Digital SAT Flashcards: Math, Grammar & Words in Context

Kartičky v tomto balíčku

1. Kartička 1

   Otázka

   Central idea of a passage?

   Odpověď

   The passage's main claim or controlling point. It should cover the whole passage, not one striking detail.

2. Kartička 2

   Otázka

   The shade trees mitigated the midday heat. Meaning of “mitigated”?

   Odpověď

   Reduced. The trees made the heat less severe.

3. Kartička 3

   Otázka

   The first plan was affordable. However, it took twice as long. What relationship does “However” signal?

   Odpověď

   Contrast. The second statement differs from or qualifies the first.

4. Kartička 4

   Otázka

   Three standard joins for two independent clauses?

   Odpověď

   A period, a semicolon, or a comma plus a coordinating conjunction. Each side must be a complete sentence.

5. Kartička 5

   Otázka

   Best supporting detail?

   Odpověď

   The detail that most directly proves the claim. Relevance matters more than how vivid or surprising it is.

6. Kartička 6

   Otázka

   A second archive corroborated the diary's date. Meaning of “corroborated”?

   Odpověď

   Confirmed with supporting evidence.

7. Kartička 7

   Otázka

   Every member of set A is even. Nine is odd; therefore, nine is not in set A. What relationship does “therefore” signal?

   Odpověď

   Conclusion from a reason. The final statement follows logically from the stated premises.

8. Kartička 8

   Otázka

   Introductory dependent clause before a main clause?

   Odpověď

   Use a comma after the dependent clause. Example: “Although rain fell, the match continued.”

9. Kartička 9

   Otázka

   Valid inference?

   Odpověď

   A conclusion that must follow, or that most reasonably follows, from the stated evidence. Avoid assumptions the text never supports.

10. Kartička 10

    Otázka

    The team called its result tentative until replication. Meaning of “tentative”?

    Odpověď

    Provisional or not yet certain.

11. Kartička 11

    Otázka

    Several materials block sound. For example, thick felt absorbs echoes. What relationship does “For example” signal?

    Odpověď

    Illustration. The second statement gives a specific case of the broader point.

12. Kartička 12

    Otázka

    Singular subject with an intervening prepositional phrase?

    Odpověď

    Use a singular verb. Example: “The box of samples is sealed.” The phrase “of samples” does not change the subject.

13. Kartička 13

    Otázka

    Strongest textual evidence?

    Odpověď

    The quotation or detail that most directly supports the target claim, with the fewest extra assumptions.

14. Kartička 14

    Otázka

    The error had a negligible effect on the total. Meaning of “negligible”?

    Odpověď

    So small that it is not important.

15. Kartička 15

    Otázka

    The first route avoids steep hills. Similarly, the second stays nearly level. What relationship does “Similarly” signal?

    Odpověď

    Similarity. The second statement matches the first in a relevant way.

16. Kartička 16

    Otázka

    Opening modifier placement?

    Odpověď

    Place the noun being modified immediately after the opening phrase. Example: “Walking home, Lena noticed the mural.”

17. Kartička 17

    Otázka

    Quantitative evidence for a claim?

    Odpověď

    Use the value, comparison, or trend that directly tests the claim, including the correct units and baseline.

18. Kartička 18

    Otázka

    The lab used a conventional method before testing a new one. Meaning of “conventional”?

    Odpověď

    Traditional or commonly accepted.

19. Kartička 19

    Otázka

    Mira checked the figures. Meanwhile, Omar revised the caption. What relationship does “Meanwhile” signal?

    Odpověď

    Simultaneous events. The second event happens at the same time as the first.

20. Kartička 20

    Otázka

    Singular possessive noun?

    Odpověď

    Usually add apostrophe + s. Example: “the scientist's notebook.”

21. Kartička 21

    Otázka

    Trend in a table or graph?

    Odpověď

    State what changes, in which direction, and across which interval. Do not turn a pattern into a cause without evidence.

22. Kartička 22

    Otázka

    The essay offered a novel explanation for the pattern. Meaning of “novel”?

    Odpověď

    New or original in this context.

23. Kartička 23

    Otázka

    The device was old. Nevertheless, it performed reliably. What relationship does “Nevertheless” signal?

    Odpověď

    Concession. The second statement remains true despite the limitation in the first.

24. Kartička 24

    Otázka

    Parallel items in a series?

    Odpověď

    Use the same grammatical form for each item. Example: “to collect, analyze, and report data.”

25. Kartička 25

    Otázka

    Claim stronger than the evidence?

    Odpověď

    Qualify the claim. Limited evidence can support “may” or “suggests,” not an absolute conclusion.

26. Kartička 26

    Otázka

    Her account is plausible because it matches the records. Meaning of “plausible”?

    Odpověď

    Reasonable or believable.

27. Kartička 27

    Otázka

    The plan cuts costs. Moreover, it shortens delivery time. What relationship does “Moreover” signal?

    Odpověď

    Addition. The second statement adds a related supporting point.

28. Kartička 28

    Otázka

    Colon before an explanation or list?

    Odpověď

    Use it only after a complete independent clause. Example: “The kit needs three items: tape, gloves, and labels.”

29. Kartička 29

    Otázka

    Claim versus evidence?

    Odpověď

    A claim is the point being argued; evidence is the information used to support it.

30. Kartička 30

    Otázka

    The memo's ambiguous wording allowed two readings. Meaning of “ambiguous”?

    Odpověď

    Open to more than one interpretation.

31. Kartička 31

    Otázka

    The team didn't replace the sensor. Instead, it recalibrated the existing one. What relationship does “Instead” signal?

    Odpověď

    Replacement. The second statement substitutes one action for another.

32. Kartička 32

    Otázka

    Count nouns versus mass nouns?

    Odpověď

    Use “fewer” with countable items and “less” with amounts. Example: fewer errors, less noise.

33. Kartička 33

    Otázka

    Effect of a counterexample?

    Odpověď

    It weakens a universal claim by showing at least one case where the claim fails.

34. Kartička 34

    Otázka

    Rainfall was sporadic: brief showers interrupted long dry periods. Meaning of “sporadic”?

    Odpověď

    Irregular and occasional.

35. Kartička 35

    Otázka

    The seedlings grew indoors. Subsequently, workers moved them outside. What relationship does “Subsequently” signal?

