AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.
Sobre aquesta baralla
Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.
What the cards ask you to retrieve
- Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
- Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
- Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
- Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
- Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.
The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.
What's deliberately left out
The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.
Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.
This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.
Targetes d'aquesta baralla
Targeta 1
Pregunta
Nature in the nature–nurture question?
Resposta
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
Targeta 2
Pregunta
Central nervous system?
Resposta
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
Targeta 3
Pregunta
Main role of the spinal cord?
Resposta
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
Targeta 4
Pregunta
Scores are
4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?Resposta
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
Targeta 5
Pregunta
Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
Resposta
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
Targeta 6
Pregunta
Peripheral nervous system?
Resposta
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Targeta 7
Pregunta
Reflex arc?
Resposta
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
Targeta 8
Pregunta
Reflex times are
180, 190, 210, 260, 410milliseconds. What is the median?Resposta
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
Targeta 9
Pregunta
Heritability?
Resposta
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
Targeta 10
Pregunta
Autonomic nervous system?
Resposta
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
Targeta 11
Pregunta
Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
Resposta
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
Targeta 12
Pregunta
Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
Resposta
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
Targeta 13
Pregunta
Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
Resposta
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
Targeta 14
Pregunta
Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
Resposta
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
Targeta 15
Pregunta
Natural selection?
Resposta
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
Targeta 16
Pregunta
Somatic nervous system?
Resposta
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
Targeta 17
Pregunta
Sensory neurons?
Resposta
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
Targeta 18
Pregunta
Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
Resposta
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
Targeta 19
Pregunta
Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
Resposta
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
Targeta 20
Pregunta
Sympathetic nervous system?
Resposta
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
Targeta 21
Pregunta
Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
Resposta
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
Targeta 22
Pregunta
Motor neurons?
Resposta
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
Targeta 23
Pregunta
Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
Resposta
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
Targeta 24
Pregunta
Parasympathetic nervous system?
Resposta
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
Targeta 25
Pregunta
Resting potential?
Resposta
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
Targeta 26
Pregunta
Interneurons?
Resposta
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
Targeta 27
Pregunta
Adrenaline's behavioral role?
Resposta
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
Targeta 28
Pregunta
Frontal lobes?
Resposta
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
Targeta 29
Pregunta
Neural threshold?
Resposta
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
Targeta 30
Pregunta
Corpus callosum?
Resposta
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
Targeta 31
Pregunta
Leptin's role in eating?
Resposta
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
Targeta 32
Pregunta
Temporal lobes?
Resposta
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
Targeta 33
Pregunta
Depolarization during an action potential?
Resposta
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
Targeta 34
Pregunta
Dopamine's major psychological functions?
Resposta
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
Targeta 35
Pregunta
Ghrelin's role in eating?
Resposta
It helps stimulate hunger.
Targeta 36
Pregunta
Drug agonist?
Resposta
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
Targeta 37
Pregunta
Action potential?
Resposta
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
Targeta 38
Pregunta
Reuptake?
Resposta
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
Targeta 39
Pregunta
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
Resposta
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
Targeta 40
Pregunta
Glutamate's major psychological functions?
Resposta
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
Targeta 41
Pregunta
Refractory period?
Resposta
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
Targeta 42
Pregunta
Melatonin's role?
Resposta
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
Targeta 43
Pregunta
Drug antagonist?
Resposta
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
Targeta 44
Pregunta
Stimulants?
Resposta
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
Targeta 45
Pregunta
Drug tolerance?
Resposta
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
Targeta 46
Pregunta
Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Resposta
Multiple sclerosis.
Targeta 47
Pregunta
All-or-none principle?
Resposta
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
Targeta 48
Pregunta
Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
Resposta
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
Targeta 49
Pregunta
GABA's major psychological function?
Resposta
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
Targeta 50
Pregunta
Oxytocin's behavioral role?
Resposta
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
Targeta 51
Pregunta
Reuptake inhibitor?
Resposta
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
Targeta 52
Pregunta
Depressants?
Resposta
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
Targeta 53
Pregunta
Drug withdrawal?
Resposta
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
Targeta 54
Pregunta
Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Resposta
Myasthenia gravis.
Targeta 55
Pregunta
Glial cells?
Resposta
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
Targeta 56
Pregunta
Endorphins?
Resposta
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
Targeta 57
Pregunta
Substance P?
Resposta
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
Targeta 58
Pregunta
Acetylcholine's major functions?
Resposta
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
Targeta 59
Pregunta
Opioids?
Resposta
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
Targeta 60
Pregunta
Hallucinogens?
Resposta
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
Targeta 61
Pregunta
Addiction?
Resposta
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
Targeta 62
Pregunta
Parietal lobes?
Resposta
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
Targeta 63
Pregunta
Consciousness?
Resposta
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
Targeta 64
Pregunta
Circadian rhythm?
Resposta
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
Targeta 65
Pregunta
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
Resposta
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
Targeta 66
Pregunta
Occipital lobes?
Resposta
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
Targeta 67
Pregunta
What does split-brain research reveal?
Resposta
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
Targeta 68
Pregunta
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
Resposta
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
Targeta 69
Pregunta
NREM-1 sleep?
Resposta
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
Targeta 70
Pregunta
Motor cortex?
Resposta
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
Targeta 71
Pregunta
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
Resposta
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
Targeta 72
Pregunta
Brainstem's core function?
Resposta
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
Targeta 73
Pregunta
NREM-2 sleep?
Resposta
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
Targeta 74
Pregunta
Somatosensory cortex?
Resposta
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
Targeta 75
Pregunta
Medulla's main functions?
Resposta
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
Targeta 76
Pregunta
Reticular activating system?
Resposta
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
Targeta 77
Pregunta
NREM-3 sleep?
Resposta
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
Targeta 78
Pregunta
Cerebellum's main functions?
Resposta
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
Targeta 79
Pregunta
Thalamus?
Resposta
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
Targeta 80
Pregunta
Hypothalamus?
Resposta
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
Targeta 81
Pregunta
REM sleep?
Resposta
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
Targeta 82
Pregunta
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
Resposta
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
Targeta 83
Pregunta
Amygdala?
Resposta
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
Targeta 84
Pregunta
Hippocampus?
