AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.
Bu deste hakkında
Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.
What the cards ask you to retrieve
- Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
- Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
- Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
- Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
- Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.
The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.
What's deliberately left out
The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.
Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.
This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.
Bu destedeki kartlar
Kart 1
Soru
Nature in the nature–nurture question?
Cevap
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
Kart 2
Soru
Central nervous system?
Cevap
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
Kart 3
Soru
Main role of the spinal cord?
Cevap
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
Kart 4
Soru
Scores are
4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?Cevap
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
Kart 5
Soru
Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
Cevap
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
Kart 6
Soru
Peripheral nervous system?
Cevap
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Kart 7
Soru
Reflex arc?
Cevap
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
Kart 8
Soru
Reflex times are
180, 190, 210, 260, 410milliseconds. What is the median?Cevap
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
Kart 9
Soru
Heritability?
Cevap
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
Kart 10
Soru
Autonomic nervous system?
Cevap
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
Kart 11
Soru
Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
Cevap
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
Kart 12
Soru
Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
Cevap
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
Kart 13
Soru
Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
Cevap
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
Kart 14
Soru
Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
Cevap
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
Kart 15
Soru
Natural selection?
Cevap
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
Kart 16
Soru
Somatic nervous system?
Cevap
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
Kart 17
Soru
Sensory neurons?
Cevap
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
Kart 18
Soru
Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
Cevap
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
Kart 19
Soru
Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
Cevap
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
Kart 20
Soru
Sympathetic nervous system?
Cevap
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
Kart 21
Soru
Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
Cevap
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
Kart 22
Soru
Motor neurons?
Cevap
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
Kart 23
Soru
Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
Cevap
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
Kart 24
Soru
Parasympathetic nervous system?
Cevap
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
Kart 25
Soru
Resting potential?
Cevap
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
Kart 26
Soru
Interneurons?
Cevap
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
Kart 27
Soru
Adrenaline's behavioral role?
Cevap
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
Kart 28
Soru
Frontal lobes?
Cevap
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
Kart 29
Soru
Neural threshold?
Cevap
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
Kart 30
Soru
Corpus callosum?
Cevap
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
Kart 31
Soru
Leptin's role in eating?
Cevap
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
Kart 32
Soru
Temporal lobes?
Cevap
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
Kart 33
Soru
Depolarization during an action potential?
Cevap
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
Kart 34
Soru
Dopamine's major psychological functions?
Cevap
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
Kart 35
Soru
Ghrelin's role in eating?
Cevap
It helps stimulate hunger.
Kart 36
Soru
Drug agonist?
Cevap
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
Kart 37
Soru
Action potential?
Cevap
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
Kart 38
Soru
Reuptake?
Cevap
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
Kart 39
Soru
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
Cevap
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
Kart 40
Soru
Glutamate's major psychological functions?
Cevap
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
Kart 41
Soru
Refractory period?
Cevap
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
Kart 42
Soru
Melatonin's role?
Cevap
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
Kart 43
Soru
Drug antagonist?
Cevap
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
Kart 44
Soru
Stimulants?
Cevap
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
Kart 45
Soru
Drug tolerance?
Cevap
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
Kart 46
Soru
Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Cevap
Multiple sclerosis.
Kart 47
Soru
All-or-none principle?
Cevap
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
Kart 48
Soru
Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
Cevap
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
Kart 49
Soru
GABA's major psychological function?
Cevap
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
Kart 50
Soru
Oxytocin's behavioral role?
Cevap
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
Kart 51
Soru
Reuptake inhibitor?
Cevap
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
Kart 52
Soru
Depressants?
Cevap
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
Kart 53
Soru
Drug withdrawal?
Cevap
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
Kart 54
Soru
Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Cevap
Myasthenia gravis.
Kart 55
Soru
Glial cells?
Cevap
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
Kart 56
Soru
Endorphins?
Cevap
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
Kart 57
Soru
Substance P?
Cevap
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
Kart 58
Soru
Acetylcholine's major functions?
Cevap
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
Kart 59
Soru
Opioids?
Cevap
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
Kart 60
Soru
Hallucinogens?
Cevap
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
Kart 61
Soru
Addiction?
Cevap
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
Kart 62
Soru
Parietal lobes?
Cevap
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
Kart 63
Soru
Consciousness?
Cevap
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
Kart 64
Soru
Circadian rhythm?
Cevap
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
Kart 65
Soru
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
Cevap
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
Kart 66
Soru
Occipital lobes?
Cevap
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
Kart 67
Soru
What does split-brain research reveal?
Cevap
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
Kart 68
Soru
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
Cevap
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
Kart 69
Soru
NREM-1 sleep?
Cevap
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
Kart 70
Soru
Motor cortex?
Cevap
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
Kart 71
Soru
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
Cevap
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
Kart 72
Soru
Brainstem's core function?
Cevap
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
Kart 73
Soru
NREM-2 sleep?
Cevap
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
Kart 74
Soru
Somatosensory cortex?
Cevap
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
Kart 75
Soru
Medulla's main functions?
Cevap
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
Kart 76
Soru
Reticular activating system?
Cevap
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
Kart 77
Soru
NREM-3 sleep?
Cevap
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
Kart 78
Soru
Cerebellum's main functions?
Cevap
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
Kart 79
Soru
Thalamus?
Cevap
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
Kart 80
Soru
Hypothalamus?
Cevap
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
Kart 81
Soru
REM sleep?
Cevap
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
Kart 82
Soru
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
Cevap
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
Kart 83
Soru
Amygdala?
Cevap
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
Kart 84
Soru
Hippocampus?
