IB Biology SL Flashcards: Complete Course Review
Review the current IB Biology Standard Level course with 960 independently written active-recall cards covering all 34 SL topics across molecules, cells, organisms, genetics, evolution, and ecology.
Về bộ thẻ này
Study the current IB Biology SL course with 960 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers all 34 Standard Level topics through four broad groups: molecules and cells; metabolism and genetics; organisms and systems; and evolution and ecology.
Cards move from essential terms and structures to functions, mechanisms, comparisons, predictions, and compact interpretation prompts. Useful two-way term cards are separated by at least three unrelated cards, while explanatory answers are kept in the direction that supports meaningful recall. Every card carries the root tag ib-bio-sl and exactly one broad group tag.
The order introduces prerequisite ideas before dependent ones and progresses from simpler recall to more demanding reasoning within each topic. The deck is designed for ongoing spaced review. It does not replace data-heavy practice papers, extended-response practice, laboratory work, or the scientific investigation.
Reviewed in 2026 against the current Biology Standard Level course, first assessed in 2025.
Independent, unofficial study aid based on common biological knowledge. Not affiliated with or endorsed by the International Baccalaureate Organization. No copied IB examination questions, mark schemes, or curriculum text are included.
Check the official IB Biology course page for authoritative requirements.
Thẻ trong bộ này
Thẻ 1
Câu hỏi
What is water polarity?
Câu trả lời
The unequal sharing of electrons in a water molecule, giving oxygen a partial negative charge and the hydrogens partial positive charges.
Thẻ 2
Câu hỏi
What is a hydrogen bond?
Câu trả lời
A weak attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative atom in another molecule.
Thẻ 3
Câu hỏi
What is cohesion?
Câu trả lời
Attraction between molecules of the same substance.
Thẻ 4
Câu hỏi
What is adhesion?
Câu trả lời
Attraction between molecules of different substances.
Thẻ 5
Câu hỏi
Which term describes unequal charge distribution within a water molecule?
Câu trả lời
water polarity
Thẻ 6
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the intermolecular attraction that links neighboring water molecules?
Câu trả lời
a hydrogen bond
Thẻ 7
Câu hỏi
Which term describes attraction between molecules of the same substance?
Câu trả lời
cohesion
Thẻ 8
Câu hỏi
Which term describes attraction between water and a different material?
Câu trả lời
adhesion
Thẻ 9
Câu hỏi
What is a solvent?
Câu trả lời
A liquid that dissolves solutes to form a solution.
Thẻ 10
Câu hỏi
What is specific heat capacity?
Câu trả lời
The energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree.
Thẻ 11
Câu hỏi
What is latent heat of vaporization?
Câu trả lời
The energy required to vaporize a specified amount of liquid without changing its temperature.
Thẻ 12
Câu hỏi
Why does ice float on liquid water?
Câu trả lời
Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules in an open lattice in ice, making ice less dense than liquid water.
Thẻ 13
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a liquid that dissolves solutes?
Câu trả lời
a solvent
Thẻ 14
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the energy needed to raise a unit mass by one degree?
Câu trả lời
specific heat capacity
Thẻ 15
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the energy needed to vaporize a liquid without a temperature change?
Câu trả lời
latent heat of vaporization
Thẻ 16
Câu hỏi
Which property of water makes sweating an effective cooling mechanism?
Câu trả lời
Water absorbs substantial energy as it evaporates; the highest-energy molecules leave, carrying heat away from the skin.
Thẻ 17
Câu hỏi
Why does water resist rapid temperature change?
Câu trả lời
Many hydrogen bonds must absorb energy before molecular motion increases substantially, giving water a high specific heat capacity.
Thẻ 18
Câu hỏi
How do cohesion and adhesion support water transport in narrow tubes?
Câu trả lời
Cohesion keeps water molecules connected, while adhesion helps the water column cling to the tube wall.
Thẻ 19
Câu hỏi
How does water participate differently in hydrolysis and condensation?
Câu trả lời
Hydrolysis consumes water to split a bond; condensation forms a bond and releases water.
Thẻ 20
Câu hỏi
How does floating ice protect aquatic life in winter?
Câu trả lời
Surface ice insulates the liquid water below, slowing further heat loss and preventing the whole body of water from freezing rapidly.
Thẻ 21
Câu hỏi
Why is water effective for transporting many biological solutes?
Câu trả lời
Its polarity allows ions and other polar molecules to become surrounded and dispersed in solution.
Thẻ 22
Câu hỏi
Why do nonpolar substances tend to cluster in water?
Câu trả lời
Clustering reduces the nonpolar surface exposed to water, allowing more water molecules to maintain hydrogen-bond interactions.
Thẻ 23
Câu hỏi
What is a nucleotide?
Câu trả lời
A nucleic-acid monomer made of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Thẻ 24
Câu hỏi
What is a nucleoside?
Câu trả lời
A nitrogenous base joined to a pentose sugar, without a phosphate group.
Thẻ 25
Câu hỏi
What is a phosphodiester bond?
Câu trả lời
A covalent bond linking the phosphate of one nucleotide to the sugar of the next nucleotide.
Thẻ 26
Câu hỏi
What is DNA?
Câu trả lời
A usually double-stranded nucleic acid that stores hereditary information in its base sequence.
Thẻ 27
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a sugar-phosphate-base monomer?
Câu trả lời
a nucleotide
Thẻ 28
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a base joined to a sugar but no phosphate?
Câu trả lời
a nucleoside
Thẻ 29
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the covalent linkage in a nucleic-acid sugar-phosphate backbone?
Câu trả lời
a phosphodiester bond
Thẻ 30
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the nucleic acid that usually stores hereditary information?
Câu trả lời
DNA
Thẻ 31
Câu hỏi
What is RNA?
Câu trả lời
A usually single-stranded nucleic acid involved in expressing and regulating genetic information.
Thẻ 32
Câu hỏi
What are antiparallel DNA strands?
Câu trả lời
Two DNA strands that run in opposite 5′ to 3′ directions.
Thẻ 33
Câu hỏi
What is complementary base pairing?
Câu trả lời
Specific pairing in which adenine pairs with thymine in DNA, or uracil in RNA, and cytosine pairs with guanine.
Thẻ 34
Câu hỏi
What is a purine?
Câu trả lời
A nitrogenous base with two fused rings; adenine and guanine are purines.
Thẻ 35
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the usually single-stranded nucleic acid used in gene expression?
Câu trả lời
RNA
Thẻ 36
Câu hỏi
Which term describes DNA strands running in opposite directions?
Câu trả lời
antiparallel DNA strands
Thẻ 37
Câu hỏi
Which term describes specific A–T or A–U and C–G pairing?
Câu trả lời
complementary base pairing
Thẻ 38
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a two-ring nitrogenous base?
Câu trả lời
a purine
Thẻ 39
Câu hỏi
What is a pyrimidine?
Câu trả lời
A nitrogenous base with one ring; cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines.
Thẻ 40
Câu hỏi
What is a genome?
Câu trả lời
The complete genetic material of an organism or cell.
Thẻ 41
Câu hỏi
What three structural features commonly distinguish RNA from DNA?
Câu trả lời
RNA usually contains ribose, uses uracil instead of thymine, and is single-stranded rather than double-stranded.
Thẻ 42
Câu hỏi
What determines the base sequence of the second DNA strand?
Câu trả lời
Complementary base-pairing rules determine it: A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.
Thẻ 43
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a one-ring nitrogenous base?
Câu trả lời
a pyrimidine
Thẻ 44
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the complete genetic material of an organism?
Câu trả lời
a genome
Thẻ 45
Câu hỏi
What do the 5′ and 3′ labels of a nucleic-acid strand refer to?
Câu trả lời
They refer to numbered carbon atoms in the pentose sugar and define the strand's chemical direction.
Thẻ 46
Câu hỏi
Where is genetic information encoded in DNA?
Câu trả lời
In the order of nitrogenous bases along the DNA strand.
Thẻ 47
Câu hỏi
Why is ATP classified as a nucleotide?
Câu trả lời
It contains adenine, ribose, and phosphate groups, the three component types of a nucleotide.
Thẻ 48
Câu hỏi
How do mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA contribute to protein synthesis?
Câu trả lời
mRNA carries the coding sequence, tRNA delivers amino acids, and rRNA forms the catalytic and structural core of ribosomes.
Thẻ 49
Câu hỏi
How are a gene and a chromosome related?
Câu trả lời
A gene is a DNA sequence with a biological function; a chromosome is one long DNA molecule containing many genes and other sequences.
Thẻ 50
Câu hỏi
What happens to double-stranded DNA when it is denatured by heat?
Câu trả lời
Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases break and the two strands separate; the covalent backbones usually remain intact.
Thẻ 51
Câu hỏi
Why can each DNA strand serve as a template during replication?
Câu trả lời
Its base sequence determines a complementary sequence through specific base pairing.
Thẻ 52
Câu hỏi
In which direction are new nucleic-acid strands synthesized?
Câu trả lời
Nucleotides are added to the 3′ end, so synthesis proceeds 5′ to 3′.
Thẻ 53
Câu hỏi
What is a monosaccharide?
Câu trả lời
A single sugar unit that can serve as a carbohydrate monomer.
Thẻ 54
Câu hỏi
What is a disaccharide?
Câu trả lời
A carbohydrate formed from two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond.
Thẻ 55
Câu hỏi
What is a polysaccharide?
Câu trả lời
A polymer made from many monosaccharide units.
Thẻ 56
Câu hỏi
What is a glycosidic bond?
Câu trả lời
A covalent bond joining monosaccharides in a carbohydrate.
Thẻ 57
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a single sugar unit?
Câu trả lời
a monosaccharide
Thẻ 58
Câu hỏi
Which term describes two monosaccharides joined together?
Câu trả lời
a disaccharide
Thẻ 59
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a polymer of many sugar units?
Câu trả lời
a polysaccharide
Thẻ 60
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the covalent linkage between monosaccharides?
Câu trả lời
a glycosidic bond
Thẻ 61
Câu hỏi
What is a triglyceride?
Câu trả lời
A lipid formed from glycerol joined to three fatty acids.
Thẻ 62
Câu hỏi
What is a fatty acid?
Câu trả lời
A hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group that can form part of many lipids.
Thẻ 63
Câu hỏi
What is a saturated fatty acid?
Câu trả lời
A fatty acid with no carbon-carbon double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain.
Thẻ 64
Câu hỏi
What is a phospholipid?
Câu trả lời
An amphipathic lipid with a phosphate-containing hydrophilic head and hydrophobic fatty-acid tails.
Thẻ 65
Câu hỏi
Which term describes glycerol joined to three fatty acids?
Câu trả lời
a triglyceride
Thẻ 66
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a hydrocarbon chain ending in a carboxyl group?
Câu trả lời
a fatty acid
Thẻ 67
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a fatty acid without carbon-carbon double bonds?
Câu trả lời
a saturated fatty acid
Thẻ 68
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a lipid with a polar head and nonpolar tails?
Câu trả lời
a phospholipid
Thẻ 69
Câu hỏi
How is a glycosidic bond formed between two monosaccharides?
Câu trả lời
A condensation reaction joins them and releases a molecule of water.
Thẻ 70
Câu hỏi
How is a polysaccharide broken into smaller sugars?
Câu trả lời
Hydrolysis adds water across glycosidic bonds, splitting the polymer.
Thẻ 71
Câu hỏi
Which polysaccharides store glucose in plants and animals?
Câu trả lời
Starch stores glucose in plants; glycogen stores glucose in animals and fungi.
Thẻ 72
Câu hỏi
Why is cellulose suitable for plant cell walls?
Câu trả lời
Its straight β-glucose chains hydrogen-bond into strong microfibrils that resist stretching.
Thẻ 73
Câu hỏi
Why do lipids store more energy per gram than carbohydrates?
Câu trả lời
Lipids contain more energy-rich carbon-hydrogen bonds and are more reduced.
Thẻ 74
Câu hỏi
Why do phospholipids form bilayers in water?
Câu trả lời
Hydrophilic heads interact with water while hydrophobic tails cluster away from water.
Thẻ 75
Câu hỏi
Besides energy storage, what are three biological roles of lipids?
Câu trả lời
They form membranes, provide thermal insulation and cushioning, and can act as signaling molecules.
Thẻ 76
Câu hỏi
How do cis double bonds affect fatty-acid packing and melting point?
Câu trả lời
They introduce bends that reduce close packing, usually lowering the melting point.
Thẻ 77
Câu hỏi
What is an amino acid?
Câu trả lời
A protein monomer with an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and a variable R group attached to a central carbon.
Thẻ 78
Câu hỏi
What is a peptide bond?
Câu trả lời
The covalent bond formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another.
Thẻ 79
Câu hỏi
What is a polypeptide?
Câu trả lời
A chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
Thẻ 80
Câu hỏi
What is protein primary structure?
Câu trả lời
The amino-acid sequence of a polypeptide.
Thẻ 81
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a protein monomer with amino, carboxyl, and variable R groups?
Câu trả lời
an amino acid
Thẻ 82
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the covalent linkage between amino acids?
Câu trả lời
a peptide bond
Thẻ 83
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a chain of peptide-linked amino acids?
Câu trả lời
a polypeptide
Thẻ 84
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a protein's amino-acid sequence?
Câu trả lời
protein primary structure
Thẻ 85
Câu hỏi
What is protein secondary structure?
Câu trả lời
Local folding such as α-helices and β-sheets stabilized mainly by backbone hydrogen bonds.
Thẻ 86
Câu hỏi
What is protein tertiary structure?
Câu trả lời
The overall three-dimensional shape of one polypeptide produced by interactions among R groups and the backbone.
Thẻ 87
Câu hỏi
What is protein quaternary structure?
Câu trả lời
The arrangement of multiple polypeptide subunits in one functional protein.
Thẻ 88
Câu hỏi
What is protein denaturation?
Câu trả lời
Loss of a protein's normal three-dimensional shape and therefore usually its function.
Thẻ 89
Câu hỏi
Which term describes local α-helix and β-sheet folding?
Câu trả lời
protein secondary structure
Thẻ 90
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the overall three-dimensional shape of one polypeptide?
Câu trả lời
protein tertiary structure
Thẻ 91
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the association of multiple polypeptide subunits?
Câu trả lời
protein quaternary structure
Thẻ 92
Câu hỏi
Which term describes loss of a protein's native shape?
Câu trả lời
protein denaturation
Thẻ 93
Câu hỏi
What mainly gives different amino acids their different chemical properties?
Câu trả lời
Their variable R groups.
Thẻ 94
Câu hỏi
What reaction forms a peptide bond?
Câu trả lời
A condensation reaction releases water as the amino and carboxyl groups join.
Thẻ 95
Câu hỏi
Why can high temperature denature a protein?
Câu trả lời
Increased molecular motion disrupts weak interactions that maintain the protein's shape.
Thẻ 96
Câu hỏi
Why can extreme pH denature a protein?
Câu trả lời
It changes the charges of R groups and disrupts ionic and hydrogen-bond interactions.
Thẻ 97
Câu hỏi
How do fibrous and globular proteins generally differ?
Câu trả lời
Fibrous proteins are elongated and mainly structural; globular proteins are compact and often perform dynamic functions.
Thẻ 98
Câu hỏi
Why is three-dimensional shape crucial to protein function?
Câu trả lời
It creates specific binding, catalytic, structural, or interaction surfaces.
Thẻ 99
Câu hỏi
Name four broad biological roles of proteins.
Câu trả lời
Catalysis, transport, signaling, defense, movement, and structural support are major roles; any four are sufficient.
Thẻ 100
Câu hỏi
How can changing one amino acid alter protein function?
Câu trả lời
The substitution can change R-group interactions, folding, stability, or an active or binding site.
Thẻ 101
Câu hỏi
What is cell theory?
Câu trả lời
The principles that living organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Thẻ 102
Câu hỏi
What is a prokaryotic cell?
Câu trả lời
A cell without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
Thẻ 103
Câu hỏi
What is a eukaryotic cell?
Câu trả lời
A cell with DNA enclosed in a nucleus and with membrane-bound organelles.
Thẻ 104
Câu hỏi
What is the nucleus?
Câu trả lời
The double-membrane organelle that contains most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA.
Thẻ 105
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the principles describing cells as life's basic units?
Câu trả lời
cell theory
Thẻ 106
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a cell lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
Câu trả lời
a prokaryotic cell
Thẻ 107
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
Câu trả lời
a eukaryotic cell
Thẻ 108
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the organelle containing most eukaryotic DNA?
Câu trả lời
the nucleus
Thẻ 109
Câu hỏi
What is a ribosome?
Câu trả lời
A molecular complex of rRNA and proteins that synthesizes polypeptides.
Thẻ 110
Câu hỏi
What is the cytoplasm?
Câu trả lời
The material inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus, including cytosol and organelles.
Thẻ 111
Câu hỏi
What is the plasma membrane?
Câu trả lời
The selectively permeable boundary separating a cell from its environment.
Thẻ 112
Câu hỏi
What is a cell wall?
Câu trả lời
A rigid extracellular layer that supports and protects cells in plants, fungi, and most prokaryotes.
Thẻ 113
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the complex that synthesizes polypeptides?
Câu trả lời
a ribosome
Thẻ 114
Câu hỏi
Which term describes cell contents inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus?
Câu trả lời
the cytoplasm
Thẻ 115
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the selectively permeable cell boundary?
Câu trả lời
the plasma membrane
Thẻ 116
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a rigid extracellular support layer?
Câu trả lời
a cell wall
Thẻ 117
Câu hỏi
What is the nucleoid?
Câu trả lời
The non-membrane-bound region containing the main chromosome of a prokaryotic cell.