    Odpověď

    Later step in a sequence. The second event occurs after the first.

36. Kartička 36

    Otázka

    Essential clause punctuation?

    Odpověď

    Do not surround an essential clause with commas. It identifies which person or thing the sentence means.

37. Kartička 37

    Otázka

    Correlation alone proves causation?

    Odpověď

    No. A relationship between variables does not by itself show that one caused the other.

38. Kartička 38

    Otázka

    Subsequent trials produced the same result. Meaning of “subsequent”?

    Odpověď

    Coming later in time.

39. Kartička 39

    Otázka

    The coating is hydrophobic. In other words, it repels water. What relationship does “In other words” signal?

    Odpověď

    Restatement for clarity. The second statement rephrases the first.

40. Kartička 40

    Otázka

    Verb tense across a paragraph?

    Odpověď

    Keep the time frame consistent unless the timing actually changes.

41. Kartička 41

    Otázka

    Missing information in a data claim?

    Odpověď

    Look for the baseline, sample size, units, comparison group, or time interval needed to judge the claim.

42. Kartička 42

    Otázka

    The coating helps the fabric retain heat. Meaning of “retain”?

    Odpověď

    Keep or continue to hold.

43. Kartička 43

    Otázka

    The repair requires specialized tools. Specifically, it needs a torque wrench. What relationship does “Specifically” signal?

    Odpověď

    General-to-specific detail. The second statement narrows the broad first statement.

44. Kartička 44

    Otázka

    Coordinate adjectives?

    Odpověď

    Separate them with a comma when their order can switch and “and” can fit between them. Example: “a clear, concise note.”

45. Kartička 45

    Otázka

    Two sources on the same event?

    Odpověď

    Compare the exact claims, evidence, scope, and perspective. Shared topic does not guarantee agreement.

46. Kartička 46

    Otázka

    The survey was designed to elicit candid responses. Meaning of “elicit”?

    Odpověď

    Draw out or bring forth.

47. Kartička 47

    Otázka

    Heavy rain loosened the soil. Consequently, the trail closed. What relationship does “Consequently” signal?

    Odpověď

    Cause and effect. The second statement is an outcome of the first.

48. Kartička 48

    Otázka

    Sentence fragment?

    Odpověď

    A group of words missing an independent clause. Attach it to a complete sentence or supply the missing subject and verb.

49. Kartička 49

    Otázka

    Inference from a narrow sample?

    Odpověď

    Limit the conclusion to the population the sample can represent. Do not generalize beyond the evidence.

50. Kartička 50

    Otázka

    Cost was the main constraint on the project. Meaning of “constraint”?

    Odpověď

    A limit or restriction.

51. Kartička 51

    Otázka

    Early results conflicted. Ultimately, the team accepted the model. What relationship does “Ultimately” signal?

    Odpověď

    Overall conclusion. The second statement gives the final judgment after earlier considerations.

52. Kartička 52

    Otázka

    Conjunctive adverb between independent clauses?

    Odpověď

    Use a semicolon before it and a comma after it. Example: “The route was longer; however, it was safer.”

53. Kartička 53

    Otázka

    Most accurate summary?

    Odpověď

    State the central idea and its essential support without adding opinions or minor details.

54. Kartička 54

    Otázka

    The review was comprehensive, covering every recorded case. Meaning of “comprehensive”?

    Odpověď

    Complete and wide-ranging.

55. Kartička 55

    Otázka

    The method is efficient. Indeed, it cuts processing time in half. What relationship does “Indeed” signal?

    Odpověď

    Emphasis and confirmation. The second statement reinforces the first with a stronger detail.

56. Kartička 56

    Otázka

    Who versus whom?

    Odpověď

    Use “who” as a subject and “whom” as an object. Test with he/him: “whom” matches “him.”

57. Kartička 57

    Otázka

    Evidence that best resolves a disagreement?

    Odpověď

    Choose evidence that tests the specific point on which the sources differ, not a fact both already accept.

58. Kartička 58

    Otázka

    The two materials have distinct properties. Meaning of “distinct”?

    Odpověď

    Clearly different or separate.

59. Kartička 59

    Otázka

    The forecast warned of rain. Still, the outdoor concert began on time. What relationship does “Still” signal?

    Odpověď

    Concession. The second statement remains true despite the obstacle in the first.

60. Kartička 60

    Otázka

    Comma before an introduced direct quotation?

    Odpověď

    Use a comma after a speech tag. Example: “Mina wrote, ‘The sample is ready.’”

61. Kartička 61

    Otázka

    The conclusion was qualified by two important exceptions. Meaning of “qualified”?

    Odpověď

    Limited or modified, rather than stated without conditions.

62. Kartička 62

    Otázka

    Notes for a synthesis goal?

    Odpověď

    Use only facts that directly serve the stated goal. Relevant notes can be omitted if they do not help that purpose.

63. Kartička 63

    Otázka

    Comma splice?

    Odpověď

    Two independent clauses joined only by a comma. Replace it with a period or semicolon, or add a coordinating conjunction.

64. Kartička 64

    Otázka

    Comma between subject and verb?

    Odpověď

    Do not use one unless an interrupting phrase requires paired commas. “The results of the trial were clear” takes no comma after “trial.”

65. Kartička 65

    Otázka

    The new sensor made the older model obsolete. Meaning of “obsolete”?

    Odpověď

    No longer useful or current because something newer replaced it.

66. Kartička 66

    Otázka

    Source attribution in a synthesis?

    Odpověď

    Name the source when its identity, authority, or perspective matters to the rhetorical goal.

67. Kartička 67

    Otázka

    Compound subject joined by “and”?

    Odpověď

    Use a plural verb in the usual case. Example: “The map and the notes are useful.”

68. Kartička 68

    Otázka

    Dangling opening modifier?

    Odpověď

    It lacks the intended doer immediately after the modifier. Rewrite so the doer becomes the subject.

69. Kartička 69

    Otázka

    Researchers derived the estimate from three measurements. Meaning of “derived”?

    Odpověď

    Obtained from a source or calculation.

70. Kartička 70

    Otázka

    Chronological synthesis?

    Odpověď

    Order events by time and use dates or sequence words only when they help the reader follow the progression.

71. Kartička 71

    Otázka

    Plural noun ending in s: possessive form?

