Pharmacology Drug Class Flashcards: Mechanisms, Uses & Safety Patterns

Cartes de ce paquet

1. Carte 1

   Question

   What is a drug class?

   Réponse

   A group of drugs linked by a shared mechanism, target, structure, therapeutic use, or a combination of these features.

2. Carte 2

   Question

   What does mechanism of action mean?

   Réponse

   How a drug produces its effects at a molecular, cellular, or physiological target.

3. Carte 3

   Question

   What is a receptor agonist?

   Réponse

   A drug that binds to a receptor and activates it to produce a response.

4. Carte 4

   Question

   What is a receptor antagonist?

   Réponse

   A drug that binds to a receptor and blocks or reduces activation by an agonist.

5. Carte 5

   Question

   What does it mean when a drug inhibits an enzyme or transporter?

   Réponse

   It reduces that protein's activity, changing the movement or conversion of its usual substrates.

6. Carte 6

   Question

   How should generic-name stems be used to recognize drug classes?

   Réponse

   As clues, not universal rules. Confirm the actual drug because exceptions and overlapping stems exist.

7. Carte 7

   Question

   ACE inhibitors: core mechanism?

   Réponse

   They inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme, reducing angiotensin II and aldosterone while increasing bradykinin.

8. Carte 8

   Question

   SSRIs: core mechanism?

   Réponse

   They inhibit the serotonin transporter, increasing serotonin signaling in the synaptic cleft.

9. Carte 9

   Question

   Biguanides: core mechanism?

   Réponse

   Metformin mainly reduces hepatic glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity without directly stimulating insulin release.

10. Carte 10

    Question

    Penicillins: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    Their beta-lactam ring binds penicillin-binding proteins and disrupts bacterial cell-wall synthesis.

11. Carte 11

    Question

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -pril?

    Réponse

    ACE inhibitors. Examples include lisinopril and enalapril, but a name stem is only a clue.

12. Carte 12

    Question

    Proton-pump inhibitors: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    They inhibit the H+/K+ ATPase proton pump in gastric parietal cells, strongly reducing acid secretion.

13. Carte 13

    Question

    SSRIs: common uses?

    Réponse

    Depression and several anxiety-related disorders; the approved indications differ by agent.

14. Carte 14

    Question

    NSAIDs: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    They inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis.

15. Carte 15

    Question

    Biguanides: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Gastrointestinal effects are common; vitamin B12 can fall with long use, and lactic acidosis is rare but serious.

16. Carte 16

    Question

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -cillin?

    Réponse

    Penicillins, such as amoxicillin and piperacillin. The stem does not describe spectrum or resistance.

17. Carte 17

    Question

    ACE inhibitors: common uses?

    Réponse

    Hypertension and selected heart-failure, post-myocardial-infarction, and kidney-protection indications.

18. Carte 18

    Question

    Proton-pump inhibitors: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Possible concerns include hypomagnesemia and enteric infection risk. Many other long-term links are observational rather than proven causal effects.

19. Carte 19

    Question

    Which class is often suggested by -oxetine or -opram?

    Réponse

    SSRIs, but not universally. Sertraline and fluvoxamine are exceptions, and some stems overlap other classes.

20. Carte 20

    Question

    NSAIDs: common uses?

    Réponse

    Pain, inflammation, and fever; individual agents also have more specific uses.

21. Carte 21

    Question

    Metformin belongs to which drug class?

    Réponse

    Biguanides. Metformin is the main widely used member, so there is no useful class-wide suffix rule.

22. Carte 22

    Question

    Penicillins: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Hypersensitivity can range from rash to anaphylaxis; diarrhea and antibiotic-associated colitis are additional concerns.

23. Carte 23

    Question

    ACE inhibitors: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Cough, hyperkalemia, kidney-function changes, angioedema, and fetal harm are major class concerns.

24. Carte 24

    Question

    Proton-pump inhibitors: common uses?

    Réponse

    Acid-related disorders such as GERD, erosive esophagitis, and peptic-ulcer disease.

25. Carte 25

    Question

    SSRIs: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Serotonin syndrome, bleeding and hyponatremia risks, sexual dysfunction, and the antidepressant suicidality warning for younger people.