Thẻ 118
Câu hỏi
What is the cytoskeleton?
Câu trả lời
A dynamic network of protein filaments involved in cell shape, transport, division, and movement.
Thẻ 119
Câu hỏi
What structures are shared by all cells?
Câu trả lời
A plasma membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, and ribosomes.
Thẻ 120
Câu hỏi
Which structures distinguish a typical plant cell from a typical animal cell?
Câu trả lời
A plant cell has a cellulose wall, chloroplasts in photosynthetic tissues, and a large central vacuole; an animal cell lacks these.
Thẻ 121
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the prokaryotic chromosome-containing region?
Câu trả lời
the nucleoid
Thẻ 122
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the internal network of protein filaments?
Câu trả lời
the cytoskeleton
Thẻ 123
Câu hỏi
How is genetic material commonly organized in a prokaryotic cell?
Câu trả lời
The main DNA is usually one circular chromosome in the nucleoid, often accompanied by smaller plasmids.
Thẻ 124
Câu hỏi
How is microscope magnification calculated?
Câu trả lời
Magnification = image size ÷ actual size, using the same units.
Thẻ 125
Câu hỏi
What does microscope resolution describe?
Câu trả lời
The ability to distinguish two close points as separate.
Thẻ 126
Câu hỏi
Arrange these from smallest to largest: ribosome, bacterium, animal cell.
Câu trả lời
Ribosome, bacterium, animal cell.
Thẻ 127
Câu hỏi
How does the cytoskeleton support intracellular transport?
Câu trả lời
Motor proteins move vesicles and other cargo along cytoskeletal filaments.
Thẻ 128
Câu hỏi
Why does a small cell usually exchange materials more efficiently than a geometrically similar large cell?
Câu trả lời
It has a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, providing more exchange surface per unit of cell contents.
Thẻ 129
Câu hỏi
Why is a cell more than a collection of isolated molecules?
Câu trả lời
Organized interactions among components produce emergent functions such as metabolism, regulation, and reproduction.
Thẻ 130
Câu hỏi
What major advantage do membrane-bound organelles give eukaryotic cells?
Câu trả lời
They separate incompatible reactions and create specialized local conditions.
Thẻ 131
Câu hỏi
What is a phospholipid bilayer?
Câu trả lời
A double layer of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads facing water and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
Thẻ 132
Câu hỏi
What is the fluid mosaic model?
Câu trả lời
A model describing membranes as mobile phospholipids containing a changing mosaic of proteins and other components.
Thẻ 133
Câu hỏi
What is an integral membrane protein?
Câu trả lời
A protein embedded in the bilayer, often spanning it.
Thẻ 134
Câu hỏi
What is a peripheral membrane protein?
Câu trả lời
A protein attached to a membrane surface rather than embedded in the bilayer.
Thẻ 135
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a double phospholipid layer with inward-facing tails?
Câu trả lời
a phospholipid bilayer
Thẻ 136
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the model of a mobile lipid layer containing varied proteins?
Câu trả lời
the fluid mosaic model
Thẻ 137
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a protein embedded within the lipid bilayer?
Câu trả lời
an integral membrane protein
Thẻ 138
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a protein attached to a membrane surface?
Câu trả lời
a peripheral membrane protein
Thẻ 139
Câu hỏi
What is membrane cholesterol?
Câu trả lời
An amphipathic lipid that buffers membrane fluidity and reduces permeability in animal cells.
Thẻ 140
Câu hỏi
What is a glycoprotein?
Câu trả lời
A protein with an attached carbohydrate chain, often used in recognition, adhesion, or signaling.
Thẻ 141
Câu hỏi
What is diffusion?
Câu trả lời
Net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration due to random motion.
Thẻ 142
Câu hỏi
What is osmosis?
Câu trả lời
Net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from higher water potential to lower water potential.
Thẻ 143
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the animal-membrane lipid that buffers fluidity?
Câu trả lời
membrane cholesterol
Thẻ 144
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a carbohydrate-bearing protein?
Câu trả lời
a glycoprotein
Thẻ 145
Câu hỏi
Which term describes net movement down a concentration gradient?
Câu trả lời
diffusion
Thẻ 146
Câu hỏi
Which term describes net water movement across a selectively permeable membrane?
Câu trả lời
osmosis
Thẻ 147
Câu hỏi
What is facilitated diffusion?
Câu trả lời
Passive movement down a gradient through a membrane channel or carrier protein.
Thẻ 148
Câu hỏi
What is active transport?
Câu trả lời
Energy-requiring movement of a substance against its concentration or electrochemical gradient.
Thẻ 149
Câu hỏi
Why is the phospholipid bilayer selectively permeable?
Câu trả lời
Its hydrophobic interior allows small nonpolar molecules through more readily than ions and most large or polar molecules.
Thẻ 150
Câu hỏi
How do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion differ?
Câu trả lời
Both are passive, but facilitated diffusion uses specific membrane proteins while simple diffusion passes through the bilayer.
Thẻ 151
Câu hỏi
Which term describes passive transport through a channel or carrier?
Câu trả lời
facilitated diffusion
Thẻ 152
Câu hỏi
Which term describes energy-dependent transport against a gradient?
Câu trả lời
active transport
Thẻ 153
Câu hỏi
How do channel and carrier proteins differ?
Câu trả lời
Channels provide hydrophilic pores; carriers bind solutes and change shape to move them.
Thẻ 154
Câu hỏi
How can an ATP-driven pump maintain an ion gradient?
Câu trả lời
It couples ATP hydrolysis to a conformational change that moves ions against their electrochemical gradient.
Thẻ 155
Câu hỏi
How does endocytosis move material into a cell?
Câu trả lời
The plasma membrane folds inward and pinches off a vesicle containing the material.
Thẻ 156
Câu hỏi
How does exocytosis move material out of a cell?
Câu trả lời
An intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents outside.
Thẻ 157
Câu hỏi
What happens to an animal cell in a strongly hypotonic solution?
Câu trả lời
Water enters by osmosis; without a cell wall, the cell may swell and lyse.
Thẻ 158
Câu hỏi
Does molecular movement stop when diffusion reaches equilibrium?
Câu trả lời
No. Molecules continue moving randomly, but there is no net movement between regions.
Thẻ 159
Câu hỏi
How does decreasing temperature generally affect membrane fluidity?
Câu trả lời
It reduces phospholipid movement and makes the membrane less fluid.
Thẻ 160
Câu hỏi
Why do unsaturated fatty-acid tails increase membrane fluidity?
Câu trả lời
Their cis double-bond bends prevent phospholipids from packing tightly.
Thẻ 161
Câu hỏi
What changes increase the rate of simple diffusion across a membrane?
Câu trả lời
A steeper gradient, larger surface area, higher temperature, shorter distance, and greater membrane permeability increase the rate.
Thẻ 162
Câu hỏi
What is a mitochondrion?
Câu trả lời
A double-membrane organelle where most aerobic ATP production occurs.
Thẻ 163
Câu hỏi
What is a chloroplast?
Câu trả lời
A double-membrane organelle where photosynthesis occurs in plants and algae.
Thẻ 164
Câu hỏi
What is rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Câu trả lời
A membrane network bearing ribosomes that synthesizes and begins processing many secreted and membrane proteins.
Thẻ 165
Câu hỏi
What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Câu trả lời
A membrane network involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.
Thẻ 166
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the main organelle of aerobic ATP production?
Câu trả lời
a mitochondrion
Thẻ 167
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the photosynthetic organelle of plants and algae?
Câu trả lời
a chloroplast
Thẻ 168
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the ribosome-studded membrane network?
Câu trả lời
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Thẻ 169
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the membrane network that lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids?
Câu trả lời
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Thẻ 170
Câu hỏi
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Câu trả lời
Stacked membranes that modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids into vesicles.
Thẻ 171
Câu hỏi
What is a lysosome?
Câu trả lời
An acidic enzyme-containing organelle that digests macromolecules and worn cellular components.
Thẻ 172
Câu hỏi
What is a vesicle?
Câu trả lời
A small membrane-bound compartment used for transport, storage, or chemical reactions.
Thẻ 173
Câu hỏi
What is the central vacuole?
Câu trả lời
A large plant-cell compartment that stores solutes and helps maintain turgor pressure.
Thẻ 174
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the organelle that modifies and sorts cellular cargo?
Câu trả lời
the Golgi apparatus
Thẻ 175
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the acidic digestive organelle?
Câu trả lời
a lysosome
Thẻ 176
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a small membrane-bound transport compartment?
Câu trả lời
a vesicle
Thẻ 177
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the large plant compartment that supports turgor?
Câu trả lời
the central vacuole
Thẻ 178
Câu hỏi
Why can compartmentalization increase metabolic efficiency?
Câu trả lời
It concentrates enzymes and substrates, maintains suitable local conditions, and separates incompatible reactions.
Thẻ 179
Câu hỏi
How do mitochondrial cristae support ATP production?
Câu trả lời
They increase inner-membrane area for electron transport chains and ATP synthase.
Thẻ 180
Câu hỏi
Why are chloroplast thylakoids arranged as extensive membranes?
Câu trả lời
They provide a large surface for light-absorbing complexes, electron transport chains, and ATP synthase.
Thẻ 181
Câu hỏi
What is the main function of the nucleolus?
Câu trả lời
It produces rRNA and assembles ribosomal subunits.
Thẻ 182
Câu hỏi
Trace a secreted protein from synthesis to release.
Câu trả lời
Ribosome on rough ER → ER lumen → transport vesicle → Golgi apparatus → secretory vesicle → plasma membrane → exocytosis.
Thẻ 183
Câu hỏi
Why does a lysosome maintain an acidic interior?
Câu trả lời
Its hydrolytic enzymes work best at low pH, and acidity helps confine their activity from the cytosol.
Thẻ 184
Câu hỏi
How do the nucleus, ribosomes, ER, and Golgi cooperate in protein production?
Câu trả lời
DNA instructions are transcribed in the nucleus; ribosomes translate them; ER folds or modifies many products; Golgi further modifies and sorts them.
Thẻ 185
Câu hỏi
How are transport vesicles directed to the correct target membrane?
Câu trả lời
Specific recognition proteins on vesicles and target membranes interact, allowing selective docking and fusion.
Thẻ 186
Câu hỏi
What is cell differentiation?
Câu trả lời
The process by which a cell develops specialized structure and function.
Thẻ 187
Câu hỏi
What is a stem cell?
Câu trả lời
An unspecialized cell able to self-renew and produce differentiated cells.
Thẻ 188
Câu hỏi
What is gene expression?
Câu trả lời
Use of genetic information to produce a functional RNA or protein product.
Thẻ 189
Câu hỏi
What is a tissue?
Câu trả lời
A coordinated group of similar or related cells performing a shared function.
Thẻ 190
Câu hỏi
Which term describes development of specialized cell structure and function?
Câu trả lời
cell differentiation
Thẻ 191
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an unspecialized self-renewing cell?
Câu trả lời
a stem cell
Thẻ 192
Câu hỏi
Which term describes production of a functional product from genetic information?
Câu trả lời
gene expression
Thẻ 193
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a group of coordinated cells with a shared function?
Câu trả lời
a tissue
Thẻ 194
Câu hỏi
What is an organ?
Câu trả lời
A structure made of multiple tissues working together for particular functions.
Thẻ 195
Câu hỏi
What is the organ-system level of biological organization?
Câu trả lời
A group of organs that coordinate to perform major functions for an organism.
Thẻ 196
Câu hỏi
What is surface-area-to-volume ratio?
Câu trả lời
The amount of surface area available relative to the volume it must serve.
Thẻ 197
Câu hỏi
How can two specialized cells have the same genome but different structures?
Câu trả lời
They express different sets and amounts of genes, producing different proteins and cellular features.
Thẻ 198
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a structure composed of multiple tissue types?
Câu trả lời
an organ
Thẻ 199
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the level of biological organization formed by coordinated organs?
Câu trả lời
an organ system
Thẻ 200
Câu hỏi
Which term describes surface area available per unit volume?
Câu trả lời
surface-area-to-volume ratio
Thẻ 201
Câu hỏi
How is a mammalian red blood cell specialized for oxygen transport?
Câu trả lời
Its biconcave shape increases exchange area, it is flexible, and loss of its nucleus leaves more space for hemoglobin.
Thẻ 202
Câu hỏi
How is a sperm cell specialized for fertilization?
Câu trả lời
It has a flagellum for movement, many mitochondria for ATP, a haploid nucleus, and an acrosome containing enzymes.
Thẻ 203
Câu hỏi
How is a neuron specialized for rapid communication?
Câu trả lời
Long processes carry signals over distance, branching dendrites receive inputs, and synaptic terminals transmit signals to other cells.
Thẻ 204
Câu hỏi
How is a root hair cell specialized for mineral and water uptake?
Câu trả lời
Its long projection increases surface area, its thin wall shortens the pathway, and membrane transport proteins take up ions.
Thẻ 205
Câu hỏi
How is a palisade mesophyll cell specialized for photosynthesis?
Câu trả lời
It contains many chloroplasts and is positioned near the upper leaf surface where light is strongest.
Thẻ 206
Câu hỏi
How do ciliated epithelial cells help protect airways?
Câu trả lời
Their cilia move mucus containing trapped particles and microbes toward the throat.
Thẻ 207
Câu hỏi
Why can extreme specialization reduce a cell's independence?
Câu trả lời
Resources and structures are committed to a narrow role, so the cell depends on other cells for functions it no longer performs well.
Thẻ 208
Câu hỏi
What is water potential?
Câu trả lời
The potential energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water, used to predict the direction of water movement.
Thẻ 209
Câu hỏi
What is solute potential?
Câu trả lời
The negative contribution of dissolved solutes to water potential.
Thẻ 210
Câu hỏi
What is pressure potential?
Câu trả lời
The contribution of physical pressure to water potential.
Thẻ 211
Câu hỏi
What is turgor pressure?
Câu trả lời
Outward pressure of a plant-cell interior against its cell wall after water uptake.
Thẻ 212
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the tendency of water to move relative to pure water?
Câu trả lời
water potential
Thẻ 213
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the water-potential component lowered by dissolved solutes?
Câu trả lời
solute potential
Thẻ 214
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the water-potential component caused by physical pressure?
Câu trả lời
pressure potential
Thẻ 215
Câu hỏi
Which term describes pressure of plant-cell contents against the wall?
Câu trả lời
turgor pressure
Thẻ 216
Câu hỏi
What is plasmolysis?
Câu trả lời
Separation of the plasma membrane from the cell wall after a plant cell loses water.
Thẻ 217
Câu hỏi
What is a flaccid plant cell?
Câu trả lời
A plant cell with insufficient turgor pressure to be firm.
Thẻ 218
Câu hỏi
What is an isotonic condition?
Câu trả lời
A condition in which two solutions have equal effective water potential and no net water movement occurs.
Thẻ 219
Câu hỏi
In which direction does water move across a permeable membrane?
Câu trả lời
From higher water potential to lower water potential.
Thẻ 220
Câu hỏi
Which term describes membrane separation from the plant cell wall after water loss?
Câu trả lời
plasmolysis
Thẻ 221
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a plant cell lacking firm turgor?
Câu trả lời
a flaccid plant cell
Thẻ 222
Câu hỏi
Which term describes equal effective water potential across a membrane?
Câu trả lời
an isotonic condition
Thẻ 223
Câu hỏi
What is the water potential of pure water at standard pressure?
Câu trả lời
Zero; adding solute makes water potential more negative.
Thẻ 224
Câu hỏi
How are water potential, solute potential, and pressure potential related?
Câu trả lời
Water potential equals solute potential plus pressure potential: Ψ = Ψs + Ψp.
Thẻ 225
Câu hỏi
Why does a plant cell usually become turgid rather than burst in a hypotonic solution?
Câu trả lời
Water entry raises pressure potential, while the rigid cell wall resists further expansion.
Thẻ 226
Câu hỏi
What happens to a plant cell placed in a solution with much lower water potential?
Câu trả lời
Water leaves the cell, turgor falls, and severe loss can cause plasmolysis.
Thẻ 227
Câu hỏi
Can two solutions have different solute concentrations but equal water potential?
Câu trả lời
Yes. A difference in pressure potential can offset a difference in solute potential.
Thẻ 228
Câu hỏi
What is an enzyme?
Câu trả lời
A biological catalyst that increases reaction rate without being consumed.
Thẻ 229
Câu hỏi
What is an active site?
Câu trả lời
The region of an enzyme where substrate binds and catalysis occurs.
Thẻ 230
Câu hỏi
What is a substrate?
Câu trả lời
A reactant molecule on which an enzyme acts.
Thẻ 231
Câu hỏi
What is activation energy?
Câu trả lời
The minimum energy input needed for a reaction to begin.
Thẻ 232
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a biological catalyst?
Câu trả lời
an enzyme
Thẻ 233
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the substrate-binding catalytic region of an enzyme?
Câu trả lời
an active site
Thẻ 234
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a reactant bound and changed by an enzyme?
Câu trả lời
a substrate
Thẻ 235
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the energy barrier that must be overcome for a reaction?
Câu trả lời
activation energy
Thẻ 236
Câu hỏi
What is the induced-fit model?
Câu trả lời
The model in which substrate binding changes active-site shape to improve catalytic interactions.
Thẻ 237
Câu hỏi
What is enzyme denaturation?
Câu trả lời
Loss of the active three-dimensional shape of an enzyme, usually causing loss of activity.
Thẻ 238
Câu hỏi
What is competitive inhibition?
Câu trả lời
Inhibition caused by a molecule competing with substrate for the active site.