Resposta
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
Targeta 85
Pregunta
How does sleep change across a typical night?
Resposta
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
Targeta 86
Pregunta
Contralateral brain control?
Resposta
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
Targeta 87
Pregunta
What does an EEG measure?
Resposta
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
Targeta 88
Pregunta
Reward-center activity?
Resposta
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
Targeta 89
Pregunta
Neuroplasticity?
Resposta
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
Targeta 90
Pregunta
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
Resposta
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
Targeta 91
Pregunta
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
Resposta
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
Targeta 92
Pregunta
Insomnia?
Resposta
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
Targeta 93
Pregunta
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
Resposta
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
Targeta 94
Pregunta
Absolute threshold?
Resposta
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
Targeta 95
Pregunta
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
Resposta
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
Targeta 96
Pregunta
Narcolepsy?
Resposta
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
Targeta 97
Pregunta
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
Resposta
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
Targeta 98
Pregunta
Difference threshold?
Resposta
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
Targeta 99
Pregunta
Consolidation view of dreams?
Resposta
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
Targeta 100
Pregunta
REM sleep behavior disorder?
Resposta
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
Targeta 101
Pregunta
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
Resposta
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
Targeta 102
Pregunta
Weber's law?
Resposta
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
Targeta 103
Pregunta
Two supported functions of sleep?
Resposta
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
Targeta 104
Pregunta
Sleep apnea?
Resposta
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
Targeta 105
Pregunta
REM rebound?
Resposta
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
Targeta 106
Pregunta
Signal detection theory?
Resposta
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
Targeta 107
Pregunta
Sensory transduction?
Resposta
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
Targeta 108
Pregunta
Vestibular sense?
Resposta
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
Targeta 109
Pregunta
Somnambulism?
Resposta
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
Targeta 110
Pregunta
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Resposta
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
Targeta 111
Pregunta
What begins visual transduction?
Resposta
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
Targeta 112
Pregunta
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
Resposta
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
Targeta 113
Pregunta
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
Resposta
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
Targeta 114
Pregunta
Accommodation in vision?
Resposta
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
Targeta 115
Pregunta
Cones?
Resposta
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
Targeta 116
Pregunta
What begins auditory transduction?
Resposta
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
Targeta 117
Pregunta
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
Resposta
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
Targeta 118
Pregunta
How is smell unusual among the senses?
Resposta
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
Targeta 119
Pregunta
Kinesthesia?
Resposta
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
Targeta 120
Pregunta
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
Resposta
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
Targeta 121
Pregunta
Nearsightedness?
Resposta
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
Targeta 122
Pregunta
Pheromones?
Resposta
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
Targeta 123
Pregunta
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
Resposta
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
Targeta 124
Pregunta
Volley theory of pitch?
Resposta
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
Targeta 125
Pregunta
Farsightedness?
Resposta
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
Targeta 126
Pregunta
Six taste qualities named in the course?
Resposta
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
Targeta 127
Pregunta
Phantom-limb sensation?
Resposta
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
Targeta 128
Pregunta
Sensory interaction?
Resposta
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
Targeta 129
Pregunta
What causes most color-vision deficiency?
Resposta
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
Targeta 130
Pregunta
Prosopagnosia?
Resposta
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
Targeta 131
Pregunta
Rods?
Resposta
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
Targeta 132
Pregunta
How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
Resposta
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
Targeta 133
Pregunta
Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
Resposta
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
Targeta 134
Pregunta
Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
Resposta
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
Targeta 135
Pregunta
What do the semicircular canals detect?
Resposta
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
Targeta 136
Pregunta
Synesthesia?
Resposta
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
Targeta 137
Pregunta
Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
Resposta
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
Targeta 138
Pregunta
Blindsight?
Resposta
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
Targeta 139
Pregunta
Sensory adaptation?
Resposta
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
Targeta 140
Pregunta
Gate-control view of pain?
Resposta
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
Targeta 141
Pregunta
Bottom-up processing?
Resposta
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
Targeta 142
Pregunta
Concept?
Resposta
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Targeta 143
Pregunta
Fixation in problem solving?
Resposta
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
Targeta 144
Pregunta
Algorithm?
Resposta
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
Targeta 145
Pregunta
Top-down processing?
Resposta
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
Targeta 146
Pregunta
Confirmation bias?
Resposta
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
Targeta 147
Pregunta
Retinal disparity?
Resposta
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
Targeta 148
Pregunta
Heuristic?
Resposta
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
Targeta 149
Pregunta
Selective attention?
Resposta
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
Targeta 150
Pregunta
Figure–ground organization?
Resposta
Separating the object of attention from its background.
Targeta 151
Pregunta
Convergence as a depth cue?
Resposta
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
Targeta 152
Pregunta
Representativeness heuristic?
Resposta
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
Targeta 153
Pregunta
Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
Resposta
Inattentional blindness.
Targeta 154
Pregunta
Gestalt proximity principle?
Resposta
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
Targeta 155
Pregunta
Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
Resposta
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
Targeta 156
Pregunta
Cocktail-party effect?
Resposta
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
Targeta 157
Pregunta
Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
Resposta
Change blindness.
Targeta 158
Pregunta
Gestalt similarity principle?
Resposta
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
Targeta 159
Pregunta
Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
Resposta
Linear perspective.
Targeta 160
Pregunta
Perceptual constancy?
Resposta
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
Targeta 161
Pregunta
Perceptual set?
Resposta
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
Targeta 162
Pregunta
Gestalt closure principle?
Resposta
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
Targeta 163
Pregunta
One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
Resposta
The blocking object, using interposition.
Targeta 164
Pregunta
Apparent motion?
Resposta
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
Targeta 165
Pregunta
Availability heuristic?
Resposta
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
Targeta 166
Pregunta
Divergent thinking?
Resposta
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
Targeta 167
Pregunta
A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
Resposta
Relative clarity.
Targeta 168
Pregunta
Prototype?
Resposta
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
Targeta 169
Pregunta
Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
Resposta
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
Targeta 170
Pregunta
Convergent thinking?
Resposta
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
Targeta 171
Pregunta
A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
Resposta
Texture gradient.
Targeta 172
Pregunta
Belief perseverance?
Resposta
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
Targeta 173
Pregunta
Explicit memory?
