vraag
Semantic memory?
Antwoord
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
Kaart 193
Vraag
Levels-of-processing principle?
Antwoord
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
Kaart 194
Vraag
Automatic processing?
Antwoord
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
Kaart 195
Vraag
Maintenance rehearsal?
Antwoord
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
Kaart 196
Vraag
Prospective memory?
Antwoord
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
Kaart 197
Vraag
Primacy effect?
Antwoord
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
Kaart 198
Vraag
Long-term memory?
Antwoord
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
Kaart 199
Vraag
Highly superior autobiographical memory?
Antwoord
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
Kaart 200
Vraag
Effortful processing?
Antwoord
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
Kaart 201
Vraag
Elaborative rehearsal?
Antwoord
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
Kaart 202
Vraag
Memory consolidation?
Antwoord
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
Kaart 203
Vraag
Recency effect?
Antwoord
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
Kaart 204
Vraag
Spacing effect?
Antwoord
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
Kaart 205
Vraag
Testing effect?
Antwoord
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
Kaart 206
Vraag
Chunking?
Antwoord
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
Kaart 207
Vraag
Mnemonic?
Antwoord
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
Kaart 208
Vraag
Why organize material into a hierarchy?
Antwoord
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
Kaart 209
Vraag
How can a schema help encoding?
Antwoord
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
Kaart 210
Vraag
Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
Antwoord
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
Kaart 211
Vraag
Iconic memory?
Antwoord
A very brief visual sensory memory.
Kaart 212
Vraag
Recall?
Antwoord
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
Kaart 213
Vraag
Retrieval cue?
Antwoord
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
Kaart 214
Vraag
Encoding-specificity principle?
Antwoord
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
Kaart 215
Vraag
Context-dependent memory?
Antwoord
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
Kaart 216
Vraag
Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
Antwoord
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
Kaart 217
Vraag
Echoic memory?
Antwoord
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
Kaart 218
Vraag
Anterograde amnesia?
Antwoord
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
Kaart 219
Vraag
Phonological loop?
Antwoord
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
Kaart 220
Vraag
Cerebellum's memory role?
Antwoord
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
Kaart 221
Vraag
Why is short-term memory described as limited?
Antwoord
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
Kaart 222
Vraag
Retrograde amnesia?
Antwoord
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
Kaart 223
Vraag
Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
Antwoord
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
Kaart 224
Vraag
How can the amygdala affect memory?
Antwoord
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
Kaart 225
Vraag
Visuospatial sketchpad?
Antwoord
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
Kaart 226
Vraag
Long-term potentiation?
Antwoord
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
Kaart 227
Vraag
Infantile amnesia?
Antwoord
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
Kaart 228
Vraag
Alzheimer's disease?
Antwoord
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
Kaart 229
Vraag
Scores are
2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?Antwoord
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because
9 - 2 = 7.Kaart 230
Vraag
Recognition?
Antwoord
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
Kaart 231
Vraag
Why is memory called reconstructive?
Antwoord
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
Kaart 232
Vraag
Storage decay?
Antwoord
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
Kaart 233
Vraag
State-dependent memory?
Antwoord
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
Kaart 234
Vraag
Relearning?
Antwoord
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
Kaart 235
Vraag
Misinformation effect?
Antwoord
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
Kaart 236
Vraag
A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
Antwoord
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
Kaart 237
Vraag
Mood-congruent memory?
Antwoord
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
Kaart 238
Vraag
Priming?
Antwoord
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
Kaart 239
Vraag
Tip-of-the-tongue state?
Antwoord
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
Kaart 240
Vraag
Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
Antwoord
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
Kaart 241
Vraag
Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
Antwoord
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
Kaart 242
Vraag
Metacognition?
Antwoord
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
Kaart 243
Vraag
Source amnesia?
Antwoord
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
Kaart 244
Vraag
Test standardization?
Antwoord
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
Kaart 245
Vraag
Reliability?
Antwoord
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
Kaart 246
Vraag
Stereotype threat?
Antwoord
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
Kaart 247
Vraag
General intelligence, or g?
Antwoord
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
Kaart 248
Vraag
Encoding failure?
Antwoord
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
Kaart 249
Vraag
Validity?
Antwoord
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
Kaart 250
Vraag
Proactive interference?
Antwoord
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
Kaart 251
Vraag
Imagination inflation?
Antwoord
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
Kaart 252
Vraag
A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
Antwoord
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
Kaart 253
Vraag
Retrieval failure?
Antwoord
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
Kaart 254
Vraag
Retroactive interference?
