GMAT Flashcards: Quant, Verbal & Data Insights Decisions
300 original flashcards for current-format GMAT Quant, Verbal, and Data Insights concepts, cues, and reusable decisions.
Kuhusu fungu hili
GMAT Flashcards: Quant, Verbal & Data Insights Decisions
Build quick recall for the current GMAT with 300 original cards across Quantitative Reasoning, Verbal Reasoning, and Data Insights. The deck focuses on reusable concepts and decisions; full-length practice belongs in official or properly licensed question banks.
What the cards map
- Quant maps numeric forms, terms, rules, and formulas to their meaning, conditions, or use. Short scenarios ask for the operation, equation, or answer check that fits.
- Verbal maps passage and argument cues to purpose, scope, evidence, inference, reasoning flaws, and evaluation moves.
- Data Insights maps targets, constraints, source and display cues, metrics, and evidence states to the interpretation or decision they support. It covers Data Sufficiency, Multi-Source Reasoning, Table Analysis, Graphics Interpretation, and Two-Part Analysis.
Learning order
The mixed sequence keeps all three sections in rotation. Quant foundations come before algebra, models, and strategy checks; passage reading comes before argument evaluation; shared data literacy comes before the five Data Insights formats. Closely related prompts are spaced apart so one card does not cue the next.
Current-format boundary
This deck has no geometry lessons or formula drills, Sentence Correction, or the retired Integrated Reasoning section. It also excludes timing, scoring, test-center policy, full passages, large data sets, and response-pattern tricks.
Every card is an original compact concept or decision prompt. No official or competitor questions, answer choices, explanations, mark schemes, curriculum text, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted. See the official GMAT exam content and Data Insights preparation guidance for the current exam boundary.
This is an independent, unofficial study resource. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by the Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC). GMAT is used only to identify the exam.
Kadi za fungu hili
Kadi namba 1
Swali
Which numerator-and-denominator operation creates an equivalent fraction?
Jibu
Multiply or divide the numerator and denominator by the same nonzero number. The fraction's value stays unchanged.
Kadi namba 2
Swali
What does data sufficiency ask you to determine?
Jibu
Whether the information guarantees one answer. You usually don’t need to calculate that answer.
Kadi namba 3
Swali
How do you form a passage's main idea?
Jibu
Combine the passage's central topic with its main claim about that topic. The answer should cover the whole passage at the right level.
Kadi namba 4
Swali
What does multiplying a decimal by 10ⁿ do when n is a positive integer?
Jibu
It moves the decimal point n places to the right. Dividing by 10ⁿ moves it n places left.
Kadi namba 5
Swali
What makes information sufficient for a value question?
Jibu
It forces exactly one value for the target. Different values that satisfy all conditions make it insufficient.
Kadi namba 6
Swali
How do you identify the passage's primary purpose?
Jibu
Name what the author is doing with the topic: explaining, comparing, challenging, defending, or proposing. Keep content and action together.
Kadi namba 7
Swali
How do you find p percent of a quantity q?
Jibu
Compute (p/100) × q. Translate “of” as multiplication.
Kadi namba 8
Swali
How can two valid cases prove insufficiency?
Jibu
Make the cases produce different answers to the question. One clean counterexample pair is enough.
Kadi namba 9
Swali
How do you determine a paragraph's role?
Jibu
Connect the paragraph to what comes before and after it. Decide whether it introduces, supports, qualifies, contrasts, applies, or concludes the larger discussion.
Kadi namba 10
Swali
A total of 45 is split in the ratio 2:3. What are the two parts?
Jibu
18 and 27. The five ratio units are worth 45 ÷ 5 = 9 each.
Kadi namba 11
Swali
Why can an integer restriction change sufficiency?
Jibu
It removes noninteger possibilities. A range containing many real numbers may contain only one integer.
Kadi namba 12
Swali
When is a product of signed factors negative?
Jibu
Provided no factor is zero, an odd number of negative factors gives a negative product, while an even number gives a positive product. If any factor is zero, the product is zero.
Kadi namba 13
Swali
How should two data-sufficiency statements be tested initially?
Jibu
Test each statement independently against the stem. Do not carry information from one statement into the other.
Kadi namba 14
Swali
What makes an integer greater than 1 prime?
Jibu
It has exactly two positive divisors: 1 and itself.
Kadi namba 15
Swali
What should you do first on a detail question?
Jibu
Return to the relevant lines and read their local context. Memory tends to preserve the topic while blurring qualifications.
Kadi namba 16
Swali
What is the divisibility rule for 2?
Jibu
The last digit must be even: 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.
Kadi namba 17
Swali
How do you test whether a fact is relevant?
Jibu
Connect it to the requested target. A true fact that does not narrow the target adds no decision value.
Kadi namba 18
Swali
How far may a reading inference go beyond the text?
Jibu
Only as far as the text strongly supports. Prefer the smallest justified step and reject claims needing outside knowledge.
Kadi namba 19
Swali
Why is prime factorization useful in GMAT arithmetic?
Jibu
It exposes divisibility, factors, greatest common factors, least common multiples, and perfect powers.
Kadi namba 20
Swali
What must happen before quantities with different units are combined?
Jibu
First confirm that their dimensions are compatible, then convert them to a common unit. Keep the unit attached through the calculation to catch mismatches.
Kadi namba 21
Swali
How do you apply a passage principle to a new case?
Jibu
Extract the principle's required conditions, then test whether the new case has them. Surface similarity isn't enough.
Kadi namba 22
Swali
Which relationship connects distance, rate, and time?
Jibu
Distance = rate × time. Rearrange only after the units are compatible.
Kadi namba 23
Swali
How do you find a least common multiple from prime factorizations?
Jibu
Take every prime that appears, using the largest exponent present.
Kadi namba 24
Swali
How do you multiply powers with the same base?
Jibu
Add the exponents: aᵐ × aⁿ = aᵐ⁺ⁿ.
Kadi namba 25
Swali
How is a weighted average computed?
Jibu
Divide the total weighted value by the total weight. For groups, use group size as the weight unless another weight is given.
Kadi namba 26
Swali
What should a quick passage map record?
