AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.
เกี่ยวกับเด็คนี้
Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.
What the cards ask you to retrieve
- Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
- Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
- Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
- Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
- Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.
The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.
What's deliberately left out
The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.
Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.
This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.
การ์ดในเด็คนี้
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Nature in the nature–nurture question?
คำตอบ
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
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Central nervous system?
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The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
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Main role of the spinal cord?
คำตอบ
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
การ์ด 4
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Scores are
4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?คำตอบ
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
การ์ด 5
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Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
คำตอบ
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
การ์ด 6
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Peripheral nervous system?
คำตอบ
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
การ์ด 7
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Reflex arc?
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A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
การ์ด 8
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Reflex times are
180, 190, 210, 260, 410milliseconds. What is the median?คำตอบ
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
การ์ด 9
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Heritability?
คำตอบ
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
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Autonomic nervous system?
คำตอบ
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
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Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
คำตอบ
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
การ์ด 12
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Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
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It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
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Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
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They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
การ์ด 14
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Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
คำตอบ
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
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Natural selection?
คำตอบ
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
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Somatic nervous system?
คำตอบ
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
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Sensory neurons?
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They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
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Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
คำตอบ
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
การ์ด 19
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Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
คำตอบ
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
การ์ด 20
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Sympathetic nervous system?
คำตอบ
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
การ์ด 21
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Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
คำตอบ
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
การ์ด 22
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Motor neurons?
คำตอบ
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
การ์ด 23
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Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
คำตอบ
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
การ์ด 24
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Parasympathetic nervous system?
คำตอบ
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
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Resting potential?
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The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
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Interneurons?
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Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
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Adrenaline's behavioral role?
คำตอบ
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
การ์ด 28
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Frontal lobes?
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Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
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Neural threshold?
คำตอบ
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
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Corpus callosum?
คำตอบ
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
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Leptin's role in eating?
คำตอบ
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
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Temporal lobes?
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Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
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Depolarization during an action potential?
คำตอบ
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
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Dopamine's major psychological functions?
คำตอบ
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
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Ghrelin's role in eating?
คำตอบ
It helps stimulate hunger.
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Drug agonist?
คำตอบ
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
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Action potential?
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A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
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Reuptake?
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The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
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Serotonin's major psychological functions?
คำตอบ
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
การ์ด 40
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Glutamate's major psychological functions?
คำตอบ
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
การ์ด 41
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Refractory period?
คำตอบ
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
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Melatonin's role?
คำตอบ
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
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Drug antagonist?
คำตอบ
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
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Stimulants?
คำตอบ
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
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Drug tolerance?
คำตอบ
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
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Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
คำตอบ
Multiple sclerosis.
การ์ด 47
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All-or-none principle?
คำตอบ
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
การ์ด 48
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Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
คำตอบ
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
การ์ด 49
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GABA's major psychological function?
คำตอบ
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
การ์ด 50
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Oxytocin's behavioral role?
คำตอบ
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
การ์ด 51
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Reuptake inhibitor?
คำตอบ
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
การ์ด 52
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Depressants?
คำตอบ
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
การ์ด 53
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Drug withdrawal?
คำตอบ
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
การ์ด 54
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Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
คำตอบ
Myasthenia gravis.
การ์ด 55
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Glial cells?
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Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
การ์ด 56
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Endorphins?
คำตอบ
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
การ์ด 57
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Substance P?
คำตอบ
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
การ์ด 58
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Acetylcholine's major functions?
คำตอบ
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
การ์ด 59
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Opioids?
คำตอบ
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
การ์ด 60
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Hallucinogens?
คำตอบ
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
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Addiction?
คำตอบ
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
การ์ด 62
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Parietal lobes?
คำตอบ
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
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Consciousness?
คำตอบ
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
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Circadian rhythm?
คำตอบ
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
การ์ด 65
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Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
คำตอบ
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
การ์ด 66
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Occipital lobes?
คำตอบ
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
การ์ด 67
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What does split-brain research reveal?
คำตอบ
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
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How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
คำตอบ
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
การ์ด 69
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NREM-1 sleep?
คำตอบ
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
การ์ด 70
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Motor cortex?
คำตอบ
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
การ์ด 71
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Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
คำตอบ
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
การ์ด 72
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Brainstem's core function?
คำตอบ
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
การ์ด 73
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NREM-2 sleep?
คำตอบ
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
การ์ด 74
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Somatosensory cortex?
คำตอบ
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
การ์ด 75
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Medulla's main functions?
คำตอบ
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
การ์ด 76
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Reticular activating system?
คำตอบ
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
การ์ด 77
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NREM-3 sleep?
คำตอบ
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
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Cerebellum's main functions?
คำตอบ
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
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Thalamus?
คำตอบ
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
การ์ด 80
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Hypothalamus?
คำตอบ
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
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REM sleep?
คำตอบ
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
การ์ด 82
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Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
คำตอบ
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
การ์ด 83
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Amygdala?
คำตอบ
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
การ์ด 84
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Hippocampus?
คำตอบ
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
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How does sleep change across a typical night?
คำตอบ
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
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Contralateral brain control?
คำตอบ
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
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What does an EEG measure?
คำตอบ
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
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Reward-center activity?
คำตอบ
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
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Neuroplasticity?
คำตอบ
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
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Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
คำตอบ
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
การ์ด 91
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A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
คำตอบ
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
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Insomnia?
คำตอบ
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
การ์ด 93
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How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
คำตอบ
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
การ์ด 94
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Absolute threshold?
คำตอบ
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
การ์ด 95
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Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
คำตอบ
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
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Narcolepsy?
คำตอบ
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
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Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
คำตอบ
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
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Difference threshold?
คำตอบ
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
การ์ด 99
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Consolidation view of dreams?
คำตอบ
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
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REM sleep behavior disorder?
คำตอบ
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
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Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
คำตอบ
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
การ์ด 102
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Weber's law?
คำตอบ
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
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Two supported functions of sleep?
คำตอบ
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
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Sleep apnea?
คำตอบ
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
การ์ด 105
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REM rebound?
