California Permit Test Flashcards: DMV Handbook Rules & Signs

Study California road rules, signs, safe-driving facts, and permit-test knowledge with independently written handbook-based cards.

Tietoja tästä pakasta

Study regular California Class C learner's-permit knowledge through 236 independently written cards based on the current English California Driver's Handbook and relevant California government sources.

What these cards practice

  • Situation → action: right-of-way, lane use, turning, parking, emergency, collision, and safe-driving decisions.
  • Sign or signal → meaning and action: distinctive text descriptions use shape, color, symbol, and wording cues for California road signs and traffic signals.
  • Selective reverse recall: a small set asks for the distinctive sign or signal that matches an important meaning.
  • Number in context → rule: high-value distances, speed limits, BAC limits, insurance minimums, and reporting deadlines.
  • Short scenario → one next step: each scenario stays focused on one practical decision.

The sequence starts with signals and sign grammar, then combines lanes, turns, and right-of-way before progressing through speed, parking, and sharing the road. The final phase interleaves safe-driving, permit and collision, and impairment cards where needed to preserve prerequisite chains and spacing. In the checked final order, adjacent members of every mapped relationship have at least three genuinely unrelated cards between them.

The deck does not generate every possible reverse card. It includes regular Class C sharing-the-road safety involving motorcycles, but excludes motorcycle licensing and motorcycle-operation-test material. It also excludes multiple-choice answer cues, graphical sign-art recall, exhaustive penalty trivia, commercial-license material, renewal-only topics, other-state rules, and behind-the-wheel skill scoring. Text descriptions replace sign images in this version to keep the deck compact and rights-safe.

Reviewed for 2026: independently checked on August 26, 2026 against the current official California Driver's Handbook, learner's-permit requirements, online learning and test information, and applicable California Vehicle Code sections.

This is an independent, unofficial educational deck by Flashcards Open Source App. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or produced by the California DMV, Caltrans, or the State of California. No DMV sample-test questions, answer choices, handbook prose, competitor deck text, logos, trade dress, or third-party media were copied. The CC0 label applies to the original prompts, answers, organization, and metadata to the extent applicable rights exist; it does not claim ownership of laws or public facts.

Tämän pakan kortit

  1. Kortti 1

    Kysymys

    What must you do at a solid red traffic light in California?

    Vastaus

    Stop. After a complete stop, you may turn right if no sign forbids it and you yield to pedestrians, bicyclists, and traffic with the right-of-way.

  2. Kortti 2

    Kysymys

    What does a yellow pennant-shaped sign on the left side of the road mean?

    Vastaus

    A no-passing zone begins. Do not start a pass where the restriction applies.

  3. Kortti 3

    Kysymys

    What does a diamond-shaped placard on a truck warn about?

    Vastaus

    The load may be hazardous. Give the vehicle extra space and expect it to stop before railroad tracks.

  4. Kortti 4

    Kysymys

    What does a steady raised-hand pedestrian signal mean?

    Vastaus

    Do not start crossing.

  5. Kortti 5

    Kysymys

    How do you treat a flashing red traffic signal?

    Vastaus

    Treat it like a stop sign. Stop fully, then proceed when it is safe and you have yielded as required.

  6. Kortti 6

    Kysymys

    What kind of message is usually on a white rectangular traffic sign?

    Vastaus

    A regulatory rule. The sign states a law or instruction you must obey, such as a speed or lane restriction.

  7. Kortti 7

    Kysymys

    A bicycle-crossing warning sign appears ahead. What should you expect?

    Vastaus

    Bicyclists may enter or cross the roadway. Reduce speed, scan both sides, and allow safe clearance.

  8. Kortti 8

    Kysymys

    At night, road reflectors shine red toward you. What does that usually reveal?

    Vastaus

    You are traveling the wrong way. Reduce the danger immediately and exit or turn around when it is safe.

  9. Kortti 9

    Kysymys

    What does a solid yellow traffic light mean?

    Vastaus

    The signal is about to turn red. Stop if you can do so safely; otherwise, continue through cautiously.

  10. Kortti 10

    Kysymys

    What does a red circle with a diagonal slash mean on a traffic sign?

    Vastaus

    The pictured movement or activity is prohibited. The symbol or words inside identify what you must not do.

  11. Kortti 11

    Kysymys

    A yellow diamond shows one lane joining another. What should you expect?

    Vastaus

    Merging traffic. Check surrounding traffic, create space, and adjust speed smoothly.

  12. Kortti 12

    Kysymys

    What do blue road signs commonly identify?

    Vastaus

    Motorist services. They can point to facilities such as fuel, food, lodging, hospitals, or accessible services.

  13. Kortti 13

    Kysymys

    What does a green arrow mean?

    Vastaus

    You may make a protected movement in the arrow's direction. Still watch for pedestrians, bicyclists, and anyone already in the intersection.

  14. Kortti 14

    Kysymys

    You see a red octagonal STOP sign. Where must you stop?

    Vastaus

    Before the limit line or crosswalk. If neither exists, stop before entering the intersection, then check all directions.

  15. Kortti 15

    Kysymys

    What does a DIVIDED HIGHWAY sign with separated arrows warn you about?

    Vastaus

    A median or divider begins ahead. Keep to the correct side as the opposing traffic streams separate.

  16. Kortti 16

    Kysymys

    What do brown road signs commonly mark?

    Vastaus

    Recreation or cultural-interest destinations. They may guide you to parks, historic sites, or similar facilities.

  17. Kortti 17

    Kysymys

    What do numbers beside a pedestrian signal show?

    Vastaus

    The seconds remaining in the crossing interval. They do not cancel a driver's duty to yield to pedestrians.

  18. Kortti 18

    Kysymys

    Does a solid green light guarantee that you may enter an intersection?

    Vastaus

    No. Go only if the intersection is clear enough to cross completely, and yield to anyone still in it.

  19. Kortti 19

    Kysymys

    What action does a red-and-white inverted triangle require?

    Vastaus

    Yield. Slow down, be ready to stop, and let road users with the right-of-way pass.

  20. Kortti 20

    Kysymys

    What does a DIVIDED HIGHWAY ENDS sign warn you about?

    Vastaus

    Opposing traffic will soon share an undivided roadway. Stay right and watch for oncoming vehicles.

  21. Kortti 21

    Kysymys

    A school bus begins flashing yellow lights. What should you do?