Antwoord
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
Kaart 255
Vraag
A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
Antwoord
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
Kaart 256
Vraag
Repression in psychodynamic theory?
Antwoord
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
Kaart 257
Vraag
Flashbulb memory?
Antwoord
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
Kaart 258
Vraag
A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
Antwoord
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
Kaart 259
Vraag
A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
Antwoord
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
Kaart 260
Vraag
Stereotype lift?
Antwoord
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
Kaart 261
Vraag
Achievement test?
Antwoord
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
Kaart 262
Vraag
Construct validity?
Antwoord
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
Kaart 263
Vraag
Test–retest reliability?
Antwoord
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
Kaart 264
Vraag
Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
Antwoord
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
Kaart 265
Vraag
Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
Antwoord
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
Kaart 266
Vraag
Aptitude test?
Antwoord
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
Kaart 267
Vraag
Traditional IQ formula?
Antwoord
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
Kaart 268
Vraag
Predictive validity?
Antwoord
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
Kaart 269
Vraag
What does a normal score distribution look like?
Antwoord
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
Kaart 270
Vraag
Split-half reliability?
Antwoord
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
Kaart 271
Vraag
Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
Antwoord
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
Kaart 272
Vraag
Flynn effect?
Antwoord
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
Kaart 273
Vraag
A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
Antwoord
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
Kaart 274
Vraag
Continuous versus stage development?
Antwoord
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
Kaart 275
Vraag
How can prenatal environment affect later development?
Antwoord
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
Kaart 276
Vraag
Teratogen?
Antwoord
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
Kaart 277
Vraag
Maturation?
Antwoord
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
Kaart 278
Vraag
Stability–change question in development?
Antwoord
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
Kaart 279
Vraag
A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
Antwoord
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
Kaart 280
Vraag
Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
Antwoord
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
Kaart 281
Vraag
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
Antwoord
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
Kaart 282
Vraag
Fine versus gross motor skills?
Antwoord
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
Kaart 283
Vraag
Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
Antwoord
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
Kaart 284
Vraag
What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
Antwoord
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
Kaart 285
Vraag
Puberty?
Antwoord
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
Kaart 286
Vraag
Sensitive period?
Antwoord
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
Kaart 287
Vraag
What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
Antwoord
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
Kaart 288
Vraag
Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
Antwoord
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
Kaart 289
Vraag
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
Antwoord
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
Kaart 290
Vraag
Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
Antwoord
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
Kaart 291
Vraag
Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
Antwoord
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
Kaart 292
Vraag
Menarche?
Antwoord
The first menstrual period.
Kaart 293
Vraag
Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
Antwoord
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
Kaart 294
Vraag
About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
Antwoord
About 68%.
Kaart 295
Vraag
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
Antwoord
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
Kaart 296
Vraag
Spermarche?
Antwoord
The first ejaculation.
Kaart 297
Vraag
Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
Antwoord
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
Kaart 298
Vraag
Imprinting?
Antwoord
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
Kaart 299
Vraag
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
Antwoord
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
Kaart 300
Vraag
Menopause?
Antwoord
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
Kaart 301
Vraag
Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
Antwoord
Naturalistic observation.
Kaart 302
Vraag
How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
Antwoord
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
Kaart 303
Vraag
Gender identity?
Antwoord
A person's internal sense of their gender.
Kaart 304
Vraag
Gender role?
Antwoord
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
Kaart 305
Vraag
Sex versus gender?
Antwoord
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
Kaart 306
Vraag
Common sensory change in later adulthood?
Antwoord
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
Kaart 307
Vraag
Sexual orientation?
Antwoord
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
Kaart 308
Vraag
Gender schema?
Antwoord
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
Kaart 309
Vraag
Best broad view of gender development?
Antwoord
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
Kaart 310
Vraag
Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
Antwoord
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
Kaart 311
Vraag
Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
Antwoord
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
Kaart 312
Vraag
Schema in cognitive development?
Antwoord
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
Kaart 313
Vraag
Sensorimotor stage?
Antwoord
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
Kaart 314
Vraag
Preoperational stage?
Antwoord
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
Kaart 315
Vraag
Assimilation?
Antwoord
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
Kaart 316
Vraag
A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
Antwoord
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
Kaart 317
Vraag
Animism in preoperational thought?
Antwoord
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
Kaart 318
Vraag
Concrete operational stage?
Antwoord
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
Kaart 319
Vraag
Accommodation?
Antwoord
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
Kaart 320
Vraag
Reversibility in cognitive development?