คำตอบ
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
การ์ด 106
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Signal detection theory?
คำตอบ
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
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Sensory transduction?
คำตอบ
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
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Vestibular sense?
คำตอบ
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
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Somnambulism?
คำตอบ
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
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Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
คำตอบ
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
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What begins visual transduction?
คำตอบ
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
การ์ด 112
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A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
คำตอบ
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
การ์ด 113
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Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
คำตอบ
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
การ์ด 114
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Accommodation in vision?
คำตอบ
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
การ์ด 115
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Cones?
คำตอบ
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
การ์ด 116
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What begins auditory transduction?
คำตอบ
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
การ์ด 117
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How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
คำตอบ
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
การ์ด 118
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How is smell unusual among the senses?
คำตอบ
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
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Kinesthesia?
คำตอบ
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
การ์ด 120
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Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
คำตอบ
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
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Nearsightedness?
คำตอบ
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
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Pheromones?
คำตอบ
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
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Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
คำตอบ
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
การ์ด 124
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Volley theory of pitch?
คำตอบ
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
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Farsightedness?
คำตอบ
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
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Six taste qualities named in the course?
คำตอบ
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
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Phantom-limb sensation?
คำตอบ
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
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Sensory interaction?
คำตอบ
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
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What causes most color-vision deficiency?
คำตอบ
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
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Prosopagnosia?
คำตอบ
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
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Rods?
คำตอบ
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
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How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
คำตอบ
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
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Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
คำตอบ
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
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Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
คำตอบ
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
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What do the semicircular canals detect?
คำตอบ
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
การ์ด 136
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Synesthesia?
คำตอบ
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
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Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
คำตอบ
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
การ์ด 138
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Blindsight?
คำตอบ
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
การ์ด 139
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Sensory adaptation?
คำตอบ
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
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Gate-control view of pain?
คำตอบ
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
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Bottom-up processing?
คำตอบ
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
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Concept?
คำตอบ
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
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Fixation in problem solving?
คำตอบ
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
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Algorithm?
คำตอบ
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
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Top-down processing?
คำตอบ
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
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Confirmation bias?
คำตอบ
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
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Retinal disparity?
คำตอบ
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
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Heuristic?
คำตอบ
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
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Selective attention?
คำตอบ
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
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Figure–ground organization?
คำตอบ
Separating the object of attention from its background.
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Convergence as a depth cue?
คำตอบ
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
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Representativeness heuristic?
คำตอบ
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
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Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
คำตอบ
Inattentional blindness.
การ์ด 154
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Gestalt proximity principle?
คำตอบ
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
การ์ด 155
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Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
คำตอบ
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
การ์ด 156
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Cocktail-party effect?
คำตอบ
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
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Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
คำตอบ
Change blindness.
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Gestalt similarity principle?
คำตอบ
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
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Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
คำตอบ
Linear perspective.
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Perceptual constancy?
คำตอบ
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
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Perceptual set?
คำตอบ
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
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Gestalt closure principle?
คำตอบ
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
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One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
คำตอบ
The blocking object, using interposition.
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Apparent motion?
คำตอบ
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
การ์ด 165
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Availability heuristic?
คำตอบ
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
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Divergent thinking?
คำตอบ
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
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A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
คำตอบ
Relative clarity.
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Prototype?
คำตอบ
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
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Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
คำตอบ
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
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Convergent thinking?
คำตอบ
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
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A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
คำตอบ
Texture gradient.
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Belief perseverance?
คำตอบ
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
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Explicit memory?
คำตอบ
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
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Three stores in the multi-store model?
คำตอบ
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
การ์ด 175
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Seeing an object only in its usual role?
คำตอบ
Functional fixedness.
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Mental set?
คำตอบ
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
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Episodic memory?
คำตอบ
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
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Working memory?
คำตอบ
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
การ์ด 179
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Insight?
คำตอบ
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
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Framing effect?
คำตอบ
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
การ์ด 181
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Implicit memory?
คำตอบ
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
การ์ด 182
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Overconfidence bias?
คำตอบ
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
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Anchoring bias?
คำตอบ
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
การ์ด 184
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Schema in thinking?
คำตอบ
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
การ์ด 185
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Procedural memory?
คำตอบ
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
การ์ด 186
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Gambler's fallacy?
คำตอบ
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
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Sunk-cost fallacy?
คำตอบ
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
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Executive functions?
คำตอบ
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
การ์ด 189
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How can priming affect judgment?
คำตอบ
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
การ์ด 190
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Central executive in working memory?
คำตอบ
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
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Serial-position effect?
คำตอบ
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
การ์ด 192
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Semantic memory?
คำตอบ
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
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Levels-of-processing principle?
คำตอบ
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
การ์ด 194
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Automatic processing?
คำตอบ
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
การ์ด 195
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Maintenance rehearsal?
คำตอบ
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
การ์ด 196
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Prospective memory?
คำตอบ
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
การ์ด 197
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Primacy effect?
คำตอบ
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
การ์ด 198
คำถาม
Long-term memory?
คำตอบ
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
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Highly superior autobiographical memory?
คำตอบ
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
การ์ด 200
คำถาม
Effortful processing?
คำตอบ
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
การ์ด 201
คำถาม
Elaborative rehearsal?
คำตอบ
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
การ์ด 202
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Memory consolidation?
คำตอบ
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
การ์ด 203
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Recency effect?
คำตอบ
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
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Spacing effect?
คำตอบ
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
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Testing effect?
คำตอบ
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
การ์ด 206
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Chunking?
คำตอบ
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
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Mnemonic?
คำตอบ
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
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Why organize material into a hierarchy?
คำตอบ
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
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How can a schema help encoding?
คำตอบ
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
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Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
คำตอบ
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
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Iconic memory?
คำตอบ
A very brief visual sensory memory.
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Recall?
คำตอบ
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
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Retrieval cue?
คำตอบ
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
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Encoding-specificity principle?
คำตอบ
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
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Context-dependent memory?