    Vastaus

    Slow down and prepare to stop. The bus is warning that it is about to load or unload children.

  22. Kortti 22

    Kysymys

    What does a red arrow require?

    Vastaus

    Stop and do not turn in the arrow's direction. Wait for a green light or green arrow.

  23. Kortti 23

    Kysymys

    Which traffic-sign shape is reserved for STOP?

    Vastaus

    The octagon. Its unique eight-sided shape identifies STOP even when visibility is poor.

  24. Kortti 24

    Kysymys

    A pedestrian-crossing warning sign appears ahead. What action matters most?

    Vastaus

    Slow down and look for people entering or using the crossing. Be ready to yield or stop.

  25. Kortti 25

    Kysymys

    What do orange traffic signs usually indicate?

    Vastaus

    Construction or road work. Expect workers, equipment, lane changes, and unusual traffic control.

  26. Kortti 26

    Kysymys

    What does a solid yellow arrow tell a turning driver?

    Vastaus

    The protected turn is ending. Stop if it is safe; if you are already committed, finish the turn cautiously and watch the next signal.

  27. Kortti 27

    Kysymys

    What does a red-and-white DO NOT ENTER sign mean?

    Vastaus

    Do not enter that road or ramp. It faces traffic that would be moving into a prohibited direction or area.

  28. Kortti 28

    Kysymys

    A yellow diamond shows a car with wavy skid marks. What should you do?

    Vastaus

    Expect a slippery road. Reduce speed, avoid abrupt steering or braking, and leave more following space.

  29. Kortti 29

    Kysymys

    What does a flashing raised-hand pedestrian signal mean?

    Vastaus

    Do not begin crossing. A pedestrian already in the crosswalk may finish, and drivers must continue to yield.

  30. Kortti 30

    Kysymys

    How should you respond to a flashing yellow traffic light?

    Vastaus

    Slow down and proceed with caution. You do not have to stop unless conditions require it.

  31. Kortti 31

    Kysymys

    A stopped school bus displays flashing red lights and a stop arm. What does that signal require?

    Vastaus

    Stop before passing the bus and remain stopped. Proceed only after the children are safely across and the red lights and stop arm have stopped operating, unless the divided-highway exception applies.

  32. Kortti 32

    Kysymys

    What does a circular yellow railroad-warning sign tell you?

    Vastaus

    A railroad crossing is ahead. Slow down, look and listen, and be ready to stop for a train.

  33. Kortti 33

    Kysymys

    You realize you have passed a WRONG WAY sign. What should you do?

    Vastaus

    Stop moving deeper into opposing traffic and leave safely. Back out or turn around only when conditions make the maneuver safe.

  34. Kortti 34

    Kysymys

    What does a flashing yellow arrow allow?

    Vastaus

    A turn after yielding. The turn is not protected, so yield to oncoming traffic and other road users before proceeding cautiously.

  35. Kortti 35

    Kysymys

    What information do green guide signs usually provide?

    Vastaus

    Directions and destinations. They commonly identify routes, exits, distances, or places ahead.

  36. Kortti 36

    Kysymys

    What does a five-sided yellow-green sign usually warn about?

    Vastaus

    A school area or school crossing. Slow down and watch closely for children and crossing guards.

  37. Kortti 37

    Kysymys

    What does an orange-and-red reflective triangle on the rear of a vehicle indicate?

    Vastaus

    A slow-moving vehicle. Expect it to travel at 25 mph or less and adjust early.

  38. Kortti 38

    Kysymys

    A traffic signal is completely dark. How should you handle the intersection?

    Vastaus

    Stop as though every approach has a stop sign. Proceed cautiously when it is your turn and the way is safe.

  39. Kortti 39

    Kysymys

    What does a WALK symbol tell a pedestrian?

    Vastaus

    Crossing may begin. Drivers must still check and yield before moving through the crosswalk.

  40. Kortti 40

    Kysymys

    What is the general purpose of a diamond-shaped warning sign?

    Vastaus

    It warns of a road condition or hazard ahead. Adjust speed and position for the specific symbol or message.

  41. Kortti 41

    Kysymys

    What does a single solid yellow centerline mean for passing?

    Vastaus

    Do not pass when the solid yellow line is on your side and only one lane travels in your direction. The line separates opposing traffic.

  42. Kortti 42

    Kysymys

    When may a driver enter a bicycle lane to make a right turn?

    Vastaus

    Within 200 feet of the turn, when safe. Check the blind spot and yield to bicyclists before moving into the lane.

  43. Kortti 43

    Kysymys

    After every vehicle stops at a four-way STOP, who goes first?

    Vastaus

    The vehicle that arrived first. If vehicles arrive together, the driver on the left yields to the driver on the right.

  44. Kortti 44

    Kysymys

    How should you respond to a pedestrian using a white cane or guide dog?

    Vastaus

    Yield completely and take extra care. The cane or guide dog indicates blindness or limited vision.

  45. Kortti 45

    Kysymys

    How is a two-way center left-turn lane marked?

    Vastaus

    Each side has a solid outer yellow line and a broken inner yellow line. The lane serves left turns from both directions.

  46. Kortti 46

    Kysymys

    From a one-way street, where do you begin a right turn onto another one-way street?

    Vastaus

    In the far-right lane. If it is safe and lawful, you may finish in any available lane moving in your direction.

  47. Kortti 47

    Kysymys

    Which direction does traffic move in a standard roundabout?

    Vastaus

    Counterclockwise. Keep moving toward your exit unless traffic conditions require you to stop.

  48. Kortti 48

    Kysymys

    When turning left, which approaching traffic must you yield to?

    Vastaus

    Any vehicle close enough to be dangerous. Complete the turn only when the gap is safe.

  49. Kortti 49

    Kysymys

    May you normally cross double solid yellow lines to pass another vehicle?

    Vastaus

    No. They prohibit driving left of the lines for passing, though a lawful left turn or U-turn may cross one set when permitted.

  50. Kortti 50

    Kysymys

    When may you turn left against a red light?

    Vastaus

    From a one-way street onto a one-way street, after stopping, if no sign forbids it. Yield to traffic and people with the right-of-way.

  51. Kortti 51

    Kysymys

    Where should a normal right turn begin and end?

    Vastaus

    As close as practical to the right edge, ending in the right lane. Watch for pedestrians and bicyclists between you and the curb.

  52. Kortti 52

    Kysymys

    At a T intersection without STOP or YIELD signs, which traffic has the right-of-way?