Resposta
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
Targeta 174
Pregunta
Three stores in the multi-store model?
Resposta
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Targeta 175
Pregunta
Seeing an object only in its usual role?
Resposta
Functional fixedness.
Targeta 176
Pregunta
Mental set?
Resposta
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
Targeta 177
Pregunta
Episodic memory?
Resposta
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
Targeta 178
Pregunta
Working memory?
Resposta
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
Targeta 179
Pregunta
Insight?
Resposta
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
Targeta 180
Pregunta
Framing effect?
Resposta
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
Targeta 181
Pregunta
Implicit memory?
Resposta
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
Targeta 182
Pregunta
Overconfidence bias?
Resposta
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
Targeta 183
Pregunta
Anchoring bias?
Resposta
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
Targeta 184
Pregunta
Schema in thinking?
Resposta
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
Targeta 185
Pregunta
Procedural memory?
Resposta
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
Targeta 186
Pregunta
Gambler's fallacy?
Resposta
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
Targeta 187
Pregunta
Sunk-cost fallacy?
Resposta
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
Targeta 188
Pregunta
Executive functions?
Resposta
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
Targeta 189
Pregunta
How can priming affect judgment?
Resposta
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
Targeta 190
Pregunta
Central executive in working memory?
Resposta
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
Targeta 191
Pregunta
Serial-position effect?
Resposta
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
Targeta 192
Pregunta
Semantic memory?
Resposta
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
Targeta 193
Pregunta
Levels-of-processing principle?
Resposta
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
Targeta 194
Pregunta
Automatic processing?
Resposta
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
Targeta 195
Pregunta
Maintenance rehearsal?
Resposta
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
Targeta 196
Pregunta
Prospective memory?
Resposta
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
Targeta 197
Pregunta
Primacy effect?
Resposta
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
Targeta 198
Pregunta
Long-term memory?
Resposta
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
Targeta 199
Pregunta
Highly superior autobiographical memory?
Resposta
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
Targeta 200
Pregunta
Effortful processing?
Resposta
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
Targeta 201
Pregunta
Elaborative rehearsal?
Resposta
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
Targeta 202
Pregunta
Memory consolidation?
Resposta
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
Targeta 203
Pregunta
Recency effect?
Resposta
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
Targeta 204
Pregunta
Spacing effect?
Resposta
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
Targeta 205
Pregunta
Testing effect?
Resposta
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
Targeta 206
Pregunta
Chunking?
Resposta
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
Targeta 207
Pregunta
Mnemonic?
Resposta
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
Targeta 208
Pregunta
Why organize material into a hierarchy?
Resposta
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
Targeta 209
Pregunta
How can a schema help encoding?
Resposta
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
Targeta 210
Pregunta
Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
Resposta
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
Targeta 211
Pregunta
Iconic memory?
Resposta
A very brief visual sensory memory.
Targeta 212
Pregunta
Recall?
Resposta
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
Targeta 213
Pregunta
Retrieval cue?
Resposta
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
Targeta 214
Pregunta
Encoding-specificity principle?
Resposta
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
Targeta 215
Pregunta
Context-dependent memory?
Resposta
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
Targeta 216
Pregunta
Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
Resposta
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
Targeta 217
Pregunta
Echoic memory?
Resposta
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
Targeta 218
Pregunta
Anterograde amnesia?
Resposta
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
Targeta 219
Pregunta
Phonological loop?
Resposta
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
Targeta 220
Pregunta
Cerebellum's memory role?
Resposta
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
Targeta 221
Pregunta
Why is short-term memory described as limited?
Resposta
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
Targeta 222
Pregunta
Retrograde amnesia?
Resposta
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
Targeta 223
Pregunta
Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
Resposta
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
Targeta 224
Pregunta
How can the amygdala affect memory?
Resposta
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
Targeta 225
Pregunta
Visuospatial sketchpad?
Resposta
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
Targeta 226
Pregunta
Long-term potentiation?
Resposta
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
Targeta 227
Pregunta
Infantile amnesia?
Resposta
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
Targeta 228
Pregunta
Alzheimer's disease?
Resposta
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
Targeta 229
Pregunta
Scores are
2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?Resposta
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because
9 - 2 = 7.Targeta 230
Pregunta
Recognition?
Resposta
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
Targeta 231
Pregunta
Why is memory called reconstructive?
Resposta
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
Targeta 232
Pregunta
Storage decay?
Resposta
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
Targeta 233
Pregunta
State-dependent memory?
Resposta
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
Targeta 234
Pregunta
Relearning?
Resposta
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
Targeta 235
Pregunta
Misinformation effect?
Resposta
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
Targeta 236
Pregunta
A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
Resposta
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
Targeta 237
Pregunta
Mood-congruent memory?
Resposta
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
Targeta 238
Pregunta
Priming?
Resposta
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
Targeta 239
Pregunta
Tip-of-the-tongue state?
Resposta
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
Targeta 240
Pregunta
Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
Resposta
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
Targeta 241
Pregunta
Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
Resposta
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
Targeta 242
Pregunta
Metacognition?
Resposta
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
Targeta 243
Pregunta
Source amnesia?
Resposta
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
Targeta 244
Pregunta
Test standardization?
Resposta
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
Targeta 245
Pregunta
Reliability?
Resposta
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
Targeta 246
Pregunta
Stereotype threat?
Resposta
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
Targeta 247
Pregunta
General intelligence, or g?
Resposta
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
Targeta 248
Pregunta
Encoding failure?
Resposta
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
Targeta 249
Pregunta
Validity?
Resposta
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
Targeta 250
Pregunta
Proactive interference?
Resposta
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
Targeta 251
Pregunta
Imagination inflation?
Resposta
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
Targeta 252
Pregunta
A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
Resposta
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
Targeta 253
Pregunta
Retrieval failure?
Resposta
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
Targeta 254
Pregunta
Retroactive interference?
Resposta
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
Targeta 255
Pregunta
A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
Resposta
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
Targeta 256
Pregunta
Repression in psychodynamic theory?
Resposta
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
Targeta 257
Pregunta
Flashbulb memory?
Resposta
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
Targeta 258
Pregunta
A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
Resposta
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
Targeta 259
Pregunta
A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
Resposta
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
Targeta 260
Pregunta
Stereotype lift?