    Odpověď

    Add an apostrophe after the existing s. Example: “the researchers' notes.”

72. Kartička 72

    Otázka

    Logical comparison?

    Odpověď

    Compare like with like. Example: compare one city's rainfall with another city's rainfall, not with the city itself.

73. Kartička 73

    Otázka

    The article advocates preserving the wetland. Meaning of “advocates”?

    Odpověď

    Publicly supports or argues for.

74. Kartička 74

    Otázka

    Compare evidence from two studies?

    Odpověď

    State the shared measure first, then the relevant difference in result, method, or population.

75. Kartička 75

    Otázka

    Colon after an incomplete lead-in?

    Odpověď

    Do not use one. A colon must follow a complete clause, so “The reasons include:” is incorrect.

76. Kartička 76

    Otázka

    Number versus amount?

    Odpověď

    Use “number” for countable items and “amount” for uncountable quantities. Example: number of files, amount of water.

77. Kartička 77

    Otázka

    Portable chargers are now ubiquitous on long trips. Meaning of “ubiquitous”?

    Odpověď

    Present or found almost everywhere.

78. Kartička 78

    Otázka

    Synthesis that emphasizes a difference?

    Odpověď

    Use the same comparison point for both subjects, then state the contrast directly.

79. Kartička 79

    Otázka

    Nonessential clause or phrase?

    Odpověď

    Set it off with paired commas. The sentence should keep its core identity and meaning when the phrase is removed.

80. Kartička 80

    Otázka

    Earlier of two past actions?

    Odpověď

    Use past perfect when the sequence needs clarification. Example: “The team had left before the storm began.”

81. Kartička 81

    Otázka

    Sentence 2 presents an exception to sentence 1. Its function?

    Odpověď

    It qualifies the first claim by limiting when or how broadly it applies.

82. Kartička 82

    Otázka

    Rhetorical goal: define a term?

    Odpověď

    Give the term's relevant meaning before using details or examples that depend on it.

83. Kartička 83

    Otázka

    Cumulative adjectives?

    Odpověď

    Do not separate them with a comma when each adjective builds on the next. Example: “three small glass jars.”

84. Kartička 84

    Otázka

    Run-on sentence?

    Odpověď

    Independent clauses joined without valid punctuation or a conjunction. Add a period, semicolon, or comma plus coordinating conjunction.

85. Kartička 85

    Otázka

    Sentence 2 gives a specific case after a general claim. Its function?

    Odpověď

    It illustrates the claim with an example.

86. Kartička 86

    Otázka

    Introduce a quotation in a synthesis?

    Odpověď

    Give enough source and context to show why the quotation matters; do not leave it unattached.

87. Kartička 87

    Otázka

    Relative pronoun for people?

    Odpověď

    Use “who” or “whom,” depending on case. Example: “the engineer who designed the bridge.”

88. Kartička 88

    Otázka

    Integrated quotation punctuation?

    Odpověď

    Do not add a comma when the quotation completes the grammar of the sentence. Example: The report calls the result “unexpected.”

89. Kartička 89

    Otázka

    Sentence 2 admits a limitation before defending the claim. Its function?

    Odpověď

    It makes a concession, showing that the writer recognizes a complication.

90. Kartička 90

    Otázka

    Avoid redundancy in synthesis?

    Odpověď

    State each needed idea once. Prefer the version that preserves meaning with fewer repeated words.

91. Kartička 91

    Otázka

    Semicolon between two independent clauses?

    Odpověď

    Use it without a coordinating conjunction when the ideas are closely related. Example: “The trial ended; the analysis began.”

92. Kartička 92

    Otázka

    Comma in a compound predicate?

    Odpověď

    Usually omit it when one subject performs both actions. Example: “The team collected the samples and recorded the temperature.”

93. Kartička 93

    Otázka

    Sentence 2 explains what a technical term means. Its function?

    Odpověď

    It defines or clarifies the term.

94. Kartička 94

    Otázka

    Combine two related sentences?

    Odpověď

    Make the logical relationship explicit and remove repeated material without changing the facts.

95. Kartička 95

    Otázka

    Either/or subject agreement?

    Odpověď

    Make the verb agree with the nearer subject. Example: “Either the notes or the map is missing.”

96. Kartička 96

    Otázka

    Active versus passive voice?

    Odpověď

    Choose the voice that fits the focus. Active highlights the doer; passive can highlight the action or receiver.

97. Kartička 97

    Otázka

    Sentence 2 describes the outcome of sentence 1. Its function?

    Odpověď

    It presents an effect or consequence.

98. Kartička 98

    Otázka

    Formal academic register?

    Odpověď

    Use precise, neutral wording and avoid slang, vague intensifiers, and chatty asides unless the goal calls for them.

99. Kartička 99

    Otázka

    Its or it's?

    Odpověď

    “Its” is possessive; “it's” means “it is” or “it has.”

100. Kartička 100

     Otázka

     Adjective versus adverb?

     Odpověď

     An adjective modifies a noun; an adverb usually modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb. Example: a careful test; test carefully.

101. Kartička 101

     Otázka

     A study reports a result without arguing for a policy. Author's purpose?

     Odpověď

     To inform or explain, not necessarily to persuade.

102. Kartička 102

     Otázka

     Concise synthesis?

     Odpověď

     Keep every fact needed for the rhetorical goal and remove details that repeat or distract from it.

103. Kartička 103

     Otázka

     Single dash for emphasis?

     Odpověď

     Use it after a complete thought to spotlight a final explanation or turn. Example: “One result stood out—the oldest sample.”

104. Kartička 104

     Otázka

     Comma with direct address?

     Odpověď

     Set off the person being addressed. Example: “Rina, please check the units.”

105. Kartička 105

     Otázka

     Why acknowledge a limitation?

     Odpověď

     To define the claim's boundary and show how the evidence should be interpreted.

106. Kartička 106

     Otázka

     Quantitative comparison in a synthesis?

     Odpověď

     Name both values, the shared unit, and the direction or size of the difference.

107. Kartička 107

     Otázka

     Each of the samples: verb number?

     Odpověď

     Singular. “Each of the samples was labeled.” The subject is “each.”

108. Kartička 108

     Otázka

     Between versus among?

     Odpověď

     Use “between” for distinct individual relationships and “among” for a group without separate pairings.