Jibu
Each paragraph's role and major viewpoint, plus the passage's overall direction. Record structure, not a sentence-by-sentence summary.
Kadi namba 27
Swali
What does the principal square root symbol √x return?
Jibu
For real x ≥ 0, it is the nonnegative number whose square is x. For example, √9 = 3, not ±3.
Kadi namba 28
Swali
When can bounds replace exact arithmetic?
Jibu
When the bounds separate the viable decisions. Stop once every value in the interval leads to the same choice.
Kadi namba 29
Swali
How do you keep viewpoints separate?
Jibu
Attach each claim to its speaker: author, critic, researcher, or group. Track agreement, disagreement, and any later qualification.
Kadi namba 30
Swali
How do “sum,” “product,” and “quotient” translate into algebra?
Jibu
They mean addition, multiplication, and division, respectively.
Kadi namba 31
Swali
How do you reduce a fraction to lowest terms?
Jibu
Divide the numerator and denominator by their greatest common factor.
Kadi namba 32
Swali
What evidence should determine the author's tone?
Jibu
Evaluative words, qualifications, and the treatment of competing views. Topic alone doesn't establish approval, concern, or skepticism.
Kadi namba 33
Swali
When should rounding usually occur?
Jibu
At the end, unless estimation already settles the decision. Early rounding can move a result across a cutoff.
Kadi namba 34
Swali
How do you convert a terminating decimal to a fraction?
Jibu
Write the digits over the matching power of 10, then reduce. For example, 0.375 = 375/1000 = 3/8.
Kadi namba 35
Swali
When should you stop calculating in a sufficiency problem?
Jibu
As soon as uniqueness is proved or disproved. More arithmetic cannot change the sufficiency decision.
Kadi namba 36
Swali
How do you spot an out-of-scope answer?
Jibu
It introduces a person, period, cause, or consequence the passage doesn't address. Being reasonable doesn't make it textually supported.
Kadi namba 37
Swali
What is the percent-change formula?
Jibu
For original > 0, percent change = (new − original) / original × 100%. Percent change from zero is undefined; negative baselines require context-specific interpretation.
Kadi namba 38
Swali
What makes information sufficient for a yes-or-no question?
Jibu
It forces the same yes-or-no answer in every valid case. The underlying value may still vary.
Kadi namba 39
Swali
What preserves a ratio when its quantities are scaled?
Jibu
Multiplying or dividing both terms by the same nonzero factor preserves the ratio.
Kadi namba 40
Swali
How do you reject a main-idea answer with the wrong scope?
Jibu
Compare it with the whole passage. A detail-only answer is too narrow; a claim extending beyond the passage is too broad.
Kadi namba 41
Swali
Why should you track whether a variable is positive, negative, or zero?
Jibu
Sign controls valid cases and operations. Squaring can hide sign, and division requires a nonzero denominator.
Kadi namba 42
Swali
How do you simplify subtraction of a negative number?
Jibu
Change it to addition: a − (−b) = a + b.
Kadi namba 43
Swali
Whose purpose matters in a primary-purpose question?
Jibu
The passage author's purpose. A theory or researcher may be described at length without representing what the author ultimately wants to do.
Kadi namba 44
Swali
When is the on-screen calculator most useful?
Jibu
For tedious arithmetic after the setup is clear. It does not replace choosing the right relationship or denominator.
Kadi namba 45
Swali
In Data Sufficiency, what stem information applies when testing either statement?
Jibu
Everything in the question stem. Stem facts remain active for each statement and for the combination.
Kadi namba 46
Swali
What is the divisibility rule for 3?
Jibu
The sum of the digits must be divisible by 3.
Kadi namba 47
Swali
What does a transition paragraph often do?
Jibu
It closes one line of thought and sets up the next. Its role depends on both sides, not only on its first sentence.
Kadi namba 48
Swali
When is a proxy measure useful?
Jibu
When evidence shows it reliably tracks the target for the intended decision. Correlation may support prediction, but it proves neither causation nor suitability on its own.
Kadi namba 49
Swali
How do you find a greatest common factor from prime factorizations?
Jibu
Take each shared prime to the smaller exponent.
Kadi namba 50
Swali
What is the arithmetic mean?
Jibu
The sum of the values divided by the number of values.
Kadi namba 51
Swali
What units should a rate have?
Jibu
One quantity per another, such as kilometers per hour. The denominator tells you what the rate is measured against.
Kadi namba 52
Swali
How do you divide powers with the same nonzero base?
Jibu
Subtract the exponents: aᵐ ÷ aⁿ = aᵐ⁻ⁿ.
Kadi namba 53
Swali
What makes a paraphrase faithful to a passage detail?
Jibu
It preserves the original meaning, scope, and certainty in different words. Shared keywords alone don't make it accurate.
Kadi namba 54
Swali
How do you recover a total from an average?
Jibu
Total = average × number of values.
Kadi namba 55
Swali
How do you choose between two plausible reading inferences?
Jibu
Choose the one with the tighter textual chain and fewer assumptions. Plausibility in the real world is secondary.
Kadi namba 56
Swali
What quick check can catch a calculator-entry error?
Jibu
Estimate the order of magnitude and direction first. An exact result far outside that range deserves another look.
Kadi namba 57
Swali
How do you simplify a square root with a perfect-square factor?
Jibu
Factor out the perfect square. For example, √72 = √(36 × 2) = 6√2.
Kadi namba 58
Swali
What makes a new example parallel to one in the passage?
Jibu
The same logical relationship. Match cause, contrast, exception, or function rather than shared subject matter.
Kadi namba 59
Swali
When can work rates be added?
Jibu
Add the stated constant rates when the workers operate simultaneously without interfering with one another. At 1/4 and 1/6 job per hour, together they complete 5/12 job per hour.
Kadi namba 60
Swali
What is the denominator in a percent comparison?
Jibu
The stated reference value. “A as a percent of B” means A divided by B, then multiplied by 100.
Kadi namba 61
Swali
How do you translate “5 less than x”?
Jibu
x − 5. The phrase “less than” reverses the spoken order.
Kadi namba 62
Swali
In Data Sufficiency, what should you check before testing values?
Jibu
The full domain. Honor stated restrictions and implicit ones such as positive lengths or nonzero divisors before judging sufficiency.
