Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
Practice cytoskeletal fibers, motor tracks, cell division, and ciliary patterns with 50 English flashcards and short checks for ambiguous clues.
Tentang dek ini
Practice cytoskeleton structure and function with 50 English flashcards for secondary and introductory-college biology. The focus is on telling actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments apart, then applying those distinctions to motors, cell structures, and short reasoning prompts. Basic cell knowledge is helpful; the cell organelle flashcards cover that prerequisite.
The cards map filament names to building proteins and structural properties, selected protein or shape clues back to filament families, motor names to tracks and specified travel directions, and named cell structures to their cytoskeletal components. Short error checks distinguish a fiber from its building protein or motor. Other prompts ask what information is missing when support, movement, cell division, vesicle transport, or ATP use does not identify a unique answer.
Start with the three filament families, their assembly, and polarity. Motor tracks and ATP use lead into the actin cortex, microvilli, keratins, nuclear lamins, the spindle, and the animal-cell contractile ring. Basic ciliary architecture and selected motor-direction exceptions then support the final mixed distinctions. Selected reverse prompts and related variants are separated; the review scheduler handles longer-term spacing. Every card carries the cytoskeleton tag.
This is text-based recall practice. It does not test diagram or micrograph identification. Exhaustive reverse cards, arbitrary name-to-example lists, exact filament diameters, detailed motor families, clinical diagnosis, drug treatment, bacterial cytoskeletons, and molecular regulation pathways are excluded to keep the deck focused. Typical ciliary patterns are taught with exceptions, not as universal motility rules. No complete biology course or examination alignment is claimed.
The questions, explanations, sequence, and metadata were written independently with AI assistance. Scientific facts were checked against research publications on cytoskeletal interactions and intermediate filaments, microtubule dynamics, motor proteins, microvilli, animal-cell cytokinesis, actin assembly, cell protrusion, motile cilia, and primary cilia. Source wording, exercises, and diagrams were not copied; those publications retain their own licenses, and scientific facts are not claimed as proprietary. Original material and the AI-generated decorative cover are dedicated under CC0 1.0 to the extent applicable rights exist. The cover is an abstract illustration, not a molecular diagram. This is independent study material without institutional endorsement.
Kad dalam dek ini
Kad 1
Soalan
What are the three major cytoskeletal filament families in animal cells?
Jawapan
Actin filaments (microfilaments), microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
Kad 2
Soalan
Which protein builds microfilaments?
Jawapan
Actin.
Kad 3
Soalan
Which two tubulin subunits pair to build microtubules?
Jawapan
Alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin. Each building unit is an alpha–beta tubulin dimer.
Kad 4
Soalan
Do all intermediate filaments use the same building protein?
Jawapan
No. Different cells use different intermediate-filament proteins, such as keratins, vimentin, and nuclear lamins.
Kad 5
Soalan
What does filament polarity mean in the cytoskeleton?
Jawapan
The two ends have different molecular structures. Plus and minus label distinct ends, not electrical charges.
Kad 6
Soalan
What is the basic shape of an actin filament?
Jawapan
Two intertwined strands of actin subunits. It is a thin filament, not a hollow tube.
Kad 7
Soalan
Which major cytoskeletal filament forms a hollow tube?
Jawapan
A microtubule.
Kad 8
Soalan
Which major cytoskeletal filament has a rope-like assembly of fibrous proteins?
Jawapan
An intermediate filament.
Kad 9
Soalan
Which cytoskeletal filament is the track for myosin motors?
Jawapan
An actin filament.
Kad 10
Soalan
Which major cytoskeletal filament family lacks distinct plus and minus ends?
Jawapan
Intermediate filaments. Actin filaments and microtubules are polar.
Kad 11
Soalan
What directly powers the stepping of myosin, kinesin, and dynein motors?
Jawapan
ATP hydrolysis.
Kad 12
Soalan
Which two motor-protein families move along microtubules?
Jawapan
Kinesins and dyneins.
Kad 13
Soalan
Which filament network is especially prominent in the cortex just beneath an animal cell’s plasma membrane?
Jawapan
Actin filaments. The cortex helps control cell shape and surface mechanics.
Kad 14
Soalan
Keratin networks belong to which cytoskeletal filament family?
Jawapan
Intermediate filaments.
Kad 15
Soalan
What is microtubule dynamic instability?
Jawapan
Switching between growth and shrinkage. A microtubule can change length as tubulin subunits are added or lost.
Kad 16
Soalan
A cargo moves by kinesin along a microtubule. Which component is the motor?
Jawapan
Kinesin. The microtubule is the track.
Kad 17
Soalan
Which filaments form the supporting bundles inside microvilli?
Jawapan
Actin filaments.
Kad 18
Soalan
Which proteins form the nuclear lamina beneath the inner nuclear membrane?
Jawapan
Lamins, members of the intermediate-filament protein family.