109. Kartička 109

     Otázka

     Rhetorical question in an argument?

     Odpověď

     It can frame the issue or prompt the reader to consider an implied answer; it is not evidence by itself.

110. Kartička 110

     Otázka

     Claim before or after support?

     Odpověď

     Place it where the rhetorical goal is clearest: before evidence for a direct point, or after evidence for an evidence-led conclusion.

111. Kartička 111

     Otázka

     Restrictive “that” versus nonrestrictive “which”?

     Odpověď

     Use “that” without commas for essential information; use “which” with commas for removable information.

112. Kartička 112

     Otázka

     Present perfect use?

     Odpověď

     Use it for an action connected to the present or continuing to now. Example: “The team has tracked rainfall since May.”

113. Kartička 113

     Otázka

     Two texts reach the same conclusion with different evidence. Relationship?

     Odpověď

     They agree in conclusion but support it through different evidence.

114. Kartička 114

     Otázka

     Group related ideas in a synthesis?

     Odpověď

     Keep facts serving the same point together, then signal the move to a new point.

115. Kartička 115

     Otázka

     Compound modifier before a noun?

     Odpověď

     Hyphenate it when needed for clarity. Example: “a well-designed study.”

116. Kartička 116

     Otázka

     Affect or effect?

     Odpověď

     “Affect” is usually a verb meaning influence; “effect” is usually a noun meaning result.

117. Kartička 117

     Otázka

     Two texts offer incompatible explanations. Relationship?

     Odpověď

     They disagree about the cause or interpretation, even if they share the same observations.

118. Kartička 118

     Otázka

     Replace a vague pronoun in synthesis?

     Odpověď

     Use the precise noun when two or more possible antecedents could confuse the reader.

119. Kartička 119

     Otázka

     Comma-separated list?

     Odpověď

     Use commas between three or more parallel items. A final serial comma can prevent ambiguity.

120. Kartička 120

     Otázka

     Main clause before a dependent clause?

     Odpověď

     Usually no comma when the dependent clause is essential. Example: “The match continued although rain fell.”

121. Kartička 121

     Otázka

     Two authors use the same evidence but different assumptions. Key difference?

     Odpověď

     Their perspectives or interpretive frameworks, not the underlying evidence.

122. Kartička 122

     Otázka

     Independent clauses joined with a coordinating conjunction?

     Odpověď

     Place a comma before the conjunction. Example: “The sensor failed, so the team repeated the trial.”

123. Kartička 123

     Otázka

     Introductory transition?

     Odpověď

     Follow it with a comma when it modifies the whole sentence. Example: “However, the second trial succeeded.”

124. Kartička 124

     Otázka

     Pronoun–antecedent agreement?

     Odpověď

     Match number and make the reference clear. Singular “they” is standard when a person's gender is unknown or irrelevant.

125. Kartička 125

     Otázka

     Paired em dashes?

     Odpověď

     Use them to set off an emphatic interruption. Both dashes are needed when the sentence continues after it.

126. Kartička 126

     Otázka

     How does new evidence relate to an earlier claim?

     Odpověď

     It may support, weaken, qualify, or leave the claim unchanged. Match the evidence to the exact claim.

127. Kartička 127

     Otázka

     Their, there, or they're?

     Odpověď

     “Their” is possessive, “there” refers to place or existence, and “they're” means “they are.”

128. Kartička 128

     Otázka

     Good or well?

     Odpověď

     “Good” is usually an adjective; “well” is usually an adverb. A person can feel good and perform well.

129. Kartička 129

     Otázka

     Appositive naming the same noun?

     Odpověď

     Set a nonessential appositive off with commas. Example: “Dr. Rao, the lead author, presented the findings.”

130. Kartička 130

     Otázka

     Why use an analogy?

     Odpověď

     To clarify an unfamiliar idea through a relevant similarity to something more familiar.

131. Kartička 131

     Otázka

     Than or then?

     Odpověď

     “Than” makes a comparison; “then” refers to time or consequence.

132. Kartička 132

     Otázka

     Hypothetical contrary-to-fact “if” clause?

     Odpověď

     Use subjunctive “were.” Example: “If the sample were larger, the estimate would be steadier.”

133. Kartička 133

     Otázka

     Plural noun with no possession?

     Odpověď

     Do not add an apostrophe. Write “three sensors,” not “three sensor's.”

134. Kartička 134

     Otázka

     Neutral, evidence-led wording indicates what tone?

     Odpověď

     Objective. It emphasizes information rather than strong personal judgment.

135. Kartička 135

     Otázka

     Complex list with internal commas?

     Odpověď

     Use semicolons between the main items. Example: “Lima, Peru; Accra, Ghana; and Hanoi, Vietnam.”

136. Kartička 136

     Otázka

     Ambiguous pronoun?

     Odpověď

     A pronoun with more than one plausible antecedent. Replace it with the intended noun.

137. Kartička 137

     Otázka

     Parentheses around nonessential information?

     Odpověď

     Use them for an aside that is less central than the main sentence. The sentence must remain grammatical without it.

138. Kartička 138

     Otázka

     Repeated doubt about the evidence indicates what tone?

     Odpověď

     Skeptical. The writer questions whether a claim is adequately supported.

139. Kartička 139

     Otázka

     Superlative comparison?

     Odpověď

     Use it for one member against a group of three or more. Example: “the fastest of the four methods.”

140. Kartička 140

     Otázka

     Pronoun after a preposition?

     Odpověď

     Use the object form. Write “between you and me,” not “between you and I.”

141. Kartička 141

     Otázka

     Apostrophe in a contraction?

     Odpověď

     It marks omitted letters. Example: “can't” contracts “cannot,” and “they're” contracts “they are.”

142. Kartička 142

     Otázka

     Coordinate-adjective test?

     Odpověď

     If “and” works between the adjectives and their order can reverse, use a comma between them.

143. Kartička 143

     Otázka

     Double comparative?

     Odpověď

     Use only one comparative marker. Write “more efficient” or “faster,” not “more faster.”

144. Kartička 144

     Otázka

     Lie or lay?

     Odpověď

     “Lie” means recline and takes no object; “lay” means place and takes an object. Present: lie/lay; past: lay/laid.

145. Kartička 145

     Otázka

     Who's or whose?

