AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.
이 덱 소개
Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.
What the cards ask you to retrieve
- Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
- Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
- Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
- Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
- Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.
The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.
What's deliberately left out
The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.
Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.
This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.
이 덱의 카드
카드 1
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Nature in the nature–nurture question?
답변
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
카드 2
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Central nervous system?
답변
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
카드 3
질문
Main role of the spinal cord?
답변
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
카드 4
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Scores are
4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?답변
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
카드 5
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Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
답변
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
카드 6
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Peripheral nervous system?
답변
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
카드 7
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Reflex arc?
답변
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
카드 8
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Reflex times are
180, 190, 210, 260, 410milliseconds. What is the median?답변
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
카드 9
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Heritability?
답변
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
카드 10
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Autonomic nervous system?
답변
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
카드 11
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Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
답변
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
카드 12
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Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
답변
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
카드 13
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Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
답변
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
카드 14
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Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
답변
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
카드 15
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Natural selection?
답변
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
카드 16
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Somatic nervous system?
답변
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
카드 17
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Sensory neurons?
답변
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
카드 18
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Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
답변
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
카드 19
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Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
답변
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
카드 20
질문
Sympathetic nervous system?
답변
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
카드 21
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Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
답변
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
카드 22
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Motor neurons?
답변
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
카드 23
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Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
답변
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
카드 24
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Parasympathetic nervous system?
답변
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
카드 25
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Resting potential?
답변
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
카드 26
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Interneurons?
답변
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
카드 27
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Adrenaline's behavioral role?
답변
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
카드 28
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Frontal lobes?
답변
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
카드 29
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Neural threshold?
답변
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
카드 30
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Corpus callosum?
답변
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
카드 31
질문
Leptin's role in eating?
답변
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
카드 32
질문
Temporal lobes?
답변
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
카드 33
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Depolarization during an action potential?
답변
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
카드 34
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Dopamine's major psychological functions?
답변
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
카드 35
질문
Ghrelin's role in eating?
답변
It helps stimulate hunger.
카드 36
질문
Drug agonist?
답변
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
카드 37
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Action potential?
답변
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
카드 38
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Reuptake?
답변
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
카드 39
질문
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
답변
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
카드 40
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Glutamate's major psychological functions?
답변
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
카드 41
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Refractory period?
답변
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
카드 42
질문
Melatonin's role?
답변
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
카드 43
질문
Drug antagonist?
답변
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
카드 44
질문
Stimulants?
답변
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
카드 45
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Drug tolerance?
답변
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
카드 46
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Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
답변
Multiple sclerosis.
카드 47
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All-or-none principle?
답변
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
카드 48
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Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
답변
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
카드 49
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GABA's major psychological function?
답변
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
카드 50
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Oxytocin's behavioral role?
답변
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
카드 51
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Reuptake inhibitor?
답변
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
카드 52
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Depressants?
답변
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
카드 53
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Drug withdrawal?
답변
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
카드 54
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Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
답변
Myasthenia gravis.
카드 55
질문
Glial cells?
답변
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
카드 56
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Endorphins?
답변
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
카드 57
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Substance P?
답변
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
카드 58
질문
Acetylcholine's major functions?
답변
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
카드 59
질문
Opioids?
답변
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
카드 60
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Hallucinogens?
답변
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
카드 61
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Addiction?
답변
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
카드 62
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Parietal lobes?
답변
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
카드 63
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Consciousness?
답변
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
카드 64
질문
Circadian rhythm?
답변
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
카드 65
질문
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
답변
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
카드 66
질문
Occipital lobes?
답변
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
카드 67
질문
What does split-brain research reveal?
답변
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
카드 68
질문
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
답변
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
카드 69
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NREM-1 sleep?
답변
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
카드 70
질문
Motor cortex?
답변
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
카드 71
질문
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
답변
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
카드 72
질문
Brainstem's core function?
답변
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
카드 73
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NREM-2 sleep?
답변
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
카드 74
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Somatosensory cortex?
답변
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
카드 75
질문
Medulla's main functions?
답변
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
카드 76
질문
Reticular activating system?
답변
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
카드 77
질문
NREM-3 sleep?
답변
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
카드 78
질문
Cerebellum's main functions?
답변
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
카드 79
질문
Thalamus?
답변
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
카드 80
질문
Hypothalamus?
답변
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
카드 81
질문
REM sleep?
답변
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
카드 82
질문
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
답변
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
카드 83
질문
Amygdala?
답변
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
카드 84
질문
Hippocampus?
답변
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
카드 85
질문
How does sleep change across a typical night?
답변
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
카드 86
질문
Contralateral brain control?
답변
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
카드 87
질문
What does an EEG measure?
