Pharmacology Drug Class Flashcards: Mechanisms, Uses & Safety Patterns
Study 126 cards on 30 common drug classes: mechanisms, qualified generic-name patterns, common uses, and major safety concepts for nursing and introductory health science.
เกี่ยวกับเด็คนี้
Build a durable pharmacology map with 126 independently authored cards. Six prerequisites define drug classes, mechanisms, agonism, antagonism, inhibition, and how to treat generic-name stems as fallible clues. The remaining 120 cards cover 30 common classes through four separate retrieval directions: class → core mechanism; qualified pattern or representative generics → class; class → common use; and class → major safety concept.
The deck deliberately excludes dosing, prescribing, patient-specific guidance, administration or hold parameters, exhaustive contraindications and interactions, monitoring protocols, brand names, official questions, and clinical cases. Generic-name patterns are clues, never universal rules. Use this deck for study—not clinical decision-making.
Ordering supports learning: prerequisites come first, then five spiral blocks mix six broad topic groups. Same-class variants stay at least three unrelated cards apart, alternating mechanism, recognition, common-use, and safety recall instead of forming predictable runs.
Open Study Contributor independently authored this standalone deck from common pharmacology knowledge checked against WHO, FDA, and NIH/NCBI sources. Organization names identify sources only; no affiliation or endorsement is claimed.
การ์ดในเด็คนี้
การ์ด 1
คำถาม
What is a drug class?
คำตอบ
A group of drugs linked by a shared mechanism, target, structure, therapeutic use, or a combination of these features.
การ์ด 2
คำถาม
What does mechanism of action mean?
คำตอบ
How a drug produces its effects at a molecular, cellular, or physiological target.
การ์ด 3
คำถาม
What is a receptor agonist?
คำตอบ
A drug that binds to a receptor and activates it to produce a response.
การ์ด 4
คำถาม
What is a receptor antagonist?
คำตอบ
A drug that binds to a receptor and blocks or reduces activation by an agonist.
การ์ด 5
คำถาม
What does it mean when a drug inhibits an enzyme or transporter?
คำตอบ
It reduces that protein's activity, changing the movement or conversion of its usual substrates.
การ์ด 6
คำถาม
How should generic-name stems be used to recognize drug classes?
คำตอบ
As clues, not universal rules. Confirm the actual drug because exceptions and overlapping stems exist.
การ์ด 7
คำถาม
ACE inhibitors: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme, reducing angiotensin II and aldosterone while increasing bradykinin.
การ์ด 8
คำถาม
SSRIs: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They inhibit the serotonin transporter, increasing serotonin signaling in the synaptic cleft.
การ์ด 9
คำถาม
Biguanides: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
Metformin mainly reduces hepatic glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity without directly stimulating insulin release.
การ์ด 10
คำถาม
Penicillins: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
Their beta-lactam ring binds penicillin-binding proteins and disrupts bacterial cell-wall synthesis.
การ์ด 11
คำถาม
Which class is often suggested by the ending -pril?
คำตอบ
ACE inhibitors. Examples include lisinopril and enalapril, but a name stem is only a clue.
การ์ด 12
คำถาม
Proton-pump inhibitors: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They inhibit the H+/K+ ATPase proton pump in gastric parietal cells, strongly reducing acid secretion.
การ์ด 13
คำถาม
SSRIs: common uses?
คำตอบ
Depression and several anxiety-related disorders; the approved indications differ by agent.
การ์ด 14
คำถาม
NSAIDs: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis.
การ์ด 15
คำถาม
Biguanides: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Gastrointestinal effects are common; vitamin B12 can fall with long use, and lactic acidosis is rare but serious.
การ์ด 16
คำถาม
Which class is often suggested by the ending -cillin?
คำตอบ
Penicillins, such as amoxicillin and piperacillin. The stem does not describe spectrum or resistance.
การ์ด 17
คำถาม
ACE inhibitors: common uses?
คำตอบ
Hypertension and selected heart-failure, post-myocardial-infarction, and kidney-protection indications.
การ์ด 18
คำถาม
Proton-pump inhibitors: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Possible concerns include hypomagnesemia and enteric infection risk. Many other long-term links are observational rather than proven causal effects.
การ์ด 19
คำถาม
Which class is often suggested by -oxetine or -opram?
คำตอบ
SSRIs, but not universally. Sertraline and fluvoxamine are exceptions, and some stems overlap other classes.
การ์ด 20
คำถาม
NSAIDs: common uses?