Cevap
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
Kart 85
Soru
How does sleep change across a typical night?
Cevap
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
Kart 86
Soru
Contralateral brain control?
Cevap
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
Kart 87
Soru
What does an EEG measure?
Cevap
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
Kart 88
Soru
Reward-center activity?
Cevap
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
Kart 89
Soru
Neuroplasticity?
Cevap
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
Kart 90
Soru
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
Cevap
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
Kart 91
Soru
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
Cevap
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
Kart 92
Soru
Insomnia?
Cevap
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
Kart 93
Soru
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
Cevap
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
Kart 94
Soru
Absolute threshold?
Cevap
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
Kart 95
Soru
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
Cevap
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
Kart 96
Soru
Narcolepsy?
Cevap
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
Kart 97
Soru
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
Cevap
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
Kart 98
Soru
Difference threshold?
Cevap
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
Kart 99
Soru
Consolidation view of dreams?
Cevap
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
Kart 100
Soru
REM sleep behavior disorder?
Cevap
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
Kart 101
Soru
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
Cevap
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
Kart 102
Soru
Weber's law?
Cevap
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
Kart 103
Soru
Two supported functions of sleep?
Cevap
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
Kart 104
Soru
Sleep apnea?
Cevap
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
Kart 105
Soru
REM rebound?
Cevap
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
Kart 106
Soru
Signal detection theory?
Cevap
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
Kart 107
Soru
Sensory transduction?
Cevap
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
Kart 108
Soru
Vestibular sense?
Cevap
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
Kart 109
Soru
Somnambulism?
Cevap
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
Kart 110
Soru
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Cevap
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
Kart 111
Soru
What begins visual transduction?
Cevap
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
Kart 112
Soru
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
Cevap
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
Kart 113
Soru
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
Cevap
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
Kart 114
Soru
Accommodation in vision?
Cevap
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
Kart 115
Soru
Cones?
Cevap
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
Kart 116
Soru
What begins auditory transduction?
Cevap
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
Kart 117
Soru
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
Cevap
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
Kart 118
Soru
How is smell unusual among the senses?
Cevap
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
Kart 119
Soru
Kinesthesia?
Cevap
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
Kart 120
Soru
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
Cevap
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
Kart 121
Soru
Nearsightedness?
Cevap
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
Kart 122
Soru
Pheromones?
Cevap
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
Kart 123
Soru
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
Cevap
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
Kart 124
Soru
Volley theory of pitch?
Cevap
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
Kart 125
Soru
Farsightedness?
Cevap
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
Kart 126
Soru
Six taste qualities named in the course?
Cevap
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
Kart 127
Soru
Phantom-limb sensation?
Cevap
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
Kart 128
Soru
Sensory interaction?
Cevap
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
Kart 129
Soru
What causes most color-vision deficiency?
Cevap
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
Kart 130
Soru
Prosopagnosia?
Cevap
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
Kart 131
Soru
Rods?
Cevap
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
Kart 132
Soru
How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
Cevap
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
Kart 133
Soru
Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
Cevap
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
Kart 134
Soru
Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
Cevap
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
Kart 135
Soru
What do the semicircular canals detect?
Cevap
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
Kart 136
Soru
Synesthesia?
Cevap
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
Kart 137
Soru
Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
Cevap
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
Kart 138
Soru
Blindsight?
Cevap
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
Kart 139
Soru
Sensory adaptation?
Cevap
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
Kart 140
Soru
Gate-control view of pain?
Cevap
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
Kart 141
Soru
Bottom-up processing?
Cevap
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
Kart 142
Soru
Concept?
Cevap
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Kart 143
Soru
Fixation in problem solving?
Cevap
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
Kart 144
Soru
Algorithm?
Cevap
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
Kart 145
Soru
Top-down processing?
Cevap
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
Kart 146
Soru
Confirmation bias?
Cevap
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
Kart 147
Soru
Retinal disparity?
Cevap
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
Kart 148
Soru
Heuristic?
Cevap
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
Kart 149
Soru
Selective attention?
Cevap
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
Kart 150
Soru
Figure–ground organization?
Cevap
Separating the object of attention from its background.
Kart 151
Soru
Convergence as a depth cue?
Cevap
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
Kart 152
Soru
Representativeness heuristic?
Cevap
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
Kart 153
Soru
Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
Cevap
Inattentional blindness.
Kart 154
Soru
Gestalt proximity principle?
Cevap
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
Kart 155
Soru
Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
Cevap
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
Kart 156
Soru
Cocktail-party effect?
Cevap
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
Kart 157
Soru
Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
Cevap
Change blindness.
Kart 158
Soru
Gestalt similarity principle?
Cevap
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
Kart 159
Soru
Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
Cevap
Linear perspective.
Kart 160
Soru
Perceptual constancy?
Cevap
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
Kart 161
Soru
Perceptual set?
Cevap
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
Kart 162
Soru
Gestalt closure principle?
Cevap
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
Kart 163
Soru
One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
Cevap
The blocking object, using interposition.
Kart 164
Soru
Apparent motion?
Cevap
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
Kart 165
Soru
Availability heuristic?
Cevap
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
Kart 166
Soru
Divergent thinking?
Cevap
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
Kart 167
Soru
A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
Cevap
Relative clarity.
Kart 168
Soru
Prototype?
Cevap
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
Kart 169
Soru
Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
Cevap
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
Kart 170
Soru
Convergent thinking?
Cevap
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
Kart 171
Soru
A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
Cevap
Texture gradient.
Kart 172
Soru
Belief perseverance?