Resposta
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
Targeta 261
Pregunta
Achievement test?
Resposta
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
Targeta 262
Pregunta
Construct validity?
Resposta
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
Targeta 263
Pregunta
Test–retest reliability?
Resposta
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
Targeta 264
Pregunta
Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
Resposta
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
Targeta 265
Pregunta
Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
Resposta
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
Targeta 266
Pregunta
Aptitude test?
Resposta
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
Targeta 267
Pregunta
Traditional IQ formula?
Resposta
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
Targeta 268
Pregunta
Predictive validity?
Resposta
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
Targeta 269
Pregunta
What does a normal score distribution look like?
Resposta
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
Targeta 270
Pregunta
Split-half reliability?
Resposta
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
Targeta 271
Pregunta
Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
Resposta
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
Targeta 272
Pregunta
Flynn effect?
Resposta
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
Targeta 273
Pregunta
A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
Resposta
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
Targeta 274
Pregunta
Continuous versus stage development?
Resposta
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
Targeta 275
Pregunta
How can prenatal environment affect later development?
Resposta
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
Targeta 276
Pregunta
Teratogen?
Resposta
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
Targeta 277
Pregunta
Maturation?
Resposta
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
Targeta 278
Pregunta
Stability–change question in development?
Resposta
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
Targeta 279
Pregunta
A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
Resposta
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
Targeta 280
Pregunta
Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
Resposta
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
Targeta 281
Pregunta
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
Resposta
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
Targeta 282
Pregunta
Fine versus gross motor skills?
Resposta
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
Targeta 283
Pregunta
Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
Resposta
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
Targeta 284
Pregunta
What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
Resposta
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
Targeta 285
Pregunta
Puberty?
Resposta
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
Targeta 286
Pregunta
Sensitive period?
Resposta
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
Targeta 287
Pregunta
What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
Resposta
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
Targeta 288
Pregunta
Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
Resposta
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
Targeta 289
Pregunta
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
Resposta
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
Targeta 290
Pregunta
Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
Resposta
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
Targeta 291
Pregunta
Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
Resposta
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
Targeta 292
Pregunta
Menarche?
Resposta
The first menstrual period.
Targeta 293
Pregunta
Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
Resposta
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
Targeta 294
Pregunta
About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
Resposta
About 68%.
Targeta 295
Pregunta
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
Resposta
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
Targeta 296
Pregunta
Spermarche?
Resposta
The first ejaculation.
Targeta 297
Pregunta
Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
Resposta
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
Targeta 298
Pregunta
Imprinting?
Resposta
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
Targeta 299
Pregunta
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
Resposta
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
Targeta 300
Pregunta
Menopause?
Resposta
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
Targeta 301
Pregunta
Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
Resposta
Naturalistic observation.
Targeta 302
Pregunta
How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
Resposta
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
Targeta 303
Pregunta
Gender identity?
Resposta
A person's internal sense of their gender.
Targeta 304
Pregunta
Gender role?
Resposta
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
Targeta 305
Pregunta
Sex versus gender?
Resposta
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
Targeta 306
Pregunta
Common sensory change in later adulthood?
Resposta
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
Targeta 307
Pregunta
Sexual orientation?
Resposta
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
Targeta 308
Pregunta
Gender schema?
Resposta
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
Targeta 309
Pregunta
Best broad view of gender development?
Resposta
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
Targeta 310
Pregunta
Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
Resposta
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
Targeta 311
Pregunta
Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
Resposta
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
Targeta 312
Pregunta
Schema in cognitive development?
Resposta
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
Targeta 313
Pregunta
Sensorimotor stage?
Resposta
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
Targeta 314
Pregunta
Preoperational stage?
Resposta
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
Targeta 315
Pregunta
Assimilation?
Resposta
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
Targeta 316
Pregunta
A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
Resposta
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
Targeta 317
Pregunta
Animism in preoperational thought?
Resposta
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
Targeta 318
Pregunta
Concrete operational stage?
Resposta
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
Targeta 319
Pregunta
Accommodation?
Resposta
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
Targeta 320
Pregunta
Reversibility in cognitive development?
Resposta
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
Targeta 321
Pregunta
How can social learning shape gender expression?
Resposta
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
Targeta 322
Pregunta
A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
Resposta
Assimilation.
Targeta 323
Pregunta
Language?
Resposta
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
Targeta 324
Pregunta
Cooing stage?
Resposta
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
Targeta 325
Pregunta
Babbling stage?
Resposta
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
Targeta 326
Pregunta
One-word stage?
Resposta
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
Targeta 327
Pregunta
Grammar?
Resposta
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
Targeta 328
Pregunta
A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
Resposta
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
Targeta 329
Pregunta
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
Resposta
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
Targeta 330
Pregunta
A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
Resposta
Accommodation.
Targeta 331
Pregunta
A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
Resposta
Scaffolding.
Targeta 332
Pregunta
A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
Resposta
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
Targeta 333
Pregunta
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
Resposta
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
Targeta 334
Pregunta
An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
Resposta
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
Targeta 335
Pregunta
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
Resposta
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
Targeta 336
Pregunta
Formal operational stage?
Resposta
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
Targeta 337
Pregunta
Dementia?
Resposta
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
Targeta 338
Pregunta
Phoneme?
Resposta
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
Targeta 339
Pregunta
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
Resposta
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
Targeta 340
Pregunta
Temperament?
Resposta
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
Targeta 341
Pregunta
Attachment?
Resposta
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
Targeta 342
Pregunta
Erikson's infancy conflict?
Resposta
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
Targeta 343
Pregunta
Microsystem?
Resposta
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
Targeta 344
Pregunta
Erikson's toddler conflict?
Resposta
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
Targeta 345
Pregunta
Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
Resposta
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
Targeta 346
Pregunta
Erikson's school-age conflict?
Resposta
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
Targeta 347
Pregunta
Mesosystem?
Resposta
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
Targeta 348
Pregunta
Erikson's adolescent conflict?
Resposta
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
Targeta 349
Pregunta
Erikson's young-adult conflict?
Resposta
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
Targeta 350
Pregunta
Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
Resposta
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
Targeta 351
Pregunta
Exosystem?