คำตอบ
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
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Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
คำตอบ
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
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Echoic memory?
คำตอบ
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
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Anterograde amnesia?
คำตอบ
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
การ์ด 219
คำถาม
Phonological loop?
คำตอบ
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
การ์ด 220
คำถาม
Cerebellum's memory role?
คำตอบ
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
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Why is short-term memory described as limited?
คำตอบ
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
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Retrograde amnesia?
คำตอบ
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
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Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
คำตอบ
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
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How can the amygdala affect memory?
คำตอบ
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
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Visuospatial sketchpad?
คำตอบ
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
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Long-term potentiation?
คำตอบ
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
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Infantile amnesia?
คำตอบ
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
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คำถาม
Alzheimer's disease?
คำตอบ
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
การ์ด 229
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Scores are
2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?คำตอบ
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because
9 - 2 = 7.การ์ด 230
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Recognition?
คำตอบ
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
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Why is memory called reconstructive?
คำตอบ
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
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Storage decay?
คำตอบ
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
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State-dependent memory?
คำตอบ
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
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Relearning?
คำตอบ
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
การ์ด 235
คำถาม
Misinformation effect?
คำตอบ
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
การ์ด 236
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A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
คำตอบ
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
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Mood-congruent memory?
คำตอบ
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
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Priming?
คำตอบ
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
การ์ด 239
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Tip-of-the-tongue state?
คำตอบ
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
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Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
คำตอบ
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
การ์ด 241
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Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
คำตอบ
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
การ์ด 242
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Metacognition?
คำตอบ
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
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Source amnesia?
คำตอบ
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
การ์ด 244
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Test standardization?
คำตอบ
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
การ์ด 245
คำถาม
Reliability?
คำตอบ
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
การ์ด 246
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Stereotype threat?
คำตอบ
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
การ์ด 247
คำถาม
General intelligence, or g?
คำตอบ
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
การ์ด 248
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Encoding failure?
คำตอบ
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
การ์ด 249
คำถาม
Validity?
คำตอบ
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
การ์ด 250
คำถาม
Proactive interference?
คำตอบ
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
การ์ด 251
คำถาม
Imagination inflation?
คำตอบ
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
การ์ด 252
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A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
คำตอบ
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
การ์ด 253
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Retrieval failure?
คำตอบ
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
การ์ด 254
คำถาม
Retroactive interference?
คำตอบ
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
การ์ด 255
คำถาม
A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
คำตอบ
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
การ์ด 256
คำถาม
Repression in psychodynamic theory?
คำตอบ
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
การ์ด 257
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Flashbulb memory?
คำตอบ
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
การ์ด 258
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A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
คำตอบ
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
การ์ด 259
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A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
คำตอบ
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
การ์ด 260
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Stereotype lift?
คำตอบ
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
การ์ด 261
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Achievement test?
คำตอบ
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
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Construct validity?
คำตอบ
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
การ์ด 263
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Test–retest reliability?
คำตอบ
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
การ์ด 264
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Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
คำตอบ
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
การ์ด 265
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Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
คำตอบ
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
การ์ด 266
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Aptitude test?
คำตอบ
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
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Traditional IQ formula?
คำตอบ
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
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Predictive validity?
คำตอบ
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
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What does a normal score distribution look like?
คำตอบ
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
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Split-half reliability?
คำตอบ
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
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Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
คำตอบ
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
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Flynn effect?
คำตอบ
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
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A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
คำตอบ
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
การ์ด 274
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Continuous versus stage development?
คำตอบ
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
การ์ด 275
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How can prenatal environment affect later development?
คำตอบ
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
การ์ด 276
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Teratogen?
คำตอบ
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
การ์ด 277
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Maturation?
คำตอบ
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
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Stability–change question in development?
คำตอบ
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
การ์ด 279
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A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
คำตอบ
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
การ์ด 280
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Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
คำตอบ
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
การ์ด 281
คำถาม
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
คำตอบ
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
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Fine versus gross motor skills?
คำตอบ
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
การ์ด 283
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Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
คำตอบ
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
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What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
คำตอบ
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
การ์ด 285
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Puberty?
คำตอบ
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
การ์ด 286
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Sensitive period?
คำตอบ
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
การ์ด 287
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What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
คำตอบ
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
การ์ด 288
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Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
คำตอบ
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
การ์ด 289
คำถาม
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
คำตอบ
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
การ์ด 290
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Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
คำตอบ
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
การ์ด 291
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Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
คำตอบ
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
การ์ด 292
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Menarche?
คำตอบ
The first menstrual period.
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Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
คำตอบ
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
การ์ด 294
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About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
คำตอบ
About 68%.
การ์ด 295
คำถาม
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
คำตอบ
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
การ์ด 296
คำถาม
Spermarche?
คำตอบ
The first ejaculation.
การ์ด 297
คำถาม
Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
คำตอบ
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
การ์ด 298
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Imprinting?
คำตอบ
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
การ์ด 299
คำถาม
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
คำตอบ
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
การ์ด 300
คำถาม
Menopause?
คำตอบ
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
การ์ด 301
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Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
คำตอบ
Naturalistic observation.
การ์ด 302
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How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
คำตอบ
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
การ์ด 303
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Gender identity?
คำตอบ
A person's internal sense of their gender.
การ์ด 304
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Gender role?
คำตอบ
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
การ์ด 305
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Sex versus gender?
คำตอบ
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
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Common sensory change in later adulthood?
คำตอบ
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
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Sexual orientation?
คำตอบ
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
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Gender schema?
คำตอบ
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
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Best broad view of gender development?
คำตอบ
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
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Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
คำตอบ
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
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Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
คำตอบ
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
การ์ด 312
คำถาม
Schema in cognitive development?
คำตอบ
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
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Sensorimotor stage?
คำตอบ
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
การ์ด 314
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Preoperational stage?
คำตอบ
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
การ์ด 315
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Assimilation?
คำตอบ
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
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A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
คำตอบ
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
การ์ด 317
คำถาม
Animism in preoperational thought?
คำตอบ
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
การ์ด 318
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Concrete operational stage?