Cevap
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
Kart 173
Soru
Explicit memory?
Cevap
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
Kart 174
Soru
Three stores in the multi-store model?
Cevap
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Kart 175
Soru
Seeing an object only in its usual role?
Cevap
Functional fixedness.
Kart 176
Soru
Mental set?
Cevap
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
Kart 177
Soru
Episodic memory?
Cevap
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
Kart 178
Soru
Working memory?
Cevap
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
Kart 179
Soru
Insight?
Cevap
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
Kart 180
Soru
Framing effect?
Cevap
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
Kart 181
Soru
Implicit memory?
Cevap
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
Kart 182
Soru
Overconfidence bias?
Cevap
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
Kart 183
Soru
Anchoring bias?
Cevap
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
Kart 184
Soru
Schema in thinking?
Cevap
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
Kart 185
Soru
Procedural memory?
Cevap
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
Kart 186
Soru
Gambler's fallacy?
Cevap
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
Kart 187
Soru
Sunk-cost fallacy?
Cevap
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
Kart 188
Soru
Executive functions?
Cevap
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
Kart 189
Soru
How can priming affect judgment?
Cevap
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
Kart 190
Soru
Central executive in working memory?
Cevap
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
Kart 191
Soru
Serial-position effect?
Cevap
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
Kart 192
Soru
Semantic memory?
Cevap
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
Kart 193
Soru
Levels-of-processing principle?
Cevap
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
Kart 194
Soru
Automatic processing?
Cevap
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
Kart 195
Soru
Maintenance rehearsal?
Cevap
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
Kart 196
Soru
Prospective memory?
Cevap
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
Kart 197
Soru
Primacy effect?
Cevap
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
Kart 198
Soru
Long-term memory?
Cevap
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
Kart 199
Soru
Highly superior autobiographical memory?
Cevap
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
Kart 200
Soru
Effortful processing?
Cevap
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
Kart 201
Soru
Elaborative rehearsal?
Cevap
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
Kart 202
Soru
Memory consolidation?
Cevap
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
Kart 203
Soru
Recency effect?
Cevap
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
Kart 204
Soru
Spacing effect?
Cevap
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
Kart 205
Soru
Testing effect?
Cevap
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
Kart 206
Soru
Chunking?
Cevap
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
Kart 207
Soru
Mnemonic?
Cevap
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
Kart 208
Soru
Why organize material into a hierarchy?
Cevap
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
Kart 209
Soru
How can a schema help encoding?
Cevap
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
Kart 210
Soru
Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
Cevap
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
Kart 211
Soru
Iconic memory?
Cevap
A very brief visual sensory memory.
Kart 212
Soru
Recall?
Cevap
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
Kart 213
Soru
Retrieval cue?
Cevap
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
Kart 214
Soru
Encoding-specificity principle?
Cevap
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
Kart 215
Soru
Context-dependent memory?
Cevap
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
Kart 216
Soru
Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
Cevap
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
Kart 217
Soru
Echoic memory?
Cevap
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
Kart 218
Soru
Anterograde amnesia?
Cevap
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
Kart 219
Soru
Phonological loop?
Cevap
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
Kart 220
Soru
Cerebellum's memory role?
Cevap
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
Kart 221
Soru
Why is short-term memory described as limited?
Cevap
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
Kart 222
Soru
Retrograde amnesia?
Cevap
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
Kart 223
Soru
Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
Cevap
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
Kart 224
Soru
How can the amygdala affect memory?
Cevap
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
Kart 225
Soru
Visuospatial sketchpad?
Cevap
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
Kart 226
Soru
Long-term potentiation?
Cevap
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
Kart 227
Soru
Infantile amnesia?
Cevap
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
Kart 228
Soru
Alzheimer's disease?
Cevap
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
Kart 229
Soru
Scores are
2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?Cevap
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because
9 - 2 = 7.Kart 230
Soru
Recognition?
Cevap
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
Kart 231
Soru
Why is memory called reconstructive?
Cevap
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
Kart 232
Soru
Storage decay?
Cevap
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
Kart 233
Soru
State-dependent memory?
Cevap
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
Kart 234
Soru
Relearning?
Cevap
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
Kart 235
Soru
Misinformation effect?
Cevap
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
Kart 236
Soru
A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
Cevap
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
Kart 237
Soru
Mood-congruent memory?
Cevap
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
Kart 238
Soru
Priming?
Cevap
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
Kart 239
Soru
Tip-of-the-tongue state?
Cevap
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
Kart 240
Soru
Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
Cevap
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
Kart 241
Soru
Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
Cevap
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
Kart 242
Soru
Metacognition?
Cevap
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
Kart 243
Soru
Source amnesia?
Cevap
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
Kart 244
Soru
Test standardization?
Cevap
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
Kart 245
Soru
Reliability?
Cevap
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
Kart 246
Soru
Stereotype threat?
Cevap
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
Kart 247
Soru
General intelligence, or g?
Cevap
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
Kart 248
Soru
Encoding failure?
Cevap
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
Kart 249
Soru
Validity?
Cevap
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
Kart 250
Soru
Proactive interference?
Cevap
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
Kart 251
Soru
Imagination inflation?
Cevap
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
Kart 252
Soru
A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
Cevap
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
Kart 253
Soru
Retrieval failure?
Cevap
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
Kart 254
Soru
Retroactive interference?
Cevap
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
Kart 255
Soru
A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
Cevap
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
Kart 256
Soru
Repression in psychodynamic theory?
Cevap
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
Kart 257
Soru
Flashbulb memory?