    Vastaus

    Traffic on the through road. The driver on the road that ends must yield.

  53. Kortti 53

    Kysymys

    You are already in an intersection when an emergency vehicle approaches. What should you do?

    Vastaus

    Clear the intersection first, then move right and stop when it is safe.

  54. Kortti 54

    Kysymys

    Large broken lane markings appear beside you near a freeway exit. What should you expect?

    Vastaus

    Your lane may exit or end. Read the signs early and merge or exit without a last-second move.

  55. Kortti 55

    Kysymys

    Whose directions take priority over traffic signs and signals?

    Vastaus

    A police officer or other authorized traffic controller. Follow their directions even when a signal says something different.

  56. Kortti 56

    Kysymys

    When is a right turn on a solid red light allowed?

    Vastaus

    After a complete stop, if no NO TURN ON RED sign prohibits it. Yield before turning.

  57. Kortti 57

    Kysymys

    May you turn in front of an approaching light-rail vehicle?

    Vastaus

    No. Wait until you can complete the turn without crossing its path; light-rail vehicles cannot stop or steer away quickly.

  58. Kortti 58

    Kysymys

    How early must you signal before a right or left turn in California?

    Vastaus

    Continuously during the final 100 feet before the turn.

  59. Kortti 59

    Kysymys

    May you change lanes across double solid white lines?

    Vastaus

    No. Treat them as a lane barrier, often beside a preferential lane or freeway ramp.

  60. Kortti 60

    Kysymys

    A stationary roadside vehicle displays warning lights or devices, and no barrier separates it from the highway. What must you do before passing in the adjacent lane?

    Vastaus

    Move to an available nonadjacent lane when practical, lawful, and safe. Otherwise, slow to a reasonable and prudent speed.

  61. Kortti 61

    Kysymys

    Why should you not pass a vehicle stopped at a crosswalk?

    Vastaus

    A pedestrian may be crossing where you cannot see them. Stop and check instead of passing.

  62. Kortti 62

    Kysymys

    How early should you signal before a freeway exit?

    Vastaus

    At least five seconds before exiting. The handbook describes this as roughly 400 feet at freeway speed.

  63. Kortti 63

    Kysymys

    What does a row of solid white triangles painted across a lane mean?

    Vastaus

    Yield here. The triangles point toward approaching traffic and mark where you should yield or stop if needed.

  64. Kortti 64

    Kysymys

    At railroad tracks, may you cross as soon as a lowered gate starts rising?

    Vastaus

    No. Wait until the gate is fully raised, warning lights stop, and you can cross every track completely.

  65. Kortti 65

    Kysymys

    A dedicated right-turn lane continues into its own lane beyond the corner. Must you obey a signal posted for that turn lane?

    Vastaus

    Yes. A dedicated lane may otherwise flow separately from through traffic, but its own curbside sign or signal controls the turn.

  66. Kortti 66

    Kysymys

    How far may you drive in a two-way center left-turn lane while preparing for a turn?

    Vastaus

    No more than 200 feet. It is not a regular travel lane or a passing lane.

  67. Kortti 67

    Kysymys

    What does a single solid white line separate?

    Vastaus

    Lanes moving in the same direction. It discourages lane changes where staying in lane is safer.

  68. Kortti 68

    Kysymys

    When a railroad warning requires a stop, how far from the nearest rail should you stop?

    Vastaus

    At least 15 feet away. Do not proceed until the warnings end and the tracks are clear.

  69. Kortti 69

    Kysymys

    Who has the right-of-way when you merge from an on-ramp onto a highway?

    Vastaus

    Traffic already on the highway. Find a safe opening; do not assume other drivers must move for you.

  70. Kortti 70

    Kysymys

    A pedestrian makes eye contact with you at a crosswalk. What should you assume?

    Vastaus

    They intend to cross. Yield and let them complete the crossing safely.

  71. Kortti 71

    Kysymys

    What checks belong in a safe lane change?

    Vastaus

    Signal, check mirrors and nearby traffic, look over your shoulder into the blind spot, and move only when enough space is clear.

  72. Kortti 72

    Kysymys

    May you cross a public-transit bus lane to make a right turn?

    Vastaus

    Yes, where the crossing is lawful and safe. Do not otherwise drive, stop, or park in a bus-only area.

  73. Kortti 73

    Kysymys

    You are already moving through an intersection when you realize you chose the wrong turn. What should you do?

    Vastaus

    Complete the movement you started. Clear the intersection, then find a legal route back instead of stopping or swerving.

  74. Kortti 74

    Kysymys

    Who has the right-of-way when you enter a road from a driveway or alley?

    Vastaus

    Traffic, bicyclists, and pedestrians already using the road or sidewalk. Yield before entering.

  75. Kortti 75

    Kysymys

    What does a broken yellow line beside your lane allow?

    Vastaus

    Passing when safe. It separates opposing traffic, so cross only with enough sight distance and a clear path.

  76. Kortti 76

    Kysymys

    What speed should you aim for when entering a highway from an on-ramp?

    Vastaus

    At or near the speed of highway traffic. Use the ramp to build speed, then merge into a safe gap.

  77. Kortti 77

    Kysymys

    On a steep, narrow road where two vehicles cannot pass, which vehicle has the right-of-way?

    Vastaus

    The uphill-facing vehicle. The downhill-facing driver should back up because they have better control in reverse.

  78. Kortti 78

    Kysymys

    About how large a gap does the handbook recommend when entering traffic from a stop on a city street?

    Vastaus

    About half a block, roughly 150 feet. Use a larger gap whenever speed, visibility, or traffic conditions demand it.

  79. Kortti 79

    Kysymys

    What do two sets of double yellow lines spaced two or more feet apart create?

    Vastaus

    A barrier. Do not drive on or across it, including for a left turn or U-turn, except through a designated opening.

  80. Kortti 80

    Kysymys

    How closely may you follow an emergency vehicle using its siren or flashing lights?

    Vastaus

    Stay at least 300 feet behind it. Do not drive into the scene or follow closer.

  81. Kortti 81

    Kysymys

    You miss your intended turn. What is the safest response?

    Vastaus

    Continue until you can turn around legally and safely. Do not make a sudden lane or direction change.

  82. Kortti 82

    Kysymys

    Which traffic lane is called the Number 1 lane?

    Vastaus

    The far-left lane. Lanes are numbered from left to right in the direction of travel.

