Pharmacology Drug Class Flashcards: Mechanisms, Uses & Safety Patterns
Study 126 cards on 30 common drug classes: mechanisms, qualified generic-name patterns, common uses, and major safety concepts for nursing and introductory health science.
اس ڈیک کے بارے میں
Build a durable pharmacology map with 126 independently authored cards. Six prerequisites define drug classes, mechanisms, agonism, antagonism, inhibition, and how to treat generic-name stems as fallible clues. The remaining 120 cards cover 30 common classes through four separate retrieval directions: class → core mechanism; qualified pattern or representative generics → class; class → common use; and class → major safety concept.
The deck deliberately excludes dosing, prescribing, patient-specific guidance, administration or hold parameters, exhaustive contraindications and interactions, monitoring protocols, brand names, official questions, and clinical cases. Generic-name patterns are clues, never universal rules. Use this deck for study—not clinical decision-making.
Ordering supports learning: prerequisites come first, then five spiral blocks mix six broad topic groups. Same-class variants stay at least three unrelated cards apart, alternating mechanism, recognition, common-use, and safety recall instead of forming predictable runs.
Open Study Contributor independently authored this standalone deck from common pharmacology knowledge checked against WHO, FDA, and NIH/NCBI sources. Organization names identify sources only; no affiliation or endorsement is claimed.
اس ڈیک کے کارڈز
کارڈ 1
سوال
What is a drug class?
جواب
A group of drugs linked by a shared mechanism, target, structure, therapeutic use, or a combination of these features.
کارڈ 2
سوال
What does mechanism of action mean?
جواب
How a drug produces its effects at a molecular, cellular, or physiological target.
کارڈ 3
سوال
What is a receptor agonist?
جواب
A drug that binds to a receptor and activates it to produce a response.
کارڈ 4
سوال
What is a receptor antagonist?
جواب
A drug that binds to a receptor and blocks or reduces activation by an agonist.
کارڈ 5
سوال
What does it mean when a drug inhibits an enzyme or transporter?
جواب
It reduces that protein's activity, changing the movement or conversion of its usual substrates.
کارڈ 6
سوال
How should generic-name stems be used to recognize drug classes?
جواب
As clues, not universal rules. Confirm the actual drug because exceptions and overlapping stems exist.
کارڈ 7
سوال
ACE inhibitors: core mechanism?
جواب
They inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme, reducing angiotensin II and aldosterone while increasing bradykinin.
کارڈ 8
سوال
SSRIs: core mechanism?
جواب
They inhibit the serotonin transporter, increasing serotonin signaling in the synaptic cleft.
کارڈ 9
سوال
Biguanides: core mechanism?
جواب
Metformin mainly reduces hepatic glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity without directly stimulating insulin release.
کارڈ 10
سوال
Penicillins: core mechanism?
جواب
Their beta-lactam ring binds penicillin-binding proteins and disrupts bacterial cell-wall synthesis.
کارڈ 11
سوال
Which class is often suggested by the ending -pril?
جواب
ACE inhibitors. Examples include lisinopril and enalapril, but a name stem is only a clue.
کارڈ 12
سوال
Proton-pump inhibitors: core mechanism?
جواب
They inhibit the H+/K+ ATPase proton pump in gastric parietal cells, strongly reducing acid secretion.
کارڈ 13
سوال
SSRIs: common uses?
جواب
Depression and several anxiety-related disorders; the approved indications differ by agent.
کارڈ 14
سوال
NSAIDs: core mechanism?
جواب
They inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis.
کارڈ 15
سوال
Biguanides: major safety concepts?
جواب
Gastrointestinal effects are common; vitamin B12 can fall with long use, and lactic acidosis is rare but serious.
کارڈ 16
سوال
Which class is often suggested by the ending -cillin?
جواب
Penicillins, such as amoxicillin and piperacillin. The stem does not describe spectrum or resistance.
کارڈ 17
سوال
ACE inhibitors: common uses?
جواب
Hypertension and selected heart-failure, post-myocardial-infarction, and kidney-protection indications.
کارڈ 18
سوال
Proton-pump inhibitors: major safety concepts?
جواب
Possible concerns include hypomagnesemia and enteric infection risk. Many other long-term links are observational rather than proven causal effects.
کارڈ 19
سوال
Which class is often suggested by -oxetine or -opram?
جواب
SSRIs, but not universally. Sertraline and fluvoxamine are exceptions, and some stems overlap other classes.
کارڈ 20
سوال
NSAIDs: common uses?
جواب
Pain, inflammation, and fever; individual agents also have more specific uses.
کارڈ 21
سوال
Metformin belongs to which drug class?
جواب
Biguanides. Metformin is the main widely used member, so there is no useful class-wide suffix rule.
کارڈ 22
سوال
Penicillins: major safety concepts?
جواب
Hypersensitivity can range from rash to anaphylaxis; diarrhea and antibiotic-associated colitis are additional concerns.
کارڈ 23
سوال
ACE inhibitors: major safety concepts?
جواب
Cough, hyperkalemia, kidney-function changes, angioedema, and fetal harm are major class concerns.
کارڈ 24
سوال
Proton-pump inhibitors: common uses?
جواب
Acid-related disorders such as GERD, erosive esophagitis, and peptic-ulcer disease.
کارڈ 25
سوال
SSRIs: major safety concepts?
جواب
Serotonin syndrome, bleeding and hyponatremia risks, sexual dysfunction, and the antidepressant suicidality warning for younger people.
کارڈ 26
سوال
Ibuprofen, naproxen, and ketorolac belong to which class?
جواب
NSAIDs. The class has no single reliable generic-name suffix.
کارڈ 27
سوال
Biguanides: common use?
جواب
Type 2 diabetes.
کارڈ 28
سوال
Penicillins: common use?
جواب
Treatment of susceptible bacterial infections; the spectrum differs substantially among individual penicillins.
کارڈ 29
سوال
Which class is often suggested by the ending -prazole?
جواب
Proton-pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and pantoprazole. Confirm the individual drug.
کارڈ 30
سوال
NSAIDs: major safety concepts?
جواب
Gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney injury, fluid retention, and cardiovascular events are key risks; FDA also warns about use from about 20 weeks of pregnancy.
کارڈ 31
سوال
Sulfonylureas: core mechanism?
جواب
They close ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells, triggering insulin release even when glucose is not high.
کارڈ 32
سوال
H2 blockers: core mechanism?
جواب
They competitively block histamine H2 receptors on gastric parietal cells, reducing acid secretion.
کارڈ 33
سوال
SNRIs: core mechanism?
جواب
They inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake transporters, increasing both transmitters in synapses.
کارڈ 34
سوال
Opioid analgesics: core mechanism?
جواب
They activate opioid receptors; many important analgesic effects and toxicities are mediated through mu receptors.
کارڈ 35
سوال
Glipizide, glyburide, and glimepiride belong to which class?
جواب
Sulfonylureas. Their names offer clues, but the broad ending -ide is not class-specific.
کارڈ 36
سوال
ARBs: core mechanism?
جواب
They block angiotensin II at AT1 receptors, reducing vasoconstriction and aldosterone effects.
کارڈ 37
سوال
H2 blockers: common uses?
جواب
Acid-related disorders such as heartburn, GERD, and gastric or duodenal ulcers.
کارڈ 38
سوال
Cephalosporins: core mechanism?
جواب
Their beta-lactam ring binds penicillin-binding proteins and disrupts bacterial cell-wall synthesis.
کارڈ 39
سوال
SNRIs: major safety concepts?
جواب
Serotonin syndrome, blood-pressure increases, discontinuation symptoms, and the antidepressant suicidality warning for younger people.
کارڈ 40
سوال
Morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl belong to which broad class?
جواب
Opioid analgesics. The class has no single reliable generic-name suffix.
کارڈ 41
سوال
Sulfonylureas: common use?
جواب
Type 2 diabetes when increasing pancreatic insulin release is appropriate.
کارڈ 42
سوال
ARBs: major safety concepts?
جواب
Hyperkalemia, hypotension, kidney-function changes, and fetal harm are major concerns; cough is less common than with ACE inhibitors.
کارڈ 43
سوال
Which class is often suggested by the ending -tidine?
جواب
H2 receptor blockers, such as famotidine and cimetidine. Confirm the individual drug.
کارڈ 44
سوال
Cephalosporins: common use?
جواب
Treatment of susceptible bacterial infections; antibacterial spectrum varies widely by agent and generation.
کارڈ 45
سوال
Which name endings can suggest an SNRI?
جواب
-faxine or sometimes -oxetine, but neither is decisive. The -oxetine ending also appears in some SSRIs.
کارڈ 46
سوال
Opioid analgesics: major safety concepts?
جواب
Respiratory depression, sedation, constipation, tolerance, dependence, and overdose; benzodiazepines and other depressants increase danger.
کارڈ 47
سوال
Sulfonylureas: major safety concepts?
جواب
Hypoglycemia and weight gain are the main class patterns, with risk differing among agents and clinical contexts.
کارڈ 48
سوال
ARBs: common uses?
جواب
Hypertension and selected heart-failure and kidney-protection indications.
کارڈ 49
سوال
H2 blockers: major safety concepts?
جواب
They are usually well tolerated, but confusion or other CNS effects can occur with reduced clearance; cimetidine has many interactions.
کارڈ 50
سوال
Which class is often suggested by cef- or ceph-?
جواب
Cephalosporins, such as cefazolin and cephalexin. The name does not reveal the full spectrum.
کارڈ 51
سوال
SNRIs: common uses?
جواب
Depression and anxiety disorders; selected agents also treat neuropathic pain or fibromyalgia.
کارڈ 52
سوال
Opioid analgesics: common uses?
جواب
Analgesia for selected severe pain and perioperative settings; individual opioids also have other specific uses.
کارڈ 53
سوال
Which class is often suggested by the ending -sartan?
جواب
Angiotensin II receptor blockers, or ARBs. Examples include losartan and valsartan.
کارڈ 54
سوال
Cephalosporins: major safety concepts?
جواب
Hypersensitivity and antibiotic-associated diarrhea are important; penicillin cross-reactivity depends largely on similar side chains.
کارڈ 55
سوال
Beta2 agonists: core mechanism?
جواب
They activate beta2 receptors, increasing cAMP and relaxing airway smooth muscle.
کارڈ 56
سوال
Beta blockers: core mechanism?
جواب
They antagonize beta-adrenergic receptors; beta1 blockade can reduce heart rate, contractility, and renin release.
کارڈ 57
سوال
Systemic corticosteroids: core mechanism?
جواب
They bind intracellular glucocorticoid receptors and alter gene transcription, reducing inflammatory and immune signaling.
کارڈ 58
سوال
Benzodiazepines: core mechanism?
جواب
They positively modulate GABA-A receptors, increasing the frequency of chloride-channel opening when GABA is present.
کارڈ 59
سوال
Which class is often suggested by the ending -terol?
جواب
Beta2 agonist bronchodilators, such as formoterol and salmeterol. Albuterol is a familiar exception.
کارڈ 60
سوال
Macrolides: core mechanism?
جواب
They bind the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit protein synthesis.
کارڈ 61
سوال
Beta blockers: common uses?
جواب
Selected cardiovascular conditions such as arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and hypertension; some agents have noncardiac uses.
کارڈ 62
سوال
GLP-1 receptor agonists: core mechanism?
جواب
They activate GLP-1 receptors, increasing glucose-dependent insulin release, suppressing glucagon, and slowing gastric emptying.
کارڈ 63
سوال
Systemic corticosteroids: major safety concepts?
جواب
Infection, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal suppression; risks rise with systemic exposure and duration.
126 کارڈز
Pharmacology Drug Class Flashcards: Mechanisms, Uses & Safety Patterns
یہ ڈیک مفت پڑھیںمطالعہ شروع کرنے کے لیے Nibomo کھلے گا۔
کارڈ 64
سوال
Which endings often suggest a benzodiazepine?
جواب
-azepam or -azolam, as in diazepam or midazolam. Not every sedative with a similar ending belongs to this class.
کارڈ 65
سوال
Beta2 agonists: common use?
جواب
Bronchodilation in asthma or COPD regimens; short- and long-acting agents play different roles.
کارڈ 66
سوال
Macrolides: major safety concepts?
جواب
Gastrointestinal effects, QT prolongation, and clinically important interactions that vary by agent.
کارڈ 67
سوال
Which class is often suggested by the ending -olol?
جواب
Beta blockers, such as metoprolol and propranolol. Receptor selectivity still varies by agent.
کارڈ 68
سوال
GLP-1 receptor agonists: common uses?
جواب
Type 2 diabetes; selected agents are also approved for chronic weight management and cardiovascular-risk reduction.
کارڈ 69
سوال
Which patterns often suggest a systemic corticosteroid?
جواب
-sone or -olone, as in prednisone or prednisolone, but these endings are not unique to the class.
کارڈ 70
سوال
Benzodiazepines: major safety concepts?
جواب
Sedation, dependence and withdrawal, plus respiratory depression—especially with opioids, alcohol, or other CNS depressants.
کارڈ 71
سوال
Beta2 agonists: major safety concepts?
جواب
Tremor, palpitations or tachycardia, hypokalemia, and rare paradoxical bronchospasm.
کارڈ 72
سوال
Macrolides: common use?
جواب
Treatment of selected susceptible bacterial infections, including some respiratory and atypical pathogens.
کارڈ 73
سوال
Beta blockers: major safety concepts?
جواب
Bradycardia and hypotension; nonselective agents can cause bronchospasm, and the class can mask adrenergic signs of hypoglycemia.
کارڈ 74
سوال
Which class is often suggested by -glutide?
جواب
GLP-1 receptor agonists, such as semaglutide and liraglutide. Exenatide and lixisenatide show the pattern is not universal.
کارڈ 75
سوال
Systemic corticosteroids: common uses?
جواب
Inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune disorders, with the route and agent chosen for the condition.
کارڈ 76
سوال
Benzodiazepines: common uses?
جواب
Anxiety, seizures, procedural sedation, or alcohol withdrawal, depending on the agent and setting.
کارڈ 77
سوال
Which class is often suggested by the ending -thromycin?
جواب
Macrolide antibiotics, such as azithromycin and clarithromycin. Confirm the individual agent.
کارڈ 78
سوال
GLP-1 receptor agonists: major safety concepts?
جواب
Gastrointestinal effects are common; gallbladder disease and pancreatitis are warnings, and some labels warn about thyroid C-cell tumors.
کارڈ 79
سوال
Second-generation antipsychotics: core mechanism?
جواب
Most modulate dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A signaling, but receptor profiles vary substantially by agent.
کارڈ 80
سوال
Tetracyclines: core mechanism?
جواب
They bind the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit protein synthesis.
کارڈ 81
سوال
Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers: core mechanism?
جواب
They block L-type calcium channels mainly in vascular smooth muscle, causing arteriolar relaxation.
کارڈ 82
سوال
Inhaled antimuscarinics: core mechanism?
جواب
They block airway muscarinic receptors, reducing vagal bronchoconstriction and promoting bronchodilation.
کارڈ 83
سوال
Which endings often suggest a second-generation antipsychotic?
جواب
-apine or -idone often appear, but many members use other endings and the stems are not class-specific.
کارڈ 84
سوال
SGLT2 inhibitors: core mechanism?
جواب
They inhibit renal sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, increasing urinary glucose and sodium excretion.
کارڈ 85
سوال
Tetracyclines: common uses?
جواب
Selected susceptible bacterial infections and, for some agents, acne or rosacea.
کارڈ 86
سوال
Bisphosphonates: core mechanism?
جواب
They bind bone mineral and inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.
کارڈ 87
سوال
Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers: major safety concepts?
جواب
Peripheral edema, flushing, headache, dizziness, and hypotension are characteristic patterns.
کارڈ 88
سوال
Which class is often suggested by the ending -tropium?
جواب
Inhaled antimuscarinic bronchodilators, such as ipratropium and tiotropium. Several class members use other endings.
کارڈ 89
سوال
Second-generation antipsychotics: common uses?
جواب
Schizophrenia and selected bipolar or other psychiatric indications; approvals differ by agent.
کارڈ 90
سوال
SGLT2 inhibitors: major safety concepts?
جواب
Genital infections, volume depletion, ketoacidosis, and rare necrotizing infection of the perineum.
کارڈ 91
سوال
Which class is often suggested by the ending -cycline?
جواب
Tetracycline antibiotics, such as doxycycline and minocycline. Confirm the individual drug.
کارڈ 92
سوال
Bisphosphonates: common uses?
جواب
Osteoporosis and selected disorders with excessive bone resorption, including Paget disease or malignancy-related bone disease.
کارڈ 93
سوال
Which class is often suggested by the ending -dipine?
جواب
Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers, such as amlodipine and nifedipine.
کارڈ 94
سوال
Inhaled antimuscarinics: major safety concepts?
جواب
Dry mouth, urinary retention, tachycardia, and eye exposure that may worsen narrow-angle glaucoma.
کارڈ 95
سوال
Second-generation antipsychotics: major safety concepts?
جواب
Metabolic effects, movement disorders, QT effects, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome; labels warn about increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis.
کارڈ 96
سوال
SGLT2 inhibitors: common uses?
جواب
Type 2 diabetes; selected agents also treat heart failure or chronic kidney disease.
کارڈ 97
سوال
Tetracyclines: major safety concepts?
جواب
Gastrointestinal or esophageal irritation, photosensitivity, and effects on developing teeth and bone are key patterns.
کارڈ 98
سوال
Which class is often suggested by the ending -dronate?
جواب
Bisphosphonates, such as alendronate and risedronate. Confirm the individual agent and formulation.
کارڈ 99
سوال
Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers: common uses?
جواب
Hypertension and angina, using vascular smooth-muscle relaxation to reduce arterial tone.
کارڈ 100
سوال
Inhaled antimuscarinics: common use?
جواب
Maintenance bronchodilation, especially in COPD; selected agents also serve as add-on asthma therapy.
کارڈ 101
سوال
Which class is often suggested by the ending -gliflozin?
جواب
SGLT2 inhibitors, such as empagliflozin and dapagliflozin.
کارڈ 102
سوال
Bisphosphonates: major safety concepts?
جواب
Upper-GI irritation with oral agents, hypocalcemia, and rare osteonecrosis of the jaw or atypical femur fracture.
کارڈ 103
سوال
TNF inhibitors: core mechanism?
جواب
They neutralize tumor necrosis factor signaling, reducing downstream inflammation.
کارڈ 104
سوال
DPP-4 inhibitors: core mechanism?
جواب
They inhibit DPP-4, prolonging endogenous incretin activity and increasing glucose-dependent insulin release.
کارڈ 105
سوال
Inhaled corticosteroids: core mechanism?
جواب
They activate glucocorticoid receptors in airway cells, reducing inflammatory gene expression and airway inflammation.
کارڈ 106
سوال
Statins: core mechanism?
جواب
They inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, reducing hepatic cholesterol synthesis and increasing hepatic LDL-receptor activity.
کارڈ 107
سوال
Adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept belong to which class?
جواب
TNF inhibitors. The class has no single specific shared suffix: -mab is broad, and etanercept ends in -cept.
کارڈ 108
سوال
Triptans: core mechanism?
جواب
They activate serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptors, reducing trigeminal signaling and causing cranial vasoconstriction.
کارڈ 109
سوال
DPP-4 inhibitors: common use?
جواب
Type 2 diabetes, using enhanced endogenous incretin signaling to improve glucose-dependent insulin release.
کارڈ 110
سوال
Fluoroquinolones: core mechanism?
جواب
They inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, disrupting DNA replication.
کارڈ 111
سوال
Inhaled corticosteroids: major safety concepts?
جواب
Oral candidiasis and dysphonia are important local effects; systemic effects become more relevant with higher exposure.
کارڈ 112
سوال
Which class is suggested by the ending -statin?
جواب
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, or statins, such as atorvastatin and rosuvastatin.
کارڈ 113
سوال
TNF inhibitors: common uses?
جواب
Selected autoimmune inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis-related conditions.
کارڈ 114
سوال
Triptans: major safety concepts?
جواب
Vasoconstrictive risk in coronary, cerebrovascular, or peripheral vascular disease, plus tingling, flushing, or chest pressure called triptan sensations.
کارڈ 115
سوال
Which class is suggested by the ending -gliptin?
جواب
DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin and linagliptin.
کارڈ 116
سوال
Fluoroquinolones: common use?
جواب
Selected serious or resistant bacterial infections when their spectrum and risk profile fit the infection.
کارڈ 117
سوال
Which patterns often suggest an inhaled corticosteroid?
جواب
-sonide or -sone often appear, as in budesonide or fluticasone, but these endings are not class-specific.
کارڈ 118
سوال
Statins: major safety concepts?
جواب
Muscle symptoms and rare rhabdomyolysis or liver injury; pregnancy is a major risk context, although FDA no longer applies a blanket class contraindication.
کارڈ 119
سوال
TNF inhibitors: major safety concepts?
جواب
Serious infections and reactivation of tuberculosis or hepatitis B are central concerns; other warnings vary by agent.
کارڈ 120
سوال
Triptans: common use?
جواب
Acute treatment of migraine attacks; they are not general-purpose analgesics or routine migraine preventives.
کارڈ 121
سوال
DPP-4 inhibitors: major safety concepts?
جواب
Severe joint pain and pancreatitis are warnings; some agents also carry a heart-failure warning.
کارڈ 122
سوال
Which class is suggested by the ending -floxacin?
جواب
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin.
کارڈ 123
سوال
Inhaled corticosteroids: common use?
جواب
Controller therapy for asthma and selected COPD regimens; they reduce inflammation rather than acting as standalone rescue bronchodilators.
کارڈ 124
سوال
Statins: common uses?
جواب
Lowering LDL cholesterol and reducing atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk.
کارڈ 125
سوال
Which class is suggested by the ending -triptan?
جواب
Triptan antimigraine agents, such as sumatriptan and rizatriptan.
کارڈ 126
سوال
Fluoroquinolones: major safety concepts?
جواب
Potentially disabling tendon, muscle, joint, nerve, and CNS effects, plus a rare risk of aortic aneurysm or rupture in susceptible people.
126 کارڈز
Pharmacology Drug Class Flashcards: Mechanisms, Uses & Safety Patterns
مطالعہ شروع کرنے کے لیے Nibomo کھلے گا۔