Resposta
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
Targeta 352
Pregunta
Morpheme?
Resposta
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
Targeta 353
Pregunta
Telegraphic speech?
Resposta
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
705 targetes
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Estudia aquesta baralla de francNibomo s'obre perquè puguis començar a estudiar.
Targeta 354
Pregunta
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
Resposta
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
Targeta 355
Pregunta
Macrosystem?
Resposta
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
Targeta 356
Pregunta
Semantics?
Resposta
The meanings of words and sentences.
Targeta 357
Pregunta
A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
Resposta
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
Targeta 358
Pregunta
What does a sensitive period for language imply?
Resposta
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
Targeta 359
Pregunta
Does language completely determine thought?
Resposta
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
Targeta 360
Pregunta
Syntax?
Resposta
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
Targeta 361
Pregunta
A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
Resposta
Secure attachment.
Targeta 362
Pregunta
How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
Resposta
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
Targeta 363
Pregunta
Authoritative parenting?
Resposta
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
Targeta 364
Pregunta
Identity achievement?
Resposta
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
Targeta 365
Pregunta
Avoidant attachment pattern?
Resposta
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
Targeta 366
Pregunta
Classical conditioning?
Resposta
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
Targeta 367
Pregunta
Unconditioned stimulus?
Resposta
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
Targeta 368
Pregunta
Unconditioned response?
Resposta
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
Targeta 369
Pregunta
Conditioned stimulus?
Resposta
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
Targeta 370
Pregunta
Conditioned response?
Resposta
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
Targeta 371
Pregunta
Acquisition in classical conditioning?
Resposta
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
Targeta 372
Pregunta
During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
Resposta
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
Targeta 373
Pregunta
Authoritarian parenting?
Resposta
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
Targeta 374
Pregunta
Identity diffusion?
Resposta
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
Targeta 375
Pregunta
Extinction in classical conditioning?
Resposta
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
Targeta 376
Pregunta
Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
Resposta
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
Targeta 377
Pregunta
Permissive parenting?
Resposta
High warmth with few demands or limits.
Targeta 378
Pregunta
Parallel play?
Resposta
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
Targeta 379
Pregunta
Imaginary audience?
Resposta
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
Targeta 380
Pregunta
Identity foreclosure?
Resposta
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
Targeta 381
Pregunta
Disorganized attachment pattern?
Resposta
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
Targeta 382
Pregunta
Neglectful parenting?
Resposta
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
Targeta 383
Pregunta
Chronosystem?
Resposta
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
Targeta 384
Pregunta
Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
Resposta
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
Targeta 385
Pregunta
Personal fable?
Resposta
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
Targeta 386
Pregunta
Identity moratorium?
Resposta
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
Targeta 387
Pregunta
Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
Resposta
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
Targeta 388
Pregunta
Separation anxiety in infancy?
Resposta
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
Targeta 389
Pregunta
What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
Resposta
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
Targeta 390
Pregunta
Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
Resposta
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
Targeta 391
Pregunta
Emerging adulthood?
Resposta
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
Targeta 392
Pregunta
Social clock?
Resposta
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
Targeta 393
Pregunta
Erikson's later-adult conflict?
Resposta
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
Targeta 394
Pregunta
Possible selves?
Resposta
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
Targeta 395
Pregunta
Stimulus generalization?
Resposta
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
Targeta 396
Pregunta
Operant conditioning?
Resposta
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
Targeta 397
Pregunta
Law of effect?
Resposta
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
Targeta 398
Pregunta
Spontaneous recovery?
Resposta
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
Targeta 399
Pregunta
Stimulus discrimination?
Resposta
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
Targeta 400
Pregunta
Reinforcement?
Resposta
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
Targeta 401
Pregunta
Higher-order conditioning?
Resposta
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
Targeta 402
Pregunta
Counterconditioning?
Resposta
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
Targeta 403
Pregunta
Habituation?
Resposta
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
Targeta 404
Pregunta
Punishment?
Resposta
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
Targeta 405
Pregunta
Partial reinforcement?
Resposta
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
Targeta 406
Pregunta
Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
Resposta
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
Targeta 407
Pregunta
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
Resposta
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
Targeta 408
Pregunta
Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
Resposta
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
Targeta 409
Pregunta
Fixed-ratio schedule?
Resposta
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
Targeta 410
Pregunta
Observational learning?
Resposta
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
Targeta 411
Pregunta
A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
Resposta
Positive reinforcement.
Targeta 412
Pregunta
Primary reinforcer?
Resposta
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
Targeta 413
Pregunta
Variable-ratio schedule?
Resposta
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
Targeta 414
Pregunta
Modeling?
Resposta
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
Targeta 415
Pregunta
Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
Resposta
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
Targeta 416
Pregunta
Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
Resposta
Negative reinforcement.
Targeta 417
Pregunta
Conditioned reinforcer?
Resposta
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
Targeta 418
Pregunta
A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
Resposta
Vicarious reinforcement.
Targeta 419
Pregunta
Fixed-interval schedule?
Resposta
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
Targeta 420
Pregunta
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
Resposta
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
Targeta 421
Pregunta
A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
Resposta
Positive punishment.
Targeta 422
Pregunta
Shaping?
Resposta
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
Targeta 423
Pregunta
Extinction in operant conditioning?
Resposta
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
Targeta 424
Pregunta
Variable-interval schedule?
Resposta
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
Targeta 425
Pregunta
A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
Resposta
Negative punishment.
Targeta 426
Pregunta
Learned helplessness?
Resposta
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
Targeta 427
Pregunta
Continuous reinforcement?
Resposta
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
Targeta 428
Pregunta
A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
Resposta
A fixed-interval schedule.
Targeta 429
Pregunta
Discriminative stimulus?
Resposta
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
Targeta 430
Pregunta
Operant generalization versus discrimination?
Resposta
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
Targeta 431
Pregunta
Instinctive drift?
Resposta
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
Targeta 432
Pregunta
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
Resposta
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
Targeta 433
Pregunta
How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
Resposta
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
Targeta 434
Pregunta
How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
Resposta
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
Targeta 435
Pregunta
Vicarious conditioning?
Resposta
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
Targeta 436
Pregunta
A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
Resposta
A variable-interval schedule.