  83. Kortti 83

    Kysymys

    May you make a U-turn where you cannot see clearly for 200 feet in both directions?

    Vastaus

    No. Limited visibility makes the U-turn illegal and unsafe.

  84. Kortti 84

    Kysymys

    What does a diamond marking in a freeway lane usually identify?

    Vastaus

    A preferential lane, commonly an HOV or carpool lane. Follow the posted vehicle, occupancy, entry, and time rules.

  85. Kortti 85

    Kysymys

    Before turning right, who must you check for and yield to?

    Vastaus

    Pedestrians and bicyclists crossing or approaching your path.

  86. Kortti 86

    Kysymys

    What should you do if you miss your exit in a roundabout?

    Vastaus

    Continue around and take the exit on the next pass. Do not stop or reverse to recover it.

  87. Kortti 87

    Kysymys

    An emergency vehicle approaches with a siren and red lights. What should you do?

    Vastaus

    Drive to the right edge of the road and stop until it passes. Do not stop inside an intersection.

  88. Kortti 88

    Kysymys

    When are drivers in the opposite direction generally exempt from stopping for a school bus's flashing red lights?

    Vastaus

    When the bus is on the other side of a divided highway, or on the other side of a highway with two or more lanes traveling each direction.

  89. Kortti 89

    Kysymys

    Where do pedestrians have the right-of-way in a crosswalk?

    Vastaus

    In both marked and unmarked crosswalks. Slow or stop as needed to let them cross safely.

  90. Kortti 90

    Kysymys

    When is a U-turn allowed in a residential district?

    Vastaus

    When no vehicle is approaching within 200 feet, or when an official traffic-control device protects you from approaching traffic at an intersection. The turn must still be otherwise legal and safe.

  91. Kortti 91

    Kysymys

    About how large a gap does the handbook recommend when entering highway traffic from a stop?

    Vastaus

    About one full block, roughly 300 feet. Treat this as a study guideline and use more space when conditions require it.

  92. Kortti 92

    Kysymys

    How should you cross several freeway lanes?

    Vastaus

    One lane at a time. Signal and repeat the mirror, traffic, and blind-spot checks for each move; do not cross solid lines.

  93. Kortti 93

    Kysymys

    Where should you position your vehicle before a normal left turn?

    Vastaus

    Near the center divider or in the designated left-turn lane. Enter only at a lawful opening and yield before turning.

  94. Kortti 94

    Kysymys

    Two vehicles reach an uncontrolled intersection at the same time. Who yields?

    Vastaus

    The driver on the left yields to the driver on the right.

  95. Kortti 95

    Kysymys

    Your vehicle stalls on railroad tracks while a train approaches. Which way should you run after getting out?

    Vastaus

    Run diagonally toward the approaching train, away from the tracks. This reduces the risk from debris after impact.

  96. Kortti 96

    Kysymys

    What do broken white lines usually mark?

    Vastaus

    Lanes moving in the same direction. You may change lanes across them after signaling and confirming the move is safe.

  97. Kortti 97

    Kysymys

    Who has the right-of-way when you enter a roundabout?

    Vastaus

    Traffic already in the roundabout. Enter only when there is a safe gap.

  98. Kortti 98

    Kysymys

    A blind pedestrian pulls in their cane and steps away from the intersection. May you proceed?

    Vastaus

    Yes, after confirming the way is clear. Pulling in the cane usually signals that the person is not crossing.

  99. Kortti 99

    Kysymys

    May you enter an intersection when traffic blocks your exit?

    Vastaus

    No. Wait until there is enough room to cross completely without blocking the intersection.

  100. Kortti 100

    Kysymys

    While waiting to turn left across traffic, how should you point your front wheels?

    Vastaus

    Straight ahead. If another vehicle hits you from behind, turned wheels could push you into oncoming traffic.

  101. Kortti 101

    Kysymys

    May a lawful U-turn cross one set of double yellow lines?

    Vastaus

    Yes. Crossing one set is allowed for a U-turn when the location, visibility, signs, and traffic make the turn legal and safe.

  102. Kortti 102

    Kysymys

    What does California's Basic Speed Law require?

    Vastaus

    Never drive faster than is safe for current conditions, even when the posted limit is higher.

  103. Kortti 103

    Kysymys

    May you park in front of or on a curb ramp that provides wheelchair access?

    Vastaus

    No. Keep the lowered or accessible curb completely clear.

  104. Kortti 104

    Kysymys

    What is California's maximum speed on most highways?

    Vastaus

    65 mph, unless a sign posts a different limit.

  105. Kortti 105

    Kysymys

    What does a green curb mean?

    Vastaus

    Parking is allowed for a limited time shown on a sign or painted on the curb.

  106. Kortti 106

    Kysymys

    What is the speed limit at an uncontrolled blind intersection?

    Vastaus

    15 mph. This applies when, during the last 100 feet before an intersection without stop or yield signs or a traffic signal, you cannot see for 100 feet in either direction.

  107. Kortti 107

    Kysymys

    Should you keep driving at the posted limit in heavy traffic, rain, or poor visibility?

    Vastaus

    Not automatically. Slow to a speed that is safe for the conditions under the Basic Speed Law.

  108. Kortti 108

    Kysymys

    May you park in front of a public or private driveway?

    Vastaus

    No. Keep the driveway clear for property access.

  109. Kortti 109

    Kysymys

    Which way should you turn your wheels when parking on a slope without a curb?

    Vastaus

    Toward the edge of the road, so the vehicle would roll away from traffic.

  110. Kortti 110

    Kysymys

    What is the speed limit in an alley unless posted otherwise?

    Vastaus

    15 mph.

  111. Kortti 111

    Kysymys

    Who may park at a blue curb or a space marked with the accessibility symbol?

    Vastaus

    A person with a valid disabled-person placard or special license plate.

  112. Kortti 112

    Kysymys

    What is the maximum speed while towing a trailer in California?

    Vastaus

    55 mph.

  113. Kortti 113

    Kysymys

    How close may you park to a fire hydrant?

    Vastaus

    Generally not within 15 feet. The exception requires a licensed driver in the front seat who can move the vehicle immediately; obey any locally signed or marked shorter clearance.

  114. Kortti 114

    Kysymys

    What is the speed limit within 100 feet of a railroad crossing when you cannot see 400 feet down the tracks?