Antwoord
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
Kaart 321
Vraag
How can social learning shape gender expression?
Antwoord
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
Kaart 322
Vraag
A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
Antwoord
Assimilation.
Kaart 323
Vraag
Language?
Antwoord
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
Kaart 324
Vraag
Cooing stage?
Antwoord
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
Kaart 325
Vraag
Babbling stage?
Antwoord
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
Kaart 326
Vraag
One-word stage?
Antwoord
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
Kaart 327
Vraag
Grammar?
Antwoord
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
Kaart 328
Vraag
A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
Antwoord
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
Kaart 329
Vraag
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
Antwoord
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
Kaart 330
Vraag
A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
Antwoord
Accommodation.
Kaart 331
Vraag
A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
Antwoord
Scaffolding.
Kaart 332
Vraag
A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
Antwoord
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
Kaart 333
Vraag
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
Antwoord
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
Kaart 334
Vraag
An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
Antwoord
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
Kaart 335
Vraag
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
Antwoord
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
Kaart 336
Vraag
Formal operational stage?
Antwoord
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
Kaart 337
Vraag
Dementia?
Antwoord
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
Kaart 338
Vraag
Phoneme?
Antwoord
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
Kaart 339
Vraag
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
Antwoord
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
Kaart 340
Vraag
Temperament?
Antwoord
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
Kaart 341
Vraag
Attachment?
Antwoord
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
Kaart 342
Vraag
Erikson's infancy conflict?
Antwoord
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
Kaart 343
Vraag
Microsystem?
Antwoord
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
Kaart 344
Vraag
Erikson's toddler conflict?
Antwoord
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
Kaart 345
Vraag
Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
Antwoord
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
Kaart 346
Vraag
Erikson's school-age conflict?
Antwoord
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
Kaart 347
Vraag
Mesosystem?
Antwoord
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
Kaart 348
Vraag
Erikson's adolescent conflict?
Antwoord
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
Kaart 349
Vraag
Erikson's young-adult conflict?
Antwoord
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
Kaart 350
Vraag
Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
Antwoord
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
Kaart 351
Vraag
Exosystem?
Antwoord
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
Kaart 352
Vraag
Morpheme?
Antwoord
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
Kaart 353
Vraag
Telegraphic speech?
Antwoord
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
705 kaarten
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Gratis leren met dit deckNibomo opent zodat je meteen kunt beginnen met leren.
Kaart 354
Vraag
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
Antwoord
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
Kaart 355
Vraag
Macrosystem?
Antwoord
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
Kaart 356
Vraag
Semantics?
Antwoord
The meanings of words and sentences.
Kaart 357
Vraag
A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
Antwoord
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
Kaart 358
Vraag
What does a sensitive period for language imply?
Antwoord
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
Kaart 359
Vraag
Does language completely determine thought?
Antwoord
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
Kaart 360
Vraag
Syntax?
Antwoord
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
Kaart 361
Vraag
A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
Antwoord
Secure attachment.
Kaart 362
Vraag
How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
Antwoord
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
Kaart 363
Vraag
Authoritative parenting?
Antwoord
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
Kaart 364
Vraag
Identity achievement?
Antwoord
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
Kaart 365
Vraag
Avoidant attachment pattern?
Antwoord
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
Kaart 366
Vraag
Classical conditioning?
Antwoord
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
Kaart 367
Vraag
Unconditioned stimulus?
Antwoord
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
Kaart 368
Vraag
Unconditioned response?
Antwoord
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
Kaart 369
Vraag
Conditioned stimulus?
Antwoord
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
Kaart 370
Vraag
Conditioned response?
Antwoord
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
Kaart 371
Vraag
Acquisition in classical conditioning?
Antwoord
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
Kaart 372
Vraag
During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
Antwoord
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
Kaart 373
Vraag
Authoritarian parenting?
Antwoord
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
Kaart 374
Vraag
Identity diffusion?
Antwoord
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
Kaart 375
Vraag
Extinction in classical conditioning?
Antwoord
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
Kaart 376
Vraag
Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
Antwoord
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
Kaart 377
Vraag
Permissive parenting?
Antwoord
High warmth with few demands or limits.
Kaart 378
Vraag
Parallel play?
Antwoord
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
Kaart 379
Vraag
Imaginary audience?
Antwoord
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
Kaart 380
Vraag
Identity foreclosure?
Antwoord
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
Kaart 381
Vraag
Disorganized attachment pattern?
Antwoord
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
Kaart 382
Vraag
Neglectful parenting?