Kadi namba 63
Swali
How do you add fractions with different denominators?
Jibu
Rewrite them with a common denominator, then add the numerators. For example, 2/3 + 1/4 = 8/12 + 3/12 = 11/12.
Kadi namba 64
Swali
How do you distinguish description from argument in a passage?
Jibu
Description presents what happened or what a view says; argument gives reasons to accept, reject, or revise a claim.
Kadi namba 65
Swali
How should you compare decimals with different lengths?
Jibu
Append trailing zeros and compare place by place. For example, compare 0.47 with 0.4700, which are equal.
Kadi namba 66
Swali
How should combined statements be evaluated?
Jibu
Intersect their constraints with the stem. The combination is sufficient only if every remaining case gives one answer.
Kadi namba 67
Swali
How do you find common ground between two viewpoints?
Jibu
Look for the narrow claim both accept, even if they disagree about its cause, importance, or implications.
Kadi namba 68
Swali
How do you solve a proportion such as a/b = c/d?
Jibu
Cross-multiply to get ad = bc, provided b and d are nonzero.
Kadi namba 69
Swali
How is average speed computed?
Jibu
Total distance divided by total time. It is not usually the simple mean of the segment speeds.
Kadi namba 70
Swali
What does |x| represent?
Jibu
The nonnegative distance from x to 0 on the number line.
Kadi namba 71
Swali
Why are strongly emotional tone descriptions often wrong?
Jibu
They overstate measured academic prose. Match the answer's intensity to the author's actual language.
Kadi namba 72
Swali
What is the divisibility rule for 4?
Jibu
The number formed by the last two digits must be divisible by 4.
Kadi namba 73
Swali
Can the ordinary percent-change formula be applied directly when the original value is zero or negative?
Jibu
No. The ordinary GMAT rule assumes original > 0. Change from zero is undefined, and a negative baseline requires context-specific interpretation.
Kadi namba 74
Swali
Why can a true statement still be a wrong answer?
Jibu
It may not answer the question asked. Check the task—main idea, detail, inference, role, or purpose—before checking truth.
Kadi namba 75
Swali
When must a weighted average lie between its component values?
Jibu
When every weight is nonnegative and the total weight is positive. The average then lies between the smallest and largest component values.
Kadi namba 76
Swali
How do you express an integer n divided by d with remainder r?
Jibu
n = dq + r, where q is an integer and 0 ≤ r < d for positive d.
Kadi namba 77
Swali
What does an inequality usually provide?
Jibu
A range, not a unique value. It can still be sufficient if the question asks whether a threshold is crossed.
Kadi namba 78
Swali
How should you handle an EXCEPT detail prompt?
Jibu
Verify four statements against the passage and select the one that isn't supported. Keep the reversed task visible while checking each choice.
Kadi namba 79
Swali
How should you set up a unit conversion?
Jibu
Multiply by a conversion factor equal to 1, placing units so the unwanted unit cancels.
Kadi namba 80
Swali
Can two individually insufficient statements remain insufficient together?
Jibu
Yes. They may repeat the same limitation or still leave multiple valid answers.
Kadi namba 81
Swali
For a positive base, how do you simplify a power raised to another power?
Jibu
Multiply the exponents: (aᵐ)ⁿ = a^(mn).
Kadi namba 82
Swali
When can you infer that an author accepts a claim?
Jibu
When the author endorses it directly or relies on it without distancing language. Merely reporting another person's view isn't endorsement.
Kadi namba 83
Swali
How should successive percentage changes be combined?
Jibu
Multiply their factors. A 10% rise followed by a 10% fall gives 1.10 × 0.90 = 0.99, a 1% net fall.
Kadi namba 84
Swali
What are compatible numbers in estimation?
Jibu
Nearby numbers chosen to make mental arithmetic easy, such as 203 ÷ 9.9 ≈ 200 ÷ 10 = 20.
Kadi namba 85
Swali
Which constraints are easy to overlook in a word problem?
Jibu
Countability, positivity, distinctness, and capacity limits. Translate each noun and rule into a usable constraint.
Kadi namba 86
Swali
How do you state the exact disagreement between two viewpoints?
Jibu
Identify one claim that one side accepts and the other rejects. Don't substitute a topic that only one side discusses.
Kadi namba 87
Swali
How do you represent three consecutive integers?
Jibu
n, n + 1, and n + 2 for an integer n.
Kadi namba 88
Swali
How do percentage points differ from percent change?
Jibu
Percentage points are the direct difference between percentages. Moving from 20% to 25% is 5 points and a 25% relative increase.
Kadi namba 89
Swali
What is a reversed-relationship trap?
Jibu
It swaps cause and effect, support and conclusion, or the positions of two viewpoints while reusing familiar passage language.
Kadi namba 90
Swali
How do you multiply two fractions?
Jibu
Multiply numerator by numerator and denominator by denominator, canceling common factors when convenient.
Kadi namba 91
Swali
How do direct and inverse proportion differ?
Jibu
Direct:
y = kx; inverse:y = k/xforx ≠ 0.Kadi namba 92
Swali
How do you recover an original value after a percentage increase?
Jibu
Divide the new value by the growth factor. After a 20% increase, original = new ÷ 1.20.
Kadi namba 93
Swali
When should absolute wording raise suspicion?
Jibu
When the passage is qualified. Words such as always, never, entirely, and impossible require equally strong textual support.
Kadi namba 94
Swali
What should you identify first in Data Sufficiency?
Jibu
The exact target and answer type. Decide whether the stem asks for a value, a comparison, or a yes-or-no result.
Kadi namba 95
Swali
What ending makes an integer divisible by 5 or by 10?
Jibu
A last digit of 0 or 5 gives divisibility by 5; a last digit of 0 gives divisibility by 10.
Kadi namba 96
Swali
How should a Data Sufficiency condition be handled?
Jibu
Translate it into a precise constraint before testing sufficiency. Keep it separate from the conclusion you want.
Kadi namba 97
Swali
How do you reject a half-right answer?
Jibu
Test every part of it. One accurate clause can't rescue a second clause that distorts the passage or exceeds its scope.
Kadi namba 98
Swali
When you convert a positive measurement to a smaller linear unit, what happens to its numerical value?