Cevap
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
Kart 258
Soru
A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
Cevap
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
Kart 259
Soru
A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
Cevap
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
Kart 260
Soru
Stereotype lift?
Cevap
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
Kart 261
Soru
Achievement test?
Cevap
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
Kart 262
Soru
Construct validity?
Cevap
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
Kart 263
Soru
Test–retest reliability?
Cevap
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
Kart 264
Soru
Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
Cevap
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
Kart 265
Soru
Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
Cevap
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
Kart 266
Soru
Aptitude test?
Cevap
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
Kart 267
Soru
Traditional IQ formula?
Cevap
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
Kart 268
Soru
Predictive validity?
Cevap
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
Kart 269
Soru
What does a normal score distribution look like?
Cevap
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
Kart 270
Soru
Split-half reliability?
Cevap
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
Kart 271
Soru
Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
Cevap
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
Kart 272
Soru
Flynn effect?
Cevap
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
Kart 273
Soru
A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
Cevap
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
Kart 274
Soru
Continuous versus stage development?
Cevap
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
Kart 275
Soru
How can prenatal environment affect later development?
Cevap
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
Kart 276
Soru
Teratogen?
Cevap
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
Kart 277
Soru
Maturation?
Cevap
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
Kart 278
Soru
Stability–change question in development?
Cevap
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
Kart 279
Soru
A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
Cevap
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
Kart 280
Soru
Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
Cevap
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
Kart 281
Soru
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
Cevap
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
Kart 282
Soru
Fine versus gross motor skills?
Cevap
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
Kart 283
Soru
Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
Cevap
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
Kart 284
Soru
What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
Cevap
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
Kart 285
Soru
Puberty?
Cevap
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
Kart 286
Soru
Sensitive period?
Cevap
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
Kart 287
Soru
What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
Cevap
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
Kart 288
Soru
Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
Cevap
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
Kart 289
Soru
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
Cevap
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
Kart 290
Soru
Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
Cevap
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
Kart 291
Soru
Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
Cevap
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
Kart 292
Soru
Menarche?
Cevap
The first menstrual period.
Kart 293
Soru
Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
Cevap
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
Kart 294
Soru
About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
Cevap
About 68%.
Kart 295
Soru
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
Cevap
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
Kart 296
Soru
Spermarche?
Cevap
The first ejaculation.
Kart 297
Soru
Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
Cevap
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
Kart 298
Soru
Imprinting?
Cevap
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
Kart 299
Soru
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
Cevap
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
Kart 300
Soru
Menopause?
Cevap
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
Kart 301
Soru
Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
Cevap
Naturalistic observation.
Kart 302
Soru
How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
Cevap
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
Kart 303
Soru
Gender identity?
Cevap
A person's internal sense of their gender.
Kart 304
Soru
Gender role?
Cevap
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
Kart 305
Soru
Sex versus gender?
Cevap
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
Kart 306
Soru
Common sensory change in later adulthood?
Cevap
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
Kart 307
Soru
Sexual orientation?
Cevap
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
Kart 308
Soru
Gender schema?
Cevap
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
Kart 309
Soru
Best broad view of gender development?
Cevap
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
Kart 310
Soru
Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
Cevap
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
Kart 311
Soru
Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
Cevap
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
Kart 312
Soru
Schema in cognitive development?
Cevap
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
Kart 313
Soru
Sensorimotor stage?
Cevap
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
Kart 314
Soru
Preoperational stage?
Cevap
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
Kart 315
Soru
Assimilation?
Cevap
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
Kart 316
Soru
A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
Cevap
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
Kart 317
Soru
Animism in preoperational thought?
Cevap
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
Kart 318
Soru
Concrete operational stage?
Cevap
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
Kart 319
Soru
Accommodation?
Cevap
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
Kart 320
Soru
Reversibility in cognitive development?
Cevap
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
Kart 321
Soru
How can social learning shape gender expression?
Cevap
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
Kart 322
Soru
A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
Cevap
Assimilation.
Kart 323
Soru
Language?
Cevap
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
Kart 324
Soru
Cooing stage?
Cevap
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
Kart 325
Soru
Babbling stage?
Cevap
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
Kart 326
Soru
One-word stage?
Cevap
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
Kart 327
Soru
Grammar?
Cevap
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
Kart 328
Soru
A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
Cevap
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
Kart 329
Soru
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
Cevap
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
Kart 330
Soru
A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
Cevap
Accommodation.
Kart 331
Soru
A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
Cevap
Scaffolding.
Kart 332
Soru
A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
Cevap
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
Kart 333
Soru
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
Cevap
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
Kart 334
Soru
An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
Cevap
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
Kart 335
Soru
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
Cevap
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
Kart 336
Soru
Formal operational stage?
Cevap
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
Kart 337
Soru
Dementia?
Cevap
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
Kart 338
Soru
Phoneme?
Cevap
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
Kart 339
Soru
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
Cevap
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
Kart 340
Soru
Temperament?
Cevap
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
Kart 341
Soru
Attachment?
Cevap
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
Kart 342
Soru
Erikson's infancy conflict?
Cevap
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
Kart 343
Soru
Microsystem?
Cevap
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
Kart 344
Soru
Erikson's toddler conflict?
Cevap
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
Kart 345
Soru
Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
Cevap
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
Kart 346
Soru
Erikson's school-age conflict?
Cevap
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
Kart 347
Soru
Mesosystem?
Cevap
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
Kart 348
Soru
Erikson's adolescent conflict?
Cevap
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
Kart 349
Soru
Erikson's young-adult conflict?