26. Carte 26

    Question

    Ibuprofen, naproxen, and ketorolac belong to which class?

    Réponse

    NSAIDs. The class has no single reliable generic-name suffix.

27. Carte 27

    Question

    Biguanides: common use?

    Réponse

    Type 2 diabetes.

28. Carte 28

    Question

    Penicillins: common use?

    Réponse

    Treatment of susceptible bacterial infections; the spectrum differs substantially among individual penicillins.

29. Carte 29

    Question

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -prazole?

    Réponse

    Proton-pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and pantoprazole. Confirm the individual drug.

30. Carte 30

    Question

    NSAIDs: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney injury, fluid retention, and cardiovascular events are key risks; FDA also warns about use from about 20 weeks of pregnancy.

31. Carte 31

    Question

    Sulfonylureas: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    They close ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells, triggering insulin release even when glucose is not high.

32. Carte 32

    Question

    H2 blockers: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    They competitively block histamine H2 receptors on gastric parietal cells, reducing acid secretion.

33. Carte 33

    Question

    SNRIs: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    They inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake transporters, increasing both transmitters in synapses.

34. Carte 34

    Question

    Opioid analgesics: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    They activate opioid receptors; many important analgesic effects and toxicities are mediated through mu receptors.

35. Carte 35

    Question

    Glipizide, glyburide, and glimepiride belong to which class?

    Réponse

    Sulfonylureas. Their names offer clues, but the broad ending -ide is not class-specific.

36. Carte 36

    Question

    ARBs: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    They block angiotensin II at AT1 receptors, reducing vasoconstriction and aldosterone effects.

37. Carte 37

    Question

    H2 blockers: common uses?

    Réponse

    Acid-related disorders such as heartburn, GERD, and gastric or duodenal ulcers.

38. Carte 38

    Question

    Cephalosporins: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    Their beta-lactam ring binds penicillin-binding proteins and disrupts bacterial cell-wall synthesis.

39. Carte 39

    Question

    SNRIs: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Serotonin syndrome, blood-pressure increases, discontinuation symptoms, and the antidepressant suicidality warning for younger people.

40. Carte 40

    Question

    Morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl belong to which broad class?

    Réponse

    Opioid analgesics. The class has no single reliable generic-name suffix.

41. Carte 41

    Question

    Sulfonylureas: common use?

    Réponse

    Type 2 diabetes when increasing pancreatic insulin release is appropriate.

42. Carte 42

    Question

    ARBs: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Hyperkalemia, hypotension, kidney-function changes, and fetal harm are major concerns; cough is less common than with ACE inhibitors.

43. Carte 43

    Question

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -tidine?

    Réponse

    H2 receptor blockers, such as famotidine and cimetidine. Confirm the individual drug.

44. Carte 44

    Question

    Cephalosporins: common use?

    Réponse

    Treatment of susceptible bacterial infections; antibacterial spectrum varies widely by agent and generation.

45. Carte 45

    Question

    Which name endings can suggest an SNRI?

    Réponse

    -faxine or sometimes -oxetine, but neither is decisive. The -oxetine ending also appears in some SSRIs.

46. Carte 46

    Question

    Opioid analgesics: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Respiratory depression, sedation, constipation, tolerance, dependence, and overdose; benzodiazepines and other depressants increase danger.

47. Carte 47

    Question

    Sulfonylureas: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Hypoglycemia and weight gain are the main class patterns, with risk differing among agents and clinical contexts.

48. Carte 48

    Question

    ARBs: common uses?

    Réponse

    Hypertension and selected heart-failure and kidney-protection indications.

49. Carte 49

    Question

    H2 blockers: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    They are usually well tolerated, but confusion or other CNS effects can occur with reduced clearance; cimetidine has many interactions.

50. Carte 50

    Question

    Which class is often suggested by cef- or ceph-?

    Réponse

    Cephalosporins, such as cefazolin and cephalexin. The name does not reveal the full spectrum.

51. Carte 51

    Question

    SNRIs: common uses?

    Réponse

    Depression and anxiety disorders; selected agents also treat neuropathic pain or fibromyalgia.

52. Carte 52

    Question

    Opioid analgesics: common uses?

    Réponse

    Analgesia for selected severe pain and perioperative settings; individual opioids also have other specific uses.