     Odpověď

     “Who's” means “who is” or “who has”; “whose” is possessive.

146. Kartička 146

     Otázka

     Standard comparison with “different”?

     Odpověď

     Use “different from.” Example: “This result is different from the earlier estimate.”

147. Kartička 147

     Otázka

     Paired construction with two endpoints?

     Odpověď

     Use “between” with “and”: “between 10 and 15,” not “between 10 to 15.”

148. Kartička 148

     Otázka

     Verb mood in a coordinated idea?

     Odpověď

     Keep the mood consistent unless the meaning changes. Do not shift from a command to a statement without reason.

149. Kartička 149

     Otázka

     Possessive pronoun apostrophe?

     Odpověď

     Do not use one. Write “hers,” “ours,” “yours,” and “theirs.”

150. Kartička 150

     Otázka

     Comma between a preposition and its object?

     Odpověď

     Do not use one. Keep the prepositional phrase intact: “in the final report,” not “in, the final report.”

     

     300 kartiček

     Digital SAT Flashcards: Math, Grammar & Words in Context

     Učit se tento balíček zdarma

     Otevře se Nibomo, abyste se mohli začít učit.

151. Kartička 151

     Otázka

     Solve $ax+b=c$ for $x$, where $a≠0$.

     Odpověď

     $x=(c-b)/a$. Subtract $b$ first, then divide by $a$.

152. Kartička 152

     Otázka

     Product of powers with the same base?

     Odpověď

     $a^m a^n=a^{m+n}$. Keep the base and add the exponents.

153. Kartička 153

     Otázka

     Unit rate?

     Odpověď

     The amount per 1 unit. Divide both quantities by the same value so the denominator becomes 1.

154. Kartička 154

     Otázka

     Rectangle area?

     Odpověď

     $A=lw$, where $l$ is length and $w$ is width.

155. Kartička 155

     Otázka

     Slope from two points?

     Odpověď

     $m=(y_2-y_1)/(x_2-x_1)$. Subtract coordinates in the same order.

156. Kartička 156

     Otázka

     Quotient of powers with the same base?

     Odpověď

     $a^m/a^n=a^{m-n}$ for $a≠0$.

157. Kartička 157

     Otázka

     Conversion factor setup?

     Odpověď

     Multiply by a ratio equal to 1, with the unwanted unit placed to cancel.

158. Kartička 158

     Otázka

     Triangle area?

     Odpověď

     $A=(1/2)bh$. The height must be perpendicular to the chosen base.

159. Kartička 159

     Otázka

     Slope-intercept form?

     Odpověď

     $y=mx+b$, where $m$ is the slope and $b$ is the y-intercept.

160. Kartička 160

     Otázka

     Power raised to a power?

     Odpověď

     $(a^m)^n=a^{mn}$. Multiply the exponents.

161. Kartička 161

     Otázka

     Dimensional analysis check?

     Odpověď

     Cancel units algebraically. The units left at the end should match the quantity requested.

162. Kartička 162

     Otázka

     Trapezoid area?

     Odpověď

     $A=(1/2)(b_1+b_2)h$. The height is perpendicular to the parallel bases.

163. Kartička 163

     Otázka

     Point-slope form?

     Odpověď

     $y-y_1=m(x-x_1)$. Use a known point $(x_1,y_1)$ and the slope $m$.

164. Kartička 164

     Otázka

     Negative exponent?

     Odpověď

     $a^{-n}=1/a^n$ for $a≠0$.

165. Kartička 165

     Otázka

     Constant of proportionality in $y=kx$?

     Odpověď

     $k=y/x$ for $x≠0$. It is also the unit rate and slope.

166. Kartička 166

     Otázka

     Circle area?

     Odpověď

     $A=πr^2$.

167. Kartička 167

     Otázka

     Intercepts from $Ax+By=C$?

     Odpověď

     Set $y=0$ for the x-intercept and set $x=0$ for the y-intercept.

168. Kartička 168

     Otázka

     Fractional exponent?

     Odpověď

     $a^{m/n}$ means the nth root of $a^m$. For example, $a^{1/2}=√a$.

169. Kartička 169

     Otázka

     Scale drawing length?

     Odpověď

     Use a proportion with corresponding lengths in the same order, then apply the stated scale factor.

170. Kartička 170

     Otázka

     Circle circumference?

     Odpověď

     $C=2πr=πd$.

171. Kartička 171

     Otázka

     Parallel nonvertical lines: slope relationship?

     Odpověď

     They have equal slopes. Distinct parallel lines have different intercepts.

172. Kartička 172

     Otázka

     Difference of squares?

     Odpověď

     $a^2-b^2=(a-b)(a+b)$.

173. Kartička 173

     Otázka

     Percent change?

     Odpověď

     New minus original, divided by the original, then multiplied by 100 percent. The original value is the denominator.

174. Kartička 174

     Otázka

     Arc length from central angle $θ$ in degrees?

     Odpověď

     $L=(θ/360)(2πr)$.

175. Kartička 175

     Otázka

     Perpendicular nonvertical lines: slope relationship?

     Odpověď

     Their slopes are negative reciprocals, so $m_1m_2=-1$.

176. Kartička 176

     Otázka

     Perfect-square trinomial pattern?

     Odpověď

     $a^2+2ab+b^2=(a+b)^2$ and $a^2-2ab+b^2=(a-b)^2$.

177. Kartička 177

     Otázka

     Increase by $r$ percent: multiplier?

     Odpověď

     $1+r/100$. Multiply the original value by this factor.

178. Kartička 178

     Otázka

     Sector area from central angle $θ$ in degrees?

     Odpověď

     $A=(θ/360)(πr^2)$.

179. Kartička 179

     Otázka

     x-intercept of a graph?

     Odpověď

     A point where $y=0$ and the graph meets the x-axis.

180. Kartička 180

     Otázka

     First step in factoring $ax^2+bx+c$?

     Odpověď

     Look for common factors and two binomials whose product reproduces the middle and constant terms.

181. Kartička 181

     Otázka

     Original value after a 20 percent increase to 84?

     Odpověď

     70. Divide the final value by the multiplier: $84/1.20=70$.

182. Kartička 182

     Otázka

     Triangle interior-angle sum?

     Odpověď

     $180°$.