Cevap
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
Kart 350
Soru
Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
Cevap
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
Kart 351
Soru
Exosystem?
Cevap
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
Kart 352
Soru
Morpheme?
Cevap
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
Kart 353
Soru
Telegraphic speech?
Cevap
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
705 kart
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
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Kart 354
Soru
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
Cevap
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
Kart 355
Soru
Macrosystem?
Cevap
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
Kart 356
Soru
Semantics?
Cevap
The meanings of words and sentences.
Kart 357
Soru
A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
Cevap
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
Kart 358
Soru
What does a sensitive period for language imply?
Cevap
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
Kart 359
Soru
Does language completely determine thought?
Cevap
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
Kart 360
Soru
Syntax?
Cevap
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
Kart 361
Soru
A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
Cevap
Secure attachment.
Kart 362
Soru
How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
Cevap
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
Kart 363
Soru
Authoritative parenting?
Cevap
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
Kart 364
Soru
Identity achievement?
Cevap
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
Kart 365
Soru
Avoidant attachment pattern?
Cevap
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
Kart 366
Soru
Classical conditioning?
Cevap
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
Kart 367
Soru
Unconditioned stimulus?
Cevap
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
Kart 368
Soru
Unconditioned response?
Cevap
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
Kart 369
Soru
Conditioned stimulus?
Cevap
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
Kart 370
Soru
Conditioned response?
Cevap
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
Kart 371
Soru
Acquisition in classical conditioning?
Cevap
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
Kart 372
Soru
During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
Cevap
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
Kart 373
Soru
Authoritarian parenting?
Cevap
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
Kart 374
Soru
Identity diffusion?
Cevap
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
Kart 375
Soru
Extinction in classical conditioning?
Cevap
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
Kart 376
Soru
Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
Cevap
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
Kart 377
Soru
Permissive parenting?
Cevap
High warmth with few demands or limits.
Kart 378
Soru
Parallel play?
Cevap
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
Kart 379
Soru
Imaginary audience?
Cevap
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
Kart 380
Soru
Identity foreclosure?
Cevap
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
Kart 381
Soru
Disorganized attachment pattern?
Cevap
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
Kart 382
Soru
Neglectful parenting?
Cevap
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
Kart 383
Soru
Chronosystem?
Cevap
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
Kart 384
Soru
Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
Cevap
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
Kart 385
Soru
Personal fable?
Cevap
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
Kart 386
Soru
Identity moratorium?
Cevap
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
Kart 387
Soru
Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
Cevap
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
Kart 388
Soru
Separation anxiety in infancy?
Cevap
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
Kart 389
Soru
What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
Cevap
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
Kart 390
Soru
Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
Cevap
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
Kart 391
Soru
Emerging adulthood?
Cevap
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
Kart 392
Soru
Social clock?
Cevap
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
Kart 393
Soru
Erikson's later-adult conflict?
Cevap
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
Kart 394
Soru
Possible selves?
Cevap
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
Kart 395
Soru
Stimulus generalization?
Cevap
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
Kart 396
Soru
Operant conditioning?
Cevap
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
Kart 397
Soru
Law of effect?
Cevap
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
Kart 398
Soru
Spontaneous recovery?
Cevap
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
Kart 399
Soru
Stimulus discrimination?
Cevap
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
Kart 400
Soru
Reinforcement?
Cevap
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
Kart 401
Soru
Higher-order conditioning?
Cevap
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
Kart 402
Soru
Counterconditioning?
Cevap
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
Kart 403
Soru
Habituation?
Cevap
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
Kart 404
Soru
Punishment?
Cevap
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
Kart 405
Soru
Partial reinforcement?
Cevap
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
Kart 406
Soru
Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
Cevap
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
Kart 407
Soru
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
Cevap
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
Kart 408
Soru
Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
Cevap
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
Kart 409
Soru
Fixed-ratio schedule?
Cevap
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
Kart 410
Soru
Observational learning?
Cevap
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
Kart 411
Soru
A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
Cevap
Positive reinforcement.
Kart 412
Soru
Primary reinforcer?
Cevap
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
Kart 413
Soru
Variable-ratio schedule?
Cevap
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
Kart 414
Soru
Modeling?
Cevap
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
Kart 415
Soru
Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
Cevap
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
Kart 416
Soru
Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
Cevap
Negative reinforcement.
Kart 417
Soru
Conditioned reinforcer?
Cevap
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
Kart 418
Soru
A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
Cevap
Vicarious reinforcement.
Kart 419
Soru
Fixed-interval schedule?
Cevap
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
Kart 420
Soru
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
Cevap
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
Kart 421
Soru
A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
Cevap
Positive punishment.
Kart 422
Soru
Shaping?
Cevap
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
Kart 423
Soru
Extinction in operant conditioning?
Cevap
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
Kart 424
Soru
Variable-interval schedule?
Cevap
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
Kart 425
Soru
A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
Cevap
Negative punishment.
Kart 426
Soru
Learned helplessness?
Cevap
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
Kart 427
Soru
Continuous reinforcement?
Cevap
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
Kart 428
Soru
A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
Cevap
A fixed-interval schedule.
Kart 429
Soru
Discriminative stimulus?
Cevap
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
Kart 430
Soru
Operant generalization versus discrimination?
Cevap
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
Kart 431
Soru
Instinctive drift?
Cevap
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
Kart 432
Soru
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
Cevap
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
Kart 433
Soru
How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
Cevap
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
Kart 434
Soru
How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
Cevap
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
Kart 435
Soru
Vicarious conditioning?
Cevap
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
Kart 436
Soru
A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
Cevap
A variable-interval schedule.