53. Carte 53

    Question

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -sartan?

    Réponse

    Angiotensin II receptor blockers, or ARBs. Examples include losartan and valsartan.

54. Carte 54

    Question

    Cephalosporins: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Hypersensitivity and antibiotic-associated diarrhea are important; penicillin cross-reactivity depends largely on similar side chains.

55. Carte 55

    Question

    Beta2 agonists: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    They activate beta2 receptors, increasing cAMP and relaxing airway smooth muscle.

56. Carte 56

    Question

    Beta blockers: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    They antagonize beta-adrenergic receptors; beta1 blockade can reduce heart rate, contractility, and renin release.

57. Carte 57

    Question

    Systemic corticosteroids: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    They bind intracellular glucocorticoid receptors and alter gene transcription, reducing inflammatory and immune signaling.

58. Carte 58

    Question

    Benzodiazepines: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    They positively modulate GABA-A receptors, increasing the frequency of chloride-channel opening when GABA is present.

59. Carte 59

    Question

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -terol?

    Réponse

    Beta2 agonist bronchodilators, such as formoterol and salmeterol. Albuterol is a familiar exception.

60. Carte 60

    Question

    Macrolides: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    They bind the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit protein synthesis.

61. Carte 61

    Question

    Beta blockers: common uses?

    Réponse

    Selected cardiovascular conditions such as arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and hypertension; some agents have noncardiac uses.

62. Carte 62

    Question

    GLP-1 receptor agonists: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    They activate GLP-1 receptors, increasing glucose-dependent insulin release, suppressing glucagon, and slowing gastric emptying.

63. Carte 63

    Question

    Systemic corticosteroids: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Infection, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal suppression; risks rise with systemic exposure and duration.

    

    126 cartes

    Pharmacology Drug Class Flashcards: Mechanisms, Uses & Safety Patterns

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64. Carte 64

    Question

    Which endings often suggest a benzodiazepine?

    Réponse

    -azepam or -azolam, as in diazepam or midazolam. Not every sedative with a similar ending belongs to this class.

65. Carte 65

    Question

    Beta2 agonists: common use?

    Réponse

    Bronchodilation in asthma or COPD regimens; short- and long-acting agents play different roles.

66. Carte 66

    Question

    Macrolides: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Gastrointestinal effects, QT prolongation, and clinically important interactions that vary by agent.

67. Carte 67

    Question

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -olol?

    Réponse

    Beta blockers, such as metoprolol and propranolol. Receptor selectivity still varies by agent.

68. Carte 68

    Question

    GLP-1 receptor agonists: common uses?

    Réponse

    Type 2 diabetes; selected agents are also approved for chronic weight management and cardiovascular-risk reduction.

69. Carte 69

    Question

    Which patterns often suggest a systemic corticosteroid?

    Réponse

    -sone or -olone, as in prednisone or prednisolone, but these endings are not unique to the class.

70. Carte 70

    Question

    Benzodiazepines: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Sedation, dependence and withdrawal, plus respiratory depression—especially with opioids, alcohol, or other CNS depressants.

71. Carte 71

    Question

    Beta2 agonists: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Tremor, palpitations or tachycardia, hypokalemia, and rare paradoxical bronchospasm.

72. Carte 72

    Question

    Macrolides: common use?

    Réponse

    Treatment of selected susceptible bacterial infections, including some respiratory and atypical pathogens.

73. Carte 73

    Question

    Beta blockers: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Bradycardia and hypotension; nonselective agents can cause bronchospasm, and the class can mask adrenergic signs of hypoglycemia.

74. Carte 74

    Question

    Which class is often suggested by -glutide?

    Réponse

    GLP-1 receptor agonists, such as semaglutide and liraglutide. Exenatide and lixisenatide show the pattern is not universal.

75. Carte 75

    Question

    Systemic corticosteroids: common uses?

    Réponse

    Inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune disorders, with the route and agent chosen for the condition.

76. Carte 76

    Question

    Benzodiazepines: common uses?

    Réponse

    Anxiety, seizures, procedural sedation, or alcohol withdrawal, depending on the agent and setting.

77. Carte 77

    Question

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -thromycin?

    Réponse

    Macrolide antibiotics, such as azithromycin and clarithromycin. Confirm the individual agent.