Targeta 437
Pregunta
Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
Resposta
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
Targeta 438
Pregunta
Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
Resposta
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
Targeta 439
Pregunta
Latent learning?
Resposta
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
Targeta 440
Pregunta
Cognitive map?
Resposta
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
Targeta 441
Pregunta
Insight learning?
Resposta
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
Targeta 442
Pregunta
Biological preparedness?
Resposta
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
Targeta 443
Pregunta
What can mirror-neuron activity show?
Resposta
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
Targeta 444
Pregunta
Attribution?
Resposta
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
Targeta 445
Pregunta
Attitude?
Resposta
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
Targeta 446
Pregunta
Upward social comparison?
Resposta
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
Targeta 447
Pregunta
Optimistic explanatory style?
Resposta
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
Targeta 448
Pregunta
Situational attribution?
Resposta
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
Targeta 449
Pregunta
A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
Resposta
Cognitive dissonance.
Targeta 450
Pregunta
Downward social comparison?
Resposta
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
Targeta 451
Pregunta
Internal locus of control?
Resposta
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
Targeta 452
Pregunta
Dispositional attribution?
Resposta
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
Targeta 453
Pregunta
Pessimistic explanatory style?
Resposta
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
Targeta 454
Pregunta
Relative deprivation?
Resposta
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
Targeta 455
Pregunta
External locus of control?
Resposta
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
Targeta 456
Pregunta
Fundamental attribution error?
Resposta
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
Targeta 457
Pregunta
Halo effect?
Resposta
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
Targeta 458
Pregunta
Self-fulfilling prophecy?
Resposta
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
Targeta 459
Pregunta
Mere-exposure effect?
Resposta
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
Targeta 460
Pregunta
A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
Resposta
The actor–observer difference.
Targeta 461
Pregunta
A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
Resposta
The central route.
Targeta 462
Pregunta
Effort justification?
Resposta
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
Targeta 463
Pregunta
Stereotype?
Resposta
A generalized belief about members of a group.
Targeta 464
Pregunta
A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
Resposta
Self-serving bias.
Targeta 465
Pregunta
A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
Resposta
The peripheral route.
Targeta 466
Pregunta
Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
Resposta
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
Targeta 467
Pregunta
Prejudice?
Resposta
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
Targeta 468
Pregunta
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:
Workload Errors Low 2 High 8 Which attribution is better supported?
Resposta
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
Targeta 469
Pregunta
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
Resposta
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
Targeta 470
Pregunta
Conformity?
Resposta
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
Targeta 471
Pregunta
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
Resposta
The bystander effect.
Targeta 472
Pregunta
Diffusion of responsibility?
Resposta
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
Targeta 473
Pregunta
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
Resposta
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
Targeta 474
Pregunta
In-group bias?
Resposta
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
Targeta 475
Pregunta
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
Resposta
The foot-in-the-door technique.
Targeta 476
Pregunta
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
Resposta
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
Targeta 477
Pregunta
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
Resposta
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
Targeta 478
Pregunta
Discrimination?
Resposta
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
Targeta 479
Pregunta
Out-group homogeneity effect?
Resposta
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
Targeta 480
Pregunta
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
Resposta
The door-in-the-face technique.
Targeta 481
Pregunta
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
Resposta
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
Targeta 482
Pregunta
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
Resposta
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
Targeta 483
Pregunta
Just-world belief?
Resposta
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
Targeta 484
Pregunta
Implicit attitude?
Resposta
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
Targeta 485
Pregunta
Ethnocentrism?
Resposta
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
Targeta 486
Pregunta
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
Resposta
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
Targeta 487
Pregunta
Normative social influence?
Resposta
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
Targeta 488
Pregunta
Psychodynamic view of personality?
Resposta
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
Targeta 489
Pregunta
Norm of reciprocity?
Resposta
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
Targeta 490
Pregunta
Individualism?
Resposta
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
Targeta 491
Pregunta
Informational social influence?
Resposta
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
Targeta 492
Pregunta
Id?
Resposta
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
Targeta 493
Pregunta
Altruism?
Resposta
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
Targeta 494
Pregunta
Social norm?
Resposta
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
Targeta 495
Pregunta
What tends to increase conformity?
Resposta
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
Targeta 496
Pregunta
Ego?
Resposta
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
Targeta 497
Pregunta
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
Resposta
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
Targeta 498
Pregunta
Collectivism?
Resposta
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
Targeta 499
Pregunta
Obedience?
Resposta
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
Targeta 500
Pregunta
Superego?
Resposta
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
Targeta 501
Pregunta
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
Resposta
Denial.
Targeta 502
Pregunta
Social-responsibility norm?
Resposta
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
Targeta 503
Pregunta
How does proximity affect attraction?
Resposta
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
Targeta 504
Pregunta
What tends to increase obedience?
Resposta
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
Targeta 505
Pregunta
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
Resposta
Displacement.
Targeta 506
Pregunta
Social loafing?
Resposta
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
Targeta 507
Pregunta
Multiculturalism?
Resposta
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
Targeta 508
Pregunta
How does similarity affect attraction?
Resposta
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
Targeta 509
Pregunta
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
Resposta
Projection.
Targeta 510
Pregunta
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
Resposta
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
Targeta 511
Pregunta
Deindividuation?
Resposta
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
Targeta 512
Pregunta
Group polarization?
Resposta
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
Targeta 513
Pregunta
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
Resposta
Rationalization.
Targeta 514
Pregunta
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
Resposta
Groupthink.
Targeta 515
Pregunta
Pluralistic ignorance?
Resposta
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
Targeta 516
Pregunta
Social trap?
Resposta
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
Targeta 517
Pregunta
Reaction formation?
Resposta
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
Targeta 518
Pregunta
Superordinate goal?
Resposta
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
Targeta 519
Pregunta
False-consensus effect?
Resposta
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
Targeta 520
Pregunta
Industrial-organizational psychology?
Resposta
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
Targeta 521
Pregunta
Repression?
Resposta
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
Targeta 522
Pregunta
Burnout?
Resposta
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
Targeta 523
Pregunta
Unconditional positive regard?
Resposta
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
Targeta 524
Pregunta
Trait?