Antwoord
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
Kaart 383
Vraag
Chronosystem?
Antwoord
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
Kaart 384
Vraag
Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
Antwoord
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
Kaart 385
Vraag
Personal fable?
Antwoord
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
Kaart 386
Vraag
Identity moratorium?
Antwoord
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
Kaart 387
Vraag
Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
Antwoord
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
Kaart 388
Vraag
Separation anxiety in infancy?
Antwoord
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
Kaart 389
Vraag
What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
Antwoord
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
Kaart 390
Vraag
Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
Antwoord
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
Kaart 391
Vraag
Emerging adulthood?
Antwoord
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
Kaart 392
Vraag
Social clock?
Antwoord
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
Kaart 393
Vraag
Erikson's later-adult conflict?
Antwoord
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
Kaart 394
Vraag
Possible selves?
Antwoord
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
Kaart 395
Vraag
Stimulus generalization?
Antwoord
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
Kaart 396
Vraag
Operant conditioning?
Antwoord
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
Kaart 397
Vraag
Law of effect?
Antwoord
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
Kaart 398
Vraag
Spontaneous recovery?
Antwoord
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
Kaart 399
Vraag
Stimulus discrimination?
Antwoord
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
Kaart 400
Vraag
Reinforcement?
Antwoord
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
Kaart 401
Vraag
Higher-order conditioning?
Antwoord
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
Kaart 402
Vraag
Counterconditioning?
Antwoord
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
Kaart 403
Vraag
Habituation?
Antwoord
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
Kaart 404
Vraag
Punishment?
Antwoord
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
Kaart 405
Vraag
Partial reinforcement?
Antwoord
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
Kaart 406
Vraag
Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
Antwoord
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
Kaart 407
Vraag
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
Antwoord
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
Kaart 408
Vraag
Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
Antwoord
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
Kaart 409
Vraag
Fixed-ratio schedule?
Antwoord
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
Kaart 410
Vraag
Observational learning?
Antwoord
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
Kaart 411
Vraag
A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
Antwoord
Positive reinforcement.
Kaart 412
Vraag
Primary reinforcer?
Antwoord
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
Kaart 413
Vraag
Variable-ratio schedule?
Antwoord
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
Kaart 414
Vraag
Modeling?
Antwoord
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
Kaart 415
Vraag
Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
Antwoord
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
Kaart 416
Vraag
Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
Antwoord
Negative reinforcement.
Kaart 417
Vraag
Conditioned reinforcer?
Antwoord
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
Kaart 418
Vraag
A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
Antwoord
Vicarious reinforcement.
Kaart 419
Vraag
Fixed-interval schedule?
Antwoord
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
Kaart 420
Vraag
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
Antwoord
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
Kaart 421
Vraag
A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
Antwoord
Positive punishment.
Kaart 422
Vraag
Shaping?
Antwoord
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
Kaart 423
Vraag
Extinction in operant conditioning?
Antwoord
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
Kaart 424
Vraag
Variable-interval schedule?
Antwoord
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
Kaart 425
Vraag
A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
Antwoord
Negative punishment.
Kaart 426
Vraag
Learned helplessness?
Antwoord
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
Kaart 427
Vraag
Continuous reinforcement?
Antwoord
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
Kaart 428
Vraag
A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
Antwoord
A fixed-interval schedule.
Kaart 429
Vraag
Discriminative stimulus?
Antwoord
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
Kaart 430
Vraag
Operant generalization versus discrimination?
Antwoord
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
Kaart 431
Vraag
Instinctive drift?
Antwoord
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
Kaart 432
Vraag
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
Antwoord
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
Kaart 433
Vraag
How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
Antwoord
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
Kaart 434
Vraag
How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
Antwoord
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
Kaart 435
Vraag
Vicarious conditioning?
Antwoord
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
Kaart 436
Vraag
A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
Antwoord
A variable-interval schedule.
Kaart 437
Vraag
Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
Antwoord
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
Kaart 438
Vraag
Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
Antwoord
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
Kaart 439
Vraag
Latent learning?
Antwoord
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
Kaart 440
Vraag
Cognitive map?
Antwoord
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
Kaart 441
Vraag
Insight learning?
Antwoord
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
Kaart 442
Vraag
Biological preparedness?
Antwoord
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
Kaart 443
Vraag
What can mirror-neuron activity show?
Antwoord
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
Kaart 444
Vraag
Attribution?
Antwoord
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
Kaart 445
Vraag
Attitude?
Antwoord
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
Kaart 446
Vraag
Upward social comparison?