คำตอบ
Pain, inflammation, and fever; individual agents also have more specific uses.
การ์ด 21
คำถาม
Metformin belongs to which drug class?
คำตอบ
Biguanides. Metformin is the main widely used member, so there is no useful class-wide suffix rule.
การ์ด 22
คำถาม
Penicillins: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Hypersensitivity can range from rash to anaphylaxis; diarrhea and antibiotic-associated colitis are additional concerns.
การ์ด 23
คำถาม
ACE inhibitors: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Cough, hyperkalemia, kidney-function changes, angioedema, and fetal harm are major class concerns.
การ์ด 24
คำถาม
Proton-pump inhibitors: common uses?
คำตอบ
Acid-related disorders such as GERD, erosive esophagitis, and peptic-ulcer disease.
การ์ด 25
คำถาม
SSRIs: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Serotonin syndrome, bleeding and hyponatremia risks, sexual dysfunction, and the antidepressant suicidality warning for younger people.
การ์ด 26
คำถาม
Ibuprofen, naproxen, and ketorolac belong to which class?
คำตอบ
NSAIDs. The class has no single reliable generic-name suffix.
การ์ด 27
คำถาม
Biguanides: common use?
คำตอบ
Type 2 diabetes.
การ์ด 28
คำถาม
Penicillins: common use?
คำตอบ
Treatment of susceptible bacterial infections; the spectrum differs substantially among individual penicillins.
การ์ด 29
คำถาม
Which class is often suggested by the ending -prazole?
คำตอบ
Proton-pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and pantoprazole. Confirm the individual drug.
การ์ด 30
คำถาม
NSAIDs: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney injury, fluid retention, and cardiovascular events are key risks; FDA also warns about use from about 20 weeks of pregnancy.
การ์ด 31
คำถาม
Sulfonylureas: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They close ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells, triggering insulin release even when glucose is not high.
การ์ด 32
คำถาม
H2 blockers: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They competitively block histamine H2 receptors on gastric parietal cells, reducing acid secretion.
การ์ด 33
คำถาม
SNRIs: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake transporters, increasing both transmitters in synapses.
การ์ด 34
คำถาม
Opioid analgesics: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They activate opioid receptors; many important analgesic effects and toxicities are mediated through mu receptors.
การ์ด 35
คำถาม
Glipizide, glyburide, and glimepiride belong to which class?
คำตอบ
Sulfonylureas. Their names offer clues, but the broad ending -ide is not class-specific.
การ์ด 36
คำถาม
ARBs: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They block angiotensin II at AT1 receptors, reducing vasoconstriction and aldosterone effects.
การ์ด 37
คำถาม
H2 blockers: common uses?
คำตอบ
Acid-related disorders such as heartburn, GERD, and gastric or duodenal ulcers.
การ์ด 38
คำถาม
Cephalosporins: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
Their beta-lactam ring binds penicillin-binding proteins and disrupts bacterial cell-wall synthesis.
การ์ด 39
คำถาม
SNRIs: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Serotonin syndrome, blood-pressure increases, discontinuation symptoms, and the antidepressant suicidality warning for younger people.
การ์ด 40
คำถาม
Morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl belong to which broad class?
คำตอบ
Opioid analgesics. The class has no single reliable generic-name suffix.
การ์ด 41
คำถาม
Sulfonylureas: common use?
คำตอบ
Type 2 diabetes when increasing pancreatic insulin release is appropriate.
การ์ด 42
คำถาม
ARBs: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Hyperkalemia, hypotension, kidney-function changes, and fetal harm are major concerns; cough is less common than with ACE inhibitors.
การ์ด 43
คำถาม
Which class is often suggested by the ending -tidine?
คำตอบ
H2 receptor blockers, such as famotidine and cimetidine. Confirm the individual drug.
การ์ด 44
คำถาม
Cephalosporins: common use?
คำตอบ
Treatment of susceptible bacterial infections; antibacterial spectrum varies widely by agent and generation.
การ์ด 45
คำถาม
Which name endings can suggest an SNRI?
คำตอบ
-faxine or sometimes -oxetine, but neither is decisive. The -oxetine ending also appears in some SSRIs.
การ์ด 46
คำถาม
Opioid analgesics: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Respiratory depression, sedation, constipation, tolerance, dependence, and overdose; benzodiazepines and other depressants increase danger.
การ์ด 47
คำถาม
Sulfonylureas: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Hypoglycemia and weight gain are the main class patterns, with risk differing among agents and clinical contexts.
