Nature in the nature–nurture question?

Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.

Central nervous system?

The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.

Main role of the spinal cord?

It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.

Scores are 4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?

7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.

Nurture in the nature–nurture question?

Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.

Peripheral nervous system?

The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.

A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.

Reflex times are 180, 190, 210, 260, 410 milliseconds. What is the median?

210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.

The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.

Autonomic nervous system?

The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.

Evolutionary perspective on behavior?

It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.

Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?

It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.

Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?

They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.

Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?

A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.

Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.

Somatic nervous system?

The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.

They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.

Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?

An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.

Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?

Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.

Sympathetic nervous system?

The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.

Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?

The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.

They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.

Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?

The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.

Parasympathetic nervous system?

The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.

The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.

Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.

Adrenaline's behavioral role?

It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.

Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.

The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.

The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.

Leptin's role in eating?

It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.

Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.

Depolarization during an action potential?

Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.

Dopamine's major psychological functions?

Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.

A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.

A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.

The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.

Serotonin's major psychological functions?

Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.

Glutamate's major psychological functions?

It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.

A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.

It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.

A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.

Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.

A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.

All-or-none principle?

A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.

Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?

Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.

GABA's major psychological function?

It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.

Oxytocin's behavioral role?

It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.

A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.

AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review

Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.

Di Open Study Contributor

Informazioni su questo mazzo

Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.

What the cards ask you to retrieve

Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.

The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.

What's deliberately left out

The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.

Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.

This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.