답변
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
카드 88
질문
Reward-center activity?
답변
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
카드 89
질문
Neuroplasticity?
답변
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
카드 90
질문
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
답변
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
카드 91
질문
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
답변
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
카드 92
질문
Insomnia?
답변
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
카드 93
질문
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
답변
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
카드 94
질문
Absolute threshold?
답변
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
카드 95
질문
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
답변
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
카드 96
질문
Narcolepsy?
답변
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
카드 97
질문
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
답변
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
카드 98
질문
Difference threshold?
답변
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
카드 99
질문
Consolidation view of dreams?
답변
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
카드 100
질문
REM sleep behavior disorder?
답변
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
카드 101
질문
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
답변
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
카드 102
질문
Weber's law?
답변
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
카드 103
질문
Two supported functions of sleep?
답변
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
카드 104
질문
Sleep apnea?
답변
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
카드 105
질문
REM rebound?
답변
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
카드 106
질문
Signal detection theory?
답변
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
카드 107
질문
Sensory transduction?
답변
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
카드 108
질문
Vestibular sense?
답변
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
카드 109
질문
Somnambulism?
답변
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
카드 110
질문
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
답변
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
카드 111
질문
What begins visual transduction?
답변
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
카드 112
질문
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
답변
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
카드 113
질문
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
답변
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
카드 114
질문
Accommodation in vision?
답변
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
카드 115
질문
Cones?
답변
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
카드 116
질문
What begins auditory transduction?
답변
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
카드 117
질문
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
답변
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
카드 118
질문
How is smell unusual among the senses?
답변
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
카드 119
질문
Kinesthesia?
답변
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
카드 120
질문
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
답변
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
카드 121
질문
Nearsightedness?
답변
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
카드 122
질문
Pheromones?
답변
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
카드 123
질문
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
답변
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
카드 124
질문
Volley theory of pitch?
답변
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
카드 125
질문
Farsightedness?
답변
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
카드 126
질문
Six taste qualities named in the course?
답변
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
카드 127
질문
Phantom-limb sensation?
답변
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
카드 128
질문
Sensory interaction?
답변
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
카드 129
질문
What causes most color-vision deficiency?
답변
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
카드 130
질문
Prosopagnosia?
답변
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
카드 131
질문
Rods?
답변
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
카드 132
질문
How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
답변
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
카드 133
질문
Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
답변
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
카드 134
질문
Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
답변
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
카드 135
질문
What do the semicircular canals detect?
답변
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
카드 136
질문
Synesthesia?
답변
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
카드 137
질문
Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
답변
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
카드 138
질문
Blindsight?
답변
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
카드 139
질문
Sensory adaptation?
답변
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
카드 140
질문
Gate-control view of pain?
답변
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
카드 141
질문
Bottom-up processing?
답변
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
카드 142
질문
Concept?
답변
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
카드 143
질문
Fixation in problem solving?
답변
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
카드 144
질문
Algorithm?
답변
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
카드 145
질문
Top-down processing?
답변
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
카드 146
질문
Confirmation bias?
답변
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
카드 147
질문
Retinal disparity?
답변
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
카드 148
질문
Heuristic?
답변
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
카드 149
질문
Selective attention?
답변
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
카드 150
질문
Figure–ground organization?
답변
Separating the object of attention from its background.
카드 151
질문
Convergence as a depth cue?
답변
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
카드 152
질문
Representativeness heuristic?
답변
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
카드 153
질문
Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
답변
Inattentional blindness.
카드 154
질문
Gestalt proximity principle?
답변
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
카드 155
질문
Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
답변
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
카드 156
질문
Cocktail-party effect?
답변
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
카드 157
질문
Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
답변
Change blindness.
카드 158
질문
Gestalt similarity principle?
답변
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
카드 159
질문
Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
답변
Linear perspective.
카드 160
질문
Perceptual constancy?
답변
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
카드 161
질문
Perceptual set?
답변
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
카드 162
질문
Gestalt closure principle?
답변
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
카드 163
질문
One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
답변
The blocking object, using interposition.
카드 164
질문
Apparent motion?
답변
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
카드 165
질문
Availability heuristic?
답변
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
카드 166
질문
Divergent thinking?
답변
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
카드 167
질문
A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
답변
Relative clarity.
카드 168
질문
Prototype?
답변
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
카드 169
질문
Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
답변
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
카드 170
질문
Convergent thinking?
답변
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
카드 171
질문
A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
답변
Texture gradient.
카드 172
질문
Belief perseverance?
답변
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
카드 173
질문
Explicit memory?
답변
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
카드 174
질문
Three stores in the multi-store model?
답변
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
카드 175
질문
Seeing an object only in its usual role?