Antwoord
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
Kaart 447
Vraag
Optimistic explanatory style?
Antwoord
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
Kaart 448
Vraag
Situational attribution?
Antwoord
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
Kaart 449
Vraag
A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
Antwoord
Cognitive dissonance.
Kaart 450
Vraag
Downward social comparison?
Antwoord
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
Kaart 451
Vraag
Internal locus of control?
Antwoord
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
Kaart 452
Vraag
Dispositional attribution?
Antwoord
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
Kaart 453
Vraag
Pessimistic explanatory style?
Antwoord
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
Kaart 454
Vraag
Relative deprivation?
Antwoord
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
Kaart 455
Vraag
External locus of control?
Antwoord
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
Kaart 456
Vraag
Fundamental attribution error?
Antwoord
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
Kaart 457
Vraag
Halo effect?
Antwoord
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
Kaart 458
Vraag
Self-fulfilling prophecy?
Antwoord
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
Kaart 459
Vraag
Mere-exposure effect?
Antwoord
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
Kaart 460
Vraag
A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
Antwoord
The actor–observer difference.
Kaart 461
Vraag
A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
Antwoord
The central route.
Kaart 462
Vraag
Effort justification?
Antwoord
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
Kaart 463
Vraag
Stereotype?
Antwoord
A generalized belief about members of a group.
Kaart 464
Vraag
A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
Antwoord
Self-serving bias.
Kaart 465
Vraag
A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
Antwoord
The peripheral route.
Kaart 466
Vraag
Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
Antwoord
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
Kaart 467
Vraag
Prejudice?
Antwoord
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
Kaart 468
Vraag
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:
Workload Errors Low 2 High 8 Which attribution is better supported?
Antwoord
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
Kaart 469
Vraag
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
Antwoord
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
Kaart 470
Vraag
Conformity?
Antwoord
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
Kaart 471
Vraag
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
Antwoord
The bystander effect.
Kaart 472
Vraag
Diffusion of responsibility?
Antwoord
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
Kaart 473
Vraag
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
Antwoord
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
Kaart 474
Vraag
In-group bias?
Antwoord
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
Kaart 475
Vraag
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
Antwoord
The foot-in-the-door technique.
Kaart 476
Vraag
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
Antwoord
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
Kaart 477
Vraag
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
Antwoord
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
Kaart 478
Vraag
Discrimination?
Antwoord
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
Kaart 479
Vraag
Out-group homogeneity effect?
Antwoord
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
Kaart 480
Vraag
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
Antwoord
The door-in-the-face technique.
Kaart 481
Vraag
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
Antwoord
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
Kaart 482
Vraag
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
Antwoord
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
Kaart 483
Vraag
Just-world belief?
Antwoord
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
Kaart 484
Vraag
Implicit attitude?
Antwoord
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
Kaart 485
Vraag
Ethnocentrism?
Antwoord
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
Kaart 486
Vraag
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
Antwoord
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
Kaart 487
Vraag
Normative social influence?
Antwoord
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
Kaart 488
Vraag
Psychodynamic view of personality?
Antwoord
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
Kaart 489
Vraag
Norm of reciprocity?
Antwoord
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
Kaart 490
Vraag
Individualism?
Antwoord
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
Kaart 491
Vraag
Informational social influence?
Antwoord
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
Kaart 492
Vraag
Id?
Antwoord
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
Kaart 493
Vraag
Altruism?
Antwoord
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
Kaart 494
Vraag
Social norm?
Antwoord
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
Kaart 495
Vraag
What tends to increase conformity?
Antwoord
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
Kaart 496
Vraag
Ego?
Antwoord
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
Kaart 497
Vraag
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
Antwoord
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
Kaart 498
Vraag
Collectivism?
Antwoord
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
Kaart 499
Vraag
Obedience?
Antwoord
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
Kaart 500
Vraag
Superego?
Antwoord
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
Kaart 501
Vraag
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
Antwoord
Denial.
Kaart 502
Vraag
Social-responsibility norm?
Antwoord
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
Kaart 503
Vraag
How does proximity affect attraction?
Antwoord
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
Kaart 504
Vraag
What tends to increase obedience?
Antwoord
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
Kaart 505
Vraag
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
Antwoord
Displacement.
Kaart 506
Vraag
Social loafing?
Antwoord
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
Kaart 507
Vraag
Multiculturalism?
Antwoord
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
Kaart 508
Vraag
How does similarity affect attraction?
Antwoord
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
Kaart 509
Vraag
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
Antwoord
Projection.