Jibu
It increases. Multiply by the number of smaller units in one larger unit.
Kadi namba 99
Swali
DS example: Is x > 5? Statement: x > 3. Is the statement sufficient?
Jibu
No. Both x = 4 and x = 6 satisfy the statement, but they answer the stem differently.
Kadi namba 100
Swali
What is a⁰ when a is nonzero?
Jibu
- The nonzero-base condition matters because 0⁰ is not assigned this rule.
Kadi namba 101
Swali
Which claim is the argument trying to establish?
Jibu
The main conclusion. Find the claim supported by the other statements, then check that it answers the argument's central issue.
Kadi namba 102
Swali
When should the two statements be combined?
Jibu
When neither statement is sufficient alone. Use both constraints at once and test the remaining possibilities.
Kadi namba 103
Swali
A positive number rounds to 8.2 to the nearest tenth. What interval contains it?
Jibu
8.15 ≤ x < 8.25. The lower endpoint rounds up to 8.2; the upper endpoint rounds to 8.3.
Kadi namba 104
Swali
What should you check when the conclusion changes populations?
Jibu
Whether the evidence applies to the new population. Results from volunteers, specialists, or one age group may not transfer to everyone.
Kadi namba 105
Swali
How should test values be chosen in Data Sufficiency?
Jibu
Choose valid values that probe boundaries, signs, and distinct outcomes. Random easy values can miss the deciding case.
Kadi namba 106
Swali
How do you translate “A is 30% more than B”?
Jibu
A = 1.30B. The percentage is based on B.
Kadi namba 107
Swali
When can one equation involving two variables be sufficient for a target?
Jibu
When every valid solution gives the same target value, even if neither variable is unique. For example, x + y = 10 is sufficient to determine x + y.
Kadi namba 108
Swali
What does a correlation establish by itself?
Jibu
Only that two things vary together. It doesn't establish which one causes the other or whether a third factor causes both.
Kadi namba 109
Swali
How do you divide by a nonzero fraction?
Jibu
Multiply by its reciprocal. For example, 3/5 ÷ 2/7 = 3/5 × 7/2.
Kadi namba 110
Swali
Why is a ratio often insufficient for an absolute value?
Jibu
A ratio fixes relative size but usually leaves the scale free. Many proportional pairs can share the same ratio.
Kadi namba 111
Swali
What is the divisibility rule for 9?
Jibu
The sum of the digits must be divisible by 9.
Kadi namba 112
Swali
What matters most when applying a sample result to a population?
Jibu
Representativeness. The sample must resemble the target population on traits that could affect the result.
Kadi namba 113
Swali
What should you check after solving a squared equation?
Jibu
Check every allowed root. If positive and negative roots produce different target answers, the information is insufficient.
Kadi namba 114
Swali
What does a negative exponent mean?
Jibu
It takes the reciprocal: a⁻ⁿ = 1/aⁿ for nonzero a.
Kadi namba 115
Swali
Which baseline makes a comparison informative?
Jibu
The baseline relevant to the claim. Compare the outcome with what would otherwise have happened, not merely with an unrelated earlier figure.
Kadi namba 116
Swali
What risk appears when an equation factors into multiple branches?
Jibu
Each branch may create valid cases. Test all branches against the stem before deciding sufficiency.
Kadi namba 117
Swali
How can you compare two positive fractions quickly?
Jibu
Compare their cross-products. For a/b and c/d with positive denominators, compare ad with bc.
Kadi namba 118
Swali
What may be assumed from a Data Sufficiency diagram?
Jibu
Only marked or stated facts. Do not infer scale, equality, perpendicularity, or midpoint status from appearance.
Kadi namba 119
Swali
What multiplier represents a p percent increase or decrease?
Jibu
Use 1 + p/100 for an increase and 1 − p/100 for a decrease.
Kadi namba 120
Swali
Which statements count as evidence?
Jibu
The statements offered as reasons to accept another claim. Evidence may be factual or assumed for the argument, even if it isn't proven in real life.
Kadi namba 121
Swali
Can a mean determine an individual observation?
Jibu
Not by itself. A mean fixes the total, but different sets can have that total unless more constraints apply.
Kadi namba 122
Swali
What weakens a move from past evidence to a present claim?
Jibu
A relevant change over time. New technology, prices, rules, or behavior can make the earlier evidence a poor guide.
Kadi namba 123
Swali
A value becomes 96 after a 20% increase. What was the original value?
Jibu
- Divide the final value by the growth multiplier: 96 ÷ 1.2 = 80.
Kadi namba 124
Swali
How do extreme valid cases help in Data Sufficiency?
Jibu
They expose whether the target can change. Test the smallest, largest, or boundary cases allowed by the conditions.
Kadi namba 125
Swali
How do you test for reverse causation?
Jibu
Ask whether the alleged effect could instead cause the alleged cause. Productive teams may meet more because they are productive, not the reverse.
Kadi namba 126
Swali
Must a sufficient statement make every variable unique?
Jibu
No. It only needs to make the requested target unique, even if other variables remain undetermined.
Kadi namba 127
Swali
A price rises 20% and then falls 20%. Does it return to its original value?
Jibu
No. The multipliers give 1.20 × 0.80 = 0.96, so the final price is 4% below the original.
Kadi namba 128
Swali
Why can a voluntary survey be biased?
Jibu
People who choose to respond may differ from those who don't. Strong opinions or extra interest can distort the sample.
Kadi namba 129
Swali
How do you expand a(b + c)?
Jibu
ab + ac. The outside factor multiplies every term inside the parentheses.
Kadi namba 130
Swali
What should the final Data Sufficiency decision describe?
Jibu
Which information set guarantees an answer. It should not report the target’s numerical value.
Kadi namba 131
Swali
What is the goal when solving a linear equation?
Jibu
Isolate the variable by applying equivalent operations to both sides.
Kadi namba 132
Swali
DS example: Is integer n even? Statement: n = 7. Is the statement sufficient?
Jibu
Yes. It guarantees one answer—no. A statement can be sufficient even when that answer is negative.
Kadi namba 133
Swali
When must an inequality sign reverse?