답변
Functional fixedness.
카드 176
질문
Mental set?
답변
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
카드 177
질문
Episodic memory?
답변
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
카드 178
질문
Working memory?
답변
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
카드 179
질문
Insight?
답변
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
카드 180
질문
Framing effect?
답변
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
카드 181
질문
Implicit memory?
답변
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
카드 182
질문
Overconfidence bias?
답변
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
카드 183
질문
Anchoring bias?
답변
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
카드 184
질문
Schema in thinking?
답변
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
카드 185
질문
Procedural memory?
답변
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
카드 186
질문
Gambler's fallacy?
답변
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
카드 187
질문
Sunk-cost fallacy?
답변
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
카드 188
질문
Executive functions?
답변
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
카드 189
질문
How can priming affect judgment?
답변
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
카드 190
질문
Central executive in working memory?
답변
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
카드 191
질문
Serial-position effect?
답변
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
카드 192
질문
Semantic memory?
답변
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
카드 193
질문
Levels-of-processing principle?
답변
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
카드 194
질문
Automatic processing?
답변
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
카드 195
질문
Maintenance rehearsal?
답변
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
카드 196
질문
Prospective memory?
답변
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
카드 197
질문
Primacy effect?
답변
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
카드 198
질문
Long-term memory?
답변
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
카드 199
질문
Highly superior autobiographical memory?
답변
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
카드 200
질문
Effortful processing?
답변
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
카드 201
질문
Elaborative rehearsal?
답변
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
카드 202
질문
Memory consolidation?
답변
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
카드 203
질문
Recency effect?
답변
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
카드 204
질문
Spacing effect?
답변
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
카드 205
질문
Testing effect?
답변
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
카드 206
질문
Chunking?
답변
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
카드 207
질문
Mnemonic?
답변
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
카드 208
질문
Why organize material into a hierarchy?
답변
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
카드 209
질문
How can a schema help encoding?
답변
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
카드 210
질문
Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
답변
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
카드 211
질문
Iconic memory?
답변
A very brief visual sensory memory.
카드 212
질문
Recall?
답변
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
카드 213
질문
Retrieval cue?
답변
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
카드 214
질문
Encoding-specificity principle?
답변
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
카드 215
질문
Context-dependent memory?
답변
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
카드 216
질문
Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
답변
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
카드 217
질문
Echoic memory?
답변
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
카드 218
질문
Anterograde amnesia?
답변
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
카드 219
질문
Phonological loop?
답변
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
카드 220
질문
Cerebellum's memory role?
답변
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
카드 221
질문
Why is short-term memory described as limited?
답변
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
카드 222
질문
Retrograde amnesia?
답변
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
카드 223
질문
Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
답변
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
카드 224
질문
How can the amygdala affect memory?
답변
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
카드 225
질문
Visuospatial sketchpad?
답변
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
카드 226
질문
Long-term potentiation?
답변
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
카드 227
질문
Infantile amnesia?
답변
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
카드 228
질문
Alzheimer's disease?
답변
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
카드 229
질문
Scores are
2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?답변
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because
9 - 2 = 7.카드 230
질문
Recognition?
답변
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
카드 231
질문
Why is memory called reconstructive?
답변
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
카드 232
질문
Storage decay?
답변
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
카드 233
질문
State-dependent memory?
답변
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
카드 234
질문
Relearning?
답변
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
카드 235
질문
Misinformation effect?
답변
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
카드 236
질문
A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
답변
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
카드 237
질문
Mood-congruent memory?
답변
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
카드 238
질문
Priming?
답변
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
카드 239
질문
Tip-of-the-tongue state?
답변
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
카드 240
질문
Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
답변
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
카드 241
질문
Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
답변
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
카드 242
질문
Metacognition?
답변
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
카드 243
질문
Source amnesia?
답변
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
카드 244
질문
Test standardization?
답변
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
카드 245
질문
Reliability?
답변
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
카드 246
질문
Stereotype threat?
답변
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
카드 247
질문
General intelligence, or g?
답변
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
카드 248
질문
Encoding failure?
답변
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
카드 249
질문
Validity?
답변
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
카드 250
질문
Proactive interference?
답변
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
카드 251
질문
Imagination inflation?
답변
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
카드 252
질문
A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
답변
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
카드 253
질문
Retrieval failure?
답변
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
카드 254
질문
Retroactive interference?
답변
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
카드 255
질문
A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
답변
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
카드 256
질문
Repression in psychodynamic theory?
답변
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
카드 257
질문
Flashbulb memory?
답변
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
카드 258
질문
A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
답변
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
카드 259
질문
A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
답변
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
카드 260
질문
Stereotype lift?