Thẻ 239
Câu hỏi
What is noncompetitive inhibition?
Câu trả lời
Inhibition caused by binding away from the active site and reducing catalytic function.
Thẻ 240
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the model where substrate binding reshapes the active site?
Câu trả lời
the induced-fit model
Thẻ 241
Câu hỏi
Which term describes loss of an enzyme's functional shape?
Câu trả lời
enzyme denaturation
Thẻ 242
Câu hỏi
Which term describes inhibition by active-site competition?
Câu trả lời
competitive inhibition
Thẻ 243
Câu hỏi
Which term describes inhibition by binding outside the active site?
Câu trả lời
noncompetitive inhibition
Thẻ 244
Câu hỏi
What is an enzyme optimum?
Câu trả lời
The condition, such as temperature or pH, at which an enzyme's activity is highest.
Thẻ 245
Câu hỏi
What is feedback inhibition?
Câu trả lời
Control in which a pathway product inhibits an enzyme acting earlier in the pathway.
Thẻ 246
Câu hỏi
How does an enzyme increase reaction rate?
Câu trả lời
It stabilizes the transition state and provides a pathway with lower activation energy.
Thẻ 247
Câu hỏi
Why does enzyme activity often rise and then fall as temperature increases?
Câu trả lời
Molecular collisions initially increase, but excessive heat disrupts enzyme shape and denatures the active site.
Thẻ 248
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the condition producing maximum enzyme activity?
Câu trả lời
an enzyme optimum
Thẻ 249
Câu hỏi
Which term describes pathway control by inhibition from an end product?
Câu trả lời
feedback inhibition
Thẻ 250
Câu hỏi
Why does each enzyme have a characteristic pH range?
Câu trả lời
pH changes the ionization of amino-acid side chains, affecting active-site shape and chemical interactions.
Thẻ 251
Câu hỏi
Why does increasing substrate concentration eventually stop increasing enzyme rate?
Câu trả lời
At saturation, nearly all active sites are occupied and enzyme concentration limits the maximum rate.
Thẻ 252
Câu hỏi
How does increasing enzyme concentration affect rate when substrate is abundant?
Câu trả lời
More active sites are available, so the initial rate increases roughly in proportion to enzyme concentration.
Thẻ 253
Câu hỏi
What gives an enzyme substrate specificity?
Câu trả lời
The active site's shape, charge, polarity, and chemical groups complement particular substrates and transition states.
Thẻ 254
Câu hỏi
What is one practical advantage of immobilizing an enzyme?
Câu trả lời
The enzyme can be separated from products and reused while conditions around it are controlled.
Thẻ 255
Câu hỏi
Does an enzyme change a reaction's equilibrium position?
Câu trả lời
No. It speeds forward and reverse reactions but does not change the equilibrium constant or final equilibrium position.
Thẻ 256
Câu hỏi
How can high substrate concentration reduce competitive inhibition?
Câu trả lời
More substrate molecules increase the chance that substrate rather than inhibitor occupies the active site.
Thẻ 257
Câu hỏi
Why are metabolic reactions commonly organized into pathways?
Câu trả lời
A sequence of enzyme-controlled steps allows energy changes and intermediates to be controlled and coupled.
Thẻ 258
Câu hỏi
What is ATP?
Câu trả lời
A nucleotide that transfers usable energy through coupling of its hydrolysis to cellular processes.
Thẻ 259
Câu hỏi
What is cellular respiration?
Câu trả lời
Controlled release of energy from organic molecules to produce ATP.
Thẻ 260
Câu hỏi
What is glycolysis?
Câu trả lời
A cytosolic pathway that splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules and yields a small amount of ATP and reduced electron carriers.
Thẻ 261
Câu hỏi
What is pyruvate?
Câu trả lời
The three-carbon product of glycolysis that can enter aerobic or anaerobic pathways.
Thẻ 262
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the cell's immediate phosphoryl-group energy carrier?
Câu trả lời
ATP
Thẻ 263
Câu hỏi
Which term describes controlled ATP-producing breakdown of organic molecules?
Câu trả lời
cellular respiration
Thẻ 264
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the cytosolic splitting of glucose into pyruvate?
Câu trả lời
glycolysis
Thẻ 265
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the three-carbon product of glycolysis?
Câu trả lời
pyruvate
Thẻ 266
Câu hỏi
What is aerobic respiration?
Câu trả lời
Respiration that uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor and produces much more ATP than fermentation.
Thẻ 267
Câu hỏi
What is anaerobic metabolism?
Câu trả lời
ATP-producing metabolism that proceeds without oxygen.
Thẻ 268
Câu hỏi
What is fermentation?
Câu trả lời
An anaerobic pathway that regenerates oxidized electron carriers so glycolysis can continue.
Thẻ 269
Câu hỏi
What is oxidation?
Câu trả lời
Loss of electrons, often accompanied in biology by loss of hydrogen or gain of oxygen.
Thẻ 270
Câu hỏi
Which term describes respiration using oxygen as final electron acceptor?
Câu trả lời
aerobic respiration
Thẻ 271
Câu hỏi
Which term describes ATP-producing metabolism without oxygen?
Câu trả lời
anaerobic metabolism
Thẻ 272
Câu hỏi
Which term describes anaerobic regeneration of electron carriers after glycolysis?
Câu trả lời
fermentation
Thẻ 273
Câu hỏi
Which term describes loss of electrons?
Câu trả lời
oxidation
Thẻ 274
Câu hỏi
What is reduction?
Câu trả lời
Gain of electrons, often accompanied in biology by gain of hydrogen or loss of oxygen.
Thẻ 275
Câu hỏi
What is a reduced electron carrier?
Câu trả lời
A molecule such as NADH that carries high-energy electrons and hydrogen from one reaction to another.
Thẻ 276
Câu hỏi
What is chemiosmosis?
Câu trả lời
ATP production driven by ions moving down an electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase.
Thẻ 277
Câu hỏi
What is the overall word equation for aerobic respiration of glucose?
Câu trả lời
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy transferred to ATP and heat.
Thẻ 278
Câu hỏi
Which term describes gain of electrons?
Câu trả lời
reduction
Thẻ 279
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a molecule carrying high-energy electrons between reactions?
Câu trả lời
a reduced electron carrier
Thẻ 280
Câu hỏi
Which term describes ATP production powered by an ion gradient?
Câu trả lời
chemiosmosis
Thẻ 281
Câu hỏi
Where does glycolysis occur?
Câu trả lời
In the cytosol.
Thẻ 282
Câu hỏi
What major stages of aerobic respiration occur in mitochondria?
Câu trả lời
Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle occur in the matrix; electron transport and chemiosmosis occur at the inner membrane.
Thẻ 283
Câu hỏi
What is oxygen's direct role in aerobic respiration?
Câu trả lời
It accepts electrons and hydrogen ions at the end of the electron transport chain, forming water.
Thẻ 284
Câu hỏi
Why does aerobic respiration yield much more ATP per glucose than fermentation?
Câu trả lời
It transfers electrons through an electron transport chain and uses oxidative phosphorylation, extracting far more of glucose's energy.
Thẻ 285
Câu hỏi
What is the purpose of lactate formation in oxygen-limited animal cells?
Câu trả lời
It regenerates NAD⁺ so glycolysis can continue producing a small amount of ATP.
Thẻ 286
Câu hỏi
What products are formed during alcoholic fermentation in yeast?
Câu trả lời
Ethanol and carbon dioxide, while NAD⁺ is regenerated.
Thẻ 287
Câu hỏi
Why is some energy released by respiration transferred as heat rather than captured in ATP?
Câu trả lời
Energy conversions are not fully efficient, so part of the chemical energy becomes disordered molecular motion.
Thẻ 288
Câu hỏi
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
Câu trả lời
Direct transfer of a phosphate group from a metabolic intermediate to ADP to form ATP.
Thẻ 289
Câu hỏi
How does electron transport lead to ATP synthesis in mitochondria?
Câu trả lời
Electron energy pumps protons across the inner membrane; proton flow back through ATP synthase drives ATP formation.
Thẻ 290
Câu hỏi
Why can intense exercise increase lactate production?
Câu trả lời
ATP demand can exceed oxygen delivery and aerobic capacity, so cells regenerate NAD⁺ through lactate formation to sustain glycolysis.
Thẻ 291
Câu hỏi
What is photosynthesis?
Câu trả lời
Conversion of light energy into chemical energy used to synthesize organic molecules from carbon dioxide.
Thẻ 292
Câu hỏi
What is chlorophyll?
Câu trả lời
A green pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
Thẻ 293
Câu hỏi
What is an absorption spectrum?
Câu trả lời
A graph showing how strongly a pigment absorbs different wavelengths of light.
Thẻ 294
Câu hỏi
What is an action spectrum?
Câu trả lời
A graph showing the rate or effectiveness of photosynthesis at different wavelengths.
Thẻ 295
Câu hỏi
Which term describes light-driven synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide?
Câu trả lời
photosynthesis
Thẻ 296
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the principal green photosynthetic pigment?
Câu trả lời
chlorophyll
Thẻ 297
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a graph of pigment absorption versus wavelength?
Câu trả lời
an absorption spectrum
Thẻ 298
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a graph of photosynthetic effectiveness versus wavelength?
Câu trả lời
an action spectrum
Thẻ 299
Câu hỏi
What is photolysis of water?
Câu trả lời
Light-driven splitting of water that supplies electrons and hydrogen ions and releases oxygen.
Thẻ 300
Câu hỏi
What are light-dependent reactions?
Câu trả lời
Photosynthetic reactions that use light to generate ATP and reduced electron carriers while releasing oxygen.
Thẻ 301
Câu hỏi
What is the Calvin cycle?
Câu trả lời
A set of chloroplast reactions that uses ATP and reduced electron carriers to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrate precursors.
Thẻ 302
Câu hỏi
What is carbon fixation?
Câu trả lời
Incorporation of inorganic carbon dioxide into an organic molecule.
Thẻ 303
Câu hỏi
Which term describes light-driven splitting of water?
Câu trả lời
photolysis of water
Thẻ 304
Câu hỏi
Which term describes photosynthetic reactions that directly capture light energy?
Câu trả lời
light-dependent reactions
Thẻ 305
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the carbon-reduction cycle of photosynthesis?
Câu trả lời
the Calvin cycle
Thẻ 306
Câu hỏi
Which term describes incorporation of carbon dioxide into organic matter?
Câu trả lời
carbon fixation
Thẻ 307
Câu hỏi
What is the role of a stoma in photosynthesis?
Câu trả lời
A pore in the leaf epidermis that regulates carbon-dioxide entry as well as water loss.
Thẻ 308
Câu hỏi
What is a limiting factor of photosynthesis?
Câu trả lời
The environmental factor whose availability currently restricts the photosynthetic rate.
Thẻ 309
Câu hỏi
What is the light compensation point?
Câu trả lời
The light intensity at which photosynthetic carbon uptake equals respiratory carbon release.
Thẻ 310
Câu hỏi
What is the overall word equation for oxygenic photosynthesis?
Câu trả lời
Carbon dioxide + water → carbohydrate + oxygen, using light energy.
Thẻ 311
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the regulated leaf pore controlling carbon-dioxide entry for photosynthesis?
Câu trả lời
a stoma
Thẻ 312
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the factor currently restricting photosynthetic rate?
Câu trả lời
a limiting factor
Thẻ 313
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the light level where photosynthesis and respiration balance?
Câu trả lời
the light compensation point
Thẻ 314
Câu hỏi
Where do the main stages of photosynthesis occur in a chloroplast?
Câu trả lời
Light-dependent reactions occur in thylakoid membranes; carbon-fixation reactions occur in the stroma.
Thẻ 315
Câu hỏi
What energy conversion occurs during photosynthesis?
Câu trả lời
Light energy is converted into chemical energy stored first in ATP and reduced carriers and ultimately in organic molecules.
Thẻ 316
Câu hỏi
From which reactant does the oxygen released by photosynthesis originate?
Câu trả lời
Water.
Thẻ 317
Câu hỏi
What role does RuBisCO play in photosynthesis?
Câu trả lời
It catalyzes fixation of carbon dioxide by adding it to an organic acceptor molecule.
Thẻ 318
Câu hỏi
What tradeoff is controlled when stomata open?
Câu trả lời
Opening permits carbon dioxide entry but increases water loss by transpiration.
Thẻ 319
Câu hỏi
Name three leaf features that support photosynthesis.
Câu trả lời
A broad surface captures light, a thin structure shortens diffusion paths, and veins supply water and remove sugars; chloroplast-rich cells and stomata also help.
Thẻ 320
Câu hỏi
What can a plant do with carbohydrate made by photosynthesis?
Câu trả lời
Use it in respiration, convert it to storage or structural carbohydrates, or use its carbon to make lipids, amino acids, and other molecules.
Thẻ 321
Câu hỏi
How are products of the light-dependent reactions used in carbon fixation?
Câu trả lời
ATP supplies energy and NADPH supplies reducing power for conversion of fixed carbon into carbohydrate precursors.
Thẻ 322
Câu hỏi
Why does increasing light intensity eventually stop increasing photosynthetic rate?
Câu trả lời
Another factor, such as carbon dioxide supply, temperature, or biochemical capacity, becomes limiting.
Thẻ 323
Câu hỏi
How can increasing carbon dioxide concentration affect photosynthetic rate?
Câu trả lời
It can increase the rate until another factor becomes limiting.
Thẻ 324
Câu hỏi
Why does photosynthetic rate usually have a temperature optimum?
Câu trả lời
Enzyme-controlled reactions accelerate with temperature up to an optimum, then decline as enzymes and membranes lose effective function.
Thẻ 325
Câu hỏi
Why does an action spectrum broadly resemble the combined absorption spectra of photosynthetic pigments?
Câu trả lời
Wavelengths absorbed by the pigments supply more energy for photosynthesis than poorly absorbed wavelengths.
Thẻ 326
Câu hỏi
What is semiconservative replication?
Câu trả lời
DNA replication in which each daughter molecule contains one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.
Thẻ 327
Câu hỏi
What is DNA helicase?
Câu trả lời
An enzyme that unwinds the double helix and separates the strands by disrupting base pairing.
Thẻ 328
Câu hỏi
What is DNA polymerase?
Câu trả lời
An enzyme that adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand using a template.
Thẻ 329
Câu hỏi
What is a primer?
Câu trả lời
A short nucleic-acid segment providing a free 3′ end from which DNA polymerase can extend.
Thẻ 330
Câu hỏi
Which term describes replication producing one old and one new strand per DNA molecule?
Câu trả lời
semiconservative replication
Thẻ 331
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the enzyme that separates DNA strands?
Câu trả lời
DNA helicase
Thẻ 332
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the enzyme that builds DNA from a template?
Câu trả lời
DNA polymerase
Thẻ 333
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the short segment providing a starting 3′ end?
Câu trả lời
a primer
Thẻ 334
Câu hỏi
What is the leading strand?
Câu trả lời
The new DNA strand synthesized continuously toward the replication fork.
Thẻ 335
Câu hỏi
What is the lagging strand?
Câu trả lời
The new DNA strand synthesized discontinuously away from the replication fork.
Thẻ 336
Câu hỏi
What is an Okazaki fragment?
Câu trả lời
A short DNA segment synthesized on the lagging strand.
Thẻ 337
Câu hỏi
What is DNA ligase?
Câu trả lời
An enzyme that seals breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone, joining DNA fragments.
Thẻ 338
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the continuously synthesized daughter strand?
Câu trả lời
the leading strand
Thẻ 339
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the discontinuously synthesized daughter strand?
Câu trả lời
the lagging strand
Thẻ 340
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a short newly made segment of lagging-strand DNA?
Câu trả lời
an Okazaki fragment
Thẻ 341
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the enzyme that joins DNA fragments by sealing the backbone?
Câu trả lời
DNA ligase
Thẻ 342
Câu hỏi
How does complementary base pairing ensure accurate DNA copying?
Câu trả lời
Each template base specifies the nucleotide added opposite it: A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.
Thẻ 343
Câu hỏi
Why does DNA polymerase synthesize DNA only 5′ to 3′?
Câu trả lời
It can add a nucleotide only to the free 3′ hydroxyl group of the growing strand.
Thẻ 344
Câu hỏi
When in the cell cycle is nuclear DNA replicated?
Câu trả lời
During S phase of interphase, before cell division.
Thẻ 345
Câu hỏi
How can a replication error become a permanent mutation?
Câu trả lời
If it escapes proofreading and repair, the altered sequence can be copied in later cell generations.
Thẻ 346
Câu hỏi
Why are leading and lagging strands synthesized differently?
Câu trả lời
The templates are antiparallel while DNA polymerase works only 5′ to 3′, forcing one strand to be made discontinuously.
Thẻ 347
Câu hỏi
How do proofreading and repair reduce replication errors?
Câu trả lời
Incorrectly paired nucleotides are recognized, removed, and replaced before or after replication continues.
Thẻ 348
Câu hỏi
What three repeating steps amplify DNA in PCR?
Câu trả lời
Strand separation by heating, primer annealing during cooling, and DNA extension by a heat-stable polymerase.
Thẻ 349
Câu hỏi
What determines which DNA region PCR amplifies?
Câu trả lời
The sequences and positions of the two primers flanking the target region.
Thẻ 350
Câu hỏi
What is transcription?
Câu trả lời
Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.
Thẻ 351
Câu hỏi
What is RNA polymerase?
Câu trả lời
The enzyme that synthesizes RNA complementary to a DNA template strand.
Thẻ 352
Câu hỏi
What is messenger RNA?
Câu trả lời
RNA carrying a coding sequence from DNA to ribosomes.