Kaart 510
Vraag
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
Antwoord
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
Kaart 511
Vraag
Deindividuation?
Antwoord
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
Kaart 512
Vraag
Group polarization?
Antwoord
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
Kaart 513
Vraag
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
Antwoord
Rationalization.
Kaart 514
Vraag
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
Antwoord
Groupthink.
Kaart 515
Vraag
Pluralistic ignorance?
Antwoord
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
Kaart 516
Vraag
Social trap?
Antwoord
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
Kaart 517
Vraag
Reaction formation?
Antwoord
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
Kaart 518
Vraag
Superordinate goal?
Antwoord
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
Kaart 519
Vraag
False-consensus effect?
Antwoord
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
Kaart 520
Vraag
Industrial-organizational psychology?
Antwoord
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
Kaart 521
Vraag
Repression?
Antwoord
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
Kaart 522
Vraag
Burnout?
Antwoord
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
Kaart 523
Vraag
Unconditional positive regard?
Antwoord
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
Kaart 524
Vraag
Trait?
Antwoord
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
Kaart 525
Vraag
Regression as a defense mechanism?
Antwoord
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
Kaart 526
Vraag
Reciprocal determinism?
Antwoord
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
Kaart 527
Vraag
Self-efficacy?
Antwoord
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
Kaart 528
Vraag
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
Antwoord
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
Kaart 529
Vraag
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
Antwoord
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
Kaart 530
Vraag
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Antwoord
Openness.
Kaart 531
Vraag
Personality inventory?
Antwoord
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
Kaart 532
Vraag
Self-actualizing tendency?
Antwoord
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
Kaart 533
Vraag
Self-esteem?
Antwoord
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
Kaart 534
Vraag
Instinct in motivation research?
Antwoord
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
Kaart 535
Vraag
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Antwoord
Conscientiousness.
Kaart 536
Vraag
Projective test?
Antwoord
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
Kaart 537
Vraag
How does factor analysis help trait research?
Antwoord
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
Kaart 538
Vraag
Drive-reduction theory?
Antwoord
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
Kaart 539
Vraag
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Antwoord
Extraversion.
Kaart 540
Vraag
Person–situation debate?
Antwoord
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
Kaart 541
Vraag
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
Antwoord
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
Kaart 542
Vraag
Homeostasis?
Antwoord
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
Kaart 543
Vraag
Incentive theory?
Antwoord
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
Kaart 544
Vraag
Big Five agreeableness?
Antwoord
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
Kaart 545
Vraag
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
Antwoord
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
Kaart 546
Vraag
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
Antwoord
An approach–approach conflict.
Kaart 547
Vraag
Arousal theory of motivation?
Antwoord
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
Kaart 548
Vraag
Big Five emotional stability?
Antwoord
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
Kaart 549
Vraag
What regulates hunger?
Antwoord
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
Kaart 550
Vraag
Three broad components of emotion?
Antwoord
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
Kaart 551
Vraag
Self-determination theory?
Antwoord
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
Kaart 552
Vraag
Emotion regulation?
Antwoord
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
Kaart 553
Vraag
Sensation-seeking?
Antwoord
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
Kaart 554
Vraag
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
Antwoord
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
Kaart 555
Vraag
Intrinsic motivation?
Antwoord
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
Kaart 556
Vraag
Display rules?
Antwoord
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
Kaart 557
Vraag
Arousal and performance relationship?
Antwoord
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
Kaart 558
Vraag
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
Antwoord
An approach–avoidance conflict.
Kaart 559
Vraag
Extrinsic motivation?
Antwoord
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
Kaart 560
Vraag
Achievement motivation?
Antwoord
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
Kaart 561
Vraag
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
Antwoord
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
Kaart 562
Vraag
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
Antwoord
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
Kaart 563
Vraag
Overjustification effect?
Antwoord
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
Kaart 564
Vraag
Belongingness motivation?
Antwoord
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
Kaart 565
Vraag
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:
Condition Mean minutes Assigned topic 34 Chosen topic 47 What is the observed mean difference?
Antwoord
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
Kaart 566
Vraag
Facial-feedback effect?
Antwoord
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
Kaart 567
Vraag
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
Antwoord
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
Kaart 568
Vraag
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
Antwoord
Cognitive reappraisal.
Kaart 569
Vraag
Broaden-and-build view?
Antwoord
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
Kaart 570
Vraag
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
Antwoord
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
Kaart 571
Vraag
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
Antwoord
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
Kaart 572
Vraag
Expressive suppression?