답변
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
카드 261
질문
Achievement test?
답변
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
카드 262
질문
Construct validity?
답변
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
카드 263
질문
Test–retest reliability?
답변
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
카드 264
질문
Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
답변
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
카드 265
질문
Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
답변
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
카드 266
질문
Aptitude test?
답변
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
카드 267
질문
Traditional IQ formula?
답변
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
카드 268
질문
Predictive validity?
답변
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
카드 269
질문
What does a normal score distribution look like?
답변
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
카드 270
질문
Split-half reliability?
답변
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
카드 271
질문
Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
답변
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
카드 272
질문
Flynn effect?
답변
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
카드 273
질문
A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
답변
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
카드 274
질문
Continuous versus stage development?
답변
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
카드 275
질문
How can prenatal environment affect later development?
답변
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
카드 276
질문
Teratogen?
답변
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
카드 277
질문
Maturation?
답변
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
카드 278
질문
Stability–change question in development?
답변
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
카드 279
질문
A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
답변
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
카드 280
질문
Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
답변
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
카드 281
질문
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
답변
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
카드 282
질문
Fine versus gross motor skills?
답변
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
카드 283
질문
Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
답변
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
카드 284
질문
What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
답변
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
카드 285
질문
Puberty?
답변
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
카드 286
질문
Sensitive period?
답변
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
카드 287
질문
What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
답변
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
카드 288
질문
Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
답변
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
카드 289
질문
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
답변
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
카드 290
질문
Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
답변
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
카드 291
질문
Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
답변
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
카드 292
질문
Menarche?
답변
The first menstrual period.
카드 293
질문
Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
답변
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
카드 294
질문
About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
답변
About 68%.
카드 295
질문
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
답변
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
카드 296
질문
Spermarche?
답변
The first ejaculation.
카드 297
질문
Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
답변
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
카드 298
질문
Imprinting?
답변
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
카드 299
질문
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
답변
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
카드 300
질문
Menopause?
답변
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
카드 301
질문
Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
답변
Naturalistic observation.
카드 302
질문
How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
답변
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
카드 303
질문
Gender identity?
답변
A person's internal sense of their gender.
카드 304
질문
Gender role?
답변
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
카드 305
질문
Sex versus gender?
답변
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
카드 306
질문
Common sensory change in later adulthood?
답변
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
카드 307
질문
Sexual orientation?
답변
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
카드 308
질문
Gender schema?
답변
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
카드 309
질문
Best broad view of gender development?
답변
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
카드 310
질문
Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
답변
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
카드 311
질문
Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
답변
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
카드 312
질문
Schema in cognitive development?
답변
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
카드 313
질문
Sensorimotor stage?
답변
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
카드 314
질문
Preoperational stage?
답변
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
카드 315
질문
Assimilation?
답변
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
카드 316
질문
A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
답변
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
카드 317
질문
Animism in preoperational thought?
답변
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
카드 318
질문
Concrete operational stage?
답변
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
카드 319
질문
Accommodation?
답변
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
카드 320
질문
Reversibility in cognitive development?
답변
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
카드 321
질문
How can social learning shape gender expression?
답변
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
카드 322
질문
A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
답변
Assimilation.
카드 323
질문
Language?
답변
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
카드 324
질문
Cooing stage?
답변
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
카드 325
질문
Babbling stage?
답변
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
카드 326
질문
One-word stage?
답변
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
카드 327
질문
Grammar?
답변
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
카드 328
질문
A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
답변
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
카드 329
질문
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
답변
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
카드 330
질문
A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
답변
Accommodation.
카드 331
질문
A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
답변
Scaffolding.
카드 332
질문
A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
답변
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
카드 333
질문
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
답변
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
카드 334
질문
An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
답변
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
카드 335
질문
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
답변
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
카드 336
질문
Formal operational stage?
답변
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
카드 337
질문
Dementia?
답변
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
카드 338
질문
Phoneme?
답변
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
카드 339
질문
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
답변
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
카드 340
질문
Temperament?
답변
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
카드 341
질문
Attachment?
답변
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
카드 342
질문
Erikson's infancy conflict?
답변
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
카드 343
질문
Microsystem?
답변
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
카드 344
질문
Erikson's toddler conflict?
답변
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
카드 345
질문
Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
답변
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
카드 346
질문
Erikson's school-age conflict?
답변
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
카드 347
질문
Mesosystem?
답변
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
카드 348
질문
Erikson's adolescent conflict?
답변
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
카드 349
질문
Erikson's young-adult conflict?
답변
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
카드 350
질문
Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
답변
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
카드 351
질문
Exosystem?
답변
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
카드 352
질문
Morpheme?