คำตอบ
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
การ์ด 319
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Accommodation?
คำตอบ
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
การ์ด 320
คำถาม
Reversibility in cognitive development?
คำตอบ
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
การ์ด 321
คำถาม
How can social learning shape gender expression?
คำตอบ
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
การ์ด 322
คำถาม
A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
คำตอบ
Assimilation.
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Language?
คำตอบ
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
การ์ด 324
คำถาม
Cooing stage?
คำตอบ
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
การ์ด 325
คำถาม
Babbling stage?
คำตอบ
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
การ์ด 326
คำถาม
One-word stage?
คำตอบ
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
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คำถาม
Grammar?
คำตอบ
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
การ์ด 328
คำถาม
A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
คำตอบ
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
การ์ด 329
คำถาม
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
คำตอบ
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
การ์ด 330
คำถาม
A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
คำตอบ
Accommodation.
การ์ด 331
คำถาม
A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
คำตอบ
Scaffolding.
การ์ด 332
คำถาม
A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
คำตอบ
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
การ์ด 333
คำถาม
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
คำตอบ
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
การ์ด 334
คำถาม
An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
คำตอบ
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
การ์ด 335
คำถาม
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
คำตอบ
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
การ์ด 336
คำถาม
Formal operational stage?
คำตอบ
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
การ์ด 337
คำถาม
Dementia?
คำตอบ
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
การ์ด 338
คำถาม
Phoneme?
คำตอบ
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
การ์ด 339
คำถาม
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
คำตอบ
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
การ์ด 340
คำถาม
Temperament?
คำตอบ
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
การ์ด 341
คำถาม
Attachment?
คำตอบ
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
การ์ด 342
คำถาม
Erikson's infancy conflict?
คำตอบ
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
การ์ด 343
คำถาม
Microsystem?
คำตอบ
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
การ์ด 344
คำถาม
Erikson's toddler conflict?
คำตอบ
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
การ์ด 345
คำถาม
Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
คำตอบ
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
การ์ด 346
คำถาม
Erikson's school-age conflict?
คำตอบ
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
การ์ด 347
คำถาม
Mesosystem?
คำตอบ
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
การ์ด 348
คำถาม
Erikson's adolescent conflict?
คำตอบ
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
การ์ด 349
คำถาม
Erikson's young-adult conflict?
คำตอบ
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
การ์ด 350
คำถาม
Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
คำตอบ
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
การ์ด 351
คำถาม
Exosystem?
คำตอบ
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
การ์ด 352
คำถาม
Morpheme?
คำตอบ
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
การ์ด 353
คำถาม
Telegraphic speech?
คำตอบ
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
705 การ์ด
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
เรียนเด็คนี้ฟรีNibomo จะเปิดขึ้นเพื่อให้คุณเริ่มเรียนได้ทันที
การ์ด 354
คำถาม
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
คำตอบ
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
การ์ด 355
คำถาม
Macrosystem?
คำตอบ
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
การ์ด 356
คำถาม
Semantics?
คำตอบ
The meanings of words and sentences.
การ์ด 357
คำถาม
A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
คำตอบ
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
การ์ด 358
คำถาม
What does a sensitive period for language imply?
คำตอบ
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
การ์ด 359
คำถาม
Does language completely determine thought?
คำตอบ
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
การ์ด 360
คำถาม
Syntax?
คำตอบ
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
การ์ด 361
คำถาม
A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
คำตอบ
Secure attachment.
การ์ด 362
คำถาม
How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
คำตอบ
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
การ์ด 363
คำถาม
Authoritative parenting?
คำตอบ
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
การ์ด 364
คำถาม
Identity achievement?
คำตอบ
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
การ์ด 365
คำถาม
Avoidant attachment pattern?
คำตอบ
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
การ์ด 366
คำถาม
Classical conditioning?
คำตอบ
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
การ์ด 367
คำถาม
Unconditioned stimulus?
คำตอบ
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
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Unconditioned response?
คำตอบ
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
การ์ด 369
คำถาม
Conditioned stimulus?
คำตอบ
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
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คำถาม
Conditioned response?
คำตอบ
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
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Acquisition in classical conditioning?
คำตอบ
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
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คำถาม
During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
คำตอบ
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
การ์ด 373
คำถาม
Authoritarian parenting?
คำตอบ
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
การ์ด 374
คำถาม
Identity diffusion?
คำตอบ
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
การ์ด 375
คำถาม
Extinction in classical conditioning?
คำตอบ
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
การ์ด 376
คำถาม
Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
คำตอบ
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
การ์ด 377
คำถาม
Permissive parenting?
คำตอบ
High warmth with few demands or limits.
การ์ด 378
คำถาม
Parallel play?
คำตอบ
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
การ์ด 379
คำถาม
Imaginary audience?
คำตอบ
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
การ์ด 380
คำถาม
Identity foreclosure?
คำตอบ
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
การ์ด 381
คำถาม
Disorganized attachment pattern?
คำตอบ
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
การ์ด 382
คำถาม
Neglectful parenting?
คำตอบ
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
การ์ด 383
คำถาม
Chronosystem?
คำตอบ
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
การ์ด 384
คำถาม
Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
คำตอบ
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
การ์ด 385
คำถาม
Personal fable?
คำตอบ
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
การ์ด 386
คำถาม
Identity moratorium?
คำตอบ
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
การ์ด 387
คำถาม
Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
คำตอบ
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
การ์ด 388
คำถาม
Separation anxiety in infancy?
คำตอบ
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
การ์ด 389
คำถาม
What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
คำตอบ
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
การ์ด 390
คำถาม
Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
คำตอบ
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
การ์ด 391
คำถาม
Emerging adulthood?
คำตอบ
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
การ์ด 392
คำถาม
Social clock?
คำตอบ
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
การ์ด 393
คำถาม
Erikson's later-adult conflict?
คำตอบ
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
การ์ด 394
คำถาม
Possible selves?
คำตอบ
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
การ์ด 395
คำถาม
Stimulus generalization?