การ์ด 48
คำถาม
ARBs: common uses?
คำตอบ
Hypertension and selected heart-failure and kidney-protection indications.
การ์ด 49
คำถาม
H2 blockers: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
They are usually well tolerated, but confusion or other CNS effects can occur with reduced clearance; cimetidine has many interactions.
การ์ด 50
คำถาม
Which class is often suggested by cef- or ceph-?
คำตอบ
Cephalosporins, such as cefazolin and cephalexin. The name does not reveal the full spectrum.
การ์ด 51
คำถาม
SNRIs: common uses?
คำตอบ
Depression and anxiety disorders; selected agents also treat neuropathic pain or fibromyalgia.
การ์ด 52
คำถาม
Opioid analgesics: common uses?
คำตอบ
Analgesia for selected severe pain and perioperative settings; individual opioids also have other specific uses.
การ์ด 53
คำถาม
Which class is often suggested by the ending -sartan?
คำตอบ
Angiotensin II receptor blockers, or ARBs. Examples include losartan and valsartan.
การ์ด 54
คำถาม
Cephalosporins: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Hypersensitivity and antibiotic-associated diarrhea are important; penicillin cross-reactivity depends largely on similar side chains.
การ์ด 55
คำถาม
Beta2 agonists: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They activate beta2 receptors, increasing cAMP and relaxing airway smooth muscle.
การ์ด 56
คำถาม
Beta blockers: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They antagonize beta-adrenergic receptors; beta1 blockade can reduce heart rate, contractility, and renin release.
การ์ด 57
คำถาม
Systemic corticosteroids: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They bind intracellular glucocorticoid receptors and alter gene transcription, reducing inflammatory and immune signaling.
การ์ด 58
คำถาม
Benzodiazepines: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They positively modulate GABA-A receptors, increasing the frequency of chloride-channel opening when GABA is present.
การ์ด 59
คำถาม
Which class is often suggested by the ending -terol?
คำตอบ
Beta2 agonist bronchodilators, such as formoterol and salmeterol. Albuterol is a familiar exception.
การ์ด 60
คำถาม
Macrolides: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They bind the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit protein synthesis.
การ์ด 61
คำถาม
Beta blockers: common uses?
คำตอบ
Selected cardiovascular conditions such as arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and hypertension; some agents have noncardiac uses.
การ์ด 62
คำถาม
GLP-1 receptor agonists: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They activate GLP-1 receptors, increasing glucose-dependent insulin release, suppressing glucagon, and slowing gastric emptying.
การ์ด 63
คำถาม
Systemic corticosteroids: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Infection, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal suppression; risks rise with systemic exposure and duration.
126 การ์ด
Pharmacology Drug Class Flashcards: Mechanisms, Uses & Safety Patterns
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การ์ด 64
คำถาม
Which endings often suggest a benzodiazepine?
คำตอบ
-azepam or -azolam, as in diazepam or midazolam. Not every sedative with a similar ending belongs to this class.
การ์ด 65
คำถาม
Beta2 agonists: common use?
คำตอบ
Bronchodilation in asthma or COPD regimens; short- and long-acting agents play different roles.
การ์ด 66
คำถาม
Macrolides: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Gastrointestinal effects, QT prolongation, and clinically important interactions that vary by agent.
การ์ด 67
คำถาม
Which class is often suggested by the ending -olol?
คำตอบ
Beta blockers, such as metoprolol and propranolol. Receptor selectivity still varies by agent.
การ์ด 68
คำถาม
GLP-1 receptor agonists: common uses?
คำตอบ
Type 2 diabetes; selected agents are also approved for chronic weight management and cardiovascular-risk reduction.
การ์ด 69
คำถาม
Which patterns often suggest a systemic corticosteroid?
คำตอบ
-sone or -olone, as in prednisone or prednisolone, but these endings are not unique to the class.
การ์ด 70
คำถาม
Benzodiazepines: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Sedation, dependence and withdrawal, plus respiratory depression—especially with opioids, alcohol, or other CNS depressants.
การ์ด 71
คำถาม
Beta2 agonists: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Tremor, palpitations or tachycardia, hypokalemia, and rare paradoxical bronchospasm.
การ์ด 72
คำถาม
Macrolides: common use?
คำตอบ
Treatment of selected susceptible bacterial infections, including some respiratory and atypical pathogens.
การ์ด 73
คำถาม
Beta blockers: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Bradycardia and hypotension; nonselective agents can cause bronchospasm, and the class can mask adrenergic signs of hypoglycemia.