답변
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
카드 353
질문
Telegraphic speech?
답변
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
705장의 카드
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
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카드 354
질문
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
답변
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
카드 355
질문
Macrosystem?
답변
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
카드 356
질문
Semantics?
답변
The meanings of words and sentences.
카드 357
질문
A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
답변
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
카드 358
질문
What does a sensitive period for language imply?
답변
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
카드 359
질문
Does language completely determine thought?
답변
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
카드 360
질문
Syntax?
답변
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
카드 361
질문
A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
답변
Secure attachment.
카드 362
질문
How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
답변
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
카드 363
질문
Authoritative parenting?
답변
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
카드 364
질문
Identity achievement?
답변
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
카드 365
질문
Avoidant attachment pattern?
답변
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
카드 366
질문
Classical conditioning?
답변
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
카드 367
질문
Unconditioned stimulus?
답변
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
카드 368
질문
Unconditioned response?
답변
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
카드 369
질문
Conditioned stimulus?
답변
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
카드 370
질문
Conditioned response?
답변
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
카드 371
질문
Acquisition in classical conditioning?
답변
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
카드 372
질문
During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
답변
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
카드 373
질문
Authoritarian parenting?
답변
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
카드 374
질문
Identity diffusion?
답변
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
카드 375
질문
Extinction in classical conditioning?
답변
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
카드 376
질문
Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
답변
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
카드 377
질문
Permissive parenting?
답변
High warmth with few demands or limits.
카드 378
질문
Parallel play?
답변
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
카드 379
질문
Imaginary audience?
답변
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
카드 380
질문
Identity foreclosure?
답변
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
카드 381
질문
Disorganized attachment pattern?
답변
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
카드 382
질문
Neglectful parenting?
답변
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
카드 383
질문
Chronosystem?
답변
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
카드 384
질문
Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
답변
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
카드 385
질문
Personal fable?
답변
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
카드 386
질문
Identity moratorium?
답변
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
카드 387
질문
Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
답변
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
카드 388
질문
Separation anxiety in infancy?
답변
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
카드 389
질문
What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
답변
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
카드 390
질문
Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
답변
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
카드 391
질문
Emerging adulthood?
답변
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
카드 392
질문
Social clock?
답변
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
카드 393
질문
Erikson's later-adult conflict?
답변
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
카드 394
질문
Possible selves?
답변
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
카드 395
질문
Stimulus generalization?
답변
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
카드 396
질문
Operant conditioning?
답변
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
카드 397
질문
Law of effect?
답변
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
카드 398
질문
Spontaneous recovery?
답변
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
카드 399
질문
Stimulus discrimination?
답변
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
카드 400
질문
Reinforcement?
답변
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
카드 401
질문
Higher-order conditioning?
답변
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
카드 402
질문
Counterconditioning?
답변
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
카드 403
질문
Habituation?
답변
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
카드 404
질문
Punishment?
답변
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
카드 405
질문
Partial reinforcement?
답변
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
카드 406
질문
Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
답변
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
카드 407
질문
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
답변
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
카드 408
질문
Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
답변
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
카드 409
질문
Fixed-ratio schedule?
답변
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
카드 410
질문
Observational learning?
답변
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
카드 411
질문
A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
답변
Positive reinforcement.
카드 412
질문
Primary reinforcer?
답변
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
카드 413
질문
Variable-ratio schedule?
답변
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
카드 414
질문
Modeling?
답변
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
카드 415
질문
Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
답변
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
카드 416
질문
Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
답변
Negative reinforcement.
카드 417
질문
Conditioned reinforcer?
답변
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
카드 418
질문
A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
답변
Vicarious reinforcement.
카드 419
질문
Fixed-interval schedule?
답변
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
카드 420
질문
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
답변
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
카드 421
질문
A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
답변
Positive punishment.
카드 422
질문
Shaping?
답변
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
카드 423
질문
Extinction in operant conditioning?
답변
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
카드 424
질문
Variable-interval schedule?
답변
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
카드 425
질문
A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
답변
Negative punishment.
카드 426
질문
Learned helplessness?
답변
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
카드 427
질문
Continuous reinforcement?
답변
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
카드 428
질문
A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
답변
A fixed-interval schedule.
카드 429
질문
Discriminative stimulus?
답변
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
카드 430
질문
Operant generalization versus discrimination?
답변
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
카드 431
질문
Instinctive drift?
답변
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
카드 432
질문
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
답변
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
카드 433
질문
How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
답변
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
카드 434
질문
How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
답변
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
카드 435
질문
Vicarious conditioning?
답변
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
카드 436
질문
A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
답변
A variable-interval schedule.