คำตอบ
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
การ์ด 396
คำถาม
Operant conditioning?
คำตอบ
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
การ์ด 397
คำถาม
Law of effect?
คำตอบ
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
การ์ด 398
คำถาม
Spontaneous recovery?
คำตอบ
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
การ์ด 399
คำถาม
Stimulus discrimination?
คำตอบ
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
การ์ด 400
คำถาม
Reinforcement?
คำตอบ
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
การ์ด 401
คำถาม
Higher-order conditioning?
คำตอบ
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
การ์ด 402
คำถาม
Counterconditioning?
คำตอบ
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
การ์ด 403
คำถาม
Habituation?
คำตอบ
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
การ์ด 404
คำถาม
Punishment?
คำตอบ
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
การ์ด 405
คำถาม
Partial reinforcement?
คำตอบ
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
การ์ด 406
คำถาม
Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
คำตอบ
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
การ์ด 407
คำถาม
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
คำตอบ
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
การ์ด 408
คำถาม
Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
คำตอบ
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
การ์ด 409
คำถาม
Fixed-ratio schedule?
คำตอบ
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
การ์ด 410
คำถาม
Observational learning?
คำตอบ
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
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คำถาม
A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
คำตอบ
Positive reinforcement.
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คำถาม
Primary reinforcer?
คำตอบ
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
การ์ด 413
คำถาม
Variable-ratio schedule?
คำตอบ
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
การ์ด 414
คำถาม
Modeling?
คำตอบ
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
การ์ด 415
คำถาม
Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
คำตอบ
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
การ์ด 416
คำถาม
Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
คำตอบ
Negative reinforcement.
การ์ด 417
คำถาม
Conditioned reinforcer?
คำตอบ
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
การ์ด 418
คำถาม
A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
คำตอบ
Vicarious reinforcement.
การ์ด 419
คำถาม
Fixed-interval schedule?
คำตอบ
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
การ์ด 420
คำถาม
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
คำตอบ
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
การ์ด 421
คำถาม
A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
คำตอบ
Positive punishment.
การ์ด 422
คำถาม
Shaping?
คำตอบ
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
การ์ด 423
คำถาม
Extinction in operant conditioning?
คำตอบ
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
การ์ด 424
คำถาม
Variable-interval schedule?
คำตอบ
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
การ์ด 425
คำถาม
A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
คำตอบ
Negative punishment.
การ์ด 426
คำถาม
Learned helplessness?
คำตอบ
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
การ์ด 427
คำถาม
Continuous reinforcement?
คำตอบ
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
การ์ด 428
คำถาม
A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
คำตอบ
A fixed-interval schedule.
การ์ด 429
คำถาม
Discriminative stimulus?
คำตอบ
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
การ์ด 430
คำถาม
Operant generalization versus discrimination?
คำตอบ
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
การ์ด 431
คำถาม
Instinctive drift?
คำตอบ
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
การ์ด 432
คำถาม
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
คำตอบ
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
การ์ด 433
คำถาม
How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
คำตอบ
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
การ์ด 434
คำถาม
How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
คำตอบ
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
การ์ด 435
คำถาม
Vicarious conditioning?
คำตอบ
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
การ์ด 436
คำถาม
A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
คำตอบ
A variable-interval schedule.
การ์ด 437
คำถาม
Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
คำตอบ
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
การ์ด 438
คำถาม
Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
คำตอบ
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
การ์ด 439
คำถาม
Latent learning?
คำตอบ
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
การ์ด 440
คำถาม
Cognitive map?
คำตอบ
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
การ์ด 441
คำถาม
Insight learning?
คำตอบ
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
การ์ด 442
คำถาม
Biological preparedness?
คำตอบ
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
การ์ด 443
คำถาม
What can mirror-neuron activity show?
คำตอบ
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
การ์ด 444
คำถาม
Attribution?
คำตอบ
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
การ์ด 445
คำถาม
Attitude?
คำตอบ
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
การ์ด 446
คำถาม
Upward social comparison?
คำตอบ
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
การ์ด 447
คำถาม
Optimistic explanatory style?
คำตอบ
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
การ์ด 448
คำถาม
Situational attribution?
คำตอบ
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
การ์ด 449
คำถาม
A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
คำตอบ
Cognitive dissonance.
การ์ด 450
คำถาม
Downward social comparison?
คำตอบ
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
การ์ด 451
คำถาม
Internal locus of control?
คำตอบ
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
การ์ด 452
คำถาม
Dispositional attribution?
คำตอบ
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
การ์ด 453
คำถาม
Pessimistic explanatory style?
คำตอบ
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
การ์ด 454
คำถาม
Relative deprivation?
คำตอบ
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
การ์ด 455
คำถาม
External locus of control?
คำตอบ
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
การ์ด 456
คำถาม
Fundamental attribution error?
คำตอบ
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
การ์ด 457
คำถาม
Halo effect?
คำตอบ
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
การ์ด 458
คำถาม
Self-fulfilling prophecy?
คำตอบ
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
การ์ด 459
คำถาม
Mere-exposure effect?
คำตอบ
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
การ์ด 460
คำถาม
A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
คำตอบ
The actor–observer difference.
การ์ด 461
คำถาม
A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
คำตอบ
The central route.
การ์ด 462
คำถาม
Effort justification?
คำตอบ
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
การ์ด 463
คำถาม
Stereotype?
คำตอบ
A generalized belief about members of a group.
การ์ด 464
คำถาม
A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
คำตอบ
Self-serving bias.
การ์ด 465
คำถาม
A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
คำตอบ
The peripheral route.
การ์ด 466
คำถาม
Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
คำตอบ
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
การ์ด 467
คำถาม
Prejudice?
คำตอบ
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
การ์ด 468
คำถาม
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:
Workload Errors Low 2 High 8 Which attribution is better supported?
คำตอบ
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
การ์ด 469
คำถาม
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
คำตอบ
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
การ์ด 470
คำถาม
Conformity?