Resposta
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
Targeta 525
Pregunta
Regression as a defense mechanism?
Resposta
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
Targeta 526
Pregunta
Reciprocal determinism?
Resposta
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
Targeta 527
Pregunta
Self-efficacy?
Resposta
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
Targeta 528
Pregunta
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
Resposta
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
Targeta 529
Pregunta
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
Resposta
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
Targeta 530
Pregunta
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Resposta
Openness.
Targeta 531
Pregunta
Personality inventory?
Resposta
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
Targeta 532
Pregunta
Self-actualizing tendency?
Resposta
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
Targeta 533
Pregunta
Self-esteem?
Resposta
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
Targeta 534
Pregunta
Instinct in motivation research?
Resposta
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
Targeta 535
Pregunta
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Resposta
Conscientiousness.
Targeta 536
Pregunta
Projective test?
Resposta
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
Targeta 537
Pregunta
How does factor analysis help trait research?
Resposta
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
Targeta 538
Pregunta
Drive-reduction theory?
Resposta
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
Targeta 539
Pregunta
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Resposta
Extraversion.
Targeta 540
Pregunta
Person–situation debate?
Resposta
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
Targeta 541
Pregunta
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
Resposta
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
Targeta 542
Pregunta
Homeostasis?
Resposta
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
Targeta 543
Pregunta
Incentive theory?
Resposta
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
Targeta 544
Pregunta
Big Five agreeableness?
Resposta
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
Targeta 545
Pregunta
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
Resposta
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
Targeta 546
Pregunta
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
Resposta
An approach–approach conflict.
Targeta 547
Pregunta
Arousal theory of motivation?
Resposta
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
Targeta 548
Pregunta
Big Five emotional stability?
Resposta
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
Targeta 549
Pregunta
What regulates hunger?
Resposta
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
Targeta 550
Pregunta
Three broad components of emotion?
Resposta
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
Targeta 551
Pregunta
Self-determination theory?
Resposta
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
Targeta 552
Pregunta
Emotion regulation?
Resposta
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
Targeta 553
Pregunta
Sensation-seeking?
Resposta
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
Targeta 554
Pregunta
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
Resposta
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
Targeta 555
Pregunta
Intrinsic motivation?
Resposta
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
Targeta 556
Pregunta
Display rules?
Resposta
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
Targeta 557
Pregunta
Arousal and performance relationship?
Resposta
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
Targeta 558
Pregunta
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
Resposta
An approach–avoidance conflict.
Targeta 559
Pregunta
Extrinsic motivation?
Resposta
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
Targeta 560
Pregunta
Achievement motivation?
Resposta
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
Targeta 561
Pregunta
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
Resposta
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
Targeta 562
Pregunta
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
Resposta
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
Targeta 563
Pregunta
Overjustification effect?
Resposta
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
Targeta 564
Pregunta
Belongingness motivation?
Resposta
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
Targeta 565
Pregunta
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:
Condition Mean minutes Assigned topic 34 Chosen topic 47 What is the observed mean difference?
Resposta
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
Targeta 566
Pregunta
Facial-feedback effect?
Resposta
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
Targeta 567
Pregunta
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
Resposta
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
Targeta 568
Pregunta
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
Resposta
Cognitive reappraisal.
Targeta 569
Pregunta
Broaden-and-build view?
Resposta
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
Targeta 570
Pregunta
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
Resposta
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
Targeta 571
Pregunta
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
Resposta
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
Targeta 572
Pregunta
Expressive suppression?
Resposta
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
Targeta 573
Pregunta
How does acute stress affect the body?
Resposta
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
Targeta 574
Pregunta
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
Resposta
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
Targeta 575
Pregunta
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
Resposta
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
Targeta 576
Pregunta
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
Resposta
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
Targeta 577
Pregunta
Health psychology?
Resposta
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
Targeta 578
Pregunta
Positive psychology?
Resposta
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
Targeta 579
Pregunta
Stress?
Resposta
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
Targeta 580
Pregunta
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
Resposta
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
Targeta 581
Pregunta
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
Resposta
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
Targeta 582
Pregunta
Resilience?
Resposta
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
Targeta 583
Pregunta
Stressor?
Resposta
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
Targeta 584
Pregunta
General adaptation syndrome?
Resposta
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
Targeta 585
Pregunta
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
Resposta
Problem-focused coping.
Targeta 586
Pregunta
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
Resposta
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
Targeta 587
Pregunta
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
Resposta
Primary appraisal.
Targeta 588
Pregunta
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
Resposta
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
Targeta 589
Pregunta
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
Resposta
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
Targeta 590
Pregunta
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
Resposta
Emotion-focused coping.
Targeta 591
Pregunta
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
Resposta
Secondary appraisal.
Targeta 592
Pregunta
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
Resposta
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
Targeta 593
Pregunta
Adverse childhood experiences?
Resposta
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
Targeta 594
Pregunta
How can social support protect health?
Resposta
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
Targeta 595
Pregunta
Eustress versus distress?
Resposta
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
Targeta 596
Pregunta
Tend-and-befriend response?
Resposta
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
Targeta 597
Pregunta
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
Resposta
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
Targeta 598
Pregunta
Biofeedback?
Resposta
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
Targeta 599
Pregunta
How does perceived control affect stress?
Resposta
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
Targeta 600
Pregunta
Psychoneuroimmunology?
Resposta
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
Targeta 601
Pregunta
Subjective well-being?
Resposta
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
Targeta 602
Pregunta
Psychological disorder?
Resposta
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
Targeta 603
Pregunta
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
Resposta
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
Targeta 604
Pregunta
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
Resposta
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
Targeta 605
Pregunta
Signature strengths?
Resposta
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
Targeta 606
Pregunta
Biopsychosocial model?
Resposta
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
Targeta 607
Pregunta
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
Resposta
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
Targeta 608
Pregunta
Posttraumatic growth?
Resposta
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
Targeta 609
Pregunta
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
Resposta
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
Targeta 610
Pregunta
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
Resposta
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
Targeta 611
Pregunta
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
Resposta
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
Targeta 612
Pregunta
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
Resposta
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
Targeta 613
Pregunta
Biological explanation of disorder?