Antwoord
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
Kaart 573
Vraag
How does acute stress affect the body?
Antwoord
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
Kaart 574
Vraag
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
Antwoord
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
Kaart 575
Vraag
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
Antwoord
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
Kaart 576
Vraag
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
Antwoord
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
Kaart 577
Vraag
Health psychology?
Antwoord
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
Kaart 578
Vraag
Positive psychology?
Antwoord
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
Kaart 579
Vraag
Stress?
Antwoord
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
Kaart 580
Vraag
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
Antwoord
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
Kaart 581
Vraag
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
Antwoord
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
Kaart 582
Vraag
Resilience?
Antwoord
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
Kaart 583
Vraag
Stressor?
Antwoord
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
Kaart 584
Vraag
General adaptation syndrome?
Antwoord
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
Kaart 585
Vraag
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
Antwoord
Problem-focused coping.
Kaart 586
Vraag
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
Antwoord
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
Kaart 587
Vraag
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
Antwoord
Primary appraisal.
Kaart 588
Vraag
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
Antwoord
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
Kaart 589
Vraag
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
Antwoord
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
Kaart 590
Vraag
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
Antwoord
Emotion-focused coping.
Kaart 591
Vraag
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
Antwoord
Secondary appraisal.
Kaart 592
Vraag
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
Antwoord
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
Kaart 593
Vraag
Adverse childhood experiences?
Antwoord
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
Kaart 594
Vraag
How can social support protect health?
Antwoord
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
Kaart 595
Vraag
Eustress versus distress?
Antwoord
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
Kaart 596
Vraag
Tend-and-befriend response?
Antwoord
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
Kaart 597
Vraag
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
Antwoord
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
Kaart 598
Vraag
Biofeedback?
Antwoord
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
Kaart 599
Vraag
How does perceived control affect stress?
Antwoord
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
Kaart 600
Vraag
Psychoneuroimmunology?
Antwoord
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
Kaart 601
Vraag
Subjective well-being?
Antwoord
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
Kaart 602
Vraag
Psychological disorder?
Antwoord
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
Kaart 603
Vraag
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
Antwoord
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
Kaart 604
Vraag
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
Antwoord
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
Kaart 605
Vraag
Signature strengths?
Antwoord
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
Kaart 606
Vraag
Biopsychosocial model?
Antwoord
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
Kaart 607
Vraag
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
Antwoord
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
Kaart 608
Vraag
Posttraumatic growth?
Antwoord
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
Kaart 609
Vraag
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
Antwoord
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
Kaart 610
Vraag
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
Antwoord
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
Kaart 611
Vraag
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
Antwoord
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
Kaart 612
Vraag
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
Antwoord
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
Kaart 613
Vraag
Biological explanation of disorder?
Antwoord
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
Kaart 614
Vraag
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Antwoord
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
Kaart 615
Vraag
Purpose of the DSM?
Antwoord
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
Kaart 616
Vraag
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
Antwoord
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
Kaart 617
Vraag
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
Antwoord
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
Kaart 618
Vraag
Autism spectrum disorder?
Antwoord
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
Kaart 619
Vraag
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
Antwoord
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
Kaart 620
Vraag
Major depressive disorder?
Antwoord
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
Kaart 621
Vraag
Specific phobia?
Antwoord
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
Kaart 622
Vraag
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Antwoord
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
Kaart 623
Vraag
Dissociative amnesia?
Antwoord
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
Kaart 624
Vraag
Bipolar I disorder?
Antwoord
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
Kaart 625
Vraag
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
Antwoord
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
Kaart 626
Vraag
Anorexia nervosa?
Antwoord
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
Kaart 627
Vraag
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
Antwoord
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
Kaart 628
Vraag
Bipolar II disorder?
Antwoord
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
Kaart 629
Vraag
Purpose of the ICD?
Antwoord
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
Kaart 630
Vraag
Bulimia nervosa?
Antwoord
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
Kaart 631
Vraag
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
Antwoord
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
Kaart 632
Vraag
Ataque de nervios?
Antwoord
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
Kaart 633
Vraag
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
Antwoord
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
Kaart 634
Vraag
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
Antwoord
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
Kaart 635
Vraag
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
Antwoord
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
Kaart 636
Vraag
Comorbidity?
Antwoord
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
Kaart 637
Vraag
Humanistic explanation of distress?
Antwoord
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
Kaart 638
Vraag
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
Antwoord
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
Kaart 639
Vraag
Stigma around mental disorder?