Jibu
When both sides are multiplied or divided by a negative number.
Kadi namba 134
Swali
What must be checked before comparing two groups?
Jibu
Whether they differ in other relevant ways. Age, experience, starting level, or incentives may explain the outcome instead.
Kadi namba 135
Swali
When is substitution preferable to elimination in a two-equation system?
Jibu
Use substitution when one variable is already isolated or easy to isolate; use elimination when coefficients cancel easily.
Kadi namba 136
Swali
What should you build before analyzing Multi-Source Reasoning material?
Jibu
A quick source map. Note what each tab or document contains, who produced it, and the relevant date or scope.
Kadi namba 137
Swali
How do you separate background from evidence?
Jibu
Ask whether the statement supports a claim. Background sets context; evidence does logical work in moving the argument toward a conclusion.
Kadi namba 138
Swali
Which algebraic terms can be combined?
Jibu
Terms with the same variable part and exponents. For example, 3x² and −5x² combine, but 3x² and 3x do not.
Kadi namba 139
Swali
When should you read the Multi-Source Reasoning question?
Jibu
Before a deep read of every source. The question tells you which details deserve attention.
Kadi namba 140
Swali
What is a reliable first step for an equation containing several fractions?
Jibu
Multiply every term by the least common denominator, then solve the simpler equation.
Kadi namba 141
Swali
Why does source provenance matter?
Jibu
It defines what a claim can support. An internal forecast and an audited result do not carry the same evidentiary weight.
Kadi namba 142
Swali
What should you test when evidence comes from a different setting?
Jibu
Whether the settings differ in a way that affects the result. A finding from one market, school, or climate may not carry over unchanged.
Kadi namba 143
Swali
What does an “and” compound inequality require?
Jibu
The overlap of both solution sets. A value must satisfy both conditions.
Kadi namba 144
Swali
What should you compare before combining claims from two sources?
Jibu
Their population, period, units, and definitions. Matching labels can hide different scopes.
Kadi namba 145
Swali
How can a third factor undermine a causal claim?
Jibu
It may explain both events, so their correlation no longer establishes a direct causal link by itself. Hot weather can raise both cold-drink sales and pool attendance.
Kadi namba 146
Swali
What do one, zero, or infinitely many solutions mean for two linear equations in two variables?
Jibu
The lines intersect once, are parallel and distinct, or are the same line, respectively.
Kadi namba 147
Swali
How should records from separate sources be linked?
Jibu
Use a shared key with the same meaning in both sources, such as product code and month. Do not join on a vague label alone.
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How do you factor 6x + 9?
Jibu
3(2x + 3). Pull out the greatest common factor.
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When does nonresponse threaten a survey result?
Jibu
When nonrespondents may answer differently from respondents. A high response count doesn't fix a systematic missing group.
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What is the first step when two sources seem inconsistent?
Jibu
Compare definitions, dates, units, and aggregation levels. Many apparent conflicts come from mismatched frames.
kadi 300
GMAT Flashcards: Quant, Verbal & Data Insights Decisions
Soma fungu hili bila malipoNibomo itafunguka ili uanze kusoma.
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When can you use the zero-product property?
Jibu
After rewriting a product equal to zero. If (x − 2)(x + 5) = 0, then x = 2 or x = −5.
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How does an inference differ from a stated fact?
Jibu
A fact appears directly in a source; an inference must follow from the sources without an extra assumption.
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Does a higher percentage by itself prove a higher count?
Jibu
No. The underlying totals matter. Twenty percent of 1,000 is more than fifty percent of 100.
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What does an “or” compound inequality require?
Jibu
The union of the solution sets. A value may satisfy either condition or both.
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What does a blank or omitted value establish?
Jibu
Only that the value is not provided. It does not establish zero, no change, or failure.
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How do you recognize an intermediate conclusion?
Jibu
It is supported by one claim and supports another. It acts as both a conclusion and a premise in the same argument.
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What should you do before writing equations for a two-quantity word problem?
Jibu
Define each variable with its unit, then translate one independent relationship per equation.
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Why should cross-source events be placed in time order?
Jibu
Sequence separates prior conditions from later outcomes and prevents using future information as an earlier cause.
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When should candidate solutions be checked in the original equation?
Jibu
Always after a step that may introduce solutions, especially squaring both sides or clearing variable denominators.
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How can switching from one measured outcome to another create a gap?
Jibu
Evidence about one metric may not support a conclusion about another. More website visits, for example, don't by themselves mean more sales.
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What makes a source relevant to a claim?
Jibu
It supplies evidence for a required link in the claim. Related background alone is not enough.
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How do you solve a factored polynomial inequality reliably?
Jibu
Find the zeros, split the number line into intervals, and test each interval's sign. Include a zero only when equality is allowed.
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Does happening first prove causation?
Jibu
No. The timing may fit a causal story, but coincidence or another cause can still explain the later event.
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How can you spot an unsupported cross-source conclusion?
Jibu
Identify the bridge between evidence and conclusion. If the sources never establish that bridge, the conclusion needs an assumption.
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What do 0 = 0 and 0 = 5 mean after simplifying an equation?
Jibu
0 = 0 means every allowed value is a solution; 0 = 5 means there is no solution.
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What should you verify before comparing figures from different sources?
Jibu
Common units and denominators. Convert first, then compare the same quantity on the same basis.
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How do you interpret |x − a| < r when r is positive?
Jibu
x is within r units of a: a − r < x < a + r.
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What can a larger sample improve?
Jibu
Precision, if the sampling method is sound. A huge biased sample can still give a confidently wrong picture of the population.
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How should a cross-source recommendation be evaluated?
Jibu
Apply the stated decision rule to the combined evidence. Do not substitute a personal preference for the rule.
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If a worker finishes one job in t hours, what is the worker's hourly rate?
Jibu
1/t of the job per hour.
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What can an average hide?
Jibu
The distribution. Two groups can share an average while differing sharply in range, concentration, or the number of extreme values.
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What should you confirm before submitting a Multi-Source Reasoning answer?
Jibu
That every required part is supported by the correct source and scope. One unsupported component can invalidate the whole decision.
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How do you find the amount of a pure component in a mixture?