Resposta
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
Targeta 614
Pregunta
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Resposta
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
Targeta 615
Pregunta
Purpose of the DSM?
Resposta
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
Targeta 616
Pregunta
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
Resposta
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
Targeta 617
Pregunta
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
Resposta
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
Targeta 618
Pregunta
Autism spectrum disorder?
Resposta
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
Targeta 619
Pregunta
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
Resposta
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
Targeta 620
Pregunta
Major depressive disorder?
Resposta
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
Targeta 621
Pregunta
Specific phobia?
Resposta
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
Targeta 622
Pregunta
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Resposta
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
Targeta 623
Pregunta
Dissociative amnesia?
Resposta
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
Targeta 624
Pregunta
Bipolar I disorder?
Resposta
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
Targeta 625
Pregunta
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
Resposta
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
Targeta 626
Pregunta
Anorexia nervosa?
Resposta
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
Targeta 627
Pregunta
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
Resposta
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
Targeta 628
Pregunta
Bipolar II disorder?
Resposta
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
Targeta 629
Pregunta
Purpose of the ICD?
Resposta
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
Targeta 630
Pregunta
Bulimia nervosa?
Resposta
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
Targeta 631
Pregunta
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
Resposta
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
Targeta 632
Pregunta
Ataque de nervios?
Resposta
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
Targeta 633
Pregunta
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
Resposta
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
Targeta 634
Pregunta
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
Resposta
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
Targeta 635
Pregunta
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
Resposta
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
Targeta 636
Pregunta
Comorbidity?
Resposta
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
Targeta 637
Pregunta
Humanistic explanation of distress?
Resposta
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
Targeta 638
Pregunta
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
Resposta
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
Targeta 639
Pregunta
Stigma around mental disorder?
Resposta
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
Targeta 640
Pregunta
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
Resposta
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
Targeta 641
Pregunta
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
Resposta
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
Targeta 642
Pregunta
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
Resposta
Interrater reliability.
Targeta 643
Pregunta
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
Resposta
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
Targeta 644
Pregunta
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
Resposta
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
Targeta 645
Pregunta
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
Resposta
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
Targeta 646
Pregunta
Delusion?
Resposta
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
Targeta 647
Pregunta
Agoraphobia?
Resposta
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
Targeta 648
Pregunta
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
Resposta
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
Targeta 649
Pregunta
Eclectic approach to disorder?
Resposta
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
Targeta 650
Pregunta
Hallucination?
Resposta
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
Targeta 651
Pregunta
Panic disorder?
Resposta
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
Targeta 652
Pregunta
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
Resposta
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
Targeta 653
Pregunta
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
Resposta
The diathesis–stress model.
Targeta 654
Pregunta
Cluster A personality disorders?
Resposta
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
Targeta 655
Pregunta
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
Resposta
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
Targeta 656
Pregunta
Evidence-based treatment?
Resposta
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
Targeta 657
Pregunta
Therapeutic alliance?
Resposta
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
Targeta 658
Pregunta
Cultural humility in therapy?
Resposta
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
Targeta 659
Pregunta
Deinstitutionalization?
Resposta
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
Targeta 660
Pregunta
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
Resposta
Exposure therapy.
Targeta 661
Pregunta
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
Resposta
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
Targeta 662
Pregunta
Four medication categories in the course?
Resposta
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
Targeta 663
Pregunta
Depressive cognitive triad?
Resposta
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
Targeta 664
Pregunta
Applied behavior analysis?
Resposta
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
Targeta 665
Pregunta
Psychosurgery?
Resposta
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
Targeta 666
Pregunta
Free association?
Resposta
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
Targeta 667
Pregunta
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
Resposta
Cognitive restructuring.
Targeta 668
Pregunta
One advantage of group therapy?
Resposta
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
Targeta 669
Pregunta
Lobotomy?
Resposta
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
Targeta 670
Pregunta
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
Resposta
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
Targeta 671
Pregunta
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
Resposta
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
Targeta 672
Pregunta
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
Resposta
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
Targeta 673
Pregunta
Social anxiety disorder?
Resposta
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
Targeta 674
Pregunta
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
Resposta
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
Targeta 675
Pregunta
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
Resposta
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
Targeta 676
Pregunta
Dissociative fugue?
Resposta
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
Targeta 677
Pregunta
Cluster B personality disorders?
Resposta
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
Targeta 678
Pregunta
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
Resposta
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
Targeta 679
Pregunta
Catatonia?
Resposta
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
Targeta 680
Pregunta
Manic episode?
Resposta
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
Targeta 681
Pregunta
Dissociative identity disorder?
Resposta
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
Targeta 682
Pregunta
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
Resposta
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
Targeta 683
Pregunta
Cluster C personality disorders?
Resposta
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Targeta 684
Pregunta
Taijin kyofusho?
Resposta
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
Targeta 685
Pregunta
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Resposta
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
Targeta 686
Pregunta
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
Resposta
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
Targeta 687
Pregunta
Hypomanic episode?
Resposta
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
Targeta 688
Pregunta
Generalized anxiety disorder?
Resposta
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
Targeta 689
Pregunta
Hoarding disorder?
Resposta
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
Targeta 690
Pregunta
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
Resposta
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
Targeta 691
Pregunta
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
Resposta
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
Targeta 692
Pregunta
Persistent depressive disorder?
Resposta
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
Targeta 693
Pregunta
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
Resposta
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
Targeta 694
Pregunta
Systematic desensitization?
Resposta
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
Targeta 695
Pregunta
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
Resposta
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
Targeta 696
Pregunta
Dialectical behavior therapy?
Resposta
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
Targeta 697
Pregunta
Integrity in therapy ethics?
Resposta
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
Targeta 698
Pregunta
Aversion therapy?
Resposta
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
Targeta 699
Pregunta
Tardive dyskinesia?
Resposta
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
Targeta 700
Pregunta
ECT versus TMS?
Resposta
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
Targeta 701
Pregunta
Respect for rights and dignity?
Resposta
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
Targeta 702
Pregunta
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
Resposta
A token economy.
Targeta 703
Pregunta
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
Resposta
Person-centered therapy.
Targeta 704
Pregunta
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
Resposta
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
Targeta 705
Pregunta
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
Resposta
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.
705 targetes
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
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