183. Kartička 183

     Otázka

     y-intercept of a graph?

     Odpověď

     A point where $x=0$ and the graph meets the y-axis.

184. Kartička 184

     Otázka

     Roots from $(x-p)(x-q)=0$?

     Odpověď

     $x=p$ or $x=q$, by the zero-product property.

185. Kartička 185

     Otázka

     Weighted average?

     Odpověď

     Sum of each value times its weight, divided by the sum of the weights. Do not take a simple average of unequal groups.

186. Kartička 186

     Otázka

     Exterior angle of a triangle?

     Odpověď

     It equals the sum of the two remote interior angles.

187. Kartička 187

     Otázka

     Line through two points?

     Odpověď

     Find the slope, then substitute either point into point-slope or slope-intercept form.

188. Kartička 188

     Otázka

     Quadratic formula?

     Odpověď

     $x=(-b±√(b^2-4ac))/(2a)$ for $ax^2+bx+c=0$.

189. Kartička 189

     Otázka

     Arithmetic mean?

     Odpověď

     Add all values and divide by the number of values.

190. Kartička 190

     Otázka

     Parallel lines cut by a transversal: alternate interior angles?

     Odpověď

     They are congruent.

191. Kartička 191

     Otázka

     Slope's units in context?

     Odpověď

     Output units per input unit. In $y$ versus $x$, slope units are y-units divided by x-units.

192. Kartička 192

     Otázka

     What does $b^2-4ac$ tell you?

     Odpověď

     The number of real solutions: positive gives two, zero gives one, and negative gives none.

193. Kartička 193

     Otázka

     Median?

     Odpověď

     The middle value after ordering the data; for an even count, average the two middle values.

194. Kartička 194

     Otázka

     Similar triangles: corresponding sides?

     Odpověď

     They are proportional. Match sides opposite equal angles.

195. Kartička 195

     Otázka

     Direct variation model?

     Odpověď

     $y=kx$. It is linear and passes through the origin.

196. Kartička 196

     Otázka

     Vertex x-coordinate of $ax^2+bx+c$?

     Odpověď

     $x=-b/(2a)$.

197. Kartička 197

     Otázka

     Range of a data set?

     Odpověď

     Maximum minus minimum.

198. Kartička 198

     Otázka

     Scale factor $k$: area factor?

     Odpověď

     $k^2$. Lengths scale by $k$, while areas scale by the square of $k$.

199. Kartička 199

     Otázka

     Solution of a two-line system?

     Odpověď

     The intersection point, whose coordinates satisfy both equations.

200. Kartička 200

     Otázka

     Vertex form of a quadratic?

     Odpověď

     $y=a(x-h)^2+k$, with vertex $(h,k)$.

201. Kartička 201

     Otázka

     Interquartile range?

     Odpověď

     $IQR=Q_3-Q_1$. It measures the spread of the middle half of the data.

202. Kartička 202

     Otázka

     Pythagorean theorem?

     Odpověď

     $a^2+b^2=c^2$ for a right triangle, where $c$ is the hypotenuse.

203. Kartička 203

     Otázka

     Substitution in a system?

     Odpověď

     Solve one equation for a variable and replace that variable in the other equation.

204. Kartička 204

     Otázka

     Axis of symmetry of $y=a(x-h)^2+k$?

     Odpověď

     $x=h$.

205. Kartička 205

     Otázka

     Larger standard deviation means what?

     Odpověď

     The data are more spread out around the mean.

206. Kartička 206

     Otázka

     45°-45°-90° side ratio?

     Odpověď

     $1:1:√2$. The hypotenuse is a leg times $√2$.

207. Kartička 207

     Otázka

     Elimination in a system?

     Odpověď

     Add or subtract equations so one variable cancels, then solve for the other.

208. Kartička 208

     Otázka

     Completing the square?

     Odpověď

     For $x^2+bx$, add $(b/2)^2$ to form $(x+b/2)^2$.

209. Kartička 209

     Otázka

     Effect of a high outlier on the mean?

     Odpověď

     It usually pulls the mean upward. The median is often less affected.

210. Kartička 210

     Otázka

     30°-60°-90° side ratio?

     Odpověď

     $1:√3:2$, opposite $30°$, $60°$, and $90°$ respectively.

211. Kartička 211

     Otázka

     Parallel lines in a system?

     Odpověď

     No solution when they are distinct: equal slopes and different intercepts.

212. Kartička 212

     Otázka

     Sum and product of roots of $ax^2+bx+c=0$?

     Odpověď

     Sum $=-b/a$ and product $=c/a$.

213. Kartička 213

     Otázka

     Add the same constant to every data value: effect?

     Odpověď

     The mean and median increase by that constant; measures of spread stay unchanged.

214. Kartička 214

     Otázka

     Right-triangle sine?

     Odpověď

     Sine of $θ$ equals opposite over hypotenuse.

215. Kartička 215

     Otázka

     Same line written two ways in a system?

     Odpověď

     Infinitely many solutions. Simplifying either equation produces the other.

216. Kartička 216

     Otázka

     Remainder when $P(x)$ is divided by $x-a$?

     Odpověď

     $P(a)$, by the Remainder Theorem.

217. Kartička 217

     Otázka

     Multiply every data value by positive $k$: effect?

     Odpověď

     The mean, median, range, IQR, and standard deviation are all multiplied by $k$.

218. Kartička 218

     Otázka

     Right-triangle cosine?

     Odpověď

     Cosine of $θ$ equals adjacent over hypotenuse.

219. Kartička 219

     Otázka

     Multiply or divide an inequality by a negative number?

     Odpověď

     Reverse the inequality sign.

220. Kartička 220

     Otázka

     When is $x-a$ a factor of $P(x)$?

     Odpověď

     When $P(a)=0$, by the Factor Theorem.

221. Kartička 221

     Otázka

     Joint probability from a two-way table?

     Odpověď

     Divide the count in the intersection cell by the grand total.

222. Kartička 222

     Otázka

     Right-triangle tangent?

     Odpověď

     Tangent of $θ$ equals opposite over adjacent.

223. Kartička 223

     Otázka

     Compound inequality with “and”?

     Odpověď

     Use the intersection: values that satisfy both inequalities.

224. Kartička 224

     Otázka

     Even degree with positive leading coefficient: end behavior?