Jibu
Concentration × total mixture amount. A 30% solution with volume 20 contains 0.30 × 20 = 6 units of the component.
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What role does a concession usually play?
Jibu
It acknowledges a point that weighs against the conclusion, then answers that point or limits its relevance. Don't mistake the conceded claim for the argument's main conclusion.
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When can an apparent cross-source discrepancy be resolved?
Jibu
When a stated difference in scope or method explains both figures. If no bridge is given, keep the conflict open.
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What is the two-set overlap formula?
Jibu
In A or B = in A + in B − in both. Subtract the overlap because it was counted twice.
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What should you identify first in Table Analysis?
Jibu
The row unit, column definitions, and any notes. This establishes what one record and each value represent.
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What is the fundamental counting principle?
Jibu
Multiply the choices at successive stages when each stage has a fixed number of available choices.
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Why distinguish relative change from absolute change?
Jibu
Relative change is the percentage change; absolute change is the amount added or lost. A 50% rise from 2 adds 1, while a 10% rise from 1,000 adds 100.
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How should a table filter be translated?
Jibu
Turn it into an exact inclusion rule. Apply every condition before counting or comparing rows.
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For equally likely outcomes, what is the basic probability formula?
Jibu
Favorable outcomes divided by total possible outcomes.
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What makes a proposed causal mechanism useful?
Jibu
It explains how the cause could produce the effect. A plausible, evidence-backed mechanism strengthens the causal link.
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How do you find the median?
Jibu
Order the values and take the middle value; for an even count, average the two middle values.
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How should numeric values be sorted?
Jibu
By numerical value, not digit order. For example, 12 comes after 9 in ascending order.
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What is missed when evidence includes only successful cases?
Jibu
The failures. Studying only surviving firms can make a strategy look safer or more effective than it is.
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Two machines have stated constant rates of 1/3 and 1/5 job per hour and operate simultaneously without interference. May their rates be added?
Jibu
Yes. The stated rates are constant and the machines do not interfere, so their combined rate is 1/3 + 1/5 = 8/15 job per hour.
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How should a table ratio be built when filters are involved?
Jibu
Derive the numerator and denominator separately from the question, then apply each filter only where it is relevant. Do not automatically filter both quantities or default to all rows.
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What quantity is conserved when two solutions are mixed without loss?
Jibu
The amount of the pure component. Set the sum of the starting component amounts equal to the final component amount.
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When may table rows be added directly?
Jibu
Only when they are disjoint parts of the same measure and use compatible units. Overlapping groups would be double-counted.
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What does n! mean for a positive integer n?
Jibu
The product of the positive integers from 1 through n.
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Where is the argument's logical gap?
Jibu
Between the evidence and the conclusion. State what must connect them without merely repeating either side.
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How do you find the number in neither of two sets?
Jibu
Subtract the number in the union from the total population.
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How should rates from table groups be combined?
Jibu
Divide the total numerator by the total denominator. Weight a group rate by its group size only when that size is the rate's denominator.
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What is wrong with moving from some cases to all cases?
Jibu
The conclusion is broader than the evidence. Evidence that some members have a trait doesn't show that every member does.
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When should you use a permutation?
Jibu
When selecting and arranging items and order matters. The number of ordered selections of r from n distinct items is n!/(n − r)!.
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Why does table granularity matter?
Jibu
A row-level fact may disappear or change after aggregation. Match the claim to the table’s level of detail.
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How do you find the probability that an event does not occur?
Jibu
1 − P(event). This is often the quickest route for “at least one” questions.
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Why does a comparable control group help test causation?
Jibu
It shows what happened without the suspected cause. If the groups differ mainly in that factor, the result is harder to explain another way.
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How should missing table entries be treated?
Jibu
As unknown unless the notes define another meaning. Exclude or include them only as the question directs.
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What is the mode of a data set?
Jibu
A mode is any value with the greatest frequency. Under the no-mode convention, there is no mode only when at least two distinct values all have equal frequency.
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What makes a table comparison valid?
Jibu
The values must have compatible measures, units, periods, populations, and definitions. Normalize only validly convertible differences; reject differences in population, period, or definition that cannot be reconciled.
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What should you check when a prediction extends a past pattern?
Jibu
Whether the conditions behind the past pattern will continue. A trend alone doesn't show that its causes will remain in place.
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How should a drain or other undoing process enter a work-rate equation?
Jibu
As a negative rate. Add productive rates and subtract rates that reverse the work.
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How can you avoid losing your place while scanning a table?
Jibu
Evaluate one condition at a time and mark qualifying rows mentally or on the scratchpad. Count only after the final filter.
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Can evidence that an outcome is possible show it is likely?
Jibu
No. Possibility only shows that an outcome can occur; probability requires evidence about how likely it is.
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What correction is needed when counting the union of three sets?
Jibu
Add the three individual counts, subtract all three pairwise overlaps, then add the triple overlap back once.
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When does a filtered table support a decision?
Jibu
When the qualifying rows satisfy the stated rule. Keep filtering, calculation, and decision as separate steps.
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When should you use a combination?
Jibu
When selecting items and order does not matter. The number of selections of r from n distinct items is n!/[r!(n − r)!].
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What must support a recommendation?
Jibu
A link from the proposed action to the stated goal. The argument also needs the action to be feasible and free of costs that defeat the goal.
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How do AND and OR change a table filter?
Jibu
AND requires every condition; OR requires at least one. Parenthesize mixed rules before scanning rows.
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How do you find the probability that independent events both occur?
Jibu
Multiply their probabilities: P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B).
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What can make an alphabetical sort misleading?
Jibu
Labels may contain categories or embedded numbers. Confirm whether the column is text, numeric, or chronological.
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What kind of fact most directly strengthens an argument?
Jibu
A fact that supports the missing link between evidence and conclusion. Merely repeating a premise adds little.
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What is the range of a data set?
Jibu
Maximum value minus minimum value.
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What should you check at a filter cutoff?
Jibu
Whether the boundary is inclusive. “At least 40” includes 40; “more than 40” does not.
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A train covers 150 miles in 3 hours at a constant rate. What is its rate?
Jibu
50 miles per hour. Rearrange distance = rate × time to get rate = 150 ÷ 3.