Thẻ 353
Câu hỏi
What is a codon?
Câu trả lời
A three-base sequence in mRNA that specifies an amino acid or a translation signal.
Thẻ 354
Câu hỏi
Which term describes RNA synthesis from DNA?
Câu trả lời
transcription
Thẻ 355
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the enzyme that builds RNA from a DNA template?
Câu trả lời
RNA polymerase
Thẻ 356
Câu hỏi
Which term describes RNA that carries coding information to ribosomes?
Câu trả lời
messenger RNA
Thẻ 357
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a three-base mRNA unit?
Câu trả lời
a codon
Thẻ 358
Câu hỏi
What is translation?
Câu trả lời
Synthesis of a polypeptide using the codon sequence of mRNA.
Thẻ 359
Câu hỏi
What does a ribosome do during translation?
Câu trả lời
It reads mRNA and catalyzes polypeptide synthesis using its rRNA-protein machinery.
Thẻ 360
Câu hỏi
What is transfer RNA?
Câu trả lời
RNA that carries a specific amino acid and pairs its anticodon with an mRNA codon.
Thẻ 361
Câu hỏi
What is an anticodon?
Câu trả lời
A three-base tRNA sequence complementary to an mRNA codon.
Thẻ 362
Câu hỏi
Which term describes polypeptide synthesis from an mRNA sequence?
Câu trả lời
translation
Thẻ 363
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the translation complex that reads mRNA and builds a polypeptide?
Câu trả lời
a ribosome
Thẻ 364
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the adaptor RNA carrying an amino acid?
Câu trả lời
transfer RNA
Thẻ 365
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the tRNA triplet that pairs with a codon?
Câu trả lời
an anticodon
Thẻ 366
Câu hỏi
What is the genetic code?
Câu trả lời
The set of rules relating mRNA codons to amino acids and translation signals.
Thẻ 367
Câu hỏi
What are start and stop codons?
Câu trả lời
mRNA signals that establish the reading frame or terminate translation.
Thẻ 368
Câu hỏi
Where do transcription and translation occur in a eukaryotic cell?
Câu trả lời
Transcription occurs in the nucleus; translation occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm or on rough ER.
Thẻ 369
Câu hỏi
How is an mRNA sequence related to its DNA template strand?
Câu trả lời
It is complementary and antiparallel, with uracil in RNA opposite adenine in DNA.
Thẻ 370
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the codon-to-amino-acid rule set?
Câu trả lời
the genetic code
Thẻ 371
Câu hỏi
Which term describes codons that begin or end translation?
Câu trả lời
start and stop codons
Thẻ 372
Câu hỏi
What reaction does the ribosome catalyze as a polypeptide grows?
Câu trả lời
Formation of peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids.
Thẻ 373
Câu hỏi
What does it mean that the genetic code is degenerate?
Câu trả lời
Most amino acids are specified by more than one codon.
Thẻ 374
Câu hỏi
How can one mRNA produce many polypeptides quickly?
Câu trả lời
Multiple ribosomes can translate the same mRNA simultaneously as a polyribosome.
Thẻ 375
Câu hỏi
Why is translation not the final step in producing many functional proteins?
Câu trả lời
The polypeptide must fold and may undergo cleavage, chemical modification, or assembly with other subunits.
Thẻ 376
Câu hỏi
How does mRNA compare with the DNA coding strand?
Câu trả lời
It has the same base sequence except that RNA contains uracil where DNA contains thymine.
Thẻ 377
Câu hỏi
What happens during eukaryotic RNA splicing?
Câu trả lời
Introns are removed and exons are joined to form mature mRNA.
Thẻ 378
Câu hỏi
Why must codons be read in the correct reading frame?
Câu trả lời
Changing the starting position changes every downstream triplet and therefore the amino-acid sequence.
Thẻ 379
Câu hỏi
How is the correct amino acid matched to each mRNA codon?
Câu trả lời
Each tRNA is charged with a particular amino acid, and its anticodon pairs with the complementary codon.
Thẻ 380
Câu hỏi
How can a base substitution affect a protein?
Câu trả lời
It may be silent, change one amino acid, create a stop codon, or sometimes alter RNA processing.
Thẻ 381
Câu hỏi
What is a mutation?
Câu trả lời
A change in a DNA sequence or chromosome structure that can be passed to daughter cells.
Thẻ 382
Câu hỏi
What is a base substitution?
Câu trả lời
Replacement of one nucleotide pair by another.
Thẻ 383
Câu hỏi
What is an insertion mutation?
Câu trả lời
Addition of one or more nucleotides to a DNA sequence.
Thẻ 384
Câu hỏi
What is a deletion mutation?
Câu trả lời
Loss of one or more nucleotides from a DNA sequence.
Thẻ 385
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a lasting DNA-sequence or chromosome change?
Câu trả lời
a mutation
Thẻ 386
Câu hỏi
Which term describes replacement of one DNA base pair?
Câu trả lời
a base substitution
Thẻ 387
Câu hỏi
Which term describes addition of nucleotides to DNA?
Câu trả lời
an insertion mutation
Thẻ 388
Câu hỏi
Which term describes loss of nucleotides from DNA?
Câu trả lời
a deletion mutation
Thẻ 389
Câu hỏi
What is a frameshift mutation?
Câu trả lời
A coding-sequence insertion or deletion not divisible by three that changes downstream codon grouping.
Thẻ 390
Câu hỏi
What is a silent mutation?
Câu trả lời
A sequence change that does not alter the encoded amino acid.
Thẻ 391
Câu hỏi
What is a missense mutation?
Câu trả lời
A mutation that changes a codon so a different amino acid is incorporated.
Thẻ 392
Câu hỏi
What is a nonsense mutation?
Câu trả lời
A mutation that changes an amino-acid codon into a stop codon.
Thẻ 393
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a mutation that shifts downstream codon grouping?
Câu trả lời
a frameshift mutation
Thẻ 394
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a coding change that leaves the amino acid unchanged?
Câu trả lời
a silent mutation
Thẻ 395
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a mutation causing one amino-acid substitution?
Câu trả lời
a missense mutation
Thẻ 396
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a mutation creating a premature stop codon?
Câu trả lời
a nonsense mutation
Thẻ 397
Câu hỏi
How do germline and somatic mutations differ in inheritance?
Câu trả lời
Germline mutations can enter gametes and be inherited; somatic mutations affect a cell lineage within the individual.
Thẻ 398
Câu hỏi
What can cause mutations?
Câu trả lời
Replication errors, spontaneous chemical changes, radiation, and mutagenic chemicals can alter DNA.
Thẻ 399
Câu hỏi
How does DNA repair protect genome stability?
Câu trả lời
Repair systems detect damaged or mismatched DNA and restore the correct structure or sequence when possible.
Thẻ 400
Câu hỏi
Why are mutations essential to evolution despite often being neutral or harmful?
Câu trả lời
They create new alleles, providing the heritable variation on which selection and drift act.
Thẻ 401
Câu hỏi
What is the basic role of guide RNA in CRISPR gene editing?
Câu trả lời
It directs a nuclease to a complementary DNA sequence.
Thẻ 402
Câu hỏi
Why can the same type of DNA mutation have effects ranging from none to severe?
Câu trả lời
Effects depend on location, genetic-code redundancy, protein role, cell type, and environmental context.
Thẻ 403
Câu hỏi
How can accumulated mutations contribute to cancer?
Câu trả lời
Mutations can activate growth-promoting genes or disable genes that restrain division, repair DNA, or trigger cell death.
Thẻ 404
Câu hỏi
Why can repairing a CRISPR-induced DNA break produce different editing outcomes?
Câu trả lời
Different cellular repair pathways may disrupt the target sequence or use a supplied template for a specific change.
Thẻ 405
Câu hỏi
What is an off-target effect in gene editing?
Câu trả lời
An unintended DNA change at a site sufficiently similar to the intended target.
Thẻ 406
Câu hỏi
Why does heritable human genome editing raise additional ethical concerns?
Câu trả lời
Changes could pass to future generations who cannot consent, with uncertain long-term biological and social effects.
Thẻ 407
Câu hỏi
What is the cell cycle?
Câu trả lời
The ordered sequence of cell growth, DNA replication, nuclear division, and cell division.
Thẻ 408
Câu hỏi
What is interphase?
Câu trả lời
The period of growth, normal activity, and DNA replication between nuclear divisions.
Thẻ 409
Câu hỏi
What is mitosis?
Câu trả lời
Nuclear division that usually produces genetically equivalent daughter nuclei.
Thẻ 410
Câu hỏi
What is cytokinesis?
Câu trả lời
Division of the cytoplasm to form separate daughter cells.
Thẻ 411
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the ordered sequence from one cell division to the next?
Câu trả lời
the cell cycle
Thẻ 412
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the growth and DNA-replication period between divisions?
Câu trả lời
interphase
Thẻ 413
Câu hỏi
Which term describes division producing genetically equivalent nuclei?
Câu trả lời
mitosis
Thẻ 414
Câu hỏi
Which term describes physical division of the cytoplasm?
Câu trả lời
cytokinesis
Thẻ 415
Câu hỏi
What is a chromosome?
Câu trả lời
One DNA molecule packaged with associated proteins.
Thẻ 416
Câu hỏi
What are sister chromatids?
Câu trả lời
The two replicated copies of a chromosome joined before separation.
Thẻ 417
Câu hỏi
What is a centromere?
Câu trả lời
The chromosome region that holds sister chromatids together and organizes kinetochore attachment.
Thẻ 418
Câu hỏi
What is the mitotic spindle?
Câu trả lời
A microtubule system that attaches to and separates chromosomes during cell division.
Thẻ 419
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a protein-packaged DNA molecule?
Câu trả lời
a chromosome
Thẻ 420
Câu hỏi
Which term describes joined replicated copies of one chromosome?
Câu trả lời
sister chromatids
Thẻ 421
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the chromosome region joining sister chromatids?
Câu trả lời
a centromere
Thẻ 422
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the chromosome-separating microtubule system?
Câu trả lời
the mitotic spindle
Thẻ 423
Câu hỏi
What is the basic sequence of mitosis?
Câu trả lời
Chromosomes condense, align at the cell equator, sister chromatids separate to opposite poles, and new nuclei form.
Thẻ 424
Câu hỏi
Why must DNA replicate before mitosis?
Câu trả lời
Each chromosome must have two copies so each daughter nucleus can receive a complete genome.
Thẻ 425
Câu hỏi
Why are daughter cells from mitosis usually genetically similar?
Câu trả lời
Replicated sister chromatids are separated so each daughter receives one copy of every chromosome.
Thẻ 426
Câu hỏi
What are major roles of mitosis in multicellular organisms?
Câu trả lời
Growth, tissue repair, cell replacement, and some forms of asexual reproduction.
Thẻ 427
Câu hỏi
How do homologous chromosomes differ from sister chromatids?
Câu trả lời
Homologs carry the same gene loci but may have different alleles; sister chromatids are replicated copies of one chromosome.
Thẻ 428
Câu hỏi
What key outcome distinguishes mitosis from meiosis?
Câu trả lời
Mitosis usually preserves chromosome number and similarity; meiosis halves chromosome number and generates genetically varied haploid cells.
Thẻ 429
Câu hỏi
How does cytokinesis commonly occur in animal cells?
Câu trả lời
A contractile ring tightens the plasma membrane into a cleavage furrow.
Thẻ 430
Câu hỏi
How does cytokinesis commonly occur in plant cells?
Câu trả lời
Vesicles fuse at the center to form a cell plate that develops into new membranes and a cell wall.
Thẻ 431
Câu hỏi
What is the purpose of cell-cycle checkpoints?
Câu trả lời
They delay progression when conditions are unsuitable or DNA and chromosome attachment are defective.
Thẻ 432
Câu hỏi
How is loss of cell-cycle control related to cancer?
Câu trả lời
Cells can divide despite damage or growth restraints, producing an expanding abnormal clone.
Thẻ 433
Câu hỏi
What is a gene?
Câu trả lời
A DNA sequence that contributes to a functional product and influences a characteristic or cellular process.
Thẻ 434
Câu hỏi
What is an allele?
Câu trả lời
One of the alternative DNA-sequence forms at a gene locus.
Thẻ 435
Câu hỏi
What is a gene locus?
Câu trả lời
The physical position of a gene on a chromosome.
Thẻ 436
Câu hỏi
What is a genotype?
Câu trả lời
The allele combination of an organism at one or more loci.
Thẻ 437
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a functional DNA sequence?
Câu trả lời
a gene
Thẻ 438
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an alternative form of a gene?
Câu trả lời
an allele
Thẻ 439
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a gene's chromosome position?
Câu trả lời
a gene locus
Thẻ 440
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an organism's allele combination?
Câu trả lời
a genotype
Thẻ 441
Câu hỏi
What is a phenotype?
Câu trả lời
An observable or measurable trait produced by genotype and environment.
Thẻ 442
Câu hỏi
What is homozygous?
Câu trả lời
Having two identical alleles at a diploid locus.
Thẻ 443
Câu hỏi
What is heterozygous?
Câu trả lời
Having two different alleles at a diploid locus.
Thẻ 444
Câu hỏi
What is a dominant allele?
Câu trả lời
An allele expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote under a specified inheritance model.
Thẻ 445
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an observable trait resulting from genes and environment?
Câu trả lời
a phenotype
Thẻ 446
Câu hỏi
Which term describes having two identical alleles at a locus?
Câu trả lời
homozygous
Thẻ 447
Câu hỏi
Which term describes having two different alleles at a locus?
Câu trả lời
heterozygous
Thẻ 448
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an allele expressed in a heterozygote?
Câu trả lời
a dominant allele
Thẻ 449
Câu hỏi
What is a recessive allele?
Câu trả lời
An allele whose phenotype is masked by a dominant allele in a heterozygote.
Thẻ 450
Câu hỏi
What is a genetic carrier?
Câu trả lời
An unaffected heterozygote who can transmit a recessive disease allele.
Thẻ 451
Câu hỏi
What is a test cross?
Câu trả lời
A cross with a homozygous recessive individual used to infer an unknown dominant phenotype's genotype.
Thẻ 452
Câu hỏi
What is a pedigree?
Câu trả lời
A diagram showing biological relationships and occurrence of a trait across generations.
Thẻ 453
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an allele masked in a heterozygote?
Câu trả lời
a recessive allele
Thẻ 454
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an unaffected heterozygote carrying a recessive disease allele?
Câu trả lời
a genetic carrier
Thẻ 455
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a cross used to reveal an unknown dominant genotype?
Câu trả lời
a test cross
Thẻ 456
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a family diagram tracking a trait across generations?
Câu trả lời
a pedigree
Thẻ 457
Câu hỏi
What does allele segregation mean during gamete formation?
Câu trả lời
The two alleles at a diploid locus separate so each gamete receives one.
Thẻ 458
Câu hỏi
What does a Punnett square predict?
Câu trả lời
Expected genotype and phenotype probabilities from specified parental gametes, not guaranteed family outcomes.
Thẻ 459
Câu hỏi
What phenotypic ratio is expected from Aa × Aa with complete dominance?
Câu trả lời
Approximately 3 dominant phenotype : 1 recessive phenotype.
Thẻ 460
Câu hỏi
What genotypic ratio is expected from Aa × Aa?
Câu trả lời
1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa.
Thẻ 461
Câu hỏi
What happens in codominance?
Câu trả lời
Both alleles contribute distinctly to the heterozygous phenotype.
Thẻ 462
Câu hỏi
What happens in incomplete dominance?
Câu trả lời
The heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate between the two homozygotes.
Thẻ 463
Câu hỏi
How can environment affect phenotype without changing genotype?
Câu trả lời
Conditions alter development, physiology, or gene expression, changing the observed trait.
Thẻ 464
Câu hỏi
What is the ultimate source of new alleles?
Câu trả lời
Mutation.
Thẻ 465
Câu hỏi
Why are X-linked recessive traits more common in XY individuals?
Câu trả lời
They have only one X chromosome, so one recessive allele on it can determine the phenotype.
Thẻ 466
Câu hỏi
When is the product rule used in genetic probability?
Câu trả lời
For independent events that must both occur; multiply their probabilities.
Thẻ 467
Câu hỏi
When is the sum rule used in genetic probability?
Câu trả lời
For mutually exclusive alternative outcomes; add their probabilities.
Thẻ 468
Câu hỏi
Why do polygenic traits often show continuous variation?
Câu trả lời
Many loci contribute small effects, creating many possible genotypes and phenotypes, often further influenced by environment.
Thẻ 469
Câu hỏi
What pedigree pattern can suggest an autosomal recessive trait?
Câu trả lời
Unaffected parents can have affected children, and all sexes are affected at similar frequencies.
Thẻ 470
Câu hỏi
What is a species?
Câu trả lời
A group of organisms whose members can potentially interbreed and produce fertile offspring under natural conditions.
Thẻ 471
Câu hỏi
What is binomial nomenclature?
Câu trả lời
The two-part scientific naming system using a genus name followed by a specific epithet.
Thẻ 472
Câu hỏi
What is taxonomy?
Câu trả lời
The naming and classification of organisms.
Thẻ 473
Câu hỏi
What is a biological domain?
Câu trả lời
The broadest commonly used taxonomic rank, separating Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Thẻ 474
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a naturally interbreeding group producing fertile offspring?
Câu trả lời
a species
Thẻ 475
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the genus-plus-specific-epithet naming system?
Câu trả lời
binomial nomenclature
Thẻ 476
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the science of naming and classifying organisms?
Câu trả lời
taxonomy
Thẻ 477
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the broadest common taxonomic rank?
Câu trả lời
a biological domain
Thẻ 478
Câu hỏi
What is biodiversity?