Kart 437
Soru
Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
Cevap
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
Kart 438
Soru
Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
Cevap
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
Kart 439
Soru
Latent learning?
Cevap
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
Kart 440
Soru
Cognitive map?
Cevap
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
Kart 441
Soru
Insight learning?
Cevap
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
Kart 442
Soru
Biological preparedness?
Cevap
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
Kart 443
Soru
What can mirror-neuron activity show?
Cevap
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
Kart 444
Soru
Attribution?
Cevap
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
Kart 445
Soru
Attitude?
Cevap
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
Kart 446
Soru
Upward social comparison?
Cevap
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
Kart 447
Soru
Optimistic explanatory style?
Cevap
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
Kart 448
Soru
Situational attribution?
Cevap
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
Kart 449
Soru
A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
Cevap
Cognitive dissonance.
Kart 450
Soru
Downward social comparison?
Cevap
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
Kart 451
Soru
Internal locus of control?
Cevap
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
Kart 452
Soru
Dispositional attribution?
Cevap
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
Kart 453
Soru
Pessimistic explanatory style?
Cevap
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
Kart 454
Soru
Relative deprivation?
Cevap
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
Kart 455
Soru
External locus of control?
Cevap
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
Kart 456
Soru
Fundamental attribution error?
Cevap
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
Kart 457
Soru
Halo effect?
Cevap
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
Kart 458
Soru
Self-fulfilling prophecy?
Cevap
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
Kart 459
Soru
Mere-exposure effect?
Cevap
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
Kart 460
Soru
A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
Cevap
The actor–observer difference.
Kart 461
Soru
A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
Cevap
The central route.
Kart 462
Soru
Effort justification?
Cevap
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
Kart 463
Soru
Stereotype?
Cevap
A generalized belief about members of a group.
Kart 464
Soru
A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
Cevap
Self-serving bias.
Kart 465
Soru
A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
Cevap
The peripheral route.
Kart 466
Soru
Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
Cevap
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
Kart 467
Soru
Prejudice?
Cevap
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
Kart 468
Soru
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:
Workload Errors Low 2 High 8 Which attribution is better supported?
Cevap
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
Kart 469
Soru
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
Cevap
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
Kart 470
Soru
Conformity?
Cevap
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
Kart 471
Soru
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
Cevap
The bystander effect.
Kart 472
Soru
Diffusion of responsibility?
Cevap
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
Kart 473
Soru
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
Cevap
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
Kart 474
Soru
In-group bias?
Cevap
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
Kart 475
Soru
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
Cevap
The foot-in-the-door technique.
Kart 476
Soru
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
Cevap
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
Kart 477
Soru
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
Cevap
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
Kart 478
Soru
Discrimination?
Cevap
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
Kart 479
Soru
Out-group homogeneity effect?
Cevap
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
Kart 480
Soru
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
Cevap
The door-in-the-face technique.
Kart 481
Soru
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
Cevap
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
Kart 482
Soru
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
Cevap
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
Kart 483
Soru
Just-world belief?
Cevap
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
Kart 484
Soru
Implicit attitude?
Cevap
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
Kart 485
Soru
Ethnocentrism?
Cevap
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
Kart 486
Soru
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
Cevap
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
Kart 487
Soru
Normative social influence?
Cevap
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
Kart 488
Soru
Psychodynamic view of personality?
Cevap
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
Kart 489
Soru
Norm of reciprocity?
Cevap
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
Kart 490
Soru
Individualism?
Cevap
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
Kart 491
Soru
Informational social influence?
Cevap
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
Kart 492
Soru
Id?
Cevap
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
Kart 493
Soru
Altruism?
Cevap
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
Kart 494
Soru
Social norm?
Cevap
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
Kart 495
Soru
What tends to increase conformity?
Cevap
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
Kart 496
Soru
Ego?
Cevap
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
Kart 497
Soru
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
Cevap
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
Kart 498
Soru
Collectivism?
Cevap
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
Kart 499
Soru
Obedience?
Cevap
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
Kart 500
Soru
Superego?
Cevap
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
Kart 501
Soru
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
Cevap
Denial.
Kart 502
Soru
Social-responsibility norm?
Cevap
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
Kart 503
Soru
How does proximity affect attraction?
Cevap
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
Kart 504
Soru
What tends to increase obedience?
Cevap
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
Kart 505
Soru
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
Cevap
Displacement.
Kart 506
Soru
Social loafing?
Cevap
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
Kart 507
Soru
Multiculturalism?
Cevap
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
Kart 508
Soru
How does similarity affect attraction?
Cevap
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
Kart 509
Soru
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
Cevap
Projection.
Kart 510
Soru
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
Cevap
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
Kart 511
Soru
Deindividuation?
Cevap
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
Kart 512
Soru
Group polarization?
Cevap
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
Kart 513
Soru
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
Cevap
Rationalization.
Kart 514
Soru
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
Cevap
Groupthink.
Kart 515
Soru
Pluralistic ignorance?
Cevap
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
Kart 516
Soru
Social trap?
Cevap
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
Kart 517
Soru
Reaction formation?
Cevap
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
Kart 518
Soru
Superordinate goal?
Cevap
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
Kart 519
Soru
False-consensus effect?
Cevap
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
Kart 520
Soru
Industrial-organizational psychology?
Cevap
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
Kart 521
Soru
Repression?
Cevap
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
Kart 522
Soru
Burnout?
Cevap
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
Kart 523
Soru
Unconditional positive regard?
Cevap
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
Kart 524
Soru
Trait?