     Odpověď

     Both ends rise: $P(x)→∞$ as $x→±∞$.

225. Kartička 225

     Otázka

     Conditional probability $P(A|B)$?

     Odpověď

     $P(A∩B)/P(B)$. Restrict the denominator to outcomes in $B$.

226. Kartička 226

     Otázka

     Complementary acute angles: sine–cosine relationship?

     Odpověď

     The sine of $θ$ equals the cosine of $90°-θ$.

227. Kartička 227

     Otázka

     Compound inequality with “or”?

     Odpověď

     Use the union: values that satisfy at least one inequality.

228. Kartička 228

     Otázka

     Odd degree with positive leading coefficient: end behavior?

     Odpověď

     The left end falls and the right end rises.

229. Kartička 229

     Otázka

     Independent events $A$ and $B$?

     Odpověď

     $P(A∩B)=P(A)P(B)$. Knowing one occurred does not change the probability of the other.

230. Kartička 230

     Otázka

     Distance between $(x_1,y_1)$ and $(x_2,y_2)$?

     Odpověď

     $√((x_2-x_1)^2+(y_2-y_1)^2)$.

231. Kartička 231

     Otázka

     Solve $|x-a|=b$ for $b≥0$.

     Odpověď

     $x-a=b$ or $x-a=-b$. Absolute value represents distance from $a$.

232. Kartička 232

     Otázka

     Exponential growth model?

     Odpověď

     $y=a(1+r)^t$, where $a$ is the initial value and $r$ is the growth rate per period.

233. Kartička 233

     Otázka

     Mutually exclusive events?

     Odpověď

     They cannot occur together, so $P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)$.

234. Kartička 234

     Otázka

     Midpoint of two points?

     Odpověď

     $((x_1+x_2)/2,(y_1+y_2)/2)$.

235. Kartička 235

     Otázka

     Solve $|x-a|<b$ for $b>0$.

     Odpověď

     $a-b<x<a+b$. The solution lies within distance $b$ of $a$.

236. Kartička 236

     Otázka

     Exponential decay model?

     Odpověď

     $y=a(1-r)^t$, where $0<r<1$ is the decay rate per period.

237. Kartička 237

     Otázka

     Complement rule?

     Odpověď

     The probability that $A$ does not occur is $1-P(A)$.

238. Kartička 238

     Otázka

     Circle with center $(h,k)$ and radius $r$?

     Odpověď

     $(x-h)^2+(y-k)^2=r^2$.

239. Kartička 239

     Otázka

     Evaluate $f(a)$?

     Odpověď

     Substitute $a$ for every input variable in the function rule, then simplify.

240. Kartička 240

     Otázka

     Growth factor 1.08: percent growth rate?

     Odpověď

     8 percent. Subtract 1 and convert the decimal to a percent.

241. Kartička 241

     Otázka

     Representative random sample permits what conclusion?

     Odpověď

     A cautious generalization from the sample to the population it represents.

242. Kartička 242

     Otázka

     Radius from $(x-h)^2+(y-k)^2=R$?

     Odpověď

     $r=√R$, provided $R>0$.

243. Kartička 243

     Otázka

     Linear table: constant slope check?

     Odpověď

     Equal changes in $x$ must produce equal changes in $y$; compare $Δy/Δx$ across intervals.

244. Kartička 244

     Otázka

     Decay factor 0.73: percent decrease?

     Odpověď

     27 percent. Compute $1-0.73=0.27$.

245. Kartička 245

     Otázka

     Random assignment permits what causal claim?

     Odpověď

     If the experiment is well controlled, differences between treatment groups can support a causal conclusion.

246. Kartička 246

     Otázka

     Radius and tangent at the contact point?

     Odpověď

     They are perpendicular.

247. Kartička 247

     Otázka

     Positive slope means what for a linear function?

     Odpověď

     The output increases as the input increases.

248. Kartička 248

     Otázka

     Solve $3^{2x}=3^{10}$.

     Odpověď

     $x=5$. Equal positive bases other than 1 have equal exponents.

249. Kartička 249

     Otázka

     Observational study supports causation?

     Odpověď

     No. It can show association, but uncontrolled confounding variables may explain the pattern.

250. Kartička 250

     Otázka

     Rectangular-prism volume?

     Odpověď

     $V=lwh$, or base area times height.

251. Kartička 251

     Otázka

     Arithmetic sequence common difference?

     Odpověď

     Subtract consecutive terms: $d=a_n-a_{n-1}$.

252. Kartička 252

     Otázka

     Compound interest formula?

     Odpověď

     $A=P(1+r/n)^{nt}$, where $n$ is the number of compounding periods per year.

253. Kartička 253

     Otázka

     Larger random sample: effect on margin of error?

     Odpověď

     It generally decreases the margin of error when the sampling method stays sound.

254. Kartička 254

     Otázka

     Cylinder volume?

     Odpověď

     $V=πr^2h$.

255. Kartička 255

     Otázka

     Arithmetic sequence nth term?

     Odpověď

     $a_n=a_1+(n-1)d$.

256. Kartička 256

     Otázka

     Rational expression: first domain check?

     Odpověď

     Exclude values that make any original denominator zero, even if a factor later cancels.

257. Kartička 257

     Otázka

     Slope of a line of best fit?

     Odpověď

     The predicted change in the response variable for each 1-unit increase in the explanatory variable.

258. Kartička 258

     Otázka

     Cone volume?

     Odpověď

     $V=(1/3)πr^2h$.

259. Kartička 259

     Otázka

     Solve a literal equation for one variable?

     Odpověď

     Treat the other symbols as constants and use inverse operations to isolate the target variable.

260. Kartička 260

     Otázka

     Why check rational-equation solutions?

     Odpověď

     Clearing denominators can produce a value excluded from the original equation. Reject any value that makes an original denominator zero.

261. Kartička 261

     Otázka

     Residual?

     Odpověď

     Actual value minus predicted value. A positive residual means the point lies above the model.

262. Kartička 262

     Otázka

     Sphere volume?

     Odpověď

     $V=(4/3)πr^3$.

263. Kartička 263

     Otázka

     Boundary for a two-variable linear inequality?

     Odpověď

     Replace the inequality with equality to draw the boundary line, then test a point for the shaded side.

264. Kartička 264

     Otázka

     Why check a solution after squaring both sides?

     Odpověď

     Squaring can introduce an extraneous solution. Substitute each candidate into the original radical equation.

265. Kartička 265

     Otázka

     Positive correlation?

     Odpověď

     Larger values of one variable tend to occur with larger values of the other. It does not prove causation.

266. Kartička 266

     Otázka

     Rectangular-prism surface area?

     Odpověď

     $SA=2(lw+lh+wh)$.

267. Kartička 267

     Otázka

     Check a proposed system solution?

     Odpověď

     Substitute the ordered pair into both original equations. It must make both true.

268. Kartička 268

     Otázka

     Simplify $√72$.

     Odpověď

     $6√2$. Factor $72=36×2$ and take $√36$ outside the radical.

269. Kartička 269

     Otázka

     Extrapolation risk?

     Odpověď

     A model may not keep the same pattern outside the observed data range.

270. Kartička 270

     Otázka

     Area scale factor when lengths double?

     Odpověď

     4. Area scales with the square of the length factor: $2^2=4$.

271. Kartička 271

     Otázka

     Horizontal line slope?

     Odpověď

     0. Its y-value does not change as x changes.

272. Kartička 272

     Otázka

     Inverse function setup?

     Odpověď

     Write $y=f(x)$, swap $x$ and $y$, then solve for $y$. Restrict the domain when needed to make the inverse a function.

273. Kartička 273

     Otázka

     Percentage points versus percent change?

     Odpověď

     A rate moving from 40 percent to 50 percent rises 10 percentage points but 25 percent relative to 40.

274. Kartička 274

     Otázka

     y-intercept in a context?

     Odpověď

     The predicted or initial output when the input is zero; check whether zero is meaningful in the situation.

275. Kartička 275

     Otázka

     Quadratic maximum or minimum from vertex form?

     Odpověď

     The vertex value is $k$ in $a(x-h)^2+k$; it is a minimum if $a>0$ and a maximum if $a<0$.

276. Kartička 276

     Otázka

     Line parallel to $y=mx+b$ through $(p,q)$?

     Odpověď

     $y-q=m(x-p)$. Parallel lines keep the same slope.

277. Kartička 277

     Otázka

     Graph of $f(x-h)+k$?

     Odpověď

     Shift the graph of $f$ right $h$ units and up $k$ units.

278. Kartička 278

     Otázka

     Population versus sample?

     Odpověď

     The population is the full group of interest; a sample is the subset actually observed.

279. Kartička 279

     Otázka

     Linear model from initial value $b$ and rate $m$?

     Odpověď

     $y=mx+b$. The initial value is the output at input zero.

280. Kartička 280

     Otázka

     Function composition $(f∘g)(x)$?

     Odpověď

     $f(g(x))$. Evaluate the inner function $g$ first.

281. Kartička 281

     Otázka

     Density?

     Odpověď

     Mass divided by volume. Keep the units consistent.

282. Kartička 282

     Otázka

     Vertical line slope?

     Odpověď

     Undefined because $Δx=0$, which would require division by zero.

283. Kartička 283

     Otázka

     Nonlinear system with one equation solved for $y$?

     Odpověď

     Substitute that expression for $y$ into the other equation, solve for $x$, then find each matching $y$.

284. Kartička 284

     Otázka

     Weighted percentage across unequal groups?

     Odpověď

     Convert each percentage to a count or weight, add the successes, then divide by the combined total.

285. Kartička 285

     Otázka

     Line perpendicular to a nonzero finite slope $m$ through $(p,q)$?

     Odpověď

     Use slope $-1/m$ in $y-q=(-1/m)(x-p)$, when $m$ is nonzero and finite.

286. Kartička 286

     Otázka

     Cancel a common factor in a rational expression?

     Odpověď

     Cancel factors, not terms, and keep every restriction from the original denominator.

287. Kartička 287

     Otázka

     Solve a linear equation containing fractions?

     Odpověď

     Multiply every term by the least common denominator first, then solve the resulting linear equation.

288. Kartička 288

     Otázka

     Rewrite $a^{2x}$ using base $a^x$.

     Odpověď

     $(a^x)^2$. This can turn an exponential expression into a quadratic form.

289. Kartička 289

     Otázka

     Rate units check?

     Odpověď

     Write the numerator and denominator units explicitly, such as kilometers per hour, then convert only if the requested units differ.

290. Kartička 290

     Otázka

     Strict versus inclusive inequality endpoint?

     Odpověď

     Use an open point for $<$ or $>$ and a closed point for $≤$ or $≥$.

291. Kartička 291

     Otázka

     Even-multiplicity zero on a graph?

     Odpověď

     The graph touches the x-axis and turns around; it does not cross there.

292. Kartička 292

     Otázka

     System word problem: first setup step?

     Odpověď

     Define the variables with units, then translate two independent relationships into equations.

293. Kartička 293

     Otázka

     When does a quadratic have exactly one real solution?

     Odpověď

     When $b^2-4ac=0$. The repeated root is the vertex's x-coordinate.

294. Kartička 294

     Otázka

     Two-way table: denominator for “among group B”?

     Odpověď

     Use the total for group B, not the grand total. The wording makes B the condition.

295. Kartička 295

     Otázka

     Find an input when $f(x)=k$.

     Odpověď

     Set the function rule equal to $k$ and solve for $x$; there may be zero, one, or several inputs.

296. Kartička 296

     Otázka

     Graph of $-f(x)$?

     Odpověď

     Reflect the graph of $f(x)$ across the x-axis.

297. Kartička 297

     Otázka

     Three consecutive integers starting with $n$?

     Odpověď

     $n$, $n+1$, and $n+2$.

298. Kartička 298

     Otázka

     Line–parabola intersections from a substituted quadratic?

     Odpověď

     Use its discriminant: positive means two intersections, zero one tangent intersection, and negative none.

299. Kartička 299

     Otázka

     Linear equation with no solution: coefficient pattern?

     Odpověď

     After simplification, the variable terms cancel and leave a false statement, such as $0=5$.

300. Kartička 300

     Otázka

     Zeros of a function on its graph?

     Odpověď

     The x-coordinates where the graph meets the x-axis, so $f(x)=0$.

300 kartiček

Digital SAT Flashcards: Math, Grammar & Words in Context

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