    Vastaus

    15 mph. This limit does not apply when a flagger is on duty or a clearly visible installed crossing signal is not warning of a train. Stop whenever a gate, signal, flagger, or approaching train requires it.

  115. Kortti 115

    Kysymys

    What is the usual speed limit in a business or residential district unless posted otherwise?

    Vastaus

    25 mph.

  116. Kortti 116

    Kysymys

    What should you do when driving slower than the normal flow of traffic?

    Vastaus

    Use the right lane or stay as close as practical to the right edge, unless you are passing or preparing for a left turn.

  117. Kortti 117

    Kysymys

    Before leaving a motor vehicle unattended on a roadway, how must you secure it?

    Vastaus

    Set the parking brake and stop the engine. Put an automatic transmission in Park, or leave a manual transmission in gear.

  118. Kortti 118

    Kysymys

    What does a red curb mean?

    Vastaus

    No stopping, standing, or parking, except that a bus may stop in a marked bus zone.

    A learner car follows a winding coastal road through California hills beside a curve warning sign and a red traffic light.

    236 korttia

    California Permit Test Flashcards: DMV Handbook Rules & Signs

    Opiskele tätä pakkaa ilmaiseksi

    Nibomo avautuu, jotta voit aloittaa opiskelun.

  119. Kortti 119

    Kysymys

    What is the usual speed limit near signed California school grounds while the statutory child-present conditions apply?

    Vastaus

    25 mph. A standard SCHOOL warning sign must be posted. The limit applies while children are going to or leaving school during school hours or noon recess, or while children use school grounds not separated from the highway by a physical barrier. Obey any lower posted 20 or 15 mph limit.

  120. Kortti 120

    Kysymys

    Which way should you turn your front wheels when parking uphill beside a curb?

    Vastaus

    Away from the curb. Let the vehicle roll back gently until the tire rests against the curb.

  121. Kortti 121

    Kysymys

    What is the usual maximum speed on a two-lane undivided highway in California?

    Vastaus

    55 mph, unless a different speed limit is posted.

  122. Kortti 122

    Kysymys

    How close may you park on the approach side of a marked or unmarked crosswalk?

    Vastaus

    Generally not within 20 feet, or 15 feet where a curb extension is present, unless local rules and markings establish otherwise.

  123. Kortti 123

    Kysymys

    When parallel parking, how close should your wheels be to the curb?

    Vastaus

    Within 18 inches.

  124. Kortti 124

    Kysymys

    What should you do if an emergency forces you to stop on a freeway?

    Vastaus

    Pull completely off the pavement if possible, use emergency flashers, and stay in the vehicle with your seat belt on until help arrives when that is the safest option.

  125. Kortti 125

    Kysymys

    What does a yellow curb usually allow?

    Vastaus

    A stop only long enough to load or unload passengers or freight, subject to posted restrictions. A noncommercial driver is usually required to stay with the vehicle.

  126. Kortti 126

    Kysymys

    In heavy rain or snow, how fast should you drive if you cannot see farther than 100 feet?

    Vastaus

    No faster than 30 mph, according to the handbook's guidance. Slow further or stop if conditions require it.

  127. Kortti 127

    Kysymys

    How close may you park to a fire-station driveway?

    Vastaus

    Not within 15 feet. If signs prohibit parking on the opposite side, keep at least 75 feet away there.

  128. Kortti 128

    Kysymys

    Which way should you turn your front wheels when parking downhill beside a curb?

    Vastaus

    Toward the curb. If the vehicle rolls, the curb can help stop it.

  129. Kortti 129

    Kysymys

    What does a white curb usually allow?

    Vastaus

    A brief stop to pick up or drop off passengers, or to deposit mail where signs permit it.

  130. Kortti 130

    Kysymys

    Do bicyclists have the same basic roadway rights and responsibilities as drivers?

    Vastaus

    Yes. Bicyclists generally follow the same traffic controls and direction-of-travel rules as drivers.

  131. Kortti 131

    Kysymys

    Why should you not cut closely in front of a large truck?

    Vastaus

    The truck needs extra stopping distance and may not be able to avoid hitting you.

  132. Kortti 132

    Kysymys

    Is a motorcyclist entitled to use a full traffic lane?

    Vastaus

    Yes. Treat a motorcycle as a full-lane vehicle even though it is smaller than a car.

  133. Kortti 133

    Kysymys

    How much following time should you leave behind a motorcycle?

    Vastaus

    At least 3 seconds, with more space when road, weather, or traffic conditions are poor.

  134. Kortti 134

    Kysymys

    When may a bicyclist leave an established bike lane?

    Vastaus

    To pass, prepare for a left turn, avoid hazards, or approach a place where a right turn is allowed. Leave only when the move is reasonably safe and signal if traffic may be affected.

  135. Kortti 135

    Kysymys

    How does a large truck's stopping distance compare with a passenger vehicle's at 55 mph?

    Vastaus

    It is longer: the handbook illustrates about 400 feet for a large vehicle versus about 300 feet for an average passenger vehicle.

  136. Kortti 136

    Kysymys

    How should you approach a work zone where lanes merge?

    Vastaus

    Slow early and merge as signs, markings, or a flagger direct. Avoid sudden lane changes.

  137. Kortti 137

    Kysymys

    What minimum clearance should you leave when passing a bicyclist?

    Vastaus

    At least 3 feet between any part of your vehicle and any part of the bicycle or rider.

  138. Kortti 138

    Kysymys

    What is the speed limit when passing a bus, streetcar, or trolley stopped at a safety zone or traffic light?

    Vastaus

    No more than 10 mph, when it is safe to pass.

  139. Kortti 139

    Kysymys

    What front light must a bicycle have when used at night?

    Vastaus

    A white light that illuminates the way and is visible from 300 feet in front and from the sides. A compliant rider-worn lamp may be used instead.

  140. Kortti 140

    Kysymys

    Why can an approaching motorcycle's speed be difficult to judge?

    Vastaus

    Its small profile makes it look farther away or slower than it is. Check carefully before entering its path.

  141. Kortti 141

    Kysymys

    How can you tell that a truck driver may not see you?

    Vastaus

    If you cannot see the driver's face in a side mirror, the driver probably cannot see your vehicle.

  142. Kortti 142

    Kysymys

    On what roads may a neighborhood electric vehicle usually operate?

    Vastaus

    Roads with a speed limit of 35 mph or less, unless local signs or rules prohibit it.