Kad 19
Soalan
Which cytoskeletal filaments form the mitotic spindle?
Jawapan
Microtubules. Spindle microtubules help organize and separate chromosomes.
Kad 20
Soalan
Cytoplasmic dynein carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
Jawapan
The minus end.
Kad 21
Soalan
Which filament and motor form the main contractile machinery of the animal-cell cleavage ring?
Jawapan
Actin filaments and myosin II.
Kad 22
Soalan
How can actin assembly help a crawling cell extend its leading edge?
Jawapan
Growing actin filaments can push the plasma membrane outward.
Kad 23
Soalan
Which filaments form the axoneme, the internal framework of eukaryotic cilia and flagella?
Jawapan
Microtubules.
Kad 24
Soalan
Conventional kinesin-1 carries cargo toward which end of a microtubule?
Jawapan
The plus end.
Kad 25
Soalan
What mechanical role do intermediate-filament networks provide when a cell is stretched?
Jawapan
They help distribute tensile stress and resist damage from stretching.
Kad 26
Soalan
In an animal-cell contractile ring, is myosin II a motor or an actin building subunit?
Jawapan
A motor. Actin supplies the filament subunits.
Kad 27
Soalan
What does the typical 9 + 2 pattern of an airway motile cilium describe?
Jawapan
Nine outer microtubule doublets around two central single microtubules.
Kad 28
Soalan
Does the name kinesin alone guarantee plus-end-directed movement?
Jawapan
No. Kinesin families differ; some move toward minus ends. Specify the kinesin type before assigning a direction.
Kad 29
Soalan
How do the core filaments of microvilli differ from those of eukaryotic cilia?
Jawapan
Microvilli have actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based axoneme.
Kad 30
Soalan
The nuclear lamina is built from which major filament family?
Jawapan
Intermediate filaments, specifically lamins.
Kad 31
Soalan
In animal-cell division, which structure constricts the cell surface: the spindle or the contractile ring?
Jawapan
The contractile ring. Its actin–myosin machinery narrows the cleavage furrow.
Kad 32
Soalan
What is a common role of a non-motile primary cilium?
Jawapan
Sensing and coordinating signals. It acts as a specialized signaling compartment.
Kad 33
Soalan
Which motor family drives sliding between neighboring microtubule doublets in a motile cilium?
Jawapan
Axonemal dyneins. Structural constraints convert that sliding into bending.
Kad 34
Soalan
Does vesicle transport by itself identify a microtubule track?
Jawapan
No. Vesicles can use microtubules or actin-based transport. The motor identity or filament composition supplies a better clue.
Kad 35
Soalan
A prompt asks for the filament family containing keratin. Is keratin alone the requested answer?
Jawapan
No. Answer intermediate filaments. Keratin names a building protein, not the filament family.
Kad 36
Soalan
What microtubule pattern is commonly used to describe a primary cilium?
Jawapan
The 9 + 0 pattern: nine outer doublets without a central pair. It is a typical description, not a universal rule for every cross-section.
Kad 37
Soalan
A filament is assembled from alpha–beta tubulin dimers. Which filament family is it?
Jawapan
Microtubules.
Kad 38
Soalan
What does the centrosome do for microtubules in many animal cells?
Jawapan
It acts as a microtubule-organizing center, helping nucleate and organize the microtubule array.
Kad 39
Soalan
A vesicle is moved by myosin. Which filament supplies its track?
Jawapan
Actin. Myosin-based cargo transport uses actin filaments.
Kad 40
Soalan
Why can’t a 9 + 0 axoneme alone establish that a cilium is non-motile?
Jawapan
Motile embryonic nodal cilia are a counterexample. Arrangement alone does not establish motility.
Kad 41
Soalan
What extra clue would help identify a fiber described only as supporting cell shape?
Jawapan
Its protein composition or a specific structure it forms. All three major filament systems contribute to cell mechanics.
Kad 42
Soalan
Why is the claim that all intermediate filaments lie in the cytoplasm incorrect?
Jawapan
Lamins form the nuclear lamina inside the nucleus.
Kad 43
Soalan
In a 9 + 2 axoneme, does the 9 count nine individual microtubules?
Jawapan
No. It counts nine outer doublets. The central 2 counts two single microtubules.
Kad 44
Soalan
An ATP-powered motor uses either actin or microtubules. What missing information would identify its track?
Jawapan
The motor family. Myosins use actin; kinesins and dyneins use microtubules. ATP use alone does not distinguish them.
Kad 45
Soalan
What missing detail would distinguish fibers described only as helping animal-cell division?
Jawapan
The division structure or step. Spindle fibers are microtubules; the contractile ring contains actin.
Kad 46
Soalan
A student says microvilli are miniature cilia because both project from the cell. What core-filament correction is needed?
Jawapan
Microvilli are supported by actin bundles; cilia have a microtubule-based core. Surface shape alone does not make them the same structure.
Kad 47
Soalan
In microtubule-based transport, