Pharmacology Drug Class Flashcards: Mechanisms, Uses & Safety Patterns
Study 126 cards on 30 common drug classes: mechanisms, qualified generic-name patterns, common uses, and major safety concepts for nursing and introductory health science.
За това тесте
Build a durable pharmacology map with 126 independently authored cards. Six prerequisites define drug classes, mechanisms, agonism, antagonism, inhibition, and how to treat generic-name stems as fallible clues. The remaining 120 cards cover 30 common classes through four separate retrieval directions: class → core mechanism; qualified pattern or representative generics → class; class → common use; and class → major safety concept.
The deck deliberately excludes dosing, prescribing, patient-specific guidance, administration or hold parameters, exhaustive contraindications and interactions, monitoring protocols, brand names, official questions, and clinical cases. Generic-name patterns are clues, never universal rules. Use this deck for study—not clinical decision-making.
Ordering supports learning: prerequisites come first, then five spiral blocks mix six broad topic groups. Same-class variants stay at least three unrelated cards apart, alternating mechanism, recognition, common-use, and safety recall instead of forming predictable runs.
Open Study Contributor independently authored this standalone deck from common pharmacology knowledge checked against WHO, FDA, and NIH/NCBI sources. Organization names identify sources only; no affiliation or endorsement is claimed.
Карти в това тесте
Карта 1
Въпрос
What is a drug class?
Отговор
A group of drugs linked by a shared mechanism, target, structure, therapeutic use, or a combination of these features.
Карта 2
Въпрос
What does mechanism of action mean?
Отговор
How a drug produces its effects at a molecular, cellular, or physiological target.
Карта 3
Въпрос
What is a receptor agonist?
Отговор
A drug that binds to a receptor and activates it to produce a response.
Карта 4
Въпрос
What is a receptor antagonist?
Отговор
A drug that binds to a receptor and blocks or reduces activation by an agonist.
Карта 5
Въпрос
What does it mean when a drug inhibits an enzyme or transporter?
Отговор
It reduces that protein's activity, changing the movement or conversion of its usual substrates.
Карта 6
Въпрос
How should generic-name stems be used to recognize drug classes?
Отговор
As clues, not universal rules. Confirm the actual drug because exceptions and overlapping stems exist.
Карта 7
Въпрос
ACE inhibitors: core mechanism?
Отговор
They inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme, reducing angiotensin II and aldosterone while increasing bradykinin.
Карта 8
Въпрос
SSRIs: core mechanism?
Отговор
They inhibit the serotonin transporter, increasing serotonin signaling in the synaptic cleft.
Карта 9
Въпрос
Biguanides: core mechanism?
Отговор
Metformin mainly reduces hepatic glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity without directly stimulating insulin release.
Карта 10
Въпрос
Penicillins: core mechanism?
Отговор
Their beta-lactam ring binds penicillin-binding proteins and disrupts bacterial cell-wall synthesis.
Карта 11
Въпрос
Which class is often suggested by the ending -pril?
Отговор
ACE inhibitors. Examples include lisinopril and enalapril, but a name stem is only a clue.
Карта 12
Въпрос
Proton-pump inhibitors: core mechanism?
Отговор
They inhibit the H+/K+ ATPase proton pump in gastric parietal cells, strongly reducing acid secretion.
Карта 13
Въпрос
SSRIs: common uses?
Отговор
Depression and several anxiety-related disorders; the approved indications differ by agent.
Карта 14
Въпрос
NSAIDs: core mechanism?
Отговор
They inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis.
Карта 15
Въпрос
Biguanides: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Gastrointestinal effects are common; vitamin B12 can fall with long use, and lactic acidosis is rare but serious.
Карта 16
Въпрос
Which class is often suggested by the ending -cillin?
Отговор
Penicillins, such as amoxicillin and piperacillin. The stem does not describe spectrum or resistance.
Карта 17
Въпрос
ACE inhibitors: common uses?
Отговор
Hypertension and selected heart-failure, post-myocardial-infarction, and kidney-protection indications.
Карта 18
Въпрос
Proton-pump inhibitors: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Possible concerns include hypomagnesemia and enteric infection risk. Many other long-term links are observational rather than proven causal effects.
Карта 19
Въпрос
Which class is often suggested by -oxetine or -opram?
Отговор
SSRIs, but not universally. Sertraline and fluvoxamine are exceptions, and some stems overlap other classes.
Карта 20
Въпрос
NSAIDs: common uses?
Отговор
Pain, inflammation, and fever; individual agents also have more specific uses.
Карта 21
Въпрос
Metformin belongs to which drug class?
Отговор
Biguanides. Metformin is the main widely used member, so there is no useful class-wide suffix rule.
Карта 22
Въпрос
Penicillins: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Hypersensitivity can range from rash to anaphylaxis; diarrhea and antibiotic-associated colitis are additional concerns.
Карта 23
Въпрос
ACE inhibitors: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Cough, hyperkalemia, kidney-function changes, angioedema, and fetal harm are major class concerns.
Карта 24
Въпрос
Proton-pump inhibitors: common uses?
Отговор
Acid-related disorders such as GERD, erosive esophagitis, and peptic-ulcer disease.
Карта 25
Въпрос
SSRIs: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Serotonin syndrome, bleeding and hyponatremia risks, sexual dysfunction, and the antidepressant suicidality warning for younger people.
Карта 26
Въпрос
Ibuprofen, naproxen, and ketorolac belong to which class?
Отговор
NSAIDs. The class has no single reliable generic-name suffix.
Карта 27
Въпрос
Biguanides: common use?
Отговор
Type 2 diabetes.
Карта 28
Въпрос
Penicillins: common use?
Отговор
Treatment of susceptible bacterial infections; the spectrum differs substantially among individual penicillins.
Карта 29
Въпрос
Which class is often suggested by the ending -prazole?
Отговор
Proton-pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and pantoprazole. Confirm the individual drug.
Карта 30
Въпрос
NSAIDs: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney injury, fluid retention, and cardiovascular events are key risks; FDA also warns about use from about 20 weeks of pregnancy.
Карта 31
Въпрос
Sulfonylureas: core mechanism?
Отговор
They close ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells, triggering insulin release even when glucose is not high.
Карта 32
Въпрос
H2 blockers: core mechanism?
Отговор
They competitively block histamine H2 receptors on gastric parietal cells, reducing acid secretion.
Карта 33
Въпрос
SNRIs: core mechanism?
Отговор
They inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake transporters, increasing both transmitters in synapses.
Карта 34
Въпрос
Opioid analgesics: core mechanism?
Отговор
They activate opioid receptors; many important analgesic effects and toxicities are mediated through mu receptors.
Карта 35
Въпрос
Glipizide, glyburide, and glimepiride belong to which class?
Отговор
Sulfonylureas. Their names offer clues, but the broad ending -ide is not class-specific.
Карта 36
Въпрос
ARBs: core mechanism?
Отговор
They block angiotensin II at AT1 receptors, reducing vasoconstriction and aldosterone effects.
Карта 37
Въпрос
H2 blockers: common uses?
Отговор
Acid-related disorders such as heartburn, GERD, and gastric or duodenal ulcers.
Карта 38
Въпрос
Cephalosporins: core mechanism?
Отговор
Their beta-lactam ring binds penicillin-binding proteins and disrupts bacterial cell-wall synthesis.
Карта 39
Въпрос
SNRIs: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Serotonin syndrome, blood-pressure increases, discontinuation symptoms, and the antidepressant suicidality warning for younger people.
Карта 40
Въпрос
Morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl belong to which broad class?
Отговор
Opioid analgesics. The class has no single reliable generic-name suffix.
Карта 41
Въпрос
Sulfonylureas: common use?
Отговор
Type 2 diabetes when increasing pancreatic insulin release is appropriate.
Карта 42
Въпрос
ARBs: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Hyperkalemia, hypotension, kidney-function changes, and fetal harm are major concerns; cough is less common than with ACE inhibitors.
Карта 43
Въпрос
Which class is often suggested by the ending -tidine?
Отговор
H2 receptor blockers, such as famotidine and cimetidine. Confirm the individual drug.
Карта 44
Въпрос
Cephalosporins: common use?
Отговор
Treatment of susceptible bacterial infections; antibacterial spectrum varies widely by agent and generation.
Карта 45
Въпрос
Which name endings can suggest an SNRI?
Отговор
-faxine or sometimes -oxetine, but neither is decisive. The -oxetine ending also appears in some SSRIs.
Карта 46
Въпрос
Opioid analgesics: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Respiratory depression, sedation, constipation, tolerance, dependence, and overdose; benzodiazepines and other depressants increase danger.
Карта 47
Въпрос
Sulfonylureas: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Hypoglycemia and weight gain are the main class patterns, with risk differing among agents and clinical contexts.
Карта 48
Въпрос
ARBs: common uses?
Отговор
Hypertension and selected heart-failure and kidney-protection indications.
Карта 49
Въпрос
H2 blockers: major safety concepts?
Отговор
They are usually well tolerated, but confusion or other CNS effects can occur with reduced clearance; cimetidine has many interactions.
Карта 50
Въпрос
Which class is often suggested by cef- or ceph-?
Отговор
Cephalosporins, such as cefazolin and cephalexin. The name does not reveal the full spectrum.
Карта 51
Въпрос
SNRIs: common uses?
Отговор
Depression and anxiety disorders; selected agents also treat neuropathic pain or fibromyalgia.
Карта 52
Въпрос
Opioid analgesics: common uses?
Отговор
Analgesia for selected severe pain and perioperative settings; individual opioids also have other specific uses.
Карта 53
Въпрос
Which class is often suggested by the ending -sartan?
Отговор
Angiotensin II receptor blockers, or ARBs. Examples include losartan and valsartan.
Карта 54
Въпрос
Cephalosporins: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Hypersensitivity and antibiotic-associated diarrhea are important; penicillin cross-reactivity depends largely on similar side chains.
Карта 55
Въпрос
Beta2 agonists: core mechanism?
Отговор
They activate beta2 receptors, increasing cAMP and relaxing airway smooth muscle.
Карта 56
Въпрос
Beta blockers: core mechanism?
Отговор
They antagonize beta-adrenergic receptors; beta1 blockade can reduce heart rate, contractility, and renin release.
Карта 57
Въпрос
Systemic corticosteroids: core mechanism?
Отговор
They bind intracellular glucocorticoid receptors and alter gene transcription, reducing inflammatory and immune signaling.
Карта 58
Въпрос
Benzodiazepines: core mechanism?
Отговор
They positively modulate GABA-A receptors, increasing the frequency of chloride-channel opening when GABA is present.
Карта 59
Въпрос
Which class is often suggested by the ending -terol?
Отговор
Beta2 agonist bronchodilators, such as formoterol and salmeterol. Albuterol is a familiar exception.
Карта 60
Въпрос
Macrolides: core mechanism?
Отговор
They bind the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit protein synthesis.
Карта 61
Въпрос
Beta blockers: common uses?
Отговор
Selected cardiovascular conditions such as arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and hypertension; some agents have noncardiac uses.
Карта 62
Въпрос
GLP-1 receptor agonists: core mechanism?
Отговор
They activate GLP-1 receptors, increasing glucose-dependent insulin release, suppressing glucagon, and slowing gastric emptying.
Карта 63
Въпрос
Systemic corticosteroids: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Infection, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal suppression; risks rise with systemic exposure and duration.
126 карти
Pharmacology Drug Class Flashcards: Mechanisms, Uses & Safety Patterns
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Карта 64
Въпрос
Which endings often suggest a benzodiazepine?
Отговор
-azepam or -azolam, as in diazepam or midazolam. Not every sedative with a similar ending belongs to this class.
Карта 65
Въпрос
Beta2 agonists: common use?
Отговор
Bronchodilation in asthma or COPD regimens; short- and long-acting agents play different roles.
Карта 66
Въпрос
Macrolides: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Gastrointestinal effects, QT prolongation, and clinically important interactions that vary by agent.
Карта 67
Въпрос
Which class is often suggested by the ending -olol?
Отговор
Beta blockers, such as metoprolol and propranolol. Receptor selectivity still varies by agent.
Карта 68
Въпрос
GLP-1 receptor agonists: common uses?
Отговор
Type 2 diabetes; selected agents are also approved for chronic weight management and cardiovascular-risk reduction.
Карта 69
Въпрос
Which patterns often suggest a systemic corticosteroid?
Отговор
-sone or -olone, as in prednisone or prednisolone, but these endings are not unique to the class.
Карта 70
Въпрос
Benzodiazepines: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Sedation, dependence and withdrawal, plus respiratory depression—especially with opioids, alcohol, or other CNS depressants.
Карта 71
Въпрос
Beta2 agonists: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Tremor, palpitations or tachycardia, hypokalemia, and rare paradoxical bronchospasm.
Карта 72
Въпрос
Macrolides: common use?
Отговор
Treatment of selected susceptible bacterial infections, including some respiratory and atypical pathogens.
Карта 73
Въпрос
Beta blockers: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Bradycardia and hypotension; nonselective agents can cause bronchospasm, and the class can mask adrenergic signs of hypoglycemia.
Карта 74
Въпрос
Which class is often suggested by -glutide?
Отговор
GLP-1 receptor agonists, such as semaglutide and liraglutide. Exenatide and lixisenatide show the pattern is not universal.
Карта 75
Въпрос
Systemic corticosteroids: common uses?
Отговор
Inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune disorders, with the route and agent chosen for the condition.
Карта 76
Въпрос
Benzodiazepines: common uses?
Отговор
Anxiety, seizures, procedural sedation, or alcohol withdrawal, depending on the agent and setting.
Карта 77
Въпрос
Which class is often suggested by the ending -thromycin?
Отговор
Macrolide antibiotics, such as azithromycin and clarithromycin. Confirm the individual agent.
Карта 78
Въпрос
GLP-1 receptor agonists: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Gastrointestinal effects are common; gallbladder disease and pancreatitis are warnings, and some labels warn about thyroid C-cell tumors.
Карта 79
Въпрос
Second-generation antipsychotics: core mechanism?
Отговор
Most modulate dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A signaling, but receptor profiles vary substantially by agent.
Карта 80
Въпрос
Tetracyclines: core mechanism?
Отговор
They bind the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit protein synthesis.
Карта 81
Въпрос
Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers: core mechanism?
Отговор
They block L-type calcium channels mainly in vascular smooth muscle, causing arteriolar relaxation.
Карта 82
Въпрос
Inhaled antimuscarinics: core mechanism?
Отговор
They block airway muscarinic receptors, reducing vagal bronchoconstriction and promoting bronchodilation.
Карта 83
Въпрос
Which endings often suggest a second-generation antipsychotic?
Отговор
-apine or -idone often appear, but many members use other endings and the stems are not class-specific.
Карта 84
Въпрос
SGLT2 inhibitors: core mechanism?
Отговор
They inhibit renal sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, increasing urinary glucose and sodium excretion.
Карта 85
Въпрос
Tetracyclines: common uses?
Отговор
Selected susceptible bacterial infections and, for some agents, acne or rosacea.
Карта 86
Въпрос
Bisphosphonates: core mechanism?
Отговор
They bind bone mineral and inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.
Карта 87
Въпрос
Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Peripheral edema, flushing, headache, dizziness, and hypotension are characteristic patterns.
Карта 88
Въпрос
Which class is often suggested by the ending -tropium?
Отговор
Inhaled antimuscarinic bronchodilators, such as ipratropium and tiotropium. Several class members use other endings.
Карта 89
Въпрос
Second-generation antipsychotics: common uses?
Отговор
Schizophrenia and selected bipolar or other psychiatric indications; approvals differ by agent.
Карта 90
Въпрос
SGLT2 inhibitors: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Genital infections, volume depletion, ketoacidosis, and rare necrotizing infection of the perineum.
Карта 91
Въпрос
Which class is often suggested by the ending -cycline?
Отговор
Tetracycline antibiotics, such as doxycycline and minocycline. Confirm the individual drug.
Карта 92
Въпрос
Bisphosphonates: common uses?
Отговор
Osteoporosis and selected disorders with excessive bone resorption, including Paget disease or malignancy-related bone disease.
Карта 93
Въпрос
Which class is often suggested by the ending -dipine?
Отговор
Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers, such as amlodipine and nifedipine.
Карта 94
Въпрос
Inhaled antimuscarinics: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Dry mouth, urinary retention, tachycardia, and eye exposure that may worsen narrow-angle glaucoma.
Карта 95
Въпрос
Second-generation antipsychotics: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Metabolic effects, movement disorders, QT effects, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome; labels warn about increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis.
Карта 96
Въпрос
SGLT2 inhibitors: common uses?
Отговор
Type 2 diabetes; selected agents also treat heart failure or chronic kidney disease.
Карта 97
Въпрос
Tetracyclines: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Gastrointestinal or esophageal irritation, photosensitivity, and effects on developing teeth and bone are key patterns.
Карта 98
Въпрос
Which class is often suggested by the ending -dronate?
Отговор
Bisphosphonates, such as alendronate and risedronate. Confirm the individual agent and formulation.
Карта 99
Въпрос
Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers: common uses?
Отговор
Hypertension and angina, using vascular smooth-muscle relaxation to reduce arterial tone.
Карта 100
Въпрос
Inhaled antimuscarinics: common use?
Отговор
Maintenance bronchodilation, especially in COPD; selected agents also serve as add-on asthma therapy.
Карта 101
Въпрос
Which class is often suggested by the ending -gliflozin?
Отговор
SGLT2 inhibitors, such as empagliflozin and dapagliflozin.
Карта 102
Въпрос
Bisphosphonates: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Upper-GI irritation with oral agents, hypocalcemia, and rare osteonecrosis of the jaw or atypical femur fracture.
Карта 103
Въпрос
TNF inhibitors: core mechanism?
Отговор
They neutralize tumor necrosis factor signaling, reducing downstream inflammation.
Карта 104
Въпрос
DPP-4 inhibitors: core mechanism?
Отговор
They inhibit DPP-4, prolonging endogenous incretin activity and increasing glucose-dependent insulin release.
Карта 105
Въпрос
Inhaled corticosteroids: core mechanism?
Отговор
They activate glucocorticoid receptors in airway cells, reducing inflammatory gene expression and airway inflammation.
Карта 106
Въпрос
Statins: core mechanism?
Отговор
They inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, reducing hepatic cholesterol synthesis and increasing hepatic LDL-receptor activity.
Карта 107
Въпрос
Adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept belong to which class?
Отговор
TNF inhibitors. The class has no single specific shared suffix: -mab is broad, and etanercept ends in -cept.
Карта 108
Въпрос
Triptans: core mechanism?
Отговор
They activate serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptors, reducing trigeminal signaling and causing cranial vasoconstriction.
Карта 109
Въпрос
DPP-4 inhibitors: common use?
Отговор
Type 2 diabetes, using enhanced endogenous incretin signaling to improve glucose-dependent insulin release.
Карта 110
Въпрос
Fluoroquinolones: core mechanism?
Отговор
They inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, disrupting DNA replication.
Карта 111
Въпрос
Inhaled corticosteroids: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Oral candidiasis and dysphonia are important local effects; systemic effects become more relevant with higher exposure.
Карта 112
Въпрос
Which class is suggested by the ending -statin?
Отговор
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, or statins, such as atorvastatin and rosuvastatin.
Карта 113
Въпрос
TNF inhibitors: common uses?
Отговор
Selected autoimmune inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis-related conditions.
Карта 114
Въпрос
Triptans: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Vasoconstrictive risk in coronary, cerebrovascular, or peripheral vascular disease, plus tingling, flushing, or chest pressure called triptan sensations.
Карта 115
Въпрос
Which class is suggested by the ending -gliptin?
Отговор
DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin and linagliptin.
Карта 116
Въпрос
Fluoroquinolones: common use?
Отговор
Selected serious or resistant bacterial infections when their spectrum and risk profile fit the infection.
Карта 117
Въпрос
Which patterns often suggest an inhaled corticosteroid?
Отговор
-sonide or -sone often appear, as in budesonide or fluticasone, but these endings are not class-specific.
Карта 118
Въпрос
Statins: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Muscle symptoms and rare rhabdomyolysis or liver injury; pregnancy is a major risk context, although FDA no longer applies a blanket class contraindication.
Карта 119
Въпрос
TNF inhibitors: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Serious infections and reactivation of tuberculosis or hepatitis B are central concerns; other warnings vary by agent.
Карта 120
Въпрос
Triptans: common use?
Отговор
Acute treatment of migraine attacks; they are not general-purpose analgesics or routine migraine preventives.
Карта 121
Въпрос
DPP-4 inhibitors: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Severe joint pain and pancreatitis are warnings; some agents also carry a heart-failure warning.
Карта 122
Въпрос
Which class is suggested by the ending -floxacin?
Отговор
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin.
Карта 123
Въпрос
Inhaled corticosteroids: common use?
Отговор
Controller therapy for asthma and selected COPD regimens; they reduce inflammation rather than acting as standalone rescue bronchodilators.
Карта 124
Въпрос
Statins: common uses?
Отговор
Lowering LDL cholesterol and reducing atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk.
Карта 125
Въпрос
Which class is suggested by the ending -triptan?
Отговор
Triptan antimigraine agents, such as sumatriptan and rizatriptan.
Карта 126
Въпрос
Fluoroquinolones: major safety concepts?
Отговор
Potentially disabling tendon, muscle, joint, nerve, and CNS effects, plus a rare risk of aortic aneurysm or rupture in susceptible people.
126 карти
Pharmacology Drug Class Flashcards: Mechanisms, Uses & Safety Patterns
Nibomo се отваря, за да започнете да учите.