  143. Kortti 143

    Kysymys

    What is motorcycle lane splitting?

    Vastaus

    Riding between rows of vehicles traveling in the same direction. It is legal in California when done safely.

  144. Kortti 144

    Kysymys

    What must you check before merging into a bike lane for a turn?

    Vastaus

    Check mirrors and your blind spot for bicyclists, then yield to anyone already in the lane.

  145. Kortti 145

    Kysymys

    Who must wear a bicycle helmet in California?

    Vastaus

    Anyone under 18 riding a bicycle on a public road, bikeway, or public bicycle path or trail.

  146. Kortti 146

    Kysymys

    On which side should you normally pass a large truck?

    Vastaus

    On the left, where the driver can see you better. Complete the pass without lingering beside the truck.

  147. Kortti 147

    Kysymys

    What should you do when you cannot give a bicyclist 3 feet of passing clearance?

    Vastaus

    Slow to a reasonable, prudent speed and pass only when doing so will not endanger the bicyclist.

  148. Kortti 148

    Kysymys

    What rear visibility equipment must a bicycle have at night?

    Vastaus

    A red reflector or solid or flashing red light with a built-in reflector, visible from 500 feet behind.

  149. Kortti 149

    Kysymys

    How fast can a neighborhood electric vehicle legally travel?

    Vastaus

    Up to 25 mph.

  150. Kortti 150

    Kysymys

    A person leading or riding an animal signals you to slow or stop. What should you do?

    Vastaus

    Follow the person's direction. Slow down or stop and avoid noises or movements that could frighten the animal.

  151. Kortti 151

    Kysymys

    May a driver pass or crowd a motorcycle within the same lane?

    Vastaus

    No. Give the motorcycle the full lane; do not try to pass it within that lane.

  152. Kortti 152

    Kysymys

    Which direction should a bicyclist travel on a roadway?

    Vastaus

    In the same direction as vehicle traffic, not against it.

  153. Kortti 153

    Kysymys

    A bicyclist is ahead in your lane, and another same-direction lane is available. What should you do before passing?

    Vastaus

    Change into the available lane when the move is practical, lawful, and safe.

  154. Kortti 154

    Kysymys

    When must a slow driver use a turnout on a two-lane road?

    Vastaus

    When five or more vehicles are following, passing is unsafe, and a designated turnout or safe area is available.

  155. Kortti 155

    Kysymys

    May you drive through a safety zone set aside for streetcar or trolley passengers?

    Vastaus

    No. A safety zone is marked for pedestrians and is not a traffic lane.

  156. Kortti 156

    Kysymys

    Where are a large truck's major blind spots?

    Vastaus

    Directly in front, directly behind, and along both sides, with a larger blind area on the right.

  157. Kortti 157

    Kysymys

    How should you respond to a work-zone flagger?

    Vastaus

    Obey the flagger's directions, slow down, and be ready to stop even if other traffic controls suggest otherwise.

  158. Kortti 158

    Kysymys

    Why should you avoid squeezing beside a truck that is turning right?

    Vastaus

    The truck may swing left before turning and then track across adjacent space on the right.

  159. Kortti 159

    Kysymys

    Before opening a street-side vehicle door, what should you check?

    Vastaus

    Look for approaching bicyclists, motorcycles, and other traffic. Open the door only when it is safe.

  160. Kortti 160

    Kysymys

    May a driver intentionally block a motorcyclist who is lane splitting?

    Vastaus

    No. Intentionally blocking or impeding a motorcyclist in a way that could cause harm is illegal.

  161. Kortti 161

    Kysymys

    How far ahead should you scan while driving in city traffic?

    Vastaus

    At least 10 seconds ahead, so you can identify hazards before they demand a sudden reaction.

  162. Kortti 162

    Kysymys

    Which headlights should you use in fog?

    Vastaus

    Low beams. High beams reflect from fog and reduce visibility.

  163. Kortti 163

    Kysymys

    How must a child under age 2 usually ride in California?

    Vastaus

    In a rear-facing child restraint, unless the child weighs at least 40 pounds or is at least 40 inches tall.

  164. Kortti 164

    Kysymys

    How fast should you drive on ice?

    Vastaus

    No faster than 5 mph, according to the handbook's safety guidance, and only when travel is necessary.

  165. Kortti 165

    Kysymys

    How may an adult driver operate a properly mounted phone?

    Vastaus

    With one tap or swipe that does not require holding the phone, such as to activate a hands-free feature.

  166. Kortti 166

    Kysymys

    What is the minimum following-time guideline in good conditions?

    Vastaus

    At least 3 seconds behind the vehicle ahead.

  167. Kortti 167

    Kysymys

    When must you dim high beams for an approaching vehicle?

    Vastaus

    Within 500 feet of the oncoming vehicle.

  168. Kortti 168

    Kysymys

    How far should a driver sit from a steering-wheel airbag?

    Vastaus

    At least 10 inches between the center of the chest and the airbag cover, while still controlling the vehicle safely.

  169. Kortti 169

    Kysymys

    What should you do when water covers the road ahead?

    Vastaus

    Turn around and use another route. Water may be deeper or faster than it appears.

  170. Kortti 170

    Kysymys

    How should packed snow affect your speed?

    Vastaus

    Reduce speed by about half, according to the handbook's safety guideline.

  171. Kortti 171

    Kysymys

    May a driver wear a headset or earplugs in both ears?

    Vastaus

    No. Covering both ears is generally illegal because it can block traffic sounds; limited safety and medical exceptions apply.

  172. Kortti 172

    Kysymys

    What is the safest response to a driver who is tailgating you?

    Vastaus

    Create more space ahead, avoid sudden braking, and let the driver pass when you can do so safely.

  173. Kortti 173

    Kysymys

    What should you check before driving after taking medicine?

    Vastaus

    Read the warning label and ask a doctor or pharmacist whether it can impair driving.

  174. Kortti 174

    Kysymys

    When must you dim high beams while following another vehicle?

    Vastaus

    Within 300 feet of the vehicle ahead.

  175. Kortti 175

    Kysymys

    Where must a child under age 8 usually be secured?

    Vastaus

    In an appropriate child passenger restraint in a rear seat, subject to limited statutory exceptions.

  176. Kortti 176

    Kysymys

    What should you check before slowing down suddenly?

    Vastaus

    Check your mirrors for traffic behind you, then brake in a controlled way when the situation allows.