คำตอบ
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
การ์ด 471
คำถาม
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
คำตอบ
The bystander effect.
การ์ด 472
คำถาม
Diffusion of responsibility?
คำตอบ
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
การ์ด 473
คำถาม
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
คำตอบ
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
การ์ด 474
คำถาม
In-group bias?
คำตอบ
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
การ์ด 475
คำถาม
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
คำตอบ
The foot-in-the-door technique.
การ์ด 476
คำถาม
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
คำตอบ
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
การ์ด 477
คำถาม
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
คำตอบ
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
การ์ด 478
คำถาม
Discrimination?
คำตอบ
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
การ์ด 479
คำถาม
Out-group homogeneity effect?
คำตอบ
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
การ์ด 480
คำถาม
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
คำตอบ
The door-in-the-face technique.
การ์ด 481
คำถาม
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
คำตอบ
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
การ์ด 482
คำถาม
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
คำตอบ
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
การ์ด 483
คำถาม
Just-world belief?
คำตอบ
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
การ์ด 484
คำถาม
Implicit attitude?
คำตอบ
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
การ์ด 485
คำถาม
Ethnocentrism?
คำตอบ
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
การ์ด 486
คำถาม
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
คำตอบ
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
การ์ด 487
คำถาม
Normative social influence?
คำตอบ
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
การ์ด 488
คำถาม
Psychodynamic view of personality?
คำตอบ
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
การ์ด 489
คำถาม
Norm of reciprocity?
คำตอบ
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
การ์ด 490
คำถาม
Individualism?
คำตอบ
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
การ์ด 491
คำถาม
Informational social influence?
คำตอบ
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
การ์ด 492
คำถาม
Id?
คำตอบ
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
การ์ด 493
คำถาม
Altruism?
คำตอบ
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
การ์ด 494
คำถาม
Social norm?
คำตอบ
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
การ์ด 495
คำถาม
What tends to increase conformity?
คำตอบ
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
การ์ด 496
คำถาม
Ego?
คำตอบ
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
การ์ด 497
คำถาม
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
คำตอบ
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
การ์ด 498
คำถาม
Collectivism?
คำตอบ
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
การ์ด 499
คำถาม
Obedience?
คำตอบ
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
การ์ด 500
คำถาม
Superego?
คำตอบ
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
การ์ด 501
คำถาม
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
คำตอบ
Denial.
การ์ด 502
คำถาม
Social-responsibility norm?
คำตอบ
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
การ์ด 503
คำถาม
How does proximity affect attraction?
คำตอบ
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
การ์ด 504
คำถาม
What tends to increase obedience?
คำตอบ
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
การ์ด 505
คำถาม
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
คำตอบ
Displacement.
การ์ด 506
คำถาม
Social loafing?
คำตอบ
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
การ์ด 507
คำถาม
Multiculturalism?
คำตอบ
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
การ์ด 508
คำถาม
How does similarity affect attraction?
คำตอบ
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
การ์ด 509
คำถาม
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
คำตอบ
Projection.
การ์ด 510
คำถาม
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
คำตอบ
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
การ์ด 511
คำถาม
Deindividuation?
คำตอบ
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
การ์ด 512
คำถาม
Group polarization?
คำตอบ
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
การ์ด 513
คำถาม
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
คำตอบ
Rationalization.
การ์ด 514
คำถาม
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
คำตอบ
Groupthink.
การ์ด 515
คำถาม
Pluralistic ignorance?
คำตอบ
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
การ์ด 516
คำถาม
Social trap?
คำตอบ
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
การ์ด 517
คำถาม
Reaction formation?
คำตอบ
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
การ์ด 518
คำถาม
Superordinate goal?
คำตอบ
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
การ์ด 519
คำถาม
False-consensus effect?
คำตอบ
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
การ์ด 520
คำถาม
Industrial-organizational psychology?
คำตอบ
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
การ์ด 521
คำถาม
Repression?
คำตอบ
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
การ์ด 522
คำถาม
Burnout?
คำตอบ
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
การ์ด 523
คำถาม
Unconditional positive regard?
คำตอบ
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
การ์ด 524
คำถาม
Trait?
คำตอบ
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
การ์ด 525
คำถาม
Regression as a defense mechanism?
คำตอบ
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
การ์ด 526
คำถาม
Reciprocal determinism?
คำตอบ
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
การ์ด 527
คำถาม
Self-efficacy?
คำตอบ
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
การ์ด 528
คำถาม
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
คำตอบ
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
การ์ด 529
คำถาม
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
คำตอบ
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
การ์ด 530
คำถาม
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
คำตอบ
Openness.
การ์ด 531
คำถาม
Personality inventory?
คำตอบ
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
การ์ด 532
คำถาม
Self-actualizing tendency?
คำตอบ
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
การ์ด 533
คำถาม
Self-esteem?
คำตอบ
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
การ์ด 534
คำถาม
Instinct in motivation research?
คำตอบ
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
การ์ด 535
คำถาม
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
คำตอบ
Conscientiousness.
การ์ด 536
คำถาม
Projective test?
คำตอบ
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
การ์ด 537
คำถาม
How does factor analysis help trait research?
คำตอบ
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
การ์ด 538
คำถาม
Drive-reduction theory?
คำตอบ
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
การ์ด 539
คำถาม
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
คำตอบ
Extraversion.
การ์ด 540
คำถาม
Person–situation debate?
คำตอบ
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
การ์ด 541
คำถาม
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
คำตอบ
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
การ์ด 542
คำถาม
Homeostasis?
คำตอบ
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
การ์ด 543
คำถาม
Incentive theory?
คำตอบ
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
การ์ด 544
คำถาม
Big Five agreeableness?
คำตอบ
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
การ์ด 545
คำถาม
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
คำตอบ
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
การ์ด 546
คำถาม
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
คำตอบ
An approach–approach conflict.
การ์ด 547
คำถาม
Arousal theory of motivation?
คำตอบ
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
การ์ด 548
คำถาม
Big Five emotional stability?