Carte in questo mazzo

Carta 1
Domanda
Nature in the nature–nurture question?
Risposta
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
Carta 2
Domanda
Central nervous system?
Risposta
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
Carta 3
Domanda
Main role of the spinal cord?
Risposta
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
Carta 4
Domanda
Scores are 4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?
Risposta
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
Carta 5
Domanda
Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
Risposta
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
Carta 6
Domanda
Peripheral nervous system?
Risposta
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Carta 7
Domanda
Reflex arc?
Risposta
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
Carta 8
Domanda
Reflex times are 180, 190, 210, 260, 410 milliseconds. What is the median?
Risposta
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
Carta 9
Domanda
Heritability?
Risposta
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
Carta 10
Domanda
Autonomic nervous system?
Risposta
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
Carta 11
Domanda
Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
Risposta
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
Carta 12
Domanda
Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
Risposta
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
Carta 13
Domanda
Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
Risposta
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
Carta 14
Domanda
Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
Risposta
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
Carta 15
Domanda
Natural selection?
Risposta
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
Carta 16
Domanda
Somatic nervous system?
Risposta
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
Carta 17
Domanda
Sensory neurons?
Risposta
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
Carta 18
Domanda
Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
Risposta
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
Carta 19
Domanda
Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
Risposta
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
Carta 20
Domanda
Sympathetic nervous system?
Risposta
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
Carta 21
Domanda
Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
Risposta
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
Carta 22
Domanda
Motor neurons?
Risposta
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
Carta 23
Domanda
Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
Risposta
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
Carta 24
Domanda
Parasympathetic nervous system?
Risposta
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
Carta 25
Domanda
Resting potential?
Risposta
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
Carta 26
Domanda
Interneurons?
Risposta
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
Carta 27
Domanda
Adrenaline's behavioral role?
Risposta
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
Carta 28
Domanda
Frontal lobes?
Risposta
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
Carta 29
Domanda
Neural threshold?
Risposta
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
Carta 30
Domanda
Corpus callosum?
Risposta
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
Carta 31
Domanda
Leptin's role in eating?
Risposta
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
Carta 32
Domanda
Temporal lobes?
Risposta
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
Carta 33
Domanda
Depolarization during an action potential?
Risposta
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
Carta 34
Domanda
Dopamine's major psychological functions?
Risposta
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
Carta 35
Domanda
Ghrelin's role in eating?
Risposta
It helps stimulate hunger.
Carta 36
Domanda
Drug agonist?
Risposta
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
Carta 37
Domanda
Action potential?
Risposta
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
Carta 38
Domanda
Reuptake?
Risposta
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
Carta 39
Domanda
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
Risposta
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
Carta 40
Domanda
Glutamate's major psychological functions?
Risposta
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
Carta 41
Domanda
Refractory period?
Risposta
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
Carta 42
Domanda
Melatonin's role?
Risposta
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
Carta 43
Domanda
Drug antagonist?
Risposta
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
Carta 44
Domanda
Stimulants?
Risposta
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
Carta 45
Domanda
Drug tolerance?
Risposta
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
Carta 46
Domanda
Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Risposta
Multiple sclerosis.
Carta 47
Domanda
All-or-none principle?
Risposta
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
Carta 48
Domanda
Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
Risposta
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
Carta 49
Domanda
GABA's major psychological function?
Risposta
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
Carta 50
Domanda
Oxytocin's behavioral role?
Risposta
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
Carta 51
Domanda
Reuptake inhibitor?
Risposta
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
Carta 52
Domanda
Depressants?
Risposta
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
Carta 53
Domanda
Drug withdrawal?
Risposta
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
Carta 54
Domanda
Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Risposta
Myasthenia gravis.
Carta 55
Domanda
Glial cells?
Risposta
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
Carta 56
Domanda
Endorphins?
Risposta
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
Carta 57
Domanda
Substance P?
Risposta
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
Carta 58
Domanda
Acetylcholine's major functions?
Risposta
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
Carta 59
Domanda
Opioids?
Risposta
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
Carta 60
Domanda
Hallucinogens?
Risposta
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
Carta 61
Domanda
Addiction?
Risposta
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
Carta 62
Domanda
Parietal lobes?
Risposta
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
Carta 63
Domanda
Consciousness?
Risposta
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
Carta 64
Domanda
Circadian rhythm?
Risposta
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
Carta 65
Domanda
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
Risposta
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
Carta 66
Domanda
Occipital lobes?
Risposta
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
Carta 67
Domanda
What does split-brain research reveal?
Risposta
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
Carta 68
Domanda
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
Risposta
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
Carta 69
Domanda
NREM-1 sleep?
Risposta
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
Carta 70
Domanda
Motor cortex?
Risposta
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
Carta 71
Domanda
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
Risposta
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
Carta 72
Domanda
Brainstem's core function?
Risposta
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
Carta 73
Domanda
NREM-2 sleep?
Risposta
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
Carta 74
Domanda
Somatosensory cortex?
Risposta
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
Carta 75
Domanda
Medulla's main functions?
Risposta
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
Carta 76
Domanda
Reticular activating system?
Risposta
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
Carta 77
Domanda
NREM-3 sleep?
Risposta
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
Carta 78
Domanda
Cerebellum's main functions?
Risposta
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
Carta 79
Domanda
Thalamus?
Risposta
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
Carta 80
Domanda
Hypothalamus?
Risposta
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
Carta 81
Domanda
REM sleep?
Risposta
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
Carta 82
Domanda
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
Risposta
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
Carta 83
Domanda
Amygdala?
Risposta
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
Carta 84
Domanda
Hippocampus?
Risposta
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
Carta 85
Domanda
How does sleep change across a typical night?
Risposta
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
Carta 86
Domanda
Contralateral brain control?
Risposta
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
Carta 87
Domanda
What does an EEG measure?
Risposta
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
Carta 88
Domanda
Reward-center activity?
Risposta
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
Carta 89
Domanda
Neuroplasticity?
Risposta
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
Carta 90
Domanda
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
Risposta
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
Carta 91
Domanda
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
Risposta
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
Carta 92
Domanda
Insomnia?
Risposta
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
Carta 93
Domanda
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
Risposta
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
Carta 94
Domanda
Absolute threshold?
Risposta
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
Carta 95
Domanda
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
Risposta
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
Carta 96
Domanda
Narcolepsy?
Risposta
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
Carta 97
Domanda
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
Risposta
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
Carta 98
Domanda
Difference threshold?
Risposta
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
Carta 99
Domanda
Consolidation view of dreams?
Risposta
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
Carta 100
Domanda
REM sleep behavior disorder?
Risposta
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
Carta 101
Domanda
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
Risposta
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
Carta 102
Domanda
Weber's law?
Risposta
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
Carta 103
Domanda
Two supported functions of sleep?
Risposta
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
Carta 104
Domanda
Sleep apnea?
Risposta
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
Carta 105
Domanda
REM rebound?
Risposta
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
Carta 106
Domanda
Signal detection theory?
Risposta
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
Carta 107
Domanda
Sensory transduction?
Risposta
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
Carta 108
Domanda
Vestibular sense?
Risposta
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
Carta 109
Domanda
Somnambulism?
Risposta
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
Carta 110
Domanda
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Risposta
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
Carta 111
Domanda
What begins visual transduction?
Risposta
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
Carta 112
Domanda
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
Risposta
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
Carta 113
Domanda
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
Risposta
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
Carta 114
Domanda
Accommodation in vision?
Risposta
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
Carta 115
Domanda
Cones?
Risposta
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
Carta 116
Domanda
What begins auditory transduction?
Risposta
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
Carta 117
Domanda
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
Risposta
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
Carta 118
Domanda
How is smell unusual among the senses?
Risposta
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
Carta 119
Domanda
Kinesthesia?
Risposta
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
Carta 120
Domanda
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
Risposta
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
Carta 121
Domanda
Nearsightedness?
Risposta
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
Carta 122
Domanda
Pheromones?
Risposta
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
Carta 123
Domanda
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
Risposta
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
Carta 124
Domanda
Volley theory of pitch?
Risposta
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
Carta 125
Domanda
Farsightedness?
Risposta
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
Carta 126
Domanda
Six taste qualities named in the course?
Risposta
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
Carta 127
Domanda
Phantom-limb sensation?
Risposta
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
Carta 128
Domanda
Sensory interaction?
Risposta
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
Carta 129
Domanda
What causes most color-vision deficiency?
Risposta
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
Carta 130
Domanda
Prosopagnosia?
Risposta
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
Carta 131
Domanda
Rods?
Risposta
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
Carta 132
Domanda
How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
Risposta
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
Carta 133
Domanda
Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
Risposta
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
Carta 134
Domanda
Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
Risposta
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
Carta 135
Domanda
What do the semicircular canals detect?
Risposta
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
Carta 136
Domanda
Synesthesia?
Risposta
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
Carta 137
Domanda
Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
Risposta
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
Carta 138
Domanda
Blindsight?
Risposta
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
Carta 139
Domanda
Sensory adaptation?
Risposta
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
Carta 140
Domanda
Gate-control view of pain?
Risposta
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
Carta 141
Domanda
Bottom-up processing?
Risposta
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
Carta 142
Domanda
Concept?
Risposta
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Carta 143
Domanda
Fixation in problem solving?
Risposta
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
Carta 144
Domanda
Algorithm?
Risposta
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
Carta 145
Domanda
Top-down processing?
Risposta
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
Carta 146
Domanda
Confirmation bias?
Risposta
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
Carta 147
Domanda
Retinal disparity?
Risposta
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
Carta 148
Domanda
Heuristic?
Risposta
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
Carta 149
Domanda
Selective attention?
Risposta
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
Carta 150
Domanda
Figure–ground organization?
Risposta
Separating the object of attention from its background.
Carta 151
Domanda
Convergence as a depth cue?
Risposta
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
Carta 152
Domanda
Representativeness heuristic?
Risposta
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
Carta 153
Domanda
Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
Risposta
Inattentional blindness.
Carta 154
Domanda
Gestalt proximity principle?
Risposta
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
Carta 155
Domanda
Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
Risposta
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
Carta 156
Domanda
Cocktail-party effect?
Risposta
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
Carta 157
Domanda
Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
Risposta
Change blindness.
Carta 158
Domanda
Gestalt similarity principle?
Risposta
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
Carta 159
Domanda
Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
Risposta
Linear perspective.
Carta 160
Domanda
Perceptual constancy?
Risposta
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
Carta 161
Domanda
Perceptual set?
Risposta
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
Carta 162
Domanda
Gestalt closure principle?
Risposta
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
Carta 163
Domanda
One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
Risposta
The blocking object, using interposition.
Carta 164
Domanda
Apparent motion?
Risposta
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
Carta 165
Domanda
Availability heuristic?
Risposta
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
Carta 166
Domanda
Divergent thinking?
Risposta
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
Carta 167
Domanda
A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
Risposta
Relative clarity.
Carta 168
Domanda
Prototype?
Risposta
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
Carta 169
Domanda
Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
Risposta
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
Carta 170
Domanda
Convergent thinking?
Risposta
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
Carta 171
Domanda
A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
Risposta
Texture gradient.
Carta 172
Domanda
Belief perseverance?
Risposta
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
Carta 173
Domanda
Explicit memory?
Risposta
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
Carta 174
Domanda
Three stores in the multi-store model?
Risposta
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Carta 175
Domanda
Seeing an object only in its usual role?
Risposta
Functional fixedness.
Carta 176
Domanda
Mental set?
Risposta
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
Carta 177
Domanda
Episodic memory?
Risposta
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
Carta 178
Domanda
Working memory?
Risposta
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
Carta 179
Domanda
Insight?
Risposta
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
Carta 180
Domanda
Framing effect?
Risposta
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
Carta 181
Domanda
Implicit memory?
Risposta
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
Carta 182
Domanda
Overconfidence bias?
Risposta
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
Carta 183
Domanda
Anchoring bias?
Risposta
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
Carta 184
Domanda
Schema in thinking?
Risposta
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
Carta 185
Domanda
Procedural memory?
Risposta
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
Carta 186
Domanda
Gambler's fallacy?
Risposta
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
Carta 187
Domanda
Sunk-cost fallacy?
Risposta
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
Carta 188
Domanda
Executive functions?
Risposta
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
Carta 189
Domanda
How can priming affect judgment?
Risposta
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
Carta 190
Domanda
Central executive in working memory?
Risposta
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
Carta 191
Domanda
Serial-position effect?
Risposta
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
Carta 192
Domanda
Semantic memory?
Risposta
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
Carta 193
Domanda
Levels-of-processing principle?
Risposta
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
Carta 194
Domanda
Automatic processing?
Risposta
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
Carta 195
Domanda
Maintenance rehearsal?
Risposta
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
Carta 196
Domanda
Prospective memory?
Risposta
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
Carta 197
Domanda
Primacy effect?
Risposta
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
Carta 198
Domanda
Long-term memory?
Risposta
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
Carta 199
Domanda
Highly superior autobiographical memory?
Risposta
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
Carta 200
Domanda
Effortful processing?
Risposta
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
Carta 201
Domanda
Elaborative rehearsal?
Risposta
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
Carta 202
Domanda
Memory consolidation?
Risposta
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
Carta 203
Domanda
Recency effect?
Risposta
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
Carta 204
Domanda
Spacing effect?
Risposta
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
Carta 205
Domanda
Testing effect?
Risposta
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
Carta 206
Domanda
Chunking?
Risposta
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
Carta 207
Domanda
Mnemonic?
Risposta
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
Carta 208
Domanda
Why organize material into a hierarchy?
Risposta
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
Carta 209
Domanda
How can a schema help encoding?
Risposta
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
Carta 210
Domanda
Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
Risposta
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
Carta 211
Domanda
Iconic memory?
Risposta
A very brief visual sensory memory.
Carta 212
Domanda
Recall?
Risposta
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
Carta 213
Domanda
Retrieval cue?
Risposta
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
Carta 214
Domanda
Encoding-specificity principle?
Risposta
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
Carta 215
Domanda
Context-dependent memory?
Risposta
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
Carta 216
Domanda
Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
Risposta
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
Carta 217
Domanda
Echoic memory?
Risposta
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
Carta 218
Domanda
Anterograde amnesia?
Risposta
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
Carta 219
Domanda
Phonological loop?
Risposta
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
Carta 220
Domanda
Cerebellum's memory role?
Risposta
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
Carta 221
Domanda
Why is short-term memory described as limited?
Risposta
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
Carta 222
Domanda
Retrograde amnesia?
Risposta
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
Carta 223
Domanda
Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
Risposta
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
Carta 224
Domanda
How can the amygdala affect memory?
Risposta
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
Carta 225
Domanda
Visuospatial sketchpad?
Risposta
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
Carta 226
Domanda
Long-term potentiation?
Risposta
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
Carta 227
Domanda
Infantile amnesia?
Risposta
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
Carta 228
Domanda
Alzheimer's disease?
Risposta
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
Carta 229
Domanda
Scores are 2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?
Risposta
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because 9 - 2 = 7.
Carta 230
Domanda
Recognition?
Risposta
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
Carta 231
Domanda
Why is memory called reconstructive?
Risposta
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
Carta 232
Domanda
Storage decay?
Risposta
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
Carta 233
Domanda
State-dependent memory?
Risposta
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
Carta 234
Domanda
Relearning?
Risposta
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
Carta 235
Domanda
Misinformation effect?
Risposta
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
Carta 236
Domanda
A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
Risposta
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
Carta 237
Domanda
Mood-congruent memory?
Risposta
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
Carta 238
Domanda
Priming?
Risposta
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
Carta 239
Domanda
Tip-of-the-tongue state?
Risposta
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
Carta 240
Domanda
Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
Risposta
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
Carta 241
Domanda
Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
Risposta
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
Carta 242
Domanda
Metacognition?
Risposta
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
Carta 243
Domanda
Source amnesia?
Risposta
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
Carta 244
Domanda
Test standardization?
Risposta
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
Carta 245
Domanda
Reliability?
Risposta
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
Carta 246
Domanda
Stereotype threat?
Risposta
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
Carta 247
Domanda
General intelligence, or g?
Risposta
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
Carta 248
Domanda
Encoding failure?
Risposta
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
Carta 249
Domanda
Validity?
Risposta
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
Carta 250
Domanda
Proactive interference?
Risposta
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
Carta 251
Domanda
Imagination inflation?
Risposta
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
Carta 252
Domanda
A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
Risposta
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
Carta 253
Domanda
Retrieval failure?
Risposta
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
Carta 254
Domanda
Retroactive interference?
Risposta
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
Carta 255
Domanda
A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
Risposta
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
Carta 256
Domanda
Repression in psychodynamic theory?
Risposta
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
Carta 257
Domanda
Flashbulb memory?
Risposta
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
Carta 258
Domanda
A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
Risposta
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
Carta 259
Domanda
A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
Risposta
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
Carta 260
Domanda
Stereotype lift?
Risposta
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
Carta 261
Domanda
Achievement test?
Risposta
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
Carta 262
Domanda
Construct validity?
Risposta
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
Carta 263
Domanda
Test–retest reliability?
Risposta
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
Carta 264
Domanda
Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
Risposta
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
Carta 265
Domanda
Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
Risposta
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
Carta 266
Domanda
Aptitude test?
Risposta
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
Carta 267
Domanda
Traditional IQ formula?
Risposta
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
Carta 268
Domanda
Predictive validity?
Risposta
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
Carta 269
Domanda
What does a normal score distribution look like?
Risposta
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
Carta 270
Domanda
Split-half reliability?
Risposta
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
Carta 271
Domanda
Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
Risposta
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
Carta 272
Domanda
Flynn effect?
Risposta
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
Carta 273
Domanda
A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
Risposta
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
Carta 274
Domanda
Continuous versus stage development?
Risposta
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
Carta 275
Domanda
How can prenatal environment affect later development?
Risposta
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
Carta 276
Domanda
Teratogen?
Risposta
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
Carta 277
Domanda
Maturation?
Risposta
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
Carta 278
Domanda
Stability–change question in development?
Risposta
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
Carta 279
Domanda
A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
Risposta
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
Carta 280
Domanda
Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
Risposta
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
Carta 281
Domanda
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
Risposta
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
Carta 282
Domanda
Fine versus gross motor skills?
Risposta
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
Carta 283
Domanda
Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
Risposta
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
Carta 284
Domanda
What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
Risposta
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
Carta 285
Domanda
Puberty?
Risposta
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
Carta 286
Domanda
Sensitive period?
Risposta
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
Carta 287
Domanda
What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
Risposta
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
Carta 288
Domanda
Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
Risposta
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
Carta 289
Domanda
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
Risposta
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
Carta 290
Domanda
Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
Risposta
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
Carta 291
Domanda
Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
Risposta
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
Carta 292
Domanda
Menarche?
Risposta
The first menstrual period.
Carta 293
Domanda
Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
Risposta
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
Carta 294
Domanda
About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
Risposta
About 68%.
Carta 295
Domanda
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
Risposta
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
Carta 296
Domanda
Spermarche?
Risposta
The first ejaculation.
Carta 297
Domanda
Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
Risposta
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
Carta 298
Domanda
Imprinting?
Risposta
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
Carta 299
Domanda
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
Risposta
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
Carta 300
Domanda
Menopause?
Risposta
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
Carta 301
Domanda
Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
Risposta
Naturalistic observation.
Carta 302
Domanda
How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
Risposta
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
Carta 303
Domanda
Gender identity?
Risposta
A person's internal sense of their gender.
Carta 304
Domanda
Gender role?
Risposta
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
Carta 305
Domanda
Sex versus gender?
Risposta
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
Carta 306
Domanda
Common sensory change in later adulthood?
Risposta
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
Carta 307
Domanda
Sexual orientation?
Risposta
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
Carta 308
Domanda
Gender schema?
Risposta
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
Carta 309
Domanda
Best broad view of gender development?
Risposta
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
Carta 310
Domanda
Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
Risposta
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
Carta 311
Domanda
Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
Risposta
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
Carta 312
Domanda
Schema in cognitive development?
Risposta
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
Carta 313
Domanda
Sensorimotor stage?
Risposta
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
Carta 314
Domanda
Preoperational stage?
Risposta
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
Carta 315
Domanda
Assimilation?
Risposta
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
Carta 316
Domanda
A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
Risposta
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
Carta 317
Domanda
Animism in preoperational thought?
Risposta
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
Carta 318
Domanda
Concrete operational stage?
Risposta
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
Carta 319
Domanda
Accommodation?
Risposta
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
Carta 320
Domanda
Reversibility in cognitive development?
Risposta
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
Carta 321
Domanda
How can social learning shape gender expression?
Risposta
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
Carta 322
Domanda
A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
Risposta
Assimilation.
Carta 323
Domanda
Language?
Risposta
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
Carta 324
Domanda
Cooing stage?
Risposta
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
Carta 325
Domanda
Babbling stage?
Risposta
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
Carta 326
Domanda
One-word stage?
Risposta
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
Carta 327
Domanda
Grammar?
Risposta
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
Carta 328
Domanda
A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
Risposta
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
Carta 329
Domanda
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
Risposta
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
Carta 330
Domanda
A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
Risposta
Accommodation.
Carta 331
Domanda
A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
Risposta
Scaffolding.
Carta 332
Domanda
A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
Risposta
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
Carta 333
Domanda
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
Risposta
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
Carta 334
Domanda
An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
Risposta
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
Carta 335
Domanda
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
Risposta
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
Carta 336
Domanda
Formal operational stage?
Risposta
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
Carta 337
Domanda
Dementia?
Risposta
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
Carta 338
Domanda
Phoneme?
Risposta
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
Carta 339
Domanda
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
Risposta
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
Carta 340
Domanda
Temperament?
Risposta
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
Carta 341
Domanda
Attachment?
Risposta
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
Carta 342
Domanda
Erikson's infancy conflict?
Risposta
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
Carta 343
Domanda
Microsystem?
Risposta
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
Carta 344
Domanda
Erikson's toddler conflict?
Risposta
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
Carta 345
Domanda
Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
Risposta
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
Carta 346
Domanda
Erikson's school-age conflict?
Risposta
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
Carta 347
Domanda
Mesosystem?
Risposta
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
Carta 348
Domanda
Erikson's adolescent conflict?
Risposta
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
Carta 349
Domanda
Erikson's young-adult conflict?
Risposta
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
Carta 350
Domanda
Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
Risposta
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
Carta 351
Domanda
Exosystem?
Risposta
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
Carta 352
Domanda
Morpheme?
Risposta
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
Carta 353
Domanda
Telegraphic speech?
Risposta
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
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Carta 354
Domanda
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
Risposta
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
Carta 355
Domanda
Macrosystem?
Risposta
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
Carta 356
Domanda
Semantics?
Risposta
The meanings of words and sentences.
Carta 357
Domanda
A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
Risposta
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
Carta 358
Domanda
What does a sensitive period for language imply?
Risposta
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
Carta 359
Domanda
Does language completely determine thought?
Risposta
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
Carta 360
Domanda
Syntax?
Risposta
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
Carta 361
Domanda
A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
Risposta
Secure attachment.
Carta 362
Domanda
How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
Risposta
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
Carta 363
Domanda
Authoritative parenting?
Risposta
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
Carta 364
Domanda
Identity achievement?
Risposta
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
Carta 365
Domanda
Avoidant attachment pattern?
Risposta
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
Carta 366
Domanda
Classical conditioning?
Risposta
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
Carta 367
Domanda
Unconditioned stimulus?
Risposta
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
Carta 368
Domanda
Unconditioned response?
Risposta
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
Carta 369
Domanda
Conditioned stimulus?
Risposta
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
Carta 370
Domanda
Conditioned response?
Risposta
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
Carta 371
Domanda
Acquisition in classical conditioning?
Risposta
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
Carta 372
Domanda
During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
Risposta
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
Carta 373
Domanda
Authoritarian parenting?
Risposta
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
Carta 374
Domanda
Identity diffusion?
Risposta
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