카드 437
질문
Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
답변
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
카드 438
질문
Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
답변
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
카드 439
질문
Latent learning?
답변
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
카드 440
질문
Cognitive map?
답변
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
카드 441
질문
Insight learning?
답변
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
카드 442
질문
Biological preparedness?
답변
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
카드 443
질문
What can mirror-neuron activity show?
답변
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
카드 444
질문
Attribution?
답변
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
카드 445
질문
Attitude?
답변
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
카드 446
질문
Upward social comparison?
답변
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
카드 447
질문
Optimistic explanatory style?
답변
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
카드 448
질문
Situational attribution?
답변
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
카드 449
질문
A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
답변
Cognitive dissonance.
카드 450
질문
Downward social comparison?
답변
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
카드 451
질문
Internal locus of control?
답변
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
카드 452
질문
Dispositional attribution?
답변
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
카드 453
질문
Pessimistic explanatory style?
답변
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
카드 454
질문
Relative deprivation?
답변
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
카드 455
질문
External locus of control?
답변
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
카드 456
질문
Fundamental attribution error?
답변
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
카드 457
질문
Halo effect?
답변
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
카드 458
질문
Self-fulfilling prophecy?
답변
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
카드 459
질문
Mere-exposure effect?
답변
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
카드 460
질문
A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
답변
The actor–observer difference.
카드 461
질문
A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
답변
The central route.
카드 462
질문
Effort justification?
답변
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
카드 463
질문
Stereotype?
답변
A generalized belief about members of a group.
카드 464
질문
A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
답변
Self-serving bias.
카드 465
질문
A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
답변
The peripheral route.
카드 466
질문
Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
답변
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
카드 467
질문
Prejudice?
답변
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
카드 468
질문
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:
Workload Errors Low 2 High 8 Which attribution is better supported?
답변
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
카드 469
질문
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
답변
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
카드 470
질문
Conformity?
답변
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
카드 471
질문
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
답변
The bystander effect.
카드 472
질문
Diffusion of responsibility?
답변
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
카드 473
질문
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
답변
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
카드 474
질문
In-group bias?
답변
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
카드 475
질문
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
답변
The foot-in-the-door technique.
카드 476
질문
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
답변
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
카드 477
질문
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
답변
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
카드 478
질문
Discrimination?
답변
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
카드 479
질문
Out-group homogeneity effect?
답변
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
카드 480
질문
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
답변
The door-in-the-face technique.
카드 481
질문
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
답변
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
카드 482
질문
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
답변
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
카드 483
질문
Just-world belief?
답변
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
카드 484
질문
Implicit attitude?
답변
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
카드 485
질문
Ethnocentrism?
답변
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
카드 486
질문
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
답변
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
카드 487
질문
Normative social influence?
답변
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
카드 488
질문
Psychodynamic view of personality?
답변
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
카드 489
질문
Norm of reciprocity?
답변
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
카드 490
질문
Individualism?
답변
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
카드 491
질문
Informational social influence?
답변
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
카드 492
질문
Id?
답변
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
카드 493
질문
Altruism?
답변
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
카드 494
질문
Social norm?
답변
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
카드 495
질문
What tends to increase conformity?
답변
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
카드 496
질문
Ego?
답변
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
카드 497
질문
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
답변
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
카드 498
질문
Collectivism?
답변
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
카드 499
질문
Obedience?
답변
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
카드 500
질문
Superego?
답변
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
카드 501
질문
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
답변
Denial.
카드 502
질문
Social-responsibility norm?
답변
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
카드 503
질문
How does proximity affect attraction?
답변
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
카드 504
질문
What tends to increase obedience?
답변
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
카드 505
질문
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
답변
Displacement.
카드 506
질문
Social loafing?
답변
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
카드 507
질문
Multiculturalism?
답변
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
카드 508
질문
How does similarity affect attraction?
답변
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
카드 509
질문
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
답변
Projection.
카드 510
질문
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
답변
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
카드 511
질문
Deindividuation?
답변
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
카드 512
질문
Group polarization?
답변
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
카드 513
질문
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
답변
Rationalization.
카드 514
질문
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
답변
Groupthink.
카드 515
질문
Pluralistic ignorance?
답변
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
카드 516
질문
Social trap?
답변
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
카드 517
질문
Reaction formation?
답변
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
카드 518
질문
Superordinate goal?
답변
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
카드 519
질문
False-consensus effect?
답변
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
카드 520
질문
Industrial-organizational psychology?
답변
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
카드 521
질문
Repression?
답변
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
카드 522
질문
Burnout?
답변
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
카드 523
질문
Unconditional positive regard?
답변
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
카드 524
질문
Trait?
답변
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
카드 525
질문
Regression as a defense mechanism?