  177. Kortti 177

    Kysymys

    How should you respond to a slippery-surface skid?

    Vastaus

    Ease off the accelerator. Do not brake; steer in the direction of the skid until you regain control.

  178. Kortti 178

    Kysymys

    What limits your safe speed at night?

    Vastaus

    The distance illuminated by your headlights. Drive slowly enough to stop within the visible area.

  179. Kortti 179

    Kysymys

    When may a child use a properly fitted safety belt instead of a child restraint?

    Vastaus

    At age 8 or when at least 4 feet 9 inches tall.

  180. Kortti 180

    Kysymys

    What should you do when you become sleepy while driving?

    Vastaus

    Leave the road safely and rest. Opening a window or turning up music does not reliably restore alertness.

  181. Kortti 181

    Kysymys

    What is your first legal duty after being involved in a collision?

    Vastaus

    Stop. Leaving the scene can be a hit-and-run offense.

  182. Kortti 182

    Kysymys

    Your wheels drift off the pavement. How should you return to the road?

    Vastaus

    Ease off the accelerator, brake gently, and return only after slowing and checking that the lane is clear.

  183. Kortti 183

    Kysymys

    During the first 12 months of a provisional license, may a minor carry passengers under 20 without an adult?

    Vastaus

    Generally no. A licensed parent, guardian, driving instructor, or driver age 25 or older must accompany them unless a legal exception applies.

  184. Kortti 184

    Kysymys

    May an adult driver hold and operate a phone while driving?

    Vastaus

    No. The phone must be used hands-free in a legally permitted way.

  185. Kortti 185

    Kysymys

    When weather requires continuous windshield-wiper use, what lighting rule applies?

    Vastaus

    Turn on at least two headlamps and use low beams. The headlamp requirement is law; low beams are the DMV's adverse-weather driving guidance.

  186. Kortti 186

    Kysymys

    Must a driver carry proof of financial responsibility?

    Vastaus

    Yes. Keep proof of insurance or another accepted form of financial responsibility in the vehicle and show it when lawfully requested.

  187. Kortti 187

    Kysymys

    How long must a minor usually hold a provisional permit before taking the driving test?

    Vastaus

    At least 6 months.

  188. Kortti 188

    Kysymys

    Why is a shoulder check necessary before changing lanes?

    Vastaus

    Mirrors do not show every blind spot. A quick look over your shoulder confirms the adjacent lane is clear.

  189. Kortti 189

    Kysymys

    What should you do if a tire suddenly blows out?

    Vastaus

    Hold the steering wheel firmly, ease off the accelerator, avoid hard braking, and slow before moving off the road.

  190. Kortti 190

    Kysymys

    Who must wear a seat belt in a moving passenger vehicle?

    Vastaus

    The driver and all passengers, using a properly fitted restraint.

  191. Kortti 191

    Kysymys

    When should you use emergency flashers while driving?

    Vastaus

    To warn others of an immediate hazard or unusually slow or stopped traffic, not as permission to park illegally.

  192. Kortti 192

    Kysymys

    How much does the handbook suggest reducing speed on a wet road?

    Vastaus

    About 5 to 10 mph below the usual speed, with a greater reduction if conditions demand it.

  193. Kortti 193

    Kysymys

    What are California's minimum liability-insurance limits for current policies?

    Vastaus

    $30,000 for injury or death to one person, $60,000 per collision for multiple people, and $15,000 for property damage.

  194. Kortti 194

    Kysymys

    How should strong crosswinds change your driving?

    Vastaus

    Slow down, keep a firm grip on the wheel, and avoid cruise control so you can respond quickly.

  195. Kortti 195

    Kysymys

    May a child age 6 or younger be left alone in a vehicle with the engine running?

    Vastaus

    No. A responsible person age 12 or older must supervise the child when the engine is running or other significant danger exists.

  196. Kortti 196

    Kysymys

    What should you try if the accelerator becomes stuck?

    Vastaus

    Shift to Neutral, apply the brakes, keep your eyes on the road, warn other drivers, and steer off the road safely. Turn off the ignition only after the vehicle has come to a complete stop.

  197. Kortti 197

    Kysymys

    What is the minimum age to apply for a California provisional instruction permit?

    Vastaus

    15½ years old.

  198. Kortti 198

    Kysymys

    After stopping at a collision, what should you do if someone is injured?

    Vastaus

    Call 911, provide reasonable assistance, and follow emergency instructions without moving an injured person unless necessary for safety.

  199. Kortti 199

    Kysymys

    When are wet roads often most slippery?

    Vastaus

    During the first several minutes of rain, when water mixes with oil and dust on the pavement.

  200. Kortti 200

    Kysymys

    How much supervised practice must a minor complete before the driving test?

    Vastaus

    At least 50 hours, including 10 hours at night.

  201. Kortti 201

    Kysymys

    What score is needed to pass the California permit knowledge test?

    Vastaus

    At least 80%.

  202. Kortti 202

    Kysymys

    May a driver under 18 use a phone hands-free while driving?

    Vastaus

    No. A minor may use a phone only for an emergency call permitted by law.

  203. Kortti 203

    Kysymys

    When should you increase the usual 3-second following gap?

    Vastaus

    When visibility, weather, traffic, road surface, or the vehicle ahead makes stopping harder.

  204. Kortti 204

    Kysymys

    What should you do with a drivable vehicle after a collision with no injuries?

    Vastaus

    Move it out of traffic to a safe nearby location when you can do so safely.

  205. Kortti 205

    Kysymys

    Can an applicant older than 17 years 6 months but under 18 get a California instruction permit without driver education?

    Vastaus

    Yes. They may get the permit without driver-education or driver-training certificates, but cannot take the driving test until age 18.

  206. Kortti 206

    Kysymys

    What should you do when glare from oncoming headlights makes it hard to see?

    Vastaus

    Look toward the right edge of your lane and use it as a guide until the vehicle passes.

  207. Kortti 207

    Kysymys

    Who must sign the license or permit application for an applicant under 18?

    Vastaus

    A parent or legal guardian who accepts financial responsibility. If the parents or guardians have joint custody, both must sign.

  208. Kortti 208

    Kysymys

    What should you do if your vehicle starts to hydroplane?

    Vastaus

    Ease off the accelerator, slow gradually, and do not brake until the tires regain traction.

  209. Kortti 209

    Kysymys

    During the first 12 months of a provisional license, when is a minor generally prohibited from driving alone at night?