78. Carte 78

    Question

    GLP-1 receptor agonists: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Gastrointestinal effects are common; gallbladder disease and pancreatitis are warnings, and some labels warn about thyroid C-cell tumors.

79. Carte 79

    Question

    Second-generation antipsychotics: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    Most modulate dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A signaling, but receptor profiles vary substantially by agent.

80. Carte 80

    Question

    Tetracyclines: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    They bind the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit protein synthesis.

81. Carte 81

    Question

    Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    They block L-type calcium channels mainly in vascular smooth muscle, causing arteriolar relaxation.

82. Carte 82

    Question

    Inhaled antimuscarinics: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    They block airway muscarinic receptors, reducing vagal bronchoconstriction and promoting bronchodilation.

83. Carte 83

    Question

    Which endings often suggest a second-generation antipsychotic?

    Réponse

    -apine or -idone often appear, but many members use other endings and the stems are not class-specific.

84. Carte 84

    Question

    SGLT2 inhibitors: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    They inhibit renal sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, increasing urinary glucose and sodium excretion.

85. Carte 85

    Question

    Tetracyclines: common uses?

    Réponse

    Selected susceptible bacterial infections and, for some agents, acne or rosacea.

86. Carte 86

    Question

    Bisphosphonates: core mechanism?

    Réponse

    They bind bone mineral and inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.

87. Carte 87

    Question

    Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Peripheral edema, flushing, headache, dizziness, and hypotension are characteristic patterns.

88. Carte 88

    Question

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -tropium?

    Réponse

    Inhaled antimuscarinic bronchodilators, such as ipratropium and tiotropium. Several class members use other endings.

89. Carte 89

    Question

    Second-generation antipsychotics: common uses?

    Réponse

    Schizophrenia and selected bipolar or other psychiatric indications; approvals differ by agent.

90. Carte 90

    Question

    SGLT2 inhibitors: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Genital infections, volume depletion, ketoacidosis, and rare necrotizing infection of the perineum.

91. Carte 91

    Question

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -cycline?

    Réponse

    Tetracycline antibiotics, such as doxycycline and minocycline. Confirm the individual drug.

92. Carte 92

    Question

    Bisphosphonates: common uses?

    Réponse

    Osteoporosis and selected disorders with excessive bone resorption, including Paget disease or malignancy-related bone disease.

93. Carte 93

    Question

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -dipine?

    Réponse

    Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers, such as amlodipine and nifedipine.

94. Carte 94

    Question

    Inhaled antimuscarinics: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Dry mouth, urinary retention, tachycardia, and eye exposure that may worsen narrow-angle glaucoma.

95. Carte 95

    Question

    Second-generation antipsychotics: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Metabolic effects, movement disorders, QT effects, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome; labels warn about increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis.

96. Carte 96

    Question

    SGLT2 inhibitors: common uses?

    Réponse

    Type 2 diabetes; selected agents also treat heart failure or chronic kidney disease.

97. Carte 97

    Question

    Tetracyclines: major safety concepts?

    Réponse

    Gastrointestinal or esophageal irritation, photosensitivity, and effects on developing teeth and bone are key patterns.

98. Carte 98

    Question

    Which class is often suggested by the ending -dronate?

    Réponse

    Bisphosphonates, such as alendronate and risedronate. Confirm the individual agent and formulation.

99. Carte 99

    Question

    Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers: common uses?

    Réponse

    Hypertension and angina, using vascular smooth-muscle relaxation to reduce arterial tone.

100. Carte 100

     Question

     Inhaled antimuscarinics: common use?

     Réponse

     Maintenance bronchodilation, especially in COPD; selected agents also serve as add-on asthma therapy.

101. Carte 101

     Question

     Which class is often suggested by the ending -gliflozin?

     Réponse

     SGLT2 inhibitors, such as empagliflozin and dapagliflozin.

102. Carte 102

     Question

     Bisphosphonates: major safety concepts?

     Réponse

     Upper-GI irritation with oral agents, hypocalcemia, and rare osteonecrosis of the jaw or atypical femur fracture.

103. Carte 103

     Question

     TNF inhibitors: core mechanism?

     Réponse

     They neutralize tumor necrosis factor signaling, reducing downstream inflammation.