คำตอบ
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
การ์ด 549
คำถาม
What regulates hunger?
คำตอบ
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
การ์ด 550
คำถาม
Three broad components of emotion?
คำตอบ
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
การ์ด 551
คำถาม
Self-determination theory?
คำตอบ
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
การ์ด 552
คำถาม
Emotion regulation?
คำตอบ
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
การ์ด 553
คำถาม
Sensation-seeking?
คำตอบ
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
การ์ด 554
คำถาม
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
คำตอบ
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
การ์ด 555
คำถาม
Intrinsic motivation?
คำตอบ
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
การ์ด 556
คำถาม
Display rules?
คำตอบ
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
การ์ด 557
คำถาม
Arousal and performance relationship?
คำตอบ
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
การ์ด 558
คำถาม
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
คำตอบ
An approach–avoidance conflict.
การ์ด 559
คำถาม
Extrinsic motivation?
คำตอบ
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
การ์ด 560
คำถาม
Achievement motivation?
คำตอบ
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
การ์ด 561
คำถาม
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
คำตอบ
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
การ์ด 562
คำถาม
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
คำตอบ
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
การ์ด 563
คำถาม
Overjustification effect?
คำตอบ
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
การ์ด 564
คำถาม
Belongingness motivation?
คำตอบ
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
การ์ด 565
คำถาม
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:
Condition Mean minutes Assigned topic 34 Chosen topic 47 What is the observed mean difference?
คำตอบ
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
การ์ด 566
คำถาม
Facial-feedback effect?
คำตอบ
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
การ์ด 567
คำถาม
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
คำตอบ
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
การ์ด 568
คำถาม
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
คำตอบ
Cognitive reappraisal.
การ์ด 569
คำถาม
Broaden-and-build view?
คำตอบ
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
การ์ด 570
คำถาม
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
คำตอบ
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
การ์ด 571
คำถาม
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
คำตอบ
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
การ์ด 572
คำถาม
Expressive suppression?
คำตอบ
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
การ์ด 573
คำถาม
How does acute stress affect the body?
คำตอบ
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
การ์ด 574
คำถาม
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
คำตอบ
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
การ์ด 575
คำถาม
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
คำตอบ
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
การ์ด 576
คำถาม
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
คำตอบ
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
การ์ด 577
คำถาม
Health psychology?
คำตอบ
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
การ์ด 578
คำถาม
Positive psychology?
คำตอบ
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
การ์ด 579
คำถาม
Stress?
คำตอบ
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
การ์ด 580
คำถาม
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
คำตอบ
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
การ์ด 581
คำถาม
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
คำตอบ
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
การ์ด 582
คำถาม
Resilience?
คำตอบ
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
การ์ด 583
คำถาม
Stressor?
คำตอบ
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
การ์ด 584
คำถาม
General adaptation syndrome?
คำตอบ
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
การ์ด 585
คำถาม
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
คำตอบ
Problem-focused coping.
การ์ด 586
คำถาม
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
คำตอบ
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
การ์ด 587
คำถาม
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
คำตอบ
Primary appraisal.
การ์ด 588
คำถาม
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
คำตอบ
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
การ์ด 589
คำถาม
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
คำตอบ
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
การ์ด 590
คำถาม
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
คำตอบ
Emotion-focused coping.
การ์ด 591
คำถาม
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
คำตอบ
Secondary appraisal.
การ์ด 592
คำถาม
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
คำตอบ
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
การ์ด 593
คำถาม
Adverse childhood experiences?
คำตอบ
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
การ์ด 594
คำถาม
How can social support protect health?
คำตอบ
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
การ์ด 595
คำถาม
Eustress versus distress?
คำตอบ
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
การ์ด 596
คำถาม
Tend-and-befriend response?
คำตอบ
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
การ์ด 597
คำถาม
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
คำตอบ
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
การ์ด 598
คำถาม
Biofeedback?
คำตอบ
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
การ์ด 599
คำถาม
How does perceived control affect stress?
คำตอบ
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
การ์ด 600
คำถาม
Psychoneuroimmunology?
คำตอบ
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
การ์ด 601
คำถาม
Subjective well-being?
คำตอบ
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
การ์ด 602
คำถาม
Psychological disorder?
คำตอบ
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
การ์ด 603
คำถาม
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
คำตอบ
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
การ์ด 604
คำถาม
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
คำตอบ
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
การ์ด 605
คำถาม
Signature strengths?
คำตอบ
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
การ์ด 606
คำถาม
Biopsychosocial model?
คำตอบ
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
การ์ด 607
คำถาม
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
คำตอบ
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
การ์ด 608
คำถาม
Posttraumatic growth?
คำตอบ
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
การ์ด 609
คำถาม
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
คำตอบ
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
การ์ด 610
คำถาม
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
คำตอบ
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
การ์ด 611
คำถาม
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
คำตอบ
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
การ์ด 612
คำถาม
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
คำตอบ
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
การ์ด 613
คำถาม
Biological explanation of disorder?
คำตอบ
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
การ์ด 614
คำถาม
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
คำตอบ
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
การ์ด 615
คำถาม
Purpose of the DSM?
คำตอบ
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
การ์ด 616
คำถาม
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
คำตอบ
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
การ์ด 617
คำถาม
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
คำตอบ
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
การ์ด 618
คำถาม
Autism spectrum disorder?
คำตอบ
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
การ์ด 619
คำถาม
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
คำตอบ
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
การ์ด 620
คำถาม
Major depressive disorder?
คำตอบ
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
การ์ด 621
คำถาม
Specific phobia?
คำตอบ
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
การ์ด 622
คำถาม
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
คำตอบ
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
การ์ด 623
คำถาม
Dissociative amnesia?
คำตอบ
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
การ์ด 624
คำถาม
Bipolar I disorder?
คำตอบ
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
การ์ด 625
คำถาม
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
คำตอบ
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
การ์ด 626
คำถาม
Anorexia nervosa?