답변
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
카드 526
질문
Reciprocal determinism?
답변
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
카드 527
질문
Self-efficacy?
답변
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
카드 528
질문
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
답변
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
카드 529
질문
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
답변
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
카드 530
질문
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
답변
Openness.
카드 531
질문
Personality inventory?
답변
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
카드 532
질문
Self-actualizing tendency?
답변
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
카드 533
질문
Self-esteem?
답변
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
카드 534
질문
Instinct in motivation research?
답변
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
카드 535
질문
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
답변
Conscientiousness.
카드 536
질문
Projective test?
답변
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
카드 537
질문
How does factor analysis help trait research?
답변
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
카드 538
질문
Drive-reduction theory?
답변
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
카드 539
질문
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
답변
Extraversion.
카드 540
질문
Person–situation debate?
답변
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
카드 541
질문
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
답변
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
카드 542
질문
Homeostasis?
답변
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
카드 543
질문
Incentive theory?
답변
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
카드 544
질문
Big Five agreeableness?
답변
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
카드 545
질문
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
답변
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
카드 546
질문
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
답변
An approach–approach conflict.
카드 547
질문
Arousal theory of motivation?
답변
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
카드 548
질문
Big Five emotional stability?
답변
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
카드 549
질문
What regulates hunger?
답변
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
카드 550
질문
Three broad components of emotion?
답변
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
카드 551
질문
Self-determination theory?
답변
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
카드 552
질문
Emotion regulation?
답변
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
카드 553
질문
Sensation-seeking?
답변
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
카드 554
질문
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
답변
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
카드 555
질문
Intrinsic motivation?
답변
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
카드 556
질문
Display rules?
답변
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
카드 557
질문
Arousal and performance relationship?
답변
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
카드 558
질문
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
답변
An approach–avoidance conflict.
카드 559
질문
Extrinsic motivation?
답변
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
카드 560
질문
Achievement motivation?
답변
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
카드 561
질문
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
답변
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
카드 562
질문
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
답변
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
카드 563
질문
Overjustification effect?
답변
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
카드 564
질문
Belongingness motivation?
답변
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
카드 565
질문
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:
Condition Mean minutes Assigned topic 34 Chosen topic 47 What is the observed mean difference?
답변
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
카드 566
질문
Facial-feedback effect?
답변
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
카드 567
질문
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
답변
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
카드 568
질문
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
답변
Cognitive reappraisal.
카드 569
질문
Broaden-and-build view?
답변
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
카드 570
질문
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
답변
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
카드 571
질문
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
답변
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
카드 572
질문
Expressive suppression?
답변
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
카드 573
질문
How does acute stress affect the body?
답변
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
카드 574
질문
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
답변
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
카드 575
질문
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
답변
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
카드 576
질문
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
답변
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
카드 577
질문
Health psychology?
답변
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
카드 578
질문
Positive psychology?
답변
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
카드 579
질문
Stress?
답변
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
카드 580
질문
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
답변
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
카드 581
질문
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
답변
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
카드 582
질문
Resilience?
답변
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
카드 583
질문
Stressor?
답변
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
카드 584
질문
General adaptation syndrome?
답변
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
카드 585
질문
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
답변
Problem-focused coping.
카드 586
질문
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
답변
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
카드 587
질문
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
답변
Primary appraisal.
카드 588
질문
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
답변
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
카드 589
질문
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
답변
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
카드 590
질문
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
답변
Emotion-focused coping.
카드 591
질문
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
답변
Secondary appraisal.
카드 592
질문
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
답변
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
카드 593
질문
Adverse childhood experiences?
답변
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
카드 594
질문
How can social support protect health?
답변
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
카드 595
질문
Eustress versus distress?
답변
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
카드 596
질문
Tend-and-befriend response?
답변
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
카드 597
질문
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
답변
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
카드 598
질문
Biofeedback?
답변
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
카드 599
질문
How does perceived control affect stress?
답변
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
카드 600
질문
Psychoneuroimmunology?
답변
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
카드 601
질문
Subjective well-being?
답변
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
카드 602
질문
Psychological disorder?
답변
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
카드 603
질문
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
답변
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
카드 604
질문
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
답변
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
카드 605
질문
Signature strengths?
답변
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
카드 606
질문
Biopsychosocial model?
답변
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
카드 607
질문
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
답변
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
카드 608
질문
Posttraumatic growth?
답변
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
카드 609
질문
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
답변
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
카드 610
질문
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
답변
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
카드 611
질문
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
답변
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
카드 612
질문
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
답변
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
카드 613
질문
Biological explanation of disorder?