104. Carte 104

     Question

     DPP-4 inhibitors: core mechanism?

     Réponse

     They inhibit DPP-4, prolonging endogenous incretin activity and increasing glucose-dependent insulin release.

105. Carte 105

     Question

     Inhaled corticosteroids: core mechanism?

     Réponse

     They activate glucocorticoid receptors in airway cells, reducing inflammatory gene expression and airway inflammation.

106. Carte 106

     Question

     Statins: core mechanism?

     Réponse

     They inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, reducing hepatic cholesterol synthesis and increasing hepatic LDL-receptor activity.

107. Carte 107

     Question

     Adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept belong to which class?

     Réponse

     TNF inhibitors. The class has no single specific shared suffix: -mab is broad, and etanercept ends in -cept.

108. Carte 108

     Question

     Triptans: core mechanism?

     Réponse

     They activate serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptors, reducing trigeminal signaling and causing cranial vasoconstriction.

109. Carte 109

     Question

     DPP-4 inhibitors: common use?

     Réponse

     Type 2 diabetes, using enhanced endogenous incretin signaling to improve glucose-dependent insulin release.

110. Carte 110

     Question

     Fluoroquinolones: core mechanism?

     Réponse

     They inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, disrupting DNA replication.

111. Carte 111

     Question

     Inhaled corticosteroids: major safety concepts?

     Réponse

     Oral candidiasis and dysphonia are important local effects; systemic effects become more relevant with higher exposure.

112. Carte 112

     Question

     Which class is suggested by the ending -statin?

     Réponse

     HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, or statins, such as atorvastatin and rosuvastatin.

113. Carte 113

     Question

     TNF inhibitors: common uses?

     Réponse

     Selected autoimmune inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis-related conditions.

114. Carte 114

     Question

     Triptans: major safety concepts?

     Réponse

     Vasoconstrictive risk in coronary, cerebrovascular, or peripheral vascular disease, plus tingling, flushing, or chest pressure called triptan sensations.

115. Carte 115

     Question

     Which class is suggested by the ending -gliptin?

     Réponse

     DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin and linagliptin.

116. Carte 116

     Question

     Fluoroquinolones: common use?

     Réponse

     Selected serious or resistant bacterial infections when their spectrum and risk profile fit the infection.

117. Carte 117

     Question

     Which patterns often suggest an inhaled corticosteroid?

     Réponse

     -sonide or -sone often appear, as in budesonide or fluticasone, but these endings are not class-specific.

118. Carte 118

     Question

     Statins: major safety concepts?

     Réponse

     Muscle symptoms and rare rhabdomyolysis or liver injury; pregnancy is a major risk context, although FDA no longer applies a blanket class contraindication.

119. Carte 119

     Question

     TNF inhibitors: major safety concepts?

     Réponse

     Serious infections and reactivation of tuberculosis or hepatitis B are central concerns; other warnings vary by agent.

120. Carte 120

     Question

     Triptans: common use?

     Réponse

     Acute treatment of migraine attacks; they are not general-purpose analgesics or routine migraine preventives.

121. Carte 121

     Question

     DPP-4 inhibitors: major safety concepts?

     Réponse

     Severe joint pain and pancreatitis are warnings; some agents also carry a heart-failure warning.

122. Carte 122

     Question

     Which class is suggested by the ending -floxacin?

     Réponse

     Fluoroquinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin.

123. Carte 123

     Question

     Inhaled corticosteroids: common use?

     Réponse

     Controller therapy for asthma and selected COPD regimens; they reduce inflammation rather than acting as standalone rescue bronchodilators.

124. Carte 124

     Question

     Statins: common uses?

     Réponse

     Lowering LDL cholesterol and reducing atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk.

125. Carte 125

     Question

     Which class is suggested by the ending -triptan?

     Réponse

     Triptan antimigraine agents, such as sumatriptan and rizatriptan.

126. Carte 126

     Question

     Fluoroquinolones: major safety concepts?

     Réponse

     Potentially disabling tendon, muscle, joint, nerve, and CNS effects, plus a rare risk of aortic aneurysm or rupture in susceptible people.

126 cartes

Pharmacology Drug Class Flashcards: Mechanisms, Uses & Safety Patterns

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