Cevap
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
Kart 525
Soru
Regression as a defense mechanism?
Cevap
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
Kart 526
Soru
Reciprocal determinism?
Cevap
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
Kart 527
Soru
Self-efficacy?
Cevap
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
Kart 528
Soru
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
Cevap
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
Kart 529
Soru
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
Cevap
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
Kart 530
Soru
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Cevap
Openness.
Kart 531
Soru
Personality inventory?
Cevap
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
Kart 532
Soru
Self-actualizing tendency?
Cevap
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
Kart 533
Soru
Self-esteem?
Cevap
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
Kart 534
Soru
Instinct in motivation research?
Cevap
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
Kart 535
Soru
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Cevap
Conscientiousness.
Kart 536
Soru
Projective test?
Cevap
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
Kart 537
Soru
How does factor analysis help trait research?
Cevap
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
Kart 538
Soru
Drive-reduction theory?
Cevap
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
Kart 539
Soru
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Cevap
Extraversion.
Kart 540
Soru
Person–situation debate?
Cevap
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
Kart 541
Soru
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
Cevap
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
Kart 542
Soru
Homeostasis?
Cevap
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
Kart 543
Soru
Incentive theory?
Cevap
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
Kart 544
Soru
Big Five agreeableness?
Cevap
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
Kart 545
Soru
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
Cevap
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
Kart 546
Soru
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
Cevap
An approach–approach conflict.
Kart 547
Soru
Arousal theory of motivation?
Cevap
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
Kart 548
Soru
Big Five emotional stability?
Cevap
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
Kart 549
Soru
What regulates hunger?
Cevap
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
Kart 550
Soru
Three broad components of emotion?
Cevap
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
Kart 551
Soru
Self-determination theory?
Cevap
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
Kart 552
Soru
Emotion regulation?
Cevap
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
Kart 553
Soru
Sensation-seeking?
Cevap
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
Kart 554
Soru
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
Cevap
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
Kart 555
Soru
Intrinsic motivation?
Cevap
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
Kart 556
Soru
Display rules?
Cevap
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
Kart 557
Soru
Arousal and performance relationship?
Cevap
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
Kart 558
Soru
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
Cevap
An approach–avoidance conflict.
Kart 559
Soru
Extrinsic motivation?
Cevap
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
Kart 560
Soru
Achievement motivation?
Cevap
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
Kart 561
Soru
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
Cevap
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
Kart 562
Soru
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
Cevap
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
Kart 563
Soru
Overjustification effect?
Cevap
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
Kart 564
Soru
Belongingness motivation?
Cevap
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
Kart 565
Soru
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:
Condition Mean minutes Assigned topic 34 Chosen topic 47 What is the observed mean difference?
Cevap
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
Kart 566
Soru
Facial-feedback effect?
Cevap
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
Kart 567
Soru
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
Cevap
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
Kart 568
Soru
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
Cevap
Cognitive reappraisal.
Kart 569
Soru
Broaden-and-build view?
Cevap
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
Kart 570
Soru
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
Cevap
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
Kart 571
Soru
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
Cevap
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
Kart 572
Soru
Expressive suppression?
Cevap
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
Kart 573
Soru
How does acute stress affect the body?
Cevap
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
Kart 574
Soru
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
Cevap
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
Kart 575
Soru
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
Cevap
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
Kart 576
Soru
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
Cevap
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
Kart 577
Soru
Health psychology?
Cevap
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
Kart 578
Soru
Positive psychology?
Cevap
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
Kart 579
Soru
Stress?
Cevap
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
Kart 580
Soru
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
Cevap
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
Kart 581
Soru
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
Cevap
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
Kart 582
Soru
Resilience?
Cevap
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
Kart 583
Soru
Stressor?
Cevap
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
Kart 584
Soru
General adaptation syndrome?
Cevap
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
Kart 585
Soru
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
Cevap
Problem-focused coping.
Kart 586
Soru
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
Cevap
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
Kart 587
Soru
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
Cevap
Primary appraisal.
Kart 588
Soru
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
Cevap
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
Kart 589
Soru
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
Cevap
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
Kart 590
Soru
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
Cevap
Emotion-focused coping.
Kart 591
Soru
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
Cevap
Secondary appraisal.
Kart 592
Soru
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
Cevap
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
Kart 593
Soru
Adverse childhood experiences?
Cevap
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
Kart 594
Soru
How can social support protect health?
Cevap
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
Kart 595
Soru
Eustress versus distress?
Cevap
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
Kart 596
Soru
Tend-and-befriend response?
Cevap
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
Kart 597
Soru
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
Cevap
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
Kart 598
Soru
Biofeedback?
Cevap
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
Kart 599
Soru
How does perceived control affect stress?
Cevap
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
Kart 600
Soru
Psychoneuroimmunology?
Cevap
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
Kart 601
Soru
Subjective well-being?
Cevap
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
Kart 602
Soru
Psychological disorder?
Cevap
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
Kart 603
Soru
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
Cevap
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
Kart 604
Soru
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
Cevap
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
Kart 605
Soru
Signature strengths?
Cevap
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
Kart 606
Soru
Biopsychosocial model?
Cevap
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
Kart 607
Soru
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
Cevap
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
Kart 608
Soru
Posttraumatic growth?
Cevap
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
Kart 609
Soru
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
Cevap
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
Kart 610
Soru
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
Cevap
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
Kart 611
Soru
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
Cevap
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
Kart 612
Soru
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
Cevap
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
Kart 613
Soru
Biological explanation of disorder?