Antwoord
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
Kaart 640
Vraag
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
Antwoord
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
Kaart 641
Vraag
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
Antwoord
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
Kaart 642
Vraag
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
Antwoord
Interrater reliability.
Kaart 643
Vraag
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
Antwoord
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
Kaart 644
Vraag
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
Antwoord
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
Kaart 645
Vraag
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
Antwoord
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
Kaart 646
Vraag
Delusion?
Antwoord
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
Kaart 647
Vraag
Agoraphobia?
Antwoord
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
Kaart 648
Vraag
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
Antwoord
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
Kaart 649
Vraag
Eclectic approach to disorder?
Antwoord
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
Kaart 650
Vraag
Hallucination?
Antwoord
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
Kaart 651
Vraag
Panic disorder?
Antwoord
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
Kaart 652
Vraag
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
Antwoord
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
Kaart 653
Vraag
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
Antwoord
The diathesis–stress model.
Kaart 654
Vraag
Cluster A personality disorders?
Antwoord
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
Kaart 655
Vraag
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
Antwoord
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
Kaart 656
Vraag
Evidence-based treatment?
Antwoord
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
Kaart 657
Vraag
Therapeutic alliance?
Antwoord
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
Kaart 658
Vraag
Cultural humility in therapy?
Antwoord
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
Kaart 659
Vraag
Deinstitutionalization?
Antwoord
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
Kaart 660
Vraag
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
Antwoord
Exposure therapy.
Kaart 661
Vraag
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
Antwoord
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
Kaart 662
Vraag
Four medication categories in the course?
Antwoord
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
Kaart 663
Vraag
Depressive cognitive triad?
Antwoord
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
Kaart 664
Vraag
Applied behavior analysis?
Antwoord
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
Kaart 665
Vraag
Psychosurgery?
Antwoord
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
Kaart 666
Vraag
Free association?
Antwoord
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
Kaart 667
Vraag
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
Antwoord
Cognitive restructuring.
Kaart 668
Vraag
One advantage of group therapy?
Antwoord
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
Kaart 669
Vraag
Lobotomy?
Antwoord
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
Kaart 670
Vraag
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
Antwoord
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
Kaart 671
Vraag
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
Antwoord
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
Kaart 672
Vraag
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
Antwoord
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
Kaart 673
Vraag
Social anxiety disorder?
Antwoord
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
Kaart 674
Vraag
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
Antwoord
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
Kaart 675
Vraag
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
Antwoord
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
Kaart 676
Vraag
Dissociative fugue?
Antwoord
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
Kaart 677
Vraag
Cluster B personality disorders?
Antwoord
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
Kaart 678
Vraag
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
Antwoord
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
Kaart 679
Vraag
Catatonia?
Antwoord
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
Kaart 680
Vraag
Manic episode?
Antwoord
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
Kaart 681
Vraag
Dissociative identity disorder?
Antwoord
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
Kaart 682
Vraag
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
Antwoord
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
Kaart 683
Vraag
Cluster C personality disorders?
Antwoord
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Kaart 684
Vraag
Taijin kyofusho?
Antwoord
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
Kaart 685
Vraag
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Antwoord
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
Kaart 686
Vraag
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
Antwoord
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
Kaart 687
Vraag
Hypomanic episode?
Antwoord
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
Kaart 688
Vraag
Generalized anxiety disorder?
Antwoord
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
Kaart 689
Vraag
Hoarding disorder?
Antwoord
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
Kaart 690
Vraag
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
Antwoord
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
Kaart 691
Vraag
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
Antwoord
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
Kaart 692
Vraag
Persistent depressive disorder?
Antwoord
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
Kaart 693
Vraag
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
Antwoord
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
Kaart 694
Vraag
Systematic desensitization?
Antwoord
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
Kaart 695
Vraag
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
Antwoord
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
Kaart 696
Vraag
Dialectical behavior therapy?
Antwoord
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
Kaart 697
Vraag
Integrity in therapy ethics?
Antwoord
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
Kaart 698
Vraag
Aversion therapy?
Antwoord
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
Kaart 699
Vraag
Tardive dyskinesia?
Antwoord
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
Kaart 700
Vraag
ECT versus TMS?
Antwoord
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
Kaart 701
Vraag
Respect for rights and dignity?
Antwoord
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
Kaart 702
Vraag
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
Antwoord
A token economy.
Kaart 703
Vraag
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
Antwoord
Person-centered therapy.
Kaart 704
Vraag
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
Antwoord
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
Kaart 705
Vraag
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
Antwoord
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.
705 kaarten
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
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