การ์ด 74
คำถาม
Which class is often suggested by -glutide?
คำตอบ
GLP-1 receptor agonists, such as semaglutide and liraglutide. Exenatide and lixisenatide show the pattern is not universal.
การ์ด 75
คำถาม
Systemic corticosteroids: common uses?
คำตอบ
Inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune disorders, with the route and agent chosen for the condition.
การ์ด 76
คำถาม
Benzodiazepines: common uses?
คำตอบ
Anxiety, seizures, procedural sedation, or alcohol withdrawal, depending on the agent and setting.
การ์ด 77
คำถาม
Which class is often suggested by the ending -thromycin?
คำตอบ
Macrolide antibiotics, such as azithromycin and clarithromycin. Confirm the individual agent.
การ์ด 78
คำถาม
GLP-1 receptor agonists: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Gastrointestinal effects are common; gallbladder disease and pancreatitis are warnings, and some labels warn about thyroid C-cell tumors.
การ์ด 79
คำถาม
Second-generation antipsychotics: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
Most modulate dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A signaling, but receptor profiles vary substantially by agent.
การ์ด 80
คำถาม
Tetracyclines: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They bind the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit protein synthesis.
การ์ด 81
คำถาม
Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They block L-type calcium channels mainly in vascular smooth muscle, causing arteriolar relaxation.
การ์ด 82
คำถาม
Inhaled antimuscarinics: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They block airway muscarinic receptors, reducing vagal bronchoconstriction and promoting bronchodilation.
การ์ด 83
คำถาม
Which endings often suggest a second-generation antipsychotic?
คำตอบ
-apine or -idone often appear, but many members use other endings and the stems are not class-specific.
การ์ด 84
คำถาม
SGLT2 inhibitors: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They inhibit renal sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, increasing urinary glucose and sodium excretion.
การ์ด 85
คำถาม
Tetracyclines: common uses?
คำตอบ
Selected susceptible bacterial infections and, for some agents, acne or rosacea.
การ์ด 86
คำถาม
Bisphosphonates: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They bind bone mineral and inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.
การ์ด 87
คำถาม
Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Peripheral edema, flushing, headache, dizziness, and hypotension are characteristic patterns.
การ์ด 88
คำถาม
Which class is often suggested by the ending -tropium?
คำตอบ
Inhaled antimuscarinic bronchodilators, such as ipratropium and tiotropium. Several class members use other endings.
การ์ด 89
คำถาม
Second-generation antipsychotics: common uses?
คำตอบ
Schizophrenia and selected bipolar or other psychiatric indications; approvals differ by agent.
การ์ด 90
คำถาม
SGLT2 inhibitors: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Genital infections, volume depletion, ketoacidosis, and rare necrotizing infection of the perineum.
การ์ด 91
คำถาม
Which class is often suggested by the ending -cycline?
คำตอบ
Tetracycline antibiotics, such as doxycycline and minocycline. Confirm the individual drug.
การ์ด 92
คำถาม
Bisphosphonates: common uses?
คำตอบ
Osteoporosis and selected disorders with excessive bone resorption, including Paget disease or malignancy-related bone disease.
การ์ด 93
คำถาม
Which class is often suggested by the ending -dipine?
คำตอบ
Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers, such as amlodipine and nifedipine.
การ์ด 94
คำถาม
Inhaled antimuscarinics: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Dry mouth, urinary retention, tachycardia, and eye exposure that may worsen narrow-angle glaucoma.
การ์ด 95
คำถาม
Second-generation antipsychotics: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Metabolic effects, movement disorders, QT effects, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome; labels warn about increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis.
การ์ด 96
คำถาม
SGLT2 inhibitors: common uses?
คำตอบ
Type 2 diabetes; selected agents also treat heart failure or chronic kidney disease.
การ์ด 97
คำถาม
Tetracyclines: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Gastrointestinal or esophageal irritation, photosensitivity, and effects on developing teeth and bone are key patterns.
การ์ด 98
คำถาม
Which class is often suggested by the ending -dronate?
คำตอบ
Bisphosphonates, such as alendronate and risedronate. Confirm the individual agent and formulation.
การ์ด 99
คำถาม
Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers: common uses?
คำตอบ
Hypertension and angina, using vascular smooth-muscle relaxation to reduce arterial tone.
การ์ด 100
คำถาม
Inhaled antimuscarinics: common use?
คำตอบ
Maintenance bronchodilation, especially in COPD; selected agents also serve as add-on asthma therapy.