    Vastaus

    Between 11 p.m. and 5 a.m. Unless a statutory exception applies, the minor must be supervised by a licensed parent or guardian, a licensed driver age 25 or older, or a licensed or certified driving instructor.

  210. Kortti 210

    Kysymys

    What information should drivers exchange after a collision?

    Vastaus

    Names, current addresses, driver-license details, vehicle registration, and insurance information.

  211. Kortti 211

    Kysymys

    What driver-education proof does an otherwise eligible applicant age 17 years 6 months or younger need for a California provisional permit?

    Vastaus

    Proof of completed driver education or enrollment and participation in an approved integrated driver education and training program.

  212. Kortti 212

    Kysymys

    What substances can lead to a DUI charge in California?

    Vastaus

    Alcohol, cannabis, illegal drugs, prescription medicine, over-the-counter medicine, or any combination that impairs safe driving.

  213. Kortti 213

    Kysymys

    May a passenger drink alcohol while riding in a private vehicle?

    Vastaus

    Generally no. Exceptions include passengers in the living quarters of a housecar or camper and in specified licensed buses, taxis, or limousines for hire.

  214. Kortti 214

    Kysymys

    When must a collision involving injury or death be reported to law enforcement?

    Vastaus

    Within 24 hours. The driver must make or cause a written report to CHP or, for a collision in a city, CHP or that city's police department. An insurance agent, broker, or legal representative may file it.

  215. Kortti 215

    Kysymys

    What BAC triggers California's zero-tolerance rule for drivers under 21?

    Vastaus

    0.01% or higher.

  216. Kortti 216

    Kysymys

    How long is a California driver's-license application normally valid?

    Vastaus

    12 months from the application date.

  217. Kortti 217

    Kysymys

    When does an under-18 provisional permit become valid for practice driving?

    Vastaus

    After at least one hour of behind-the-wheel training, when the professional driving instructor signs it.

  218. Kortti 218

    Kysymys

    Do coffee, cold showers, or exercise make an impaired driver sober?

    Vastaus

    No. They may change how awake someone feels, but only time lowers the alcohol in the body.

  219. Kortti 219

    Kysymys

    How long does a California DUI conviction remain relevant as a prior offense?

    Vastaus

    10 years. A later DUI within that period can bring more severe consequences.

  220. Kortti 220

    Kysymys

    Does legal recreational cannabis make it legal to drive while impaired?

    Vastaus

    No. Driving under the influence of cannabis is illegal.

  221. Kortti 221

    Kysymys

    Who must supervise a minor practicing with a California instruction permit?

    Vastaus

    A California-licensed parent, guardian, spouse, licensed or certified driving instructor, or another California-licensed adult age 25 or older. The supervisor's California driving privilege must not be on probation, and they must stay close enough to take control.

  222. Kortti 222

    Kysymys

    When must a driver submit an SR-1 after a collision?

    Vastaus

    Within 10 days if anyone is injured or killed, or damage to any one person's property exceeds $1,000, regardless of fault. This report is not required when the involved vehicle was owned or leased by, or under the direction of, the United States, California, another state, or a local agency.

  223. Kortti 223

    Kysymys

    At what BAC is it unlawful for most drivers age 21 or older to drive?

    Vastaus

    0.08% or higher.

  224. Kortti 224

    Kysymys

    What servings contain roughly the same amount of alcohol as one standard drink?

    Vastaus

    About 12 ounces of 5% beer, 5 ounces of 12% wine, or 1.5 ounces of 80-proof liquor.

  225. Kortti 225

    Kysymys

    What is the safest plan when an event may involve alcohol or impairing drugs?

    Vastaus

    Arrange a sober driver, public transit, a taxi, or a ride service before impairment begins.

  226. Kortti 226

    Kysymys

    What is the usual license consequence for a first refusal of a required post-arrest chemical test?

    Vastaus

    A one-year suspension, separate from any criminal case.

  227. Kortti 227

    Kysymys

    Can a legally prescribed medicine make driving illegal?

    Vastaus

    Yes. You may not drive when any medicine impairs your ability to operate the vehicle safely.

  228. Kortti 228

    Kysymys

    Where should an opened cannabis container normally be carried in a vehicle?

    Vastaus

    In the trunk or another area where passengers do not sit. A qualified patient carrying a current identification card or physician's recommendation may keep a previously opened container in the passenger area only when it is sealed, resealed, or closed.

  229. Kortti 229

    Kysymys

    Does eating food prevent alcohol impairment?

    Vastaus

    No. Food may slow absorption, but it does not stop alcohol from entering the bloodstream.

  230. Kortti 230

    Kysymys

    What BAC is prohibited while a driver is on DUI probation?

    Vastaus

    0.01% or higher.

  231. Kortti 231

    Kysymys

    What does California's implied-consent law require after a lawful DUI arrest?

    Vastaus

    After an alcohol-DUI arrest, the driver must take a breath or blood test. When drug impairment is reasonably suspected, an additional blood test may be required; urine is used only in limited statutory circumstances.

  232. Kortti 232

    Kysymys

    Where should an opened alcohol container be stored in a vehicle?

    Vastaus

    In the trunk. If the vehicle has no trunk, keep it in an area not normally occupied by the driver or passengers. A glove or utility compartment does not qualify.

  233. Kortti 233

    Kysymys

    What is the only reliable way to remove alcohol from your body?

    Vastaus

    Time. The liver needs time to process alcohol; shortcuts do not speed that process safely.

  234. Kortti 234

    Kysymys

    Why is mixing alcohol with medicine or other drugs especially dangerous?

    Vastaus

    The combined impairment can be stronger and less predictable than either substance alone.

  235. Kortti 235

    Kysymys

    Can an adult be arrested for DUI with a BAC below 0.08%?

    Vastaus

    Yes. Any BAC can support a DUI case when alcohol has made the person unable to drive safely.

  236. Kortti 236

    Kysymys

    May an officer require a driver under 21 who is lawfully detained for suspected alcohol use to take a preliminary screening test?

    Vastaus

    Yes. Refusing the preliminary alcohol screening or another required test can cause a license suspension.

A learner car follows a winding coastal road through California hills beside a curve warning sign and a red traffic light.

236 korttia

California Permit Test Flashcards: DMV Handbook Rules & Signs

Opiskele tätä pakkaa ilmaiseksi

Nibomo avautuu, jotta voit aloittaa opiskelun.