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What is the most direct way to weaken an argument?
Jibu
Undermine a necessary assumption connecting the evidence to the conclusion. The premises can remain true while the conclusion loses support.
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What does a tie in the sorted column imply?
Jibu
The tied rows share rank on that measure. Their display order does not create a performance difference.
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How do you identify a useful evaluation question?
Jibu
Test whether opposite answers would push the argument in opposite directions. If both answers leave the conclusion unchanged, the question isn't useful.
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What should you identify first in Graphics Interpretation?
Jibu
The chart type and what each visual encoding represents. Bars, lines, areas, and points support different readings.
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How do repeated identical items affect arrangement counts?
Jibu
For n total items, divide n! by the factorial of each repeated count. Identical items do not create new arrangements when swapped.
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What should you read before estimating a plotted value?
Jibu
Both axis labels, units, and category order. Position has meaning only after the axes are understood.
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How do you test whether a statement is a necessary assumption?
Jibu
Negate it. If that negation seriously damages the argument, the original statement was necessary.
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How do you find the probability that one of two mutually exclusive events occurs?
Jibu
Add their probabilities: P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B). Their overlap is zero.
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What should you verify in a chart legend?
Jibu
Which color, shape, or line maps to each series. Similar styling can otherwise swap the groups in your interpretation.
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What does standard deviation measure?
Jibu
How spread out values are around the mean. Greater dispersion means a larger standard deviation.
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What standard should an inference meet?
Jibu
It must follow from the given statements, without extra assumptions. Choose the modest claim the evidence guarantees.
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What does a segment’s share depend on?
Jibu
The correct whole. A category’s share of one region may differ from its share of the full dataset.
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For motion along the same line, when do you add or subtract two speeds to get relative speed?
Jibu
Add the speeds for opposite directions; subtract the smaller speed from the larger for the same direction.
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What must a paradox explanation accomplish?
Jibu
Make both surprising facts plausible at the same time. Rejecting either stated fact doesn't resolve the tension.
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How is a segment in a stacked bar measured?
Jibu
Subtract its lower boundary from its upper boundary. The upper endpoint alone is cumulative, not the segment value.
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Eight students average 70 and twelve students average 80. What is the combined mean?
Jibu
- The group sizes are the weights: (8 × 70 + 12 × 80) ÷ 20 = 76.
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What is the difference between a graph’s level and its rate of change?
Jibu
Level is the plotted value; rate of change is the slope. A high line can still be falling.
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How should you describe a statement's role in an argument?
Jibu
Describe what it does, not just what it says. It may support the conclusion, present an objection, answer that objection, or illustrate a principle.
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What is P(A given B)?
Jibu
P(A and B) / P(B), provided P(B) > 0. Restrict the sample space to outcomes in B.
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How should slope be compared across a graph?
Jibu
Use change in vertical value divided by change in horizontal value. Visual steepness is reliable only on the same scales.
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A driver covers equal distances at 30 mph and 60 mph. Is the average speed 45 mph?
Jibu
No. Using 60 miles for each leg gives 120 miles in 3 hours, so the average speed is 40 mph.
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What should you identify first when evaluating a plan?
Jibu
The plan's exact goal and success measure. A proposal can produce benefits yet still fail its stated objective.
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What does a trend in a scatterplot establish?
Jibu
An association in the displayed data. It does not by itself establish causation or predict every individual point.
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How can you strengthen a causal explanation?
Jibu
Rule out a credible alternative cause, support the proposed mechanism, or show the effect changes when the proposed cause changes.
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How can an outlier affect a graphical trend?
Jibu
It can pull a summary line or average away from the main cluster. Check whether the claim concerns all points or the typical pattern.
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Why do probabilities usually change when sampling without replacement?
Jibu
The sample space changes after each draw. Update both the favorable count and the total before multiplying conditional probabilities.
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One value in an n-value set increases by d. How does the mean change?
Jibu
It increases by d/n because the total rises by d while the count stays fixed.
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When does a counterexample weaken a claim?
Jibu
When the claim requires the counterexample not to exist. One genuine exception can defeat an absolute claim, but may barely affect a modest one.
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What is the parity of the sum of two odd integers?
Jibu
Even. Each odd integer is one more than an even integer, so the two extra ones add to 2.
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What can an aggregate graph hide?
Jibu
Differences among subgroups or periods. A stable total can coexist with large offsetting changes inside it.
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When is interpolation reasonable on a graph?
Jibu
When the graph implies continuity between nearby points. Do not interpolate across separate categories.
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What makes information relevant to evaluating an argument?
Jibu
It bears on the uncertain link the conclusion depends on. Interesting facts about the topic may still be logically irrelevant.
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How precise should a value read from a graph be?
Jibu
Only as precise as the scale supports. Use a defensible interval when the mark falls between ticks.
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Must a necessary assumption prove the conclusion?
Jibu
No. It only has to be required for the argument to work; it need not be enough to establish the conclusion on its own.
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How do you multiply positive numbers written in scientific notation?
Jibu
Multiply the coefficients, add the powers of 10, then adjust the coefficient to be at least 1 and less than 10.
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How should a graph-based decision be made?
Jibu
Translate the visual into values or bounds, then apply the stated rule. Do not decide from appearance alone.
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When is backsolving from answer choices especially useful?
Jibu
When the choices are concrete values and direct algebra is slower than testing them in the original conditions.
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How can axis scale distort a visual impression?
Jibu
Unequal intervals or a truncated baseline can magnify or compress differences. Use tick values, not apparent distance alone.
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When should you combine two statements for an inference?
Jibu
When they share a term or relationship that creates a guaranteed consequence. Don't combine them through an unstated causal or statistical link.
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When is a product of integers odd?
Jibu
Only when every factor is odd. One even factor makes the entire product even.
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What often resolves two apparently conflicting results?
Jibu
A hidden difference in group, time, measurement, or conditions. The results may describe different slices of the situation.
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How should equal distances on a logarithmic axis be interpreted?
Jibu
As equal multiplicative changes, not equal absolute changes. Read the labeled values before comparing gaps.
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Why start with a middle answer choice when backsolving ordered options?
Jibu
Its result often eliminates half the choices at once when the relationship is monotonic.