การ์ด 101
คำถาม
Which class is often suggested by the ending -gliflozin?
คำตอบ
SGLT2 inhibitors, such as empagliflozin and dapagliflozin.
การ์ด 102
คำถาม
Bisphosphonates: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Upper-GI irritation with oral agents, hypocalcemia, and rare osteonecrosis of the jaw or atypical femur fracture.
การ์ด 103
คำถาม
TNF inhibitors: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They neutralize tumor necrosis factor signaling, reducing downstream inflammation.
การ์ด 104
คำถาม
DPP-4 inhibitors: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They inhibit DPP-4, prolonging endogenous incretin activity and increasing glucose-dependent insulin release.
การ์ด 105
คำถาม
Inhaled corticosteroids: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They activate glucocorticoid receptors in airway cells, reducing inflammatory gene expression and airway inflammation.
การ์ด 106
คำถาม
Statins: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, reducing hepatic cholesterol synthesis and increasing hepatic LDL-receptor activity.
การ์ด 107
คำถาม
Adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept belong to which class?
คำตอบ
TNF inhibitors. The class has no single specific shared suffix: -mab is broad, and etanercept ends in -cept.
การ์ด 108
คำถาม
Triptans: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They activate serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptors, reducing trigeminal signaling and causing cranial vasoconstriction.
การ์ด 109
คำถาม
DPP-4 inhibitors: common use?
คำตอบ
Type 2 diabetes, using enhanced endogenous incretin signaling to improve glucose-dependent insulin release.
การ์ด 110
คำถาม
Fluoroquinolones: core mechanism?
คำตอบ
They inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, disrupting DNA replication.
การ์ด 111
คำถาม
Inhaled corticosteroids: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Oral candidiasis and dysphonia are important local effects; systemic effects become more relevant with higher exposure.
การ์ด 112
คำถาม
Which class is suggested by the ending -statin?
คำตอบ
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, or statins, such as atorvastatin and rosuvastatin.
การ์ด 113
คำถาม
TNF inhibitors: common uses?
คำตอบ
Selected autoimmune inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis-related conditions.
การ์ด 114
คำถาม
Triptans: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Vasoconstrictive risk in coronary, cerebrovascular, or peripheral vascular disease, plus tingling, flushing, or chest pressure called triptan sensations.
การ์ด 115
คำถาม
Which class is suggested by the ending -gliptin?
คำตอบ
DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin and linagliptin.
การ์ด 116
คำถาม
Fluoroquinolones: common use?
คำตอบ
Selected serious or resistant bacterial infections when their spectrum and risk profile fit the infection.
การ์ด 117
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Which patterns often suggest an inhaled corticosteroid?
คำตอบ
-sonide or -sone often appear, as in budesonide or fluticasone, but these endings are not class-specific.
การ์ด 118
คำถาม
Statins: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Muscle symptoms and rare rhabdomyolysis or liver injury; pregnancy is a major risk context, although FDA no longer applies a blanket class contraindication.
การ์ด 119
คำถาม
TNF inhibitors: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Serious infections and reactivation of tuberculosis or hepatitis B are central concerns; other warnings vary by agent.
การ์ด 120
คำถาม
Triptans: common use?
คำตอบ
Acute treatment of migraine attacks; they are not general-purpose analgesics or routine migraine preventives.
การ์ด 121
คำถาม
DPP-4 inhibitors: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Severe joint pain and pancreatitis are warnings; some agents also carry a heart-failure warning.
การ์ด 122
คำถาม
Which class is suggested by the ending -floxacin?
คำตอบ
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin.
การ์ด 123
คำถาม
Inhaled corticosteroids: common use?
คำตอบ
Controller therapy for asthma and selected COPD regimens; they reduce inflammation rather than acting as standalone rescue bronchodilators.
การ์ด 124
คำถาม
Statins: common uses?
คำตอบ
Lowering LDL cholesterol and reducing atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk.
การ์ด 125
คำถาม
Which class is suggested by the ending -triptan?
คำตอบ
Triptan antimigraine agents, such as sumatriptan and rizatriptan.
การ์ด 126
คำถาม
Fluoroquinolones: major safety concepts?
คำตอบ
Potentially disabling tendon, muscle, joint, nerve, and CNS effects, plus a rare risk of aortic aneurysm or rupture in susceptible people.
126 การ์ด
Pharmacology Drug Class Flashcards: Mechanisms, Uses & Safety Patterns
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