Cevap
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
Kart 614
Soru
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Cevap
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
Kart 615
Soru
Purpose of the DSM?
Cevap
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
Kart 616
Soru
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
Cevap
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
Kart 617
Soru
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
Cevap
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
Kart 618
Soru
Autism spectrum disorder?
Cevap
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
Kart 619
Soru
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
Cevap
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
Kart 620
Soru
Major depressive disorder?
Cevap
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
Kart 621
Soru
Specific phobia?
Cevap
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
Kart 622
Soru
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Cevap
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
Kart 623
Soru
Dissociative amnesia?
Cevap
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
Kart 624
Soru
Bipolar I disorder?
Cevap
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
Kart 625
Soru
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
Cevap
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
Kart 626
Soru
Anorexia nervosa?
Cevap
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
Kart 627
Soru
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
Cevap
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
Kart 628
Soru
Bipolar II disorder?
Cevap
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
Kart 629
Soru
Purpose of the ICD?
Cevap
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
Kart 630
Soru
Bulimia nervosa?
Cevap
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
Kart 631
Soru
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
Cevap
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
Kart 632
Soru
Ataque de nervios?
Cevap
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
Kart 633
Soru
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
Cevap
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
Kart 634
Soru
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
Cevap
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
Kart 635
Soru
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
Cevap
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
Kart 636
Soru
Comorbidity?
Cevap
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
Kart 637
Soru
Humanistic explanation of distress?
Cevap
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
Kart 638
Soru
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
Cevap
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
Kart 639
Soru
Stigma around mental disorder?
Cevap
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
Kart 640
Soru
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
Cevap
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
Kart 641
Soru
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
Cevap
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
Kart 642
Soru
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
Cevap
Interrater reliability.
Kart 643
Soru
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
Cevap
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
Kart 644
Soru
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
Cevap
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
Kart 645
Soru
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
Cevap
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
Kart 646
Soru
Delusion?
Cevap
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
Kart 647
Soru
Agoraphobia?
Cevap
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
Kart 648
Soru
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
Cevap
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
Kart 649
Soru
Eclectic approach to disorder?
Cevap
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
Kart 650
Soru
Hallucination?
Cevap
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
Kart 651
Soru
Panic disorder?
Cevap
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
Kart 652
Soru
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
Cevap
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
Kart 653
Soru
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
Cevap
The diathesis–stress model.
Kart 654
Soru
Cluster A personality disorders?
Cevap
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
Kart 655
Soru
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
Cevap
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
Kart 656
Soru
Evidence-based treatment?
Cevap
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
Kart 657
Soru
Therapeutic alliance?
Cevap
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
Kart 658
Soru
Cultural humility in therapy?
Cevap
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
Kart 659
Soru
Deinstitutionalization?
Cevap
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
Kart 660
Soru
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
Cevap
Exposure therapy.
Kart 661
Soru
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
Cevap
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
Kart 662
Soru
Four medication categories in the course?
Cevap
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
Kart 663
Soru
Depressive cognitive triad?
Cevap
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
Kart 664
Soru
Applied behavior analysis?
Cevap
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
Kart 665
Soru
Psychosurgery?
Cevap
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
Kart 666
Soru
Free association?
Cevap
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
Kart 667
Soru
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
Cevap
Cognitive restructuring.
Kart 668
Soru
One advantage of group therapy?
Cevap
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
Kart 669
Soru
Lobotomy?
Cevap
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
Kart 670
Soru
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
Cevap
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
Kart 671
Soru
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
Cevap
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
Kart 672
Soru
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
Cevap
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
Kart 673
Soru
Social anxiety disorder?
Cevap
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
Kart 674
Soru
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
Cevap
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
Kart 675
Soru
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
Cevap
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
Kart 676
Soru
Dissociative fugue?
Cevap
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
Kart 677
Soru
Cluster B personality disorders?
Cevap
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
Kart 678
Soru
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
Cevap
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
Kart 679
Soru
Catatonia?
Cevap
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
Kart 680
Soru
Manic episode?
Cevap
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
Kart 681
Soru
Dissociative identity disorder?
Cevap
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
Kart 682
Soru
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
Cevap
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
Kart 683
Soru
Cluster C personality disorders?
Cevap
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Kart 684
Soru
Taijin kyofusho?
Cevap
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
Kart 685
Soru
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Cevap
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
Kart 686
Soru
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
Cevap
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
Kart 687
Soru
Hypomanic episode?
Cevap
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
Kart 688
Soru
Generalized anxiety disorder?
Cevap
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
Kart 689
Soru
Hoarding disorder?
Cevap
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
Kart 690
Soru
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
Cevap
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
Kart 691
Soru
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
Cevap
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
Kart 692
Soru
Persistent depressive disorder?
Cevap
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
Kart 693
Soru
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
Cevap
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
Kart 694
Soru
Systematic desensitization?
Cevap
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
Kart 695
Soru
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
Cevap
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
Kart 696
Soru
Dialectical behavior therapy?
Cevap
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
Kart 697
Soru
Integrity in therapy ethics?
Cevap
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
Kart 698
Soru
Aversion therapy?
Cevap
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
Kart 699
Soru
Tardive dyskinesia?
Cevap
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
Kart 700
Soru
ECT versus TMS?
Cevap
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
Kart 701
Soru
Respect for rights and dignity?
Cevap
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
Kart 702
Soru
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
Cevap
A token economy.
Kart 703
Soru
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
Cevap
Person-centered therapy.
Kart 704
Soru
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
Cevap
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
Kart 705
Soru
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
Cevap
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.
705 kart
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
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