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What makes a Two-Part Analysis response complete?
Jibu
Both selections must satisfy their own column prompts under the same stem. Treat the pair as one submitted response.
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What is an analogy doing when it supports a claim?
Jibu
It argues that because two cases share relevant features, a result or principle from one likely applies to the other.
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How do you represent three consecutive odd integers?
Jibu
n, n + 2, and n + 4, where n is an odd integer.
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What should you identify before solving Two-Part Analysis?
Jibu
The role of each column. One may ask for a condition while the other asks for a consequence or decision.
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What values should you test first in a claim about an unspecified number?
Jibu
Test allowed categories that may behave differently: positive, negative, zero, fractional, and boundary values.
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How can an unchanged bottleneck defeat a plan?
Jibu
Improving a nonlimiting step won't improve the final outcome if another constraint still controls it. Faster ordering doesn't help when production is already full.
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How does the shared stem affect the two parts?
Jibu
Its definitions and constraints apply to both. Keep them fixed while testing each column’s requirement.
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How do you count the positive divisors of an integer greater than 1 from its prime factorization?
Jibu
Add 1 to each prime exponent, then multiply those results.
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In Two-Part Analysis, must the two selected entries be the same?
Jibu
In the current format, the two selected entries may be the same or different. A linkage in the stem determines whether you must reason through them jointly, not whether their values match.
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What makes evidence for a general claim strong?
Jibu
It should be relevant and reliable and, if case-based, come from representative cases. More evidence isn't automatically better evidence.
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How do you factor a difference of squares?
Jibu
Use x² − y² = (x − y)(x + y).
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When should the two Two-Part Analysis selections be solved together?
Jibu
When one shared relationship constrains both. Test candidate pairs against that relationship instead of solving isolated fragments.
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How can one counterexample evaluate a universal claim?
Jibu
One valid counterexample disproves a claim that is supposed to hold for every allowed value.
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How does an alternative explanation weaken a conclusion?
Jibu
It shows that the evidence can be true without the proposed explanation being true. The alternative must account for the same result.
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In Two-Part Analysis, how can one column help solve the other?
Jibu
A valid selection can narrow the remaining candidates when the parts share a constraint. Recheck the final pair in both columns.
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How do you test whether x² + bx + c factors into integer binomials?
Jibu
Look for integers r and s with r + s = b and rs = c. If they exist, the factorization is (x + r)(x + s).
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Which unknown should you evaluate first in a plan argument?
Jibu
A condition that could make the plan achieve or miss its goal. Focus on feasibility, response, costs, and side effects tied to that goal.
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How should a trade-off between two measures be evaluated?
Jibu
Apply the stated priorities or limits. An option is better only relative to the rule, not because one measure is largest.
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How can estimation screen answer choices before exact calculation?
Jibu
Approximate the expression's magnitude, then eliminate choices that are far too large or too small.
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In a constrained-decision Two-Part Analysis problem, what should you check before comparing candidates?
Jibu
Check every hard constraint first. Discard any option that breaks a required limit, then compare only the feasible candidates.
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What does a defensive assumption do?
Jibu
It rules out a threat that would break the argument. For example, a revenue plan may assume that its added costs won't exceed the new revenue.
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What restriction applies when a variable appears in a denominator?
Jibu
Exclude every value that makes the denominator zero.
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How does an objective differ from a constraint?
Jibu
A constraint determines what is allowed; an objective ranks the allowed options. Apply them in that order.
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Which quick checks catch many Quant answer errors?
Jibu
Check the sign, units, allowed range, and rough size against the question's conditions.
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What inference is safe from a statement about most members?
Jibu
More than half have the stated trait. You can't infer that all do, that any particular member does, or that most have another trait.
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How should a two-part threshold rule be handled?
Jibu
Translate each threshold with the correct inequality, including its boundary. Then test both selected values against it.
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Where can one negative sign appear in a fraction without changing its value?
Jibu
Before the fraction, in the numerator, or in the denominator: −(a/b) = (−a)/b = a/(−b), provided b ≠ 0.
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How does an argument choose between competing explanations?
Jibu
It presents evidence that one explanation handles better than the others, often by ruling out a rival prediction.
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What is an efficient way to handle two linked algebraic targets?
Jibu
Express both in terms of one variable or invariant. Evaluate candidate values only after the relationship is clear.
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How do you solve x² = c over the real numbers?
Jibu
If c > 0, x = ±√c; if c = 0, x = 0; if c < 0, there is no real solution.
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What should you check when two selected quantities form a ratio?
Jibu
Order and scale. The ratio A:B is not interchangeable with B:A, and proportional pairs may all fit.
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How does a positive proper fraction compare with 1?
Jibu
It is less than 1 because its numerator is smaller than its denominator.
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Which side effects matter when evaluating a plan?
Jibu
Effects that change the plan's net result or work against its goal. A small unrelated inconvenience usually doesn't matter.
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How should a two-part logical claim be tested?
Jibu
Separate the condition from the conclusion, then test whether each selected statement performs the requested role.
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What is the solution pattern for |x| = a over the real numbers?
Jibu
If a > 0, x = ±a; if a = 0, x = 0; if a < 0, there is no real solution.
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What unit check belongs in a two-part quantitative answer?
Jibu
Confirm that each selection has the unit requested by its column. Linked values may require different conversions.
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Why does user response matter to a plan?
Jibu
The plan may depend on people adopting, following, or not avoiding it. Availability alone doesn't guarantee the needed behavior.
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A response rate rises from 40% to 50%. What are the percentage-point change and the relative percent increase?
Jibu
The increase is 10 percentage points and 25% relative to the original rate: (50 − 40) ÷ 40 = 0.25.
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What is the final check for Two-Part Analysis?
Jibu
Read each column prompt with its chosen entry, then verify that the pair is jointly consistent with the stem.
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For real x and y, what two linear cases are equivalent to x² = y²?
Jibu
x = y or x = −y.
Kadi namba 300
Swali
How should benefits and costs be compared in a plan argument?
Jibu
By their net effect on the stated goal. A plan can create the intended benefit but still fail if its relevant costs are larger.
kadi 300
GMAT Flashcards: Quant, Verbal & Data Insights Decisions
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