Câu trả lời
Variation of life at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels.
Thẻ 479
Câu hỏi
What is an autotroph?
Câu trả lời
An organism that makes organic compounds from inorganic carbon using light or chemical energy.
Thẻ 480
Câu hỏi
What is a heterotroph?
Câu trả lời
An organism that obtains organic carbon by consuming other organisms or their products.
960 thẻ
IB Biology SL Flashcards: Complete Course Review
Học bộ thẻ này miễn phíNibomo sẽ mở ra để bạn bắt đầu học.
Thẻ 481
Câu hỏi
What is a unicellular organism?
Câu trả lời
An organism consisting of one cell that carries out all essential life functions.
Thẻ 482
Câu hỏi
Which term describes variation of life across genes, species, and ecosystems?
Câu trả lời
biodiversity
Thẻ 483
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an organism that builds organic matter from inorganic carbon?
Câu trả lời
an autotroph
Thẻ 484
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an organism obtaining organic carbon from other organisms?
Câu trả lời
a heterotroph
Thẻ 485
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an organism made of one cell?
Câu trả lời
a unicellular organism
Thẻ 486
Câu hỏi
What is a multicellular organism?
Câu trả lời
An organism composed of many cooperating cells, often with specialized cell types.
Thẻ 487
Câu hỏi
What is a karyotype?
Câu trả lời
An ordered display of chromosomes used to examine their number and large-scale structure.
Thẻ 488
Câu hỏi
What broad feature distinguishes both Bacteria and Archaea from Eukarya?
Câu trả lời
Their cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Thẻ 489
Câu hỏi
What features characterize most plant cells?
Câu trả lời
Cellulose walls, chloroplasts in photosynthetic tissues, and large vacuoles are typical features.
Thẻ 490
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an organism made of many cooperating cells?
Câu trả lời
a multicellular organism
Thẻ 491
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an ordered display of an individual's chromosomes?
Câu trả lời
a karyotype
Thẻ 492
Câu hỏi
How do fungi obtain nutrients?
Câu trả lời
They secrete digestive enzymes and absorb soluble products; their cells usually have chitin-containing walls.
Thẻ 493
Câu hỏi
What distinguishes animal nutrition and cell structure?
Câu trả lời
Animals ingest organic material, and their cells lack cell walls and chloroplasts.
Thẻ 494
Câu hỏi
Why are scientific names useful across languages?
Câu trả lời
A standardized name identifies the same organism internationally and reduces ambiguity from local common names.
Thẻ 495
Câu hỏi
Why can genetic diversity improve a population's resilience?
Câu trả lời
More heritable variation increases the chance that some individuals tolerate new diseases or environmental changes.
Thẻ 496
Câu hỏi
What does ecosystem diversity measure?
Câu trả lời
The variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes within a region.
Thẻ 497
Câu hỏi
Why are Archaea classified separately from Bacteria?
Câu trả lời
They differ in genetic sequences, membrane chemistry, cell-wall composition, and aspects of molecular machinery.
Thẻ 498
Câu hỏi
Why is the biological species concept difficult to apply to fossils or asexual organisms?
Câu trả lời
Their ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring cannot be tested in the usual way.
Thẻ 499
Câu hỏi
Does a larger chromosome number necessarily mean a more complex organism?
Câu trả lời
No. Chromosome number varies through fusion, fission, and duplication and does not directly measure biological complexity.
Thẻ 500
Câu hỏi
Does genome size reliably predict organismal complexity?
Câu trả lời
No. Large amounts of noncoding and repeated DNA make genome size a poor simple measure of complexity.
Thẻ 501
Câu hỏi
What evidence can be combined when classifying organisms?
Câu trả lời
Molecular sequences, cell structure, anatomy, development, physiology, and reproductive evidence can all contribute.
Thẻ 502
Câu hỏi
What is gas exchange?
Câu trả lời
Diffusion of respiratory gases between an organism and its environment or transport fluid.
Thẻ 503
Câu hỏi
What is ventilation?
Câu trả lời
Bulk movement of air or water over a gas-exchange surface.
Thẻ 504
Câu hỏi
What is an alveolus?
Câu trả lời
A microscopic air sac in the lung where gases diffuse between air and blood.
Thẻ 505
Câu hỏi
What is pulmonary surfactant?
Câu trả lời
A substance lining alveoli that lowers surface tension and reduces collapse.
Thẻ 506
Câu hỏi
Which term describes diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across a respiratory surface?
Câu trả lời
gas exchange
Thẻ 507
Câu hỏi
Which term describes bulk movement of respiratory medium over an exchange surface?
Câu trả lời
ventilation
Thẻ 508
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a microscopic lung air sac?
Câu trả lời
an alveolus
Thẻ 509
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the alveolar lining that lowers surface tension?
Câu trả lời
pulmonary surfactant
Thẻ 510
Câu hỏi
What is the diaphragm?
Câu trả lời
A sheet of skeletal muscle whose contraction increases thoracic volume during inhalation.
Thẻ 511
Câu hỏi
What is tidal volume?
Câu trả lời
The volume of air moved in or out during a normal breath.
Thẻ 512
Câu hỏi
What is a stoma?
Câu trả lời
A regulated epidermal pore through which gases diffuse in leaves.
Thẻ 513
Câu hỏi
What is countercurrent exchange?
Câu trả lời
Exchange between fluids moving in opposite directions, maintaining a gradient along most of the surface.
Thẻ 514
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the muscle sheet that expands the thorax during inhalation?
Câu trả lời
the diaphragm
Thẻ 515
Câu hỏi
Which term describes air volume moved in one normal breath?
Câu trả lời
tidal volume
Thẻ 516
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a regulated leaf gas-exchange pore?
Câu trả lời
a stoma
Thẻ 517
Câu hỏi
Which term describes opposite fluid flow that maintains an exchange gradient?
Câu trả lời
countercurrent exchange
Thẻ 518
Câu hỏi
What features make an efficient gas-exchange surface?
Câu trả lời
Large area, short diffusion distance, permeability, and maintained concentration gradients.
Thẻ 519
Câu hỏi
How is a steep oxygen gradient maintained across alveoli?
Câu trả lời
Ventilation replenishes alveolar oxygen and blood flow removes absorbed oxygen.
Thẻ 520
Câu hỏi
How does diaphragm contraction cause inhalation?
Câu trả lời
Thoracic volume increases, lung pressure falls below atmospheric pressure, and air flows inward.
Thẻ 521
Câu hỏi
What drives quiet exhalation?
Câu trả lời
The diaphragm relaxes and elastic recoil reduces thoracic and lung volume, raising pressure and pushing air out.
Thẻ 522
Câu hỏi
Why do ventilation rate and depth increase during exercise?
Câu trả lời
They increase oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal to support higher cellular respiration.
Thẻ 523
Câu hỏi
How does leaf structure shorten the pathway for carbon dioxide diffusion?
Câu trả lời
Stomata open into air spaces, and mesophyll cells expose moist surfaces close to those spaces.
Thẻ 524
Câu hỏi
Why does carbon dioxide diffuse from tissues into blood?
Câu trả lời
Respiring cells produce carbon dioxide, making its partial pressure higher in tissues than in incoming blood.
Thẻ 525
Câu hỏi
How does countercurrent flow improve oxygen uptake at fish gills?
Câu trả lời
Blood continually meets water with a higher oxygen concentration, preserving diffusion along the lamella.
Thẻ 526
Câu hỏi
Why does closing stomata reduce both water loss and photosynthesis?
Câu trả lời
It limits water-vapor diffusion out but also restricts carbon dioxide diffusion into the leaf.
Thẻ 527
Câu hỏi
What is a circulatory system?
Câu trả lời
A transport system that moves a fluid carrying gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and heat through an organism.
Thẻ 528
Câu hỏi
What is an artery?
Câu trả lời
A blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart under relatively high pressure.
Thẻ 529
Câu hỏi
What is a vein?
Câu trả lời
A blood vessel carrying blood toward the heart, usually with low pressure and often valves.
Thẻ 530
Câu hỏi
What is a capillary?
Câu trả lời
A microscopic thin-walled vessel where substances exchange between blood and tissues.
Thẻ 531
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an internal fluid-transport system?
Câu trả lời
a circulatory system
Thẻ 532
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a vessel carrying blood away from the heart?
Câu trả lời
an artery
Thẻ 533
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a vessel carrying blood toward the heart?
Câu trả lời
a vein
Thẻ 534
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a microscopic exchange blood vessel?
Câu trả lời
a capillary
Thẻ 535
Câu hỏi
What is the cardiac cycle?
Câu trả lời
The repeating sequence of heart-chamber contraction and relaxation that pumps blood.
Thẻ 536
Câu hỏi
What is hemoglobin?
Câu trả lời
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen reversibly.
Thẻ 537
Câu hỏi
What is xylem?
Câu trả lời
Plant vascular tissue that transports water and mineral ions and provides structural support.
Thẻ 538
Câu hỏi
What is phloem?
Câu trả lời
Plant vascular tissue that transports sucrose and other organic solutes between sources and sinks.
Thẻ 539
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the repeating pumping sequence of the heart?
Câu trả lời
the cardiac cycle
Thẻ 540
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the oxygen-carrying protein of red blood cells?
Câu trả lời
hemoglobin
Thẻ 541
Câu hỏi
Which term describes plant tissue carrying water and minerals?
Câu trả lời
xylem
Thẻ 542
Câu hỏi
Which term describes plant tissue carrying organic solutes?
Câu trả lời
phloem
Thẻ 543
Câu hỏi
What is transpiration?
Câu trả lời
Loss of water vapor from plant surfaces, mainly through stomata.
Thẻ 544
Câu hỏi
What is phloem translocation?
Câu trả lời
Movement of organic solutes through phloem from sources to sinks.
Thẻ 545
Câu hỏi
How do a source and a sink differ in plant transport?
Câu trả lời
A source releases assimilates to phloem; a sink removes them for use or storage.
Thẻ 546
Câu hỏi
What makes human circulation a double circulation?
Câu trả lời
Blood passes through the heart once in the pulmonary circuit and again in the systemic circuit during one complete journey.
Thẻ 547
Câu hỏi
Which term describes water-vapor loss from plant surfaces?
Câu trả lời
transpiration
Thẻ 548
Câu hỏi
Which term describes movement of organic solutes through phloem?
Câu trả lời
phloem translocation
Thẻ 549
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the exporting and importing regions of phloem transport?
Câu trả lời
source and sink
Thẻ 550
Câu hỏi
How is an artery adapted to high pressure?
Câu trả lời
It has thick elastic and muscular walls and a relatively narrow lumen.
Thẻ 551
Câu hỏi
How is a vein adapted to return low-pressure blood?
Câu trả lời
It has a wide lumen, thinner walls, and valves that reduce backflow.
Thẻ 552
Câu hỏi
How does capillary structure support exchange?
Câu trả lời
One-cell-thick walls give a short diffusion distance; extensive branching gives a large total area; narrow lumens slow flow and keep blood close to tissues.
Thẻ 553
Câu hỏi
What determines whether a heart valve opens or closes?
Câu trả lời
Pressure differences across the valve.
Thẻ 554
Câu hỏi
Trace water from soil to the atmosphere through a plant.
Câu trả lời
Soil → root hairs → root tissues → xylem → leaf mesophyll → leaf air spaces → stomata → atmosphere.
Thẻ 555
Câu hỏi
Why may root cells use active transport to absorb mineral ions?
Câu trả lời
Ion concentrations can be lower in soil than in root cells, so uptake must occur against a gradient.
Thẻ 556
Câu hỏi
Why do large multicellular organisms need bulk transport systems?
Câu trả lời
Their low surface-area-to-volume ratio and long diffusion distances make diffusion alone too slow for whole-body supply.
Thẻ 557
Câu hỏi
Why does hemoglobin unload more oxygen in actively respiring tissues?
Câu trả lời
Lower oxygen and often higher carbon dioxide and acidity reduce hemoglobin's oxygen affinity.
Thẻ 558
Câu hỏi
How does transpiration pull water upward through xylem?
Câu trả lời
Evaporation lowers leaf water potential and creates tension; cohesion transmits the pull through the continuous water column.
Thẻ 559
Câu hỏi
How do wind and low humidity generally affect transpiration?
Câu trả lời
Both maintain a steep water-vapor gradient outside the leaf, increasing transpiration if stomata remain open.
Thẻ 560
Câu hỏi
What drives mass flow in phloem?
Câu trả lời
Sugar loading draws in water and raises pressure at a source; unloading lowers pressure at a sink, producing bulk flow.
Thẻ 561
Câu hỏi
Can the same plant organ be a source at one time and a sink at another?
Câu trả lời
Yes. A storage organ may import sugars while filling and export them later during growth or germination.
Thẻ 562
Câu hỏi
What is a neuron?
Câu trả lời
An excitable cell specialized to receive, process, and transmit information.
Thẻ 563
Câu hỏi
What is a sensory neuron?
Câu trả lời
A neuron carrying information from a receptor toward the central nervous system.
Thẻ 564
Câu hỏi
What is a motor neuron?
Câu trả lời
A neuron carrying commands from the central nervous system to an effector.
Thẻ 565
Câu hỏi
What is the resting potential?
Câu trả lời
The voltage difference across an unstimulated neuron's membrane, with the inside negative relative to outside.
Thẻ 566
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an excitable information-transmitting cell?
Câu trả lời
a neuron
Thẻ 567
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a neuron carrying receptor information to the CNS?
Câu trả lời
a sensory neuron
Thẻ 568
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a neuron carrying CNS commands to an effector?
Câu trả lời
a motor neuron
Thẻ 569
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the negative-inside voltage of an unstimulated neuron?
Câu trả lời
the resting potential
Thẻ 570
Câu hỏi
What is an action potential?
Câu trả lời
A brief, self-propagating reversal and restoration of membrane potential along an excitable membrane.
Thẻ 571
Câu hỏi
What is depolarization?
Câu trả lời
A change that makes membrane potential less negative, and during an action potential often positive.
Thẻ 572
Câu hỏi
What is repolarization?
Câu trả lời
Return of membrane potential toward its resting negative value after depolarization.
Thẻ 573
Câu hỏi
What is a synapse?
Câu trả lời
A junction where one cell communicates with another cell.
Thẻ 574
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a brief propagating change in neuron membrane voltage?
Câu trả lời
an action potential
Thẻ 575
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a membrane-voltage change toward a less negative value?
Câu trả lời
depolarization
Thẻ 576
Câu hỏi
Which term describes return toward resting membrane voltage?
Câu trả lời
repolarization
Thẻ 577
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a communication junction between cells?
Câu trả lời
a synapse
Thẻ 578
Câu hỏi
What is a neurotransmitter?
Câu trả lời
A chemical released by a neuron that changes the activity of a target cell.
Thẻ 579
Câu hỏi
What is the refractory period?
Câu trả lời
A brief period after an action potential when another is impossible or requires a stronger stimulus.
Thẻ 580
Câu hỏi
What is myelin?
Câu trả lời
An insulating sheath around some axons that speeds impulse conduction.
Thẻ 581
Câu hỏi
What happens when membrane depolarization reaches threshold?
Câu trả lời
Voltage-gated channels trigger the self-amplifying events of an action potential.
Thẻ 582
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a neuron-released signaling chemical?
Câu trả lời
a neurotransmitter
Thẻ 583
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the recovery interval after an action potential?
Câu trả lời
the refractory period
Thẻ 584
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the insulating axon sheath?
Câu trả lời
myelin
Thẻ 585
Câu hỏi
What does the all-or-none principle mean for an action potential?
Câu trả lời
Once threshold is reached, the action potential has a characteristic size; stronger stimuli increase frequency, not its amplitude.
Thẻ 586
Câu hỏi
How does myelin increase conduction speed?
Câu trả lời
Depolarizing current travels rapidly beneath myelin and action potentials regenerate mainly at gaps in the sheath.
Thẻ 587
Câu hỏi
What is the basic sequence at a chemical synapse?
Câu trả lời
An impulse triggers neurotransmitter release; it diffuses across the cleft, binds receptors, and alters the postsynaptic cell.
Thẻ 588
Câu hỏi
Why can a reflex response be rapid?
Câu trả lời
A short neural pathway produces an automatic response without waiting for conscious processing.
Thẻ 589
Câu hỏi
What is sensory transduction?
Câu trả lời
Conversion of a physical or chemical stimulus into an electrical signal in a receptor cell.
Thẻ 590
Câu hỏi
How does an action potential propagate along an axon?
Câu trả lời
Local current depolarizes the next membrane region to threshold, opening voltage-gated channels there.
Thẻ 591
Câu hỏi
Why does an action potential normally travel in one direction along an axon?
Câu trả lời
The membrane just behind it is refractory and cannot immediately fire again.
Thẻ 592
Câu hỏi
How is neurotransmitter action ended?
Câu trả lời
The transmitter is removed by enzymatic breakdown, reuptake, or diffusion away.
Thẻ 593
Câu hỏi
What is sensory adaptation?
Câu trả lời
Reduced receptor or neural response during a constant, unchanging stimulus.
Thẻ 594
Câu hỏi
How can a drug alter synaptic transmission?
Câu trả lời
It may mimic or block a transmitter, change its release, or change its removal from the synaptic cleft.
Thẻ 595
Câu hỏi
What is an organ system?
Câu trả lời
A group of organs coordinating to perform major functions for an organism.
Thẻ 596
Câu hỏi
What is a hormone?
Câu trả lời
A signaling molecule released into transport fluid and acting on target cells with suitable receptors.
Thẻ 597
Câu hỏi
What is an endocrine gland?
Câu trả lời
A gland that secretes hormones into extracellular fluid and blood rather than through a duct.
Thẻ 598
Câu hỏi
What is a hormone target cell?
Câu trả lời
A cell able to respond because it has the appropriate receptor.
Thẻ 599
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a coordinated group of organs?
Câu trả lời
an organ system
Thẻ 600
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a long-distance chemical messenger carried in body fluid?
Câu trả lời
a hormone
Thẻ 601
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a ductless hormone-secreting gland?
Câu trả lời
an endocrine gland
Thẻ 602
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a cell with a receptor for a particular hormone?
Câu trả lời
a hormone target cell
Thẻ 603
Câu hỏi
What is digestion?
Câu trả lời
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into molecules small enough to absorb.
Thẻ 604
Câu hỏi
What is absorption?
Câu trả lời
Movement of digested nutrients across an exchange surface into blood or lymph.
Thẻ 605
Câu hỏi
What is peristalsis?
Câu trả lời
Coordinated waves of smooth-muscle contraction that move material through the digestive tract.
Thẻ 606
Câu hỏi
What is an intestinal villus?
Câu trả lời
A finger-like projection increasing the absorptive surface of the small intestine.
Thẻ 607
Câu hỏi
Which term describes breakdown of food into absorbable molecules?
Câu trả lời
digestion
Thẻ 608
Câu hỏi
Which term describes movement of digested nutrients into transport fluids?
Câu trả lời
absorption
Thẻ 609
Câu hỏi
Which term describes wave-like gut contractions moving contents?
Câu trả lời
peristalsis
Thẻ 610
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a finger-like intestinal absorption projection?
Câu trả lời
an intestinal villus
Thẻ 611
Câu hỏi
What is excretion?
Câu trả lời
Removal of metabolic waste products from the body.
Thẻ 612
Câu hỏi
What is a nephron?
Câu trả lời
The microscopic functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and modifies filtrate into urine.
Thẻ 613
Câu hỏi
What is ultrafiltration?
Câu trả lời
Pressure-driven filtration of small molecules from blood into a kidney capsule while cells and most proteins remain in blood.
Thẻ 614
Câu hỏi
What is selective reabsorption?
Câu trả lời
Recovery of useful substances and regulated amounts of water and ions from kidney filtrate into blood.
Thẻ 615
Câu hỏi
Which term describes removal of metabolic wastes?
Câu trả lời
excretion
Thẻ 616
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the kidney's microscopic functional unit?
Câu trả lời
a nephron
Thẻ 617
Câu hỏi
Which term describes pressure filtration at the start of a nephron?
Câu trả lời
ultrafiltration
Thẻ 618
Câu hỏi
Which term describes return of useful substances from kidney filtrate to blood?
Câu trả lời
selective reabsorption
Thẻ 619
Câu hỏi
What is skeletal muscle?
Câu trả lời
Striated voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton and used for movement and posture.
Thẻ 620
Câu hỏi
What is an antagonistic muscle pair?
Câu trả lời
Two muscles producing opposite movements at a joint because muscles pull but do not push.
Thẻ 621
Câu hỏi
How do nervous and endocrine signaling generally differ?
Câu trả lời
Neural signals are rapid and targeted; hormonal signals are usually slower, longer-lasting, and distributed through body fluids.
Thẻ 622
Câu hỏi
Why does a circulating hormone affect only some cells?
Câu trả lời
Only target cells express receptors that recognize the hormone and activate a response.
Thẻ 623
Câu hỏi
Which term describes voluntary striated muscle that moves the skeleton?
Câu trả lời
skeletal muscle
Thẻ 624
Câu hỏi
Which term describes two muscles producing opposite joint movements?
Câu trả lời
an antagonistic muscle pair
Thẻ 625
Câu hỏi
What is the final absorbable product of most dietary carbohydrate digestion?
Câu trả lời
Monosaccharides, especially glucose.
Thẻ 626
Câu hỏi
What are the main absorbable products of protein digestion?
Câu trả lời
Amino acids and small peptides that are completed to amino acids during absorption.
Thẻ 627
Câu hỏi
How is the small intestine adapted for absorption?
Câu trả lời
Folds, villi, and microvilli increase area; a thin epithelium, rich blood supply, and lymph vessels support transport.
Thẻ 628
Câu hỏi
Name three integrative roles of the liver.
Câu trả lời
It processes absorbed nutrients, regulates blood chemistry, detoxifies substances, produces bile, and converts ammonia to urea; any three are sufficient.
Thẻ 629
Câu hỏi
Why are blood cells and most plasma proteins absent from normal kidney filtrate?
Câu trả lời
They are too large to cross the filtration barrier.
Thẻ 630
Câu hỏi
How do muscles move a bone at a joint?
Câu trả lời
Contraction shortens the muscle, pulling through a tendon on the bone.
Thẻ 631
Câu hỏi
Why are antagonistic muscles needed at many joints?
Câu trả lời
A muscle can pull in one direction but cannot push itself back, so an opposing muscle produces the reverse movement.
Thẻ 632
Câu hỏi
Why must organ systems be integrated rather than acting independently?
Câu trả lời
Each system depends on materials, signals, waste removal, and stable conditions supplied by other systems.
Thẻ 633
Câu hỏi
Why do many absorbed lipids enter lymph before blood?
Câu trả lời
Intestinal cells package them into lipoprotein particles too large to enter ordinary blood capillaries directly.
Thẻ 634
Câu hỏi
Why is glucose normally absent from final urine?
Câu trả lời
Filtered glucose is selectively reabsorbed into blood when transporter capacity is not exceeded.
Thẻ 635
Câu hỏi
How do respiratory, circulatory, and muscular systems cooperate during exercise?
Câu trả lời
Ventilation supplies oxygen, circulation transports gases and fuels, and muscles use ATP while returning carbon dioxide, heat, and metabolites.
Thẻ 636
Câu hỏi
How do liver, circulation, and kidneys cooperate in nitrogen-waste removal?
Câu trả lời
The liver converts toxic ammonia to urea, blood carries urea, and kidneys filter and excrete it.
Thẻ 637
Câu hỏi
What is a pathogen?
Câu trả lời
A biological agent capable of causing disease.
Thẻ 638
Câu hỏi
What is an antigen?
Câu trả lời
A molecule recognized specifically by an antibody or lymphocyte receptor.
Thẻ 639
Câu hỏi
What is innate immunity?
Câu trả lời
Rapid, nonspecific defense mechanisms present without prior exposure.
Thẻ 640
Câu hỏi
What is adaptive immunity?
Câu trả lời
Specific defense that develops through lymphocyte activation and can form memory.
Thẻ 641
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a disease-causing biological agent?
Câu trả lời
a pathogen
Thẻ 642
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a molecule specifically recognized by adaptive immune receptors?
Câu trả lời
an antigen
Thẻ 643
Câu hỏi
Which term describes rapid nonspecific immune defense?
Câu trả lời
innate immunity
Thẻ 644
Câu hỏi
Which term describes specific immune defense capable of memory?
Câu trả lời
adaptive immunity
Thẻ 645
Câu hỏi
What is a phagocyte?
Câu trả lời
A cell that engulfs and digests microbes, particles, or damaged cells.
Thẻ 646
Câu hỏi
What is a lymphocyte?
Câu trả lời
An adaptive immune cell with receptors specific to particular antigens.
Thẻ 647
Câu hỏi
What is an antibody?
Câu trả lời
A secreted immunoglobulin that binds a specific antigen.
Thẻ 648
Câu hỏi
What is a B lymphocyte?
Câu trả lời
A lymphocyte that can differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory cells.
Thẻ 649
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an engulfing immune cell?
Câu trả lời
a phagocyte
Thẻ 650
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an antigen-specific adaptive immune cell?
Câu trả lời
a lymphocyte
Thẻ 651
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a secreted antigen-binding immunoglobulin?
Câu trả lời
an antibody
Thẻ 652
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the lymphocyte lineage that produces antibody-secreting cells?
Câu trả lời
a B lymphocyte
Thẻ 653
Câu hỏi
What is a helper T cell?
Câu trả lời
A lymphocyte that coordinates immune responses through contact signals and cytokines.
Thẻ 654
Câu hỏi
What is an immune memory cell?
Câu trả lời
A long-lived lymphocyte that responds rapidly after re-exposure to its antigen.
Thẻ 655
Câu hỏi
What is vaccination?
Câu trả lời
Deliberate exposure to a safe form or component of an antigen to generate protective immune memory.
Thẻ 656
Câu hỏi
What is an antibiotic?
Câu trả lời
A substance that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth at clinically useful doses.
Thẻ 657
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the T cell that coordinates other immune cells?
Câu trả lời
a helper T cell
Thẻ 658
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a long-lived lymphocyte enabling faster re-exposure response?
Câu trả lời
an immune memory cell
Thẻ 659
Câu hỏi
Which term describes safe antigen exposure used to create immune memory?
Câu trả lời
vaccination
Thẻ 660
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a drug acting against bacteria?
Câu trả lời
an antibiotic
Thẻ 661
Câu hỏi
What are examples of first-line defenses against pathogens?
Câu trả lời
Intact skin, mucus, cilia, antimicrobial secretions, stomach acidity, and competing microbiota.
Thẻ 662
Câu hỏi
How does inflammation help defend damaged tissue?
Câu trả lời
It increases local blood flow and vessel permeability and recruits immune cells and defensive molecules.
Thẻ 663
Câu hỏi
What happens during phagocytosis?
Câu trả lời
A cell surrounds a particle in a vesicle, then fuses it with digestive compartments to destroy or process it.
Thẻ 664
Câu hỏi
How can antibodies help eliminate a pathogen?
Câu trả lời
They can neutralize targets, block attachment, clump particles, and mark them for phagocytosis or complement attack.
Thẻ 665
Câu hỏi
Why can a vaccine generate protection without causing the full disease?
Câu trả lời
It presents antigen in a weakened, inactivated, partial, or encoded form that stimulates immunity with much lower risk.
Thẻ 666
Câu hỏi
Why do antibiotics not treat viral infections?
Câu trả lời
Viruses lack the bacterial structures and independent metabolic processes targeted by antibiotics.
Thẻ 667
Câu hỏi
What determines the antigen specificity of a lymphocyte?
Câu trả lời
The molecular shape and chemistry of its unique surface receptor.
Thẻ 668
Câu hỏi
What is clonal selection?
Câu trả lời
An antigen activates lymphocytes with matching receptors, causing them to proliferate and differentiate.
Thẻ 669
Câu hỏi
Why is a secondary adaptive immune response usually faster and stronger?
Câu trả lời
Memory cells are more numerous and activate rapidly, producing effective cells and antibodies sooner.
Thẻ 670
Câu hỏi
How can high vaccination coverage protect some unvaccinated people?
Câu trả lời
Reduced transmission makes encounters with infectious individuals less likely, though protection is incomplete and pathogen-dependent.
Thẻ 671
Câu hỏi
How does antibiotic use select for resistant bacteria?
Câu trả lời
Susceptible bacteria are removed while resistant variants survive and reproduce, increasing resistance-allele frequency.
Thẻ 672
Câu hỏi
Why can unnecessary or incomplete antibiotic exposure promote resistance?
Câu trả lời
It creates selection favoring resistant cells while potentially leaving surviving bacteria to multiply and spread.
Thẻ 673
Câu hỏi
What is an allergy?
Câu trả lời
An immune response to a normally harmless antigen that causes tissue symptoms or damage.
Thẻ 674
Câu hỏi
What is asexual reproduction?
Câu trả lời
Production of offspring from one parent without fusion of gametes.
Thẻ 675
Câu hỏi
What is sexual reproduction?
Câu trả lời
Production of offspring involving fusion of haploid gametes.
Thẻ 676
Câu hỏi
What is a gamete?
Câu trả lời
A haploid reproductive cell able to fuse with another gamete.
Thẻ 677
Câu hỏi
What is fertilization?
Câu trả lời
Fusion of gamete nuclei to form a diploid zygote.
Thẻ 678
Câu hỏi
Which term describes reproduction without gamete fusion?
Câu trả lời
asexual reproduction
Thẻ 679
Câu hỏi
Which term describes reproduction involving gamete fusion?
Câu trả lời
sexual reproduction
Thẻ 680
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a haploid reproductive cell?
Câu trả lời
a gamete
Thẻ 681
Câu hỏi
Which term describes fusion of gamete nuclei?
Câu trả lời
fertilization
Thẻ 682
Câu hỏi
What is a zygote?
Câu trả lời
The diploid cell formed by fertilization.
Thẻ 683
Câu hỏi
What is meiosis?
Câu trả lời
Cell division that halves chromosome number and usually produces genetically varied haploid cells.
Thẻ 684
Câu hỏi
What is ovulation?
Câu trả lời
Release of a secondary oocyte from an ovary.
Thẻ 685
Câu hỏi
What is implantation?
Câu trả lời
Attachment and embedding of an early embryo in the uterine lining.
Thẻ 686
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the first diploid cell after fertilization?
Câu trả lời
a zygote
Thẻ 687
Câu hỏi
Which term describes division producing varied haploid cells?
Câu trả lời
meiosis
Thẻ 688
Câu hỏi
Which term describes release of an oocyte from an ovary?
Câu trả lời
ovulation
Thẻ 689
Câu hỏi
Which term describes embedding of an early embryo in the uterine lining?
Câu trả lời
implantation
Thẻ 690
Câu hỏi
What is the placenta?
Câu trả lời
A temporary organ that exchanges materials between maternal and fetal blood supplies without normally mixing them directly.
Thẻ 691
Câu hỏi
What is pollination?
Câu trả lời
Transfer of pollen from an anther to a receptive stigma.
Thẻ 692
Câu hỏi
Why does sexual reproduction usually produce more genetic variation than asexual reproduction?
Câu trả lời
Meiosis reshuffles alleles and random fertilization combines genomes from two gametes.
Thẻ 693
Câu hỏi
Why must gametes be haploid?
Câu trả lời
Fusion of two haploid gametes restores the diploid chromosome number instead of doubling it each generation.
Thẻ 694
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the maternal-fetal exchange organ?
Câu trả lời
the placenta
Thẻ 695
Câu hỏi
Which term describes transfer of pollen to a stigma?
Câu trả lời
pollination
Thẻ 696
Câu hỏi
What are major roles of FSH in the ovarian cycle?
Câu trả lời
It stimulates follicle development and supports estrogen secretion.
Thẻ 697
Câu hỏi
What is a major role of the mid-cycle LH surge?
Câu trả lời
It triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum.
Thẻ 698
Câu hỏi
How does estrogen contribute to the uterine cycle?
Câu trả lời
It promotes repair and thickening of the uterine lining after menstruation.
Thẻ 699
Câu hỏi
How does progesterone contribute to the uterine cycle?
Câu trả lời
It maintains a thick, secretory uterine lining after ovulation.
Thẻ 700
Câu hỏi
Where does human fertilization usually occur?
Câu trả lời
In an oviduct, before the early embryo reaches the uterus.
Thẻ 701
Câu hỏi
What happens after compatible pollen reaches a flower's stigma?
Câu trả lời
A pollen tube grows toward an ovule and delivers male nuclei for fertilization.
Thẻ 702
Câu hỏi
Why does menstruation usually begin if pregnancy does not occur?
Câu trả lời
The corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone and estrogen fall, and the uterine lining is no longer maintained.
Thẻ 703
Câu hỏi
What substances commonly cross the placenta between mother and fetus?
Câu trả lời
Oxygen and nutrients move toward the fetus; carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes move toward the mother.
Thẻ 704
Câu hỏi
How can contraception prevent pregnancy in different ways?
Câu trả lời
Methods can inhibit ovulation, block sperm from reaching an egg, prevent fertilization, or permanently interrupt the reproductive ducts.
Thẻ 705
Câu hỏi
What is homeostasis?
Câu trả lời
Maintenance of internal conditions within ranges compatible with normal function despite change.
Thẻ 706
Câu hỏi
What is negative feedback?
Câu trả lời
Control in which a deviation triggers responses that oppose the original change.
Thẻ 707
Câu hỏi
What is a set point?
Câu trả lời
The target value or range around which a regulated variable is maintained.
Thẻ 708
Câu hỏi
What is a homeostatic receptor?
Câu trả lời
A sensor that detects a change in a regulated variable.
Thẻ 709
Câu hỏi
Which term describes maintenance of a stable functional internal environment?
Câu trả lời
homeostasis
Thẻ 710
Câu hỏi
Which term describes feedback that counteracts a deviation?
Câu trả lời
negative feedback
Thẻ 711
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the target around which a variable is regulated?
Câu trả lời
a set point
Thẻ 712
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the sensor in a feedback system?
Câu trả lời
a homeostatic receptor
Thẻ 713
Câu hỏi
What is a control center?
Câu trả lời
The component that compares information with a target and coordinates a response.
Thẻ 714
Câu hỏi
What is an effector?
Câu trả lời
A muscle, gland, or other component that carries out a control response.
Thẻ 715
Câu hỏi
What is thermoregulation?
Câu trả lời
Control of body temperature within a functional range.
Thẻ 716
Câu hỏi
What is vasodilation?
Câu trả lời
Widening of blood vessels, often increasing blood flow near the skin.
Thẻ 717
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the feedback component that evaluates input and directs a response?
Câu trả lời
a control center
Thẻ 718
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the component that executes a physiological response?
Câu trả lời
an effector
Thẻ 719
Câu hỏi
Which term describes physiological regulation of body temperature?
Câu trả lời
thermoregulation
Thẻ 720
Câu hỏi
Which term describes widening of blood vessels?
Câu trả lời
vasodilation
Thẻ 721
Câu hỏi
What is vasoconstriction?
Câu trả lời
Narrowing of blood vessels, often reducing blood flow near the skin.
Thẻ 722
Câu hỏi
What is insulin?
Câu trả lời
A pancreatic hormone that lowers elevated blood glucose by promoting uptake and storage.
Thẻ 723
Câu hỏi
What is glucagon?
Câu trả lời
A pancreatic hormone that raises low blood glucose by promoting release of stored fuel.
Thẻ 724
Câu hỏi
What are the main components of a homeostatic feedback loop?
Câu trả lời
A regulated variable, receptor, control center, effectors, and responses that alter the variable.
Thẻ 725
Câu hỏi
Which term describes narrowing of blood vessels?
Câu trả lời
vasoconstriction
Thẻ 726
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the pancreatic hormone that lowers blood glucose?
Câu trả lời
insulin
Thẻ 727
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the pancreatic hormone that raises blood glucose?
Câu trả lời
glucagon
Thẻ 728
Câu hỏi
What happens when blood glucose rises after a meal?
Câu trả lời
Insulin secretion increases, promoting glucose uptake and storage so blood glucose falls toward its normal range.
Thẻ 729
Câu hỏi
What happens when blood glucose falls during fasting?
Câu trả lời
Glucagon secretion increases, promoting glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver.
Thẻ 730
Câu hỏi
How does sweating cool the body?
Câu trả lời
Evaporation of water from skin transfers heat to the environment.
Thẻ 731
Câu hỏi
How does skin vasodilation increase heat loss?
Câu trả lời
It brings more warm blood near the surface, increasing transfer of heat to the environment.
Thẻ 732
Câu hỏi
How does shivering warm the body?
Câu trả lời
Rapid involuntary muscle contractions increase respiration and heat production.
Thẻ 733
Câu hỏi
Does homeostasis keep internal conditions perfectly constant?
Câu trả lời
No. Variables fluctuate within controlled ranges around target values.
Thẻ 734
Câu hỏi
How does ADH help conserve water?
Câu trả lời
It increases water permeability in kidney collecting ducts, so more water is reabsorbed and urine becomes more concentrated.
Thẻ 735
Câu hỏi
How should ADH secretion change during dehydration?
Câu trả lời
It should increase, promoting greater water reabsorption by the kidneys.
Thẻ 736
Câu hỏi
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
Câu trả lời
Positive feedback amplifies a change until an endpoint; negative feedback opposes a change and stabilizes a variable.
Thẻ 737
Câu hỏi
Why can diabetes mellitus cause persistently high blood glucose?
Câu trả lời
Insulin production may be insufficient or target cells may respond poorly to insulin.
Thẻ 738
Câu hỏi
What is biological evolution?
Câu trả lời
Change in heritable characteristics or allele frequencies of a population across generations.
Thẻ 739
Câu hỏi
What is allele frequency?
Câu trả lời
The proportion of gene copies in a population represented by a particular allele.
Thẻ 740
Câu hỏi
What is microevolution?
Câu trả lời
Evolutionary change in allele frequencies within populations over relatively short timescales.
Thẻ 741
Câu hỏi
What is speciation?
Câu trả lời
Evolutionary formation of new species.
Thẻ 742
Câu hỏi
Which term describes change in a population's heritable composition across generations?
Câu trả lời
biological evolution
Thẻ 743
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the proportion of a population's gene copies that are one allele?
Câu trả lời
allele frequency
Thẻ 744
Câu hỏi
Which term describes short-timescale allele-frequency change within populations?
Câu trả lời
microevolution
Thẻ 745
Câu hỏi
Which term describes formation of new species?
Câu trả lời
speciation
Thẻ 746
Câu hỏi
What is reproductive isolation?
Câu trả lời
Barriers that prevent or greatly reduce gene flow between populations.
Thẻ 747
Câu hỏi
What is allopatric speciation?
Câu trả lời
Speciation after populations become geographically separated and diverge.
Thẻ 748
Câu hỏi
What is sympatric speciation?
Câu trả lời
Speciation without geographic separation, through reproductive isolation within the same area.
Thẻ 749
Câu hỏi
What are homologous structures?
Câu trả lời
Structures similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor, even if their functions differ.
Thẻ 750
Câu hỏi
Which term describes barriers reducing gene flow between populations?
Câu trả lời
reproductive isolation
Thẻ 751
Câu hỏi
Which term describes speciation following geographic separation?
Câu trả lời
allopatric speciation
Thẻ 752
Câu hỏi
Which term describes speciation within the same geographic area?
Câu trả lời
sympatric speciation
Thẻ 753
Câu hỏi
Which term describes structures similar through common ancestry?
Câu trả lời
homologous structures
Thẻ 754
Câu hỏi
What are analogous structures?
Câu trả lời
Structures with similar functions that evolved independently rather than from the same ancestral structure.
Thẻ 755
Câu hỏi
What is a common ancestor?
Câu trả lời
An ancestral population from which two or more descendant lineages evolved.
Thẻ 756
Câu hỏi
How does the fossil record provide evidence for evolution?
Câu trả lời
It documents organisms from different times, including appearance, change, persistence, and extinction of lineages.
Thẻ 757
Câu hỏi
How do DNA and protein sequences provide evidence of common ancestry?
Câu trả lời
Shared sequences are inherited; greater similarity generally indicates more recent common ancestry.
Thẻ 758
Câu hỏi
Which term describes functionally similar structures of independent evolutionary origin?
Câu trả lời
analogous structures
Thẻ 759
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an ancestral population shared by descendant lineages?
Câu trả lời
a common ancestor
Thẻ 760
Câu hỏi
What is the evolutionary significance of extinction?
Câu trả lời
It permanently ends a lineage and can alter ecological opportunities and the future diversification of survivors.
Thẻ 761
Câu hỏi
Do individual organisms evolve during their lifetimes?
Câu trả lời
No. Individuals develop and acclimate; evolution is heritable change in populations across generations.
Thẻ 762
Câu hỏi
Why is evolution represented as a branching tree rather than a ladder?
Câu trả lời
Lineages split from common ancestors; living species are not arranged as stages toward a single goal.
Thẻ 763
Câu hỏi
How can island species support evolutionary explanations?
Câu trả lời
Their similarities to nearby mainland ancestors and unique local adaptations fit divergence after colonization and isolation.
Thẻ 764
Câu hỏi
How can geographic isolation lead to reproductive isolation?
Câu trả lời
Separated populations accumulate different mutations and experience different selection and drift until interbreeding is reduced.
Thẻ 765
Câu hỏi
Why can continuing gene flow slow speciation?
Câu trả lời
Movement of alleles between populations counteracts genetic divergence.
Thẻ 766
Câu hỏi
Why can unrelated species evolve similar traits?
Câu trả lời
Similar environmental challenges can favor similar functional solutions through convergent evolution.
Thẻ 767
Câu hỏi
Which parts of evolution are random and which are nonrandom?
Câu trả lời
Mutation and many sampling effects are random with respect to need; natural selection nonrandomly favors variants that reproduce better in a given environment.
Thẻ 768
Câu hỏi
What is conservation biology?
Câu trả lời
The science and practice of protecting biodiversity, ecological processes, and evolutionary potential.
Thẻ 769
Câu hỏi
What is habitat fragmentation?
Câu trả lời
Division of continuous habitat into smaller, isolated patches.
Thẻ 770
Câu hỏi
What is an endangered species?
Câu trả lời
A species facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
Thẻ 771
Câu hỏi
What is in situ conservation?
Câu trả lời
Protection of species in their natural habitats and ecological communities.
Thẻ 772
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the protection of biodiversity and ecological processes?
Câu trả lời
conservation biology
Thẻ 773
Câu hỏi
Which term describes division of habitat into isolated patches?
Câu trả lời
habitat fragmentation
Thẻ 774
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a species at high risk of extinction?
Câu trả lời
an endangered species
Thẻ 775
Câu hỏi
Which term describes conservation within natural habitat?
Câu trả lời
in situ conservation
Thẻ 776
Câu hỏi
What is ex situ conservation?
Câu trả lời
Protection of organisms or genetic material outside the natural habitat.
Thẻ 777
Câu hỏi
What is a population bottleneck?
Câu trả lời
A sharp population reduction that can remove genetic variation by chance.
Thẻ 778
Câu hỏi
What is a wildlife corridor?
Câu trả lời
Habitat connecting isolated patches to permit movement and gene flow.
Thẻ 779
Câu hỏi
What major human-driven processes threaten biodiversity?
Câu trả lời
Habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, and climate change.
Thẻ 780
Câu hỏi
Which term describes conservation outside natural habitat?
Câu trả lời
ex situ conservation
Thẻ 781
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a severe population reduction that loses genetic diversity?
Câu trả lời
a population bottleneck
Thẻ 782
Câu hỏi
Which term describes habitat linking isolated populations?
Câu trả lời
a wildlife corridor
Thẻ 783
Câu hỏi
What makes a protected area more effective than a boundary alone?
Câu trả lời
Adequate size, representative habitat, enforcement, connectivity, local support, and management of external threats.
Thẻ 784
Câu hỏi
Why is long-term population monitoring important in conservation?
Câu trả lời
It reveals trends, tests whether management works, and provides early warning of decline.
Thẻ 785
Câu hỏi
How can ecosystem services support the case for conservation?
Câu trả lời
Healthy ecosystems provide benefits such as pollination, water purification, carbon storage, soil formation, and cultural value.
Thẻ 786
Câu hỏi
Why are very small populations especially vulnerable to extinction?
Câu trả lời
Chance events, inbreeding, low genetic diversity, and difficulty finding mates can reinforce decline.
Thẻ 787
Câu hỏi
What are benefits and limits of captive-breeding programs?
Câu trả lời
They can prevent immediate extinction and manage breeding, but may lose diversity, alter behavior, and fail without safe habitat for release.
Thẻ 788
Câu hỏi
Why can controlling an invasive species aid conservation?
Câu trả lời
It can reduce predation, competition, disease, or habitat alteration affecting native species.
Thẻ 789
Câu hỏi
Why must conservation priorities consider more than species count?
Câu trả lời
Endemism, evolutionary distinctness, ecological roles, threat severity, feasibility, and human needs also matter.
Thẻ 790
Câu hỏi
What is an adaptation?
Câu trả lời
A heritable characteristic that increases reproductive success in a particular environment.
Thẻ 791
Câu hỏi
What is acclimation?
Câu trả lời
A reversible physiological or behavioral adjustment by an individual to environmental change.
Thẻ 792
Câu hỏi
What is a structural adaptation?
Câu trả lời
An inherited anatomical feature that improves performance in an environment.
Thẻ 793
Câu hỏi
What is a physiological adaptation?
Câu trả lời
An inherited functional or biochemical feature that improves performance in an environment.
Thẻ 794
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a heritable trait improving reproductive success in context?
Câu trả lời
an adaptation
Thẻ 795
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an individual's reversible adjustment to environmental change?
Câu trả lời
acclimation
Thẻ 796
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an adaptive anatomical feature?
Câu trả lời
a structural adaptation
Thẻ 797
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an adaptive functional or biochemical feature?
Câu trả lời
a physiological adaptation
Thẻ 798
Câu hỏi
What is a behavioral adaptation?
Câu trả lời
An inherited behavior pattern that improves survival or reproduction.
Thẻ 799
Câu hỏi
What is an environmental tolerance range?
Câu trả lời
The range of an abiotic condition within which an organism can survive and reproduce.
Thẻ 800
Câu hỏi
What is evolutionary fitness?
Câu trả lời
Relative contribution of an individual or genotype to future generations.
Thẻ 801
Câu hỏi
How can a thick cuticle and reduced leaves help a desert plant?
Câu trả lời
The cuticle lowers surface permeability, while smaller leaves reduce the area from which water can evaporate.
Thẻ 802
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an adaptive behavior pattern?
Câu trả lời
a behavioral adaptation
Thẻ 803
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the survivable range of an abiotic condition?
Câu trả lời
an environmental tolerance range
Thẻ 804
Câu hỏi
Which term describes relative reproductive contribution to future generations?
Câu trả lời
evolutionary fitness
Thẻ 805
Câu hỏi
How can a streamlined body adapt an aquatic animal to movement?
Câu trả lời
It reduces drag, lowering the energy needed to move through water.
Thẻ 806
Câu hỏi
Does an organism develop an adaptation because it needs one?
Câu trả lời
No. Heritable variants arise without regard to need, and selection changes their frequencies across generations.
Thẻ 807
Câu hỏi
Why may organisms from different thermal environments have enzymes with different temperature optima?
Câu trả lời
Selection favors protein structures that balance flexibility and stability under local temperatures.
Thẻ 808
Câu hỏi
Why is an adaptation rarely beneficial in every environment?
Câu trả lời
Traits carry costs and their advantage depends on local resources, competitors, predators, and physical conditions.
Thẻ 809
Câu hỏi
How does phenotypic plasticity differ from genetic adaptation?
Câu trả lời
Plasticity lets one genotype produce different phenotypes; adaptation is a heritable population trait shaped across generations.
Thẻ 810
Câu hỏi
What is local adaptation?
Câu trả lời
A population has higher fitness in its home environment than foreign populations because selection favored local traits.
Thẻ 811
Câu hỏi
What is an ecological niche?
Câu trả lời
The set of environmental conditions, resources, interactions, and functional roles associated with a species.
Thẻ 812
Câu hỏi
What is a habitat?
Câu trả lời
The physical place or environment where an organism lives.
Thẻ 813
Câu hỏi
What is a fundamental niche?
Câu trả lời
The full range of conditions and resources a species could use without limiting biotic interactions.
Thẻ 814
Câu hỏi
What is a realized niche?
Câu trả lời
The conditions and resources a species actually uses after competition and other interactions.
Thẻ 815
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a species' environmental requirements and ecological role?
Câu trả lời
an ecological niche
Thẻ 816
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the place where an organism lives?
Câu trả lời
a habitat
Thẻ 817
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the potential niche without limiting biotic interactions?
Câu trả lời
a fundamental niche
Thẻ 818
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the niche actually occupied in nature?
Câu trả lời
a realized niche
Thẻ 819
Câu hỏi
What is competition?
Câu trả lời
An interaction in which organisms reduce one another's access to a limited resource.
Thẻ 820
Câu hỏi
What is mutualism?
Câu trả lời
An interaction in which both participating species benefit.
Thẻ 821
Câu hỏi
What is predation?
Câu trả lời
An interaction in which one organism kills and consumes another.
Thẻ 822
Câu hỏi
How does a habitat differ from a niche?
Câu trả lời
A habitat is where an organism lives; a niche includes how it uses conditions and resources and interacts there.
Thẻ 823
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an interaction over a limited resource that harms both competitors?
Câu trả lời
competition
Thẻ 824
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an interspecific interaction benefiting both partners?
Câu trả lời
mutualism
Thẻ 825
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an interaction where one organism kills and eats another?
Câu trả lời
predation
Thẻ 826
Câu hỏi
What kinds of factors define a niche?
Câu trả lời
Abiotic factors such as temperature and moisture, plus biotic factors such as food, competitors, predators, and partners.
Thẻ 827
Câu hỏi
What does competitive exclusion predict?
Câu trả lời
Species with effectively identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely under stable conditions; one is excluded or niches diverge.
Thẻ 828
Câu hỏi
How can resource partitioning reduce competition?
Câu trả lời
Species use different resources, places, or times, reducing niche overlap.
Thẻ 829
Câu hỏi
What is a keystone species?
Câu trả lời
A species whose effect on community structure is disproportionately large relative to its abundance.
Thẻ 830
Câu hỏi
Why can an introduced species expand rapidly in a new community?
Câu trả lời
It may encounter abundant resources, suitable climate, and fewer predators, pathogens, or competitors.
Thẻ 831
Câu hỏi
Can an organism alter the niche conditions of other species?
Câu trả lời
Yes. Ecosystem engineers modify habitat structure or resource availability, changing opportunities for other organisms.
Thẻ 832
Câu hỏi
What is a population?
Câu trả lời
Individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time.
Thẻ 833
Câu hỏi
What is an ecological community?
Câu trả lời
Populations of different species living and interacting in an area.
Thẻ 834
Câu hỏi
What is an ecosystem?
Câu trả lời
A community together with its physical environment and their interactions.
Thẻ 835
Câu hỏi
What is carrying capacity?
Câu trả lời
The population size an environment can sustain over time under given conditions.
Thẻ 836
Câu hỏi
Which term describes same-species individuals sharing an area and time?
Câu trả lời
a population
Thẻ 837
Câu hỏi
Which term describes interacting populations of different species?
Câu trả lời
an ecological community
Thẻ 838
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a community plus its abiotic environment?
Câu trả lời
an ecosystem
Thẻ 839
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the long-term supportable population size?
Câu trả lời
carrying capacity
Thẻ 840
Câu hỏi
What is population density?
Câu trả lời
The number of individuals per unit area or volume.
Thẻ 841
Câu hỏi
What is a limiting factor?
Câu trả lời
A resource or condition that restricts population growth or distribution.
Thẻ 842
Câu hỏi
What is a density-dependent factor?
Câu trả lời
A factor whose effect strengthens as population density increases.
Thẻ 843
Câu hỏi
What is a density-independent factor?
Câu trả lời
A factor whose effect is not primarily determined by population density.
Thẻ 844
Câu hỏi
Which term describes individuals per unit area or volume?
Câu trả lời
population density
Thẻ 845
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a resource or condition restricting a population?
Câu trả lời
a limiting factor
Thẻ 846
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a factor with stronger effects at higher density?
Câu trả lời
a density-dependent factor
Thẻ 847
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a factor acting largely regardless of population density?
Câu trả lời
a density-independent factor
Thẻ 848
Câu hỏi
What is exponential population growth?
Câu trả lời
Growth at a constant per-capita rate, producing a J-shaped curve under ideal conditions.
Thẻ 849
Câu hỏi
What is logistic population growth?
Câu trả lời
Growth that slows as population size approaches carrying capacity, producing an S-shaped model.
Thẻ 850
Câu hỏi
What four processes directly change population size?
Câu trả lời
Births and immigration increase it; deaths and emigration decrease it.
Thẻ 851
Câu hỏi
Under what conditions can exponential growth occur temporarily?
Câu trả lời
Resources are abundant and limiting effects such as competition, disease, and predation are weak.
Thẻ 852
Câu hỏi
Which term describes J-shaped growth at constant per-capita rate?
Câu trả lời
exponential population growth
Thẻ 853
Câu hỏi
Which term describes S-shaped growth that slows near carrying capacity?
Câu trả lời
logistic population growth
Thẻ 854
Câu hỏi
Why is infectious disease often density dependent?
Câu trả lời
Close or frequent contact at high density increases transmission opportunities.
Thẻ 855
Câu hỏi
Give an example of a density-independent population factor.
Câu trả lời
A severe storm, wildfire, drought, or freeze can affect populations regardless of their initial density.
Thẻ 856
Câu hỏi
When is quadrat sampling useful?
Câu trả lời
For estimating abundance or frequency of sessile or slow-moving organisms in defined areas.
Thẻ 857
Câu hỏi
What can a transect reveal?
Câu trả lời
How species occurrence or abundance changes along an environmental gradient.
Thẻ 858
Câu hỏi
What can happen when a population overshoots carrying capacity?
Câu trả lời
Resource depletion may raise mortality or lower reproduction, causing decline or oscillation.
Thẻ 859
Câu hỏi
What is the basic mark–recapture estimate of population size?
Câu trả lời
First sample marked × second sample total ÷ marked individuals recaptured.
Thẻ 860
Câu hỏi
What assumptions improve a mark–recapture estimate?
Câu trả lời
Marks persist and do not affect survival, marked individuals mix, capture probability is similar, and the population is effectively closed.
Thẻ 861
Câu hỏi
Why does a correlation between two population variables not prove causation?
Câu trả lời
A third factor, reverse influence, chance, or biased sampling could produce the association.
Thẻ 862
Câu hỏi
What is a trophic level?
Câu trả lời
A feeding position in a food chain or web.
Thẻ 863
Câu hỏi
What is a producer?
Câu trả lời
An autotroph that converts inorganic carbon into organic matter.
Thẻ 864
Câu hỏi
What is a consumer?
Câu trả lời
An organism obtaining energy and matter by eating other organisms or organic material.
Thẻ 865
Câu hỏi
What is a decomposer?
Câu trả lời
An organism that externally digests dead material and wastes and absorbs the products.
Thẻ 866
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a feeding position in an ecosystem?
Câu trả lời
a trophic level
Thẻ 867
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an autotroph forming organic matter?
Câu trả lời
a producer
Thẻ 868
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an organism feeding on other organic matter?
Câu trả lời
a consumer
Thẻ 869
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an organism digesting dead organic matter externally?
Câu trả lời
a decomposer
Thẻ 870
Câu hỏi
What is a food chain?
Câu trả lời
A linear representation of feeding and energy-transfer relationships.
Thẻ 871
Câu hỏi
What is a food web?
Câu trả lời
A network of interconnected feeding relationships in a community.
Thẻ 872
Câu hỏi
What is gross primary productivity?
Câu trả lời
The total rate at which producers capture energy into organic matter.
Thẻ 873
Câu hỏi
What is net primary productivity?
Câu trả lời
Producer energy stored as new biomass after subtracting producer respiration from gross primary productivity.
Thẻ 874
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a linear feeding sequence?
Câu trả lời
a food chain
Thẻ 875
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a network of connected food chains?
Câu trả lời
a food web
Thẻ 876
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the total producer energy-capture rate?
Câu trả lời
gross primary productivity
Thẻ 877
Câu hỏi
Which term describes producer biomass gain after respiration?
Câu trả lời
net primary productivity
Thẻ 878
Câu hỏi
What is ecological productivity?
Câu trả lời
The rate of biomass or energy production per unit area or volume.
Thẻ 879
Câu hỏi
What is a biogeochemical cycle?
Câu trả lời
Movement of an element or compound through organisms and the physical environment.
Thẻ 880
Câu hỏi
Why is less energy available at each higher trophic level?
Câu trả lời
Not all biomass is eaten or digested, and organisms use energy in respiration, movement, maintenance, and heat loss.
Thẻ 881
Câu hỏi
Why does energy flow rather than cycle through an ecosystem?
Câu trả lời
Energy enters mainly as light and ultimately disperses as heat, which ecosystems cannot fully recycle.
Thẻ 882
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the rate of biomass or energy production?
Câu trả lời
ecological productivity
Thẻ 883
Câu hỏi
Which term describes cycling of matter through living and nonliving reservoirs?
Câu trả lời
a biogeochemical cycle
Thẻ 884
Câu hỏi
Why can matter cycle through an ecosystem?
Câu trả lời
Atoms are conserved and repeatedly transferred among organisms, detritus, soil, water, and atmosphere.
Thẻ 885
Câu hỏi
Why is a pyramid of energy always upright?
Câu trả lời
Usable energy decreases between trophic levels because every transfer includes losses.
Thẻ 886
Câu hỏi
How are gross and net primary productivity related?
Câu trả lời
NPP = GPP − producer respiration.
Thẻ 887
Câu hỏi
How do decomposers support nutrient cycling?
Câu trả lời
They break down dead material and wastes, releasing inorganic nutrients for reuse.
Thẻ 888
Câu hỏi
What processes move carbon rapidly between organisms and the atmosphere?
Câu trả lời
Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide; respiration, decomposition, and combustion release it.
Thẻ 889
Câu hỏi
Why is nitrogen fixation important?
Câu trả lời
It converts atmospheric nitrogen gas into forms that can enter biological nitrogen metabolism.
Thẻ 890
Câu hỏi
How can excess nitrogen or phosphorus cause eutrophication?
Câu trả lời
Nutrient enrichment drives algal growth; decomposition of the biomass consumes oxygen and can create hypoxic water.
Thẻ 891
Câu hỏi
Why can a persistent pollutant reach higher concentrations at higher trophic levels?
Câu trả lời
Predators consume contaminant stored in many prey, and the substance is not readily broken down or excreted.
Thẻ 892
Câu hỏi
How is trophic-transfer efficiency calculated?
Câu trả lời
Energy or biomass gained by the higher trophic level ÷ energy or biomass available at the lower level × 100%.
Thẻ 893
Câu hỏi
What is phenotypic variation?
Câu trả lời
Differences in observable traits among individuals of a population.
Thẻ 894
Câu hỏi
What is heritable variation?
Câu trả lời
Trait differences that can be transmitted genetically to offspring.
Thẻ 895
Câu hỏi
What is a selection pressure?
Câu trả lời
An environmental factor causing differences in survival or reproduction among phenotypes.
Thẻ 896
Câu hỏi
What is relative fitness?
Câu trả lời
An individual's reproductive success compared with others in the population.
Thẻ 897
Câu hỏi
Which term describes observable differences among individuals?
Câu trả lời
phenotypic variation
Thẻ 898
Câu hỏi
Which term describes genetically transmissible trait differences?
Câu trả lời
heritable variation
Thẻ 899
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an environmental factor producing differential reproductive success?
Câu trả lời
a selection pressure
Thẻ 900
Câu hỏi
Which term describes reproductive success relative to other individuals?
Câu trả lời
relative fitness
Thẻ 901
Câu hỏi
What is directional selection?
Câu trả lời
Selection favoring one extreme phenotype and shifting a population's trait distribution.
Thẻ 902
Câu hỏi
What is stabilizing selection?
Câu trả lời
Selection favoring intermediate phenotypes and acting against extremes.
Thẻ 903
Câu hỏi
What is disruptive selection?
Câu trả lời
Selection favoring both extreme phenotypes over intermediates.
Thẻ 904
Câu hỏi
What is sexual selection?
Câu trả lời
Selection arising from differences in mating success.
Thẻ 905
Câu hỏi
Which term describes selection shifting a trait toward one extreme?
Câu trả lời
directional selection
Thẻ 906
Câu hỏi
Which term describes selection favoring intermediate phenotypes?
Câu trả lời
stabilizing selection
Thẻ 907
Câu hỏi
Which term describes selection favoring both trait extremes?
Câu trả lời
disruptive selection
Thẻ 908
Câu hỏi
Which term describes selection caused by unequal mating success?
Câu trả lời
sexual selection
Thẻ 909
Câu hỏi
What conditions are required for natural selection?
Câu trả lời
Individuals vary, some variation is heritable, more offspring are produced than can reproduce, and variants differ in reproductive success.
Thẻ 910
Câu hỏi
How does natural selection produce antibiotic-resistant bacterial populations?
Câu trả lời
Existing resistant variants survive treatment and reproduce more than susceptible bacteria.
Thẻ 911
Câu hỏi
Does an antibiotic cause bacteria to mutate specifically toward resistance?
Câu trả lời
No. Resistance variants arise without regard to need; treatment selects among them.
Thẻ 912
Câu hỏi
Can an individual become genetically adapted through natural selection?
Câu trả lời
No. Selection acts on individuals, but adaptation is a population change across generations.
Thẻ 913
Câu hỏi
How does artificial selection differ from natural selection?
Câu trả lời
Humans choose breeding traits in artificial selection; environmental conditions determine differential reproduction in natural selection.
Thẻ 914
Câu hỏi
How does natural selection change a population?
Câu trả lời
Individuals with advantageous heritable variants leave more offspring, increasing those alleles over generations.
Thẻ 915
Câu hỏi
Why is fitness environment-dependent?
Câu trả lời
A trait that improves reproduction in one environment may be neutral or costly in another.
Thẻ 916
Câu hỏi
How does genetic drift differ from natural selection?
Câu trả lời
Drift changes allele frequencies by chance sampling; selection changes them through consistent fitness differences.
Thẻ 917
Câu hỏi
What is ecosystem stability?
Câu trả lời
The capacity of an ecosystem to maintain or recover its structure and functions despite disturbance.
Thẻ 918
Câu hỏi
What is an ecological tipping point?
Câu trả lời
A threshold beyond which feedbacks can drive a large and difficult-to-reverse ecosystem shift.
Thẻ 919
Câu hỏi
What is a mesocosm?
Câu trả lời
A controlled, simplified ecosystem used to investigate ecological processes under more realistic conditions than a small laboratory vessel.
Thẻ 920
Câu hỏi
What is a sustainable yield?
Câu trả lời
A harvest rate that can continue without causing long-term resource decline under prevailing conditions.
Thẻ 921
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the capacity of an ecosystem to persist or recover after disturbance?
Câu trả lời
ecosystem stability
Thẻ 922
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a threshold triggering a major hard-to-reverse ecosystem shift?
Câu trả lời
an ecological tipping point
Thẻ 923
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a controlled model ecosystem used for experiments?
Câu trả lời
a mesocosm
Thẻ 924
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a harvest rate that avoids long-term depletion?
Câu trả lời
a sustainable yield
Thẻ 925
Câu hỏi
What is eutrophication?
Câu trả lời
Nutrient enrichment of water that stimulates excess primary production and can lead to oxygen depletion.
Thẻ 926
Câu hỏi
What is biomagnification?
Câu trả lời
Increase in concentration of a persistent pollutant at successively higher trophic levels.
Thẻ 927
Câu hỏi
What is rewilding?
Câu trả lời
Ecosystem restoration that rebuilds natural processes, species interactions, and self-sustaining ecological function.
Thẻ 928
Câu hỏi
What features can make an ecosystem more stable?
Câu trả lời
Diverse functional roles, connected habitats, intact food webs, nutrient cycling, and balancing feedbacks can help the system resist or recover from disturbance.
Thẻ 929
Câu hỏi
Which term describes nutrient enrichment that can deplete oxygen in water?
Câu trả lời
eutrophication
Thẻ 930
Câu hỏi
Which term describes increasing pollutant concentration up a food chain?
Câu trả lời
biomagnification
Thẻ 931
Câu hỏi
Which term describes restoration focused on natural processes and self-sustaining ecosystems?
Câu trả lời
rewilding
Thẻ 932
Câu hỏi
How could extensive Amazon deforestation push the ecosystem toward a tipping point?
Câu trả lời
Loss of trees can reduce rainfall recycling and increase heat and fire, which cause further forest loss and may shift large areas toward a drier state.
Thẻ 933
Câu hỏi
What are a benefit and a limitation of using a mesocosm?
Câu trả lời
It allows controlled experiments with interacting organisms, but its simplified scale cannot reproduce every process or long-term influence in a natural ecosystem.
Thẻ 934
Câu hỏi
Why should a fishery harvest below an uncertain maximum sustainable yield?
Câu trả lời
Population estimates and recruitment vary, so a safety margin reduces the chance that error or a poor breeding year drives long-term decline.
Thẻ 935
Câu hỏi
How can intensive agriculture reduce ecosystem stability?
Câu trả lời
Habitat loss, low crop diversity, soil degradation, heavy water use, pesticides, and nutrient runoff can weaken food webs and ecosystem processes.
Thẻ 936
Câu hỏi
Why can microplastic pollution harm aquatic ecosystems?
Câu trả lời
Small persistent particles can be ingested, carry additives or other pollutants, damage feeding and tissues, and move through food webs.
Thẻ 937
Câu hỏi
How can rewilding improve ecosystem stability?
Câu trả lời
Restoring native species, habitat connections, and natural disturbance or grazing processes can rebuild feedbacks and allow the ecosystem to maintain itself with less intervention.
Thẻ 938
Câu hỏi
What is the greenhouse effect?
Câu trả lời
Warming caused when atmospheric gases absorb and re-emit outgoing infrared radiation.
Thẻ 939
Câu hỏi
What is a greenhouse gas?
Câu trả lời
An atmospheric gas that absorbs infrared radiation at wavelengths emitted by Earth.
Thẻ 940
Câu hỏi
What is carbon dioxide (CO₂)?
Câu trả lời
A long-lived greenhouse gas increased mainly by fossil-fuel combustion, cement production, and land-use change.
Thẻ 941
Câu hỏi
What is methane (CH₄)?
Câu trả lời
A potent greenhouse gas emitted by sources including fossil-fuel systems, livestock, rice cultivation, wetlands, and waste.
Thẻ 942
Câu hỏi
Which term describes warming from absorption and re-emission of infrared radiation?
Câu trả lời
the greenhouse effect
Thẻ 943
Câu hỏi
Which term describes an atmospheric infrared-absorbing gas?
Câu trả lời
a greenhouse gas
Thẻ 944
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the long-lived greenhouse gas strongly increased by fossil fuels?
Câu trả lời
carbon dioxide (CO₂)
Thẻ 945
Câu hỏi
Which term describes the potent short-lived greenhouse gas from biological and fossil sources?
Câu trả lời
methane (CH₄)
Thẻ 946
Câu hỏi
What is albedo?
Câu trả lời
The fraction of incoming radiation reflected by a surface.
Thẻ 947
Câu hỏi
What is a carbon sink?
Câu trả lời
A reservoir that absorbs more carbon than it releases over a specified period.
Thẻ 948
Câu hỏi
What is ocean acidification?
Câu trả lời
Decline in seawater pH caused mainly by absorption of human-emitted carbon dioxide.
Thẻ 949
Câu hỏi
What is climate change?
Câu trả lời
A persistent change in the statistical patterns of climate over decades or longer.
Thẻ 950
Câu hỏi
Which term describes surface reflectivity?
Câu trả lời
albedo
Thẻ 951
Câu hỏi
Which term describes a reservoir with net carbon uptake?
Câu trả lời
a carbon sink
Thẻ 952
Câu hỏi
Which term describes seawater pH decline from absorbed carbon dioxide?
Câu trả lời
ocean acidification
Thẻ 953
Câu hỏi
Which term describes long-term change in climate patterns?
Câu trả lời
climate change
Thẻ 954
Câu hỏi
What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?
Câu trả lời
Additional warming caused by human-driven increases in greenhouse-gas concentrations.
Thẻ 955
Câu hỏi
How do climate mitigation and climate adaptation differ?
Câu trả lời
Mitigation limits the magnitude of climate change; adaptation reduces harm from changes that occur.
Thẻ 956
Câu hỏi
How does increasing greenhouse-gas concentration alter Earth's energy balance?
Câu trả lời
Less outgoing infrared energy initially escapes to space, so the climate warms until energy balance is restored at a higher temperature.
Thẻ 957
Câu hỏi
How can melting ice amplify warming?
Câu trả lời
Less bright ice lowers albedo, so darker land or water absorbs more solar energy and causes further warming.
Thẻ 958
Câu hỏi
How can climate change alter species distributions?
Câu trả lời
Temperature, rainfall, seasons, sea level, and interactions shift, moving or shrinking areas with suitable conditions.
Thẻ 959
Câu hỏi
Why can ocean acidification harm calcifying organisms?
Câu trả lời
Carbonate chemistry changes, reducing availability of carbonate ions used to build calcium-carbonate structures.
Thẻ 960
Câu hỏi
How can ecosystem protection contribute to climate mitigation?
Câu trả lời
Protecting forests, wetlands, soils, and coastal habitats can avoid emissions and maintain or increase carbon storage.
960 thẻ
IB Biology SL Flashcards: Complete Course Review
Nibomo sẽ mở ra để bạn bắt đầu học.