답변
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
카드 614
질문
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
답변
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
카드 615
질문
Purpose of the DSM?
답변
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
카드 616
질문
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
답변
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
카드 617
질문
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
답변
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
카드 618
질문
Autism spectrum disorder?
답변
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
카드 619
질문
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
답변
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
카드 620
질문
Major depressive disorder?
답변
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
카드 621
질문
Specific phobia?
답변
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
카드 622
질문
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
답변
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
카드 623
질문
Dissociative amnesia?
답변
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
카드 624
질문
Bipolar I disorder?
답변
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
카드 625
질문
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
답변
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
카드 626
질문
Anorexia nervosa?
답변
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
카드 627
질문
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
답변
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
카드 628
질문
Bipolar II disorder?
답변
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
카드 629
질문
Purpose of the ICD?
답변
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
카드 630
질문
Bulimia nervosa?
답변
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
카드 631
질문
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
답변
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
카드 632
질문
Ataque de nervios?
답변
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
카드 633
질문
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
답변
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
카드 634
질문
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
답변
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
카드 635
질문
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
답변
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
카드 636
질문
Comorbidity?
답변
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
카드 637
질문
Humanistic explanation of distress?
답변
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
카드 638
질문
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
답변
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
카드 639
질문
Stigma around mental disorder?
답변
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
카드 640
질문
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
답변
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
카드 641
질문
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
답변
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
카드 642
질문
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
답변
Interrater reliability.
카드 643
질문
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
답변
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
카드 644
질문
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
답변
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
카드 645
질문
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
답변
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
카드 646
질문
Delusion?
답변
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
카드 647
질문
Agoraphobia?
답변
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
카드 648
질문
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
답변
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
카드 649
질문
Eclectic approach to disorder?
답변
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
카드 650
질문
Hallucination?
답변
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
카드 651
질문
Panic disorder?
답변
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
카드 652
질문
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
답변
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
카드 653
질문
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
답변
The diathesis–stress model.
카드 654
질문
Cluster A personality disorders?
답변
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
카드 655
질문
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
답변
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
카드 656
질문
Evidence-based treatment?
답변
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
카드 657
질문
Therapeutic alliance?
답변
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
카드 658
질문
Cultural humility in therapy?
답변
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
카드 659
질문
Deinstitutionalization?
답변
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
카드 660
질문
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
답변
Exposure therapy.
카드 661
질문
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
답변
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
카드 662
질문
Four medication categories in the course?
답변
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
카드 663
질문
Depressive cognitive triad?
답변
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
카드 664
질문
Applied behavior analysis?
답변
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
카드 665
질문
Psychosurgery?
답변
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
카드 666
질문
Free association?
답변
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
카드 667
질문
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
답변
Cognitive restructuring.
카드 668
질문
One advantage of group therapy?
답변
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
카드 669
질문
Lobotomy?
답변
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
카드 670
질문
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
답변
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
카드 671
질문
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
답변
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
카드 672
질문
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
답변
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
카드 673
질문
Social anxiety disorder?
답변
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
카드 674
질문
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
답변
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
카드 675
질문
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
답변
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
카드 676
질문
Dissociative fugue?
답변
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
카드 677
질문
Cluster B personality disorders?
답변
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
카드 678
질문
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
답변
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
카드 679
질문
Catatonia?
답변
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
카드 680
질문
Manic episode?
답변
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
카드 681
질문
Dissociative identity disorder?
답변
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
카드 682
질문
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
답변
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
카드 683
질문
Cluster C personality disorders?
답변
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
카드 684
질문
Taijin kyofusho?
답변
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
카드 685
질문
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
답변
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
카드 686
질문
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
답변
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
카드 687
질문
Hypomanic episode?
답변
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
카드 688
질문
Generalized anxiety disorder?
답변
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
카드 689
질문
Hoarding disorder?
답변
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
카드 690
질문
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
답변
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
카드 691
질문
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
답변
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
카드 692
질문
Persistent depressive disorder?
답변
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
카드 693
질문
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
답변
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
카드 694
질문
Systematic desensitization?
답변
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
카드 695
질문
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
답변
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
카드 696
질문
Dialectical behavior therapy?
답변
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
카드 697
질문
Integrity in therapy ethics?
답변
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
카드 698
질문
Aversion therapy?
답변
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
카드 699
질문
Tardive dyskinesia?
답변
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
카드 700
질문
ECT versus TMS?
답변
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
카드 701
질문
Respect for rights and dignity?
답변
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
카드 702
질문
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
답변
A token economy.
카드 703
질문
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
답변
Person-centered therapy.
카드 704
질문
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
답변
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
카드 705
질문
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
답변
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.
705장의 카드
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
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