คำตอบ
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
การ์ด 627
คำถาม
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
คำตอบ
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
การ์ด 628
คำถาม
Bipolar II disorder?
คำตอบ
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
การ์ด 629
คำถาม
Purpose of the ICD?
คำตอบ
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
การ์ด 630
คำถาม
Bulimia nervosa?
คำตอบ
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
การ์ด 631
คำถาม
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
คำตอบ
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
การ์ด 632
คำถาม
Ataque de nervios?
คำตอบ
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
การ์ด 633
คำถาม
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
คำตอบ
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
การ์ด 634
คำถาม
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
คำตอบ
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
การ์ด 635
คำถาม
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
คำตอบ
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
การ์ด 636
คำถาม
Comorbidity?
คำตอบ
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
การ์ด 637
คำถาม
Humanistic explanation of distress?
คำตอบ
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
การ์ด 638
คำถาม
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
คำตอบ
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
การ์ด 639
คำถาม
Stigma around mental disorder?
คำตอบ
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
การ์ด 640
คำถาม
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
คำตอบ
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
การ์ด 641
คำถาม
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
คำตอบ
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
การ์ด 642
คำถาม
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
คำตอบ
Interrater reliability.
การ์ด 643
คำถาม
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
คำตอบ
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
การ์ด 644
คำถาม
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
คำตอบ
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
การ์ด 645
คำถาม
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
คำตอบ
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
การ์ด 646
คำถาม
Delusion?
คำตอบ
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
การ์ด 647
คำถาม
Agoraphobia?
คำตอบ
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
การ์ด 648
คำถาม
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
คำตอบ
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
การ์ด 649
คำถาม
Eclectic approach to disorder?
คำตอบ
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
การ์ด 650
คำถาม
Hallucination?
คำตอบ
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
การ์ด 651
คำถาม
Panic disorder?
คำตอบ
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
การ์ด 652
คำถาม
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
คำตอบ
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
การ์ด 653
คำถาม
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
คำตอบ
The diathesis–stress model.
การ์ด 654
คำถาม
Cluster A personality disorders?
คำตอบ
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
การ์ด 655
คำถาม
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
คำตอบ
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
การ์ด 656
คำถาม
Evidence-based treatment?
คำตอบ
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
การ์ด 657
คำถาม
Therapeutic alliance?
คำตอบ
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
การ์ด 658
คำถาม
Cultural humility in therapy?
คำตอบ
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
การ์ด 659
คำถาม
Deinstitutionalization?
คำตอบ
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
การ์ด 660
คำถาม
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
คำตอบ
Exposure therapy.
การ์ด 661
คำถาม
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
คำตอบ
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
การ์ด 662
คำถาม
Four medication categories in the course?
คำตอบ
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
การ์ด 663
คำถาม
Depressive cognitive triad?
คำตอบ
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
การ์ด 664
คำถาม
Applied behavior analysis?
คำตอบ
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
การ์ด 665
คำถาม
Psychosurgery?
คำตอบ
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
การ์ด 666
คำถาม
Free association?
คำตอบ
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
การ์ด 667
คำถาม
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
คำตอบ
Cognitive restructuring.
การ์ด 668
คำถาม
One advantage of group therapy?
คำตอบ
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
การ์ด 669
คำถาม
Lobotomy?
คำตอบ
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
การ์ด 670
คำถาม
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
คำตอบ
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
การ์ด 671
คำถาม
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
คำตอบ
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
การ์ด 672
คำถาม
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
คำตอบ
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
การ์ด 673
คำถาม
Social anxiety disorder?
คำตอบ
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
การ์ด 674
คำถาม
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
คำตอบ
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
การ์ด 675
คำถาม
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
คำตอบ
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
การ์ด 676
คำถาม
Dissociative fugue?
คำตอบ
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
การ์ด 677
คำถาม
Cluster B personality disorders?
คำตอบ
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
การ์ด 678
คำถาม
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
คำตอบ
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
การ์ด 679
คำถาม
Catatonia?
คำตอบ
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
การ์ด 680
คำถาม
Manic episode?
คำตอบ
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
การ์ด 681
คำถาม
Dissociative identity disorder?
คำตอบ
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
การ์ด 682
คำถาม
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
คำตอบ
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
การ์ด 683
คำถาม
Cluster C personality disorders?
คำตอบ
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
การ์ด 684
คำถาม
Taijin kyofusho?
คำตอบ
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
การ์ด 685
คำถาม
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
คำตอบ
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
การ์ด 686
คำถาม
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
คำตอบ
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
การ์ด 687
คำถาม
Hypomanic episode?
คำตอบ
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
การ์ด 688
คำถาม
Generalized anxiety disorder?
คำตอบ
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
การ์ด 689
คำถาม
Hoarding disorder?
คำตอบ
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
การ์ด 690
คำถาม
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
คำตอบ
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
การ์ด 691
คำถาม
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
คำตอบ
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
การ์ด 692
คำถาม
Persistent depressive disorder?
คำตอบ
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
การ์ด 693
คำถาม
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
คำตอบ
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
การ์ด 694
คำถาม
Systematic desensitization?
คำตอบ
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
การ์ด 695
คำถาม
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
คำตอบ
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
การ์ด 696
คำถาม
Dialectical behavior therapy?
คำตอบ
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
การ์ด 697
คำถาม
Integrity in therapy ethics?
คำตอบ
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
การ์ด 698
คำถาม
Aversion therapy?
คำตอบ
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
การ์ด 699
คำถาม
Tardive dyskinesia?
คำตอบ
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
การ์ด 700
คำถาม
ECT versus TMS?
คำตอบ
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
การ์ด 701
คำถาม
Respect for rights and dignity?
คำตอบ
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
การ์ด 702
คำถาม
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
คำตอบ
A token economy.
การ์ด 703
คำถาม
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
คำตอบ
Person-centered therapy.
การ์ด 704
คำถาม
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
คำตอบ
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
การ์ด 705
คำถาม
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
คำตอบ
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.
705 การ์ด
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
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