Carta 375
Domanda
Extinction in classical conditioning?
Risposta
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
Carta 376
Domanda
Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
Risposta
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
Carta 377
Domanda
Permissive parenting?
Risposta
High warmth with few demands or limits.
Carta 378
Domanda
Parallel play?
Risposta
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
Carta 379
Domanda
Imaginary audience?
Risposta
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
Carta 380
Domanda
Identity foreclosure?
Risposta
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
Carta 381
Domanda
Disorganized attachment pattern?
Risposta
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
Carta 382
Domanda
Neglectful parenting?
Risposta
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
Carta 383
Domanda
Chronosystem?
Risposta
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
Carta 384
Domanda
Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
Risposta
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
Carta 385
Domanda
Personal fable?
Risposta
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
Carta 386
Domanda
Identity moratorium?
Risposta
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
Carta 387
Domanda
Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
Risposta
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
Carta 388
Domanda
Separation anxiety in infancy?
Risposta
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
Carta 389
Domanda
What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
Risposta
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
Carta 390
Domanda
Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
Risposta
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
Carta 391
Domanda
Emerging adulthood?
Risposta
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
Carta 392
Domanda
Social clock?
Risposta
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
Carta 393
Domanda
Erikson's later-adult conflict?
Risposta
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
Carta 394
Domanda
Possible selves?
Risposta
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
Carta 395
Domanda
Stimulus generalization?
Risposta
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
Carta 396
Domanda
Operant conditioning?
Risposta
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
Carta 397
Domanda
Law of effect?
Risposta
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
Carta 398
Domanda
Spontaneous recovery?
Risposta
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
Carta 399
Domanda
Stimulus discrimination?
Risposta
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
Carta 400
Domanda
Reinforcement?
Risposta
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
Carta 401
Domanda
Higher-order conditioning?
Risposta
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
Carta 402
Domanda
Counterconditioning?
Risposta
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
Carta 403
Domanda
Habituation?
Risposta
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
Carta 404
Domanda
Punishment?
Risposta
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
Carta 405
Domanda
Partial reinforcement?
Risposta
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
Carta 406
Domanda
Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
Risposta
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
Carta 407
Domanda
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
Risposta
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
Carta 408
Domanda
Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
Risposta
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
Carta 409
Domanda
Fixed-ratio schedule?
Risposta
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
Carta 410
Domanda
Observational learning?
Risposta
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
Carta 411
Domanda
A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
Risposta
Positive reinforcement.
Carta 412
Domanda
Primary reinforcer?
Risposta
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
Carta 413
Domanda
Variable-ratio schedule?
Risposta
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
Carta 414
Domanda
Modeling?
Risposta
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
Carta 415
Domanda
Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
Risposta
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
Carta 416
Domanda
Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
Risposta
Negative reinforcement.
Carta 417
Domanda
Conditioned reinforcer?
Risposta
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
Carta 418
Domanda
A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
Risposta
Vicarious reinforcement.
Carta 419
Domanda
Fixed-interval schedule?
Risposta
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
Carta 420
Domanda
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
Risposta
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
Carta 421
Domanda
A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
Risposta
Positive punishment.
Carta 422
Domanda
Shaping?
Risposta
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
Carta 423
Domanda
Extinction in operant conditioning?
Risposta
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
Carta 424
Domanda
Variable-interval schedule?
Risposta
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
Carta 425
Domanda
A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
Risposta
Negative punishment.
Carta 426
Domanda
Learned helplessness?
Risposta
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
Carta 427
Domanda
Continuous reinforcement?
Risposta
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
Carta 428
Domanda
A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
Risposta
A fixed-interval schedule.
Carta 429
Domanda
Discriminative stimulus?
Risposta
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
Carta 430
Domanda
Operant generalization versus discrimination?
Risposta
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
Carta 431
Domanda
Instinctive drift?
Risposta
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
Carta 432
Domanda
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
Risposta
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
Carta 433
Domanda
How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
Risposta
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
Carta 434
Domanda
How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
Risposta
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
Carta 435
Domanda
Vicarious conditioning?
Risposta
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
Carta 436
Domanda
A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
Risposta
A variable-interval schedule.
Carta 437
Domanda
Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
Risposta
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
Carta 438
Domanda
Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
Risposta
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
Carta 439
Domanda
Latent learning?
Risposta
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
Carta 440
Domanda
Cognitive map?
Risposta
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
Carta 441
Domanda
Insight learning?
Risposta
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
Carta 442
Domanda
Biological preparedness?
Risposta
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
Carta 443
Domanda
What can mirror-neuron activity show?
Risposta
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
Carta 444
Domanda
Attribution?
Risposta
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
Carta 445
Domanda
Attitude?
Risposta
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
Carta 446
Domanda
Upward social comparison?
Risposta
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
Carta 447
Domanda
Optimistic explanatory style?
Risposta
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
Carta 448
Domanda
Situational attribution?
Risposta
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
Carta 449
Domanda
A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
Risposta
Cognitive dissonance.
Carta 450
Domanda
Downward social comparison?
Risposta
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
Carta 451
Domanda
Internal locus of control?
Risposta
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
Carta 452
Domanda
Dispositional attribution?
Risposta
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
Carta 453
Domanda
Pessimistic explanatory style?
Risposta
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
Carta 454
Domanda
Relative deprivation?
Risposta
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
Carta 455
Domanda
External locus of control?
Risposta
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
Carta 456
Domanda
Fundamental attribution error?
Risposta
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
Carta 457
Domanda
Halo effect?
Risposta
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
Carta 458
Domanda
Self-fulfilling prophecy?
Risposta
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
Carta 459
Domanda
Mere-exposure effect?
Risposta
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
Carta 460
Domanda
A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
Risposta
The actor–observer difference.
Carta 461
Domanda
A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
Risposta
The central route.
Carta 462
Domanda
Effort justification?
Risposta
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
Carta 463
Domanda
Stereotype?
Risposta
A generalized belief about members of a group.
Carta 464
Domanda
A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
Risposta
Self-serving bias.
Carta 465
Domanda
A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
Risposta
The peripheral route.
Carta 466
Domanda
Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
Risposta
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
Carta 467
Domanda
Prejudice?
Risposta
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
Carta 468
Domanda
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:

Workload Errors

Low 2

High 8

Which attribution is better supported?
Risposta
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
Carta 469
Domanda
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
Risposta
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
Carta 470
Domanda
Conformity?
Risposta
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
Carta 471
Domanda
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
Risposta
The bystander effect.
Carta 472
Domanda
Diffusion of responsibility?
Risposta
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
Carta 473
Domanda
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
Risposta
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
Carta 474
Domanda
In-group bias?
Risposta
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
Carta 475
Domanda
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
Risposta
The foot-in-the-door technique.
Carta 476
Domanda
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
Risposta
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
Carta 477
Domanda
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
Risposta
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
Carta 478
Domanda
Discrimination?
Risposta
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
Carta 479
Domanda
Out-group homogeneity effect?
Risposta
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
Carta 480
Domanda
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
Risposta
The door-in-the-face technique.
Carta 481
Domanda
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
Risposta
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
Carta 482
Domanda
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
Risposta
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
Carta 483
Domanda
Just-world belief?
Risposta
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
Carta 484
Domanda
Implicit attitude?
Risposta
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
Carta 485
Domanda
Ethnocentrism?
Risposta
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
Carta 486
Domanda
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
Risposta
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
Carta 487
Domanda
Normative social influence?
Risposta
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
Carta 488
Domanda
Psychodynamic view of personality?
Risposta
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
Carta 489
Domanda
Norm of reciprocity?
Risposta
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
Carta 490
Domanda
Individualism?
Risposta
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
Carta 491
Domanda
Informational social influence?
Risposta
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
Carta 492
Domanda
Id?
Risposta
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
Carta 493
Domanda
Altruism?
Risposta
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
Carta 494
Domanda
Social norm?
Risposta
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
Carta 495
Domanda
What tends to increase conformity?
Risposta
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
Carta 496
Domanda
Ego?
Risposta
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
Carta 497
Domanda
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
Risposta
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
Carta 498
Domanda
Collectivism?
Risposta
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
Carta 499
Domanda
Obedience?
Risposta
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
Carta 500
Domanda
Superego?
Risposta
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
Carta 501
Domanda
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
Risposta
Denial.
Carta 502
Domanda
Social-responsibility norm?
Risposta
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
Carta 503
Domanda
How does proximity affect attraction?
Risposta
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
Carta 504
Domanda
What tends to increase obedience?
Risposta
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
Carta 505
Domanda
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
Risposta
Displacement.
Carta 506
Domanda
Social loafing?
Risposta
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
Carta 507
Domanda
Multiculturalism?
Risposta
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
Carta 508
Domanda
How does similarity affect attraction?
Risposta
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
Carta 509
Domanda
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
Risposta
Projection.
Carta 510
Domanda
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
Risposta
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
Carta 511
Domanda
Deindividuation?
Risposta
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
Carta 512
Domanda
Group polarization?
Risposta
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
Carta 513
Domanda
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
Risposta
Rationalization.
Carta 514
Domanda
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
Risposta
Groupthink.
Carta 515
Domanda
Pluralistic ignorance?
Risposta
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
Carta 516
Domanda
Social trap?
Risposta
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
Carta 517
Domanda
Reaction formation?
Risposta
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
Carta 518
Domanda
Superordinate goal?
Risposta
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
Carta 519
Domanda
False-consensus effect?
Risposta
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
Carta 520
Domanda
Industrial-organizational psychology?
Risposta
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
Carta 521
Domanda
Repression?
Risposta
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
Carta 522
Domanda
Burnout?
Risposta
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
Carta 523
Domanda
Unconditional positive regard?
Risposta
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
Carta 524
Domanda
Trait?
Risposta
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
Carta 525
Domanda
Regression as a defense mechanism?
Risposta
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
Carta 526
Domanda
Reciprocal determinism?
Risposta
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
Carta 527
Domanda
Self-efficacy?
Risposta
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
Carta 528
Domanda
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
Risposta
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
Carta 529
Domanda
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
Risposta
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
Carta 530
Domanda
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Risposta
Openness.
Carta 531
Domanda
Personality inventory?
Risposta
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
Carta 532
Domanda
Self-actualizing tendency?
Risposta
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
Carta 533
Domanda
Self-esteem?
Risposta
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
Carta 534
Domanda
Instinct in motivation research?
Risposta
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
Carta 535
Domanda
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Risposta
Conscientiousness.
Carta 536
Domanda
Projective test?
Risposta
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
Carta 537
Domanda
How does factor analysis help trait research?
Risposta
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
Carta 538
Domanda
Drive-reduction theory?
Risposta
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
Carta 539
Domanda
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Risposta
Extraversion.
Carta 540
Domanda
Person–situation debate?
Risposta
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
Carta 541
Domanda
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
Risposta
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
Carta 542
Domanda
Homeostasis?
Risposta
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
Carta 543
Domanda
Incentive theory?
Risposta
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
Carta 544
Domanda
Big Five agreeableness?
Risposta
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
Carta 545
Domanda
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
Risposta
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
Carta 546
Domanda
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
Risposta
An approach–approach conflict.
Carta 547
Domanda
Arousal theory of motivation?
Risposta
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
Carta 548
Domanda
Big Five emotional stability?
Risposta
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
Carta 549
Domanda
What regulates hunger?
Risposta
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
Carta 550
Domanda
Three broad components of emotion?
Risposta
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
Carta 551
Domanda
Self-determination theory?
Risposta
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
Carta 552
Domanda
Emotion regulation?
Risposta
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
Carta 553
Domanda
Sensation-seeking?
Risposta
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
Carta 554
Domanda
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
Risposta
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
Carta 555
Domanda
Intrinsic motivation?
Risposta
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
Carta 556
Domanda
Display rules?
Risposta
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
Carta 557
Domanda
Arousal and performance relationship?
Risposta
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
Carta 558
Domanda
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
Risposta
An approach–avoidance conflict.
Carta 559
Domanda
Extrinsic motivation?
Risposta
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
Carta 560
Domanda
Achievement motivation?
Risposta
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
Carta 561
Domanda
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
Risposta
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
Carta 562
Domanda
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
Risposta
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
Carta 563
Domanda
Overjustification effect?
Risposta
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
Carta 564
Domanda
Belongingness motivation?
Risposta
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
Carta 565
Domanda
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:

Condition Mean minutes

Assigned topic 34

Chosen topic 47

What is the observed mean difference?
Risposta
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
Carta 566
Domanda
Facial-feedback effect?
Risposta
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
Carta 567
Domanda
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
Risposta
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
Carta 568
Domanda
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
Risposta
Cognitive reappraisal.
Carta 569
Domanda
Broaden-and-build view?
Risposta
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
Carta 570
Domanda
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
Risposta
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
Carta 571
Domanda
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
Risposta
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
Carta 572
Domanda
Expressive suppression?
Risposta
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
Carta 573
Domanda
How does acute stress affect the body?
Risposta
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
Carta 574
Domanda
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
Risposta
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
Carta 575
Domanda
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
Risposta
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
Carta 576
Domanda
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
Risposta
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
Carta 577
Domanda
Health psychology?
Risposta
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
Carta 578
Domanda
Positive psychology?
Risposta
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
Carta 579
Domanda
Stress?
Risposta
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
Carta 580
Domanda
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
Risposta
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
Carta 581
Domanda
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
Risposta
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
Carta 582
Domanda
Resilience?
Risposta
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
Carta 583
Domanda
Stressor?
Risposta
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
Carta 584
Domanda
General adaptation syndrome?
Risposta
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
Carta 585
Domanda
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
Risposta
Problem-focused coping.
Carta 586
Domanda
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
Risposta
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
Carta 587
Domanda
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
Risposta
Primary appraisal.
Carta 588
Domanda
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
Risposta
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
Carta 589
Domanda
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
Risposta
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
Carta 590
Domanda
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
Risposta
Emotion-focused coping.
Carta 591
Domanda
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
Risposta
Secondary appraisal.
Carta 592
Domanda
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
Risposta
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
Carta 593
Domanda
Adverse childhood experiences?
Risposta
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
Carta 594
Domanda
How can social support protect health?
Risposta
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
Carta 595
Domanda
Eustress versus distress?
Risposta
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
Carta 596
Domanda
Tend-and-befriend response?
Risposta
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
Carta 597
Domanda
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
Risposta
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
Carta 598
Domanda
Biofeedback?
Risposta
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
Carta 599
Domanda
How does perceived control affect stress?
Risposta
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
Carta 600
Domanda
Psychoneuroimmunology?
Risposta
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
Carta 601
Domanda
Subjective well-being?
Risposta
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
Carta 602
Domanda
Psychological disorder?
Risposta
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
Carta 603
Domanda
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
Risposta
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
Carta 604
Domanda
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
Risposta
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
Carta 605
Domanda
Signature strengths?
Risposta
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
Carta 606
Domanda
Biopsychosocial model?
Risposta
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
Carta 607
Domanda
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
Risposta
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
Carta 608
Domanda
Posttraumatic growth?
Risposta
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
Carta 609
Domanda
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
Risposta
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
Carta 610
Domanda
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
Risposta
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
Carta 611
Domanda
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
Risposta
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
Carta 612
Domanda
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
Risposta
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
Carta 613
Domanda
Biological explanation of disorder?
Risposta
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
Carta 614
Domanda
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Risposta
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
Carta 615
Domanda
Purpose of the DSM?
Risposta
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
Carta 616
Domanda
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
Risposta
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
Carta 617
Domanda
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
Risposta
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
Carta 618
Domanda
Autism spectrum disorder?
Risposta
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
Carta 619
Domanda
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
Risposta
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
Carta 620
Domanda
Major depressive disorder?
Risposta
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
Carta 621
Domanda
Specific phobia?
Risposta
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
Carta 622
Domanda
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Risposta
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
Carta 623
Domanda
Dissociative amnesia?
Risposta
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
Carta 624
Domanda
Bipolar I disorder?
Risposta
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
Carta 625
Domanda
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
Risposta
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
Carta 626
Domanda
Anorexia nervosa?
Risposta
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
Carta 627
Domanda
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
Risposta
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
Carta 628
Domanda
Bipolar II disorder?
Risposta
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
Carta 629
Domanda
Purpose of the ICD?
Risposta
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
Carta 630
Domanda
Bulimia nervosa?
Risposta
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
Carta 631
Domanda
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
Risposta
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
Carta 632
Domanda
Ataque de nervios?
Risposta
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
Carta 633
Domanda
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
Risposta
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
Carta 634
Domanda
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
Risposta
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
Carta 635
Domanda
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
Risposta
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
Carta 636
Domanda
Comorbidity?
Risposta
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
Carta 637
Domanda
Humanistic explanation of distress?
Risposta
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
Carta 638
Domanda
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
Risposta
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
Carta 639
Domanda
Stigma around mental disorder?
Risposta
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
Carta 640
Domanda
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
Risposta
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
Carta 641
Domanda
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
Risposta
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
Carta 642
Domanda
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
Risposta
Interrater reliability.
Carta 643
Domanda
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
Risposta
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
Carta 644
Domanda
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
Risposta
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
Carta 645
Domanda
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
Risposta
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
Carta 646
Domanda
Delusion?
Risposta
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
Carta 647
Domanda
Agoraphobia?
Risposta
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
Carta 648
Domanda
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
Risposta
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
Carta 649
Domanda
Eclectic approach to disorder?
Risposta
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
Carta 650
Domanda
Hallucination?
Risposta
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
Carta 651
Domanda
Panic disorder?
Risposta
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
Carta 652
Domanda
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
Risposta
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
Carta 653
Domanda
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
Risposta
The diathesis–stress model.
Carta 654
Domanda
Cluster A personality disorders?
Risposta
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
Carta 655
Domanda
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
Risposta
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
Carta 656
Domanda
Evidence-based treatment?
Risposta
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
Carta 657
Domanda
Therapeutic alliance?
Risposta
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
Carta 658
Domanda
Cultural humility in therapy?
Risposta
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
Carta 659
Domanda
Deinstitutionalization?
Risposta
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
Carta 660
Domanda
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
Risposta
Exposure therapy.
Carta 661
Domanda
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
Risposta
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
Carta 662
Domanda
Four medication categories in the course?
Risposta
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
Carta 663
Domanda
Depressive cognitive triad?
Risposta
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
Carta 664
Domanda
Applied behavior analysis?
Risposta
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
Carta 665
Domanda
Psychosurgery?
Risposta
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
Carta 666
Domanda
Free association?
Risposta
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
Carta 667
Domanda
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
Risposta
Cognitive restructuring.
Carta 668
Domanda
One advantage of group therapy?
Risposta
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
Carta 669
Domanda
Lobotomy?
Risposta
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
Carta 670
Domanda
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
Risposta
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
Carta 671
Domanda
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
Risposta
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
Carta 672
Domanda
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
Risposta
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
Carta 673
Domanda
Social anxiety disorder?
Risposta
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
Carta 674
Domanda
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
Risposta
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
Carta 675
Domanda
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
Risposta
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
Carta 676
Domanda
Dissociative fugue?
Risposta
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
Carta 677
Domanda
Cluster B personality disorders?
Risposta
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
Carta 678
Domanda
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
Risposta
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
Carta 679
Domanda
Catatonia?
Risposta
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
Carta 680
Domanda
Manic episode?
Risposta
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
Carta 681
Domanda
Dissociative identity disorder?
Risposta
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
Carta 682
Domanda
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
Risposta
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
Carta 683
Domanda
Cluster C personality disorders?
Risposta
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Carta 684
Domanda
Taijin kyofusho?
Risposta
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
Carta 685
Domanda
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Risposta
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
Carta 686
Domanda
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
Risposta
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
Carta 687
Domanda
Hypomanic episode?
Risposta
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
Carta 688
Domanda
Generalized anxiety disorder?
Risposta
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
Carta 689
Domanda
Hoarding disorder?
Risposta
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
Carta 690
Domanda
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
Risposta
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
Carta 691
Domanda
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
Risposta
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
Carta 692
Domanda
Persistent depressive disorder?
Risposta
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
Carta 693
Domanda
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
Risposta
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
Carta 694
Domanda
Systematic desensitization?
Risposta
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
Carta 695
Domanda
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
Risposta
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
Carta 696
Domanda
Dialectical behavior therapy?
Risposta
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
Carta 697
Domanda
Integrity in therapy ethics?
Risposta
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
Carta 698
Domanda
Aversion therapy?
Risposta
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
Carta 699
Domanda
Tardive dyskinesia?
Risposta
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
Carta 700
Domanda
ECT versus TMS?
Risposta
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
Carta 701
Domanda
Respect for rights and dignity?
Risposta
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
Carta 702
Domanda
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
Risposta
A token economy.
Carta 703
Domanda
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
Risposta
Person-centered therapy.
Carta 704
Domanda
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
Risposta
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
Carta 705
Domanda
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
Risposta
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.

Workload	Errors
Low	2
High	8

Condition	Mean minutes
Assigned topic	34
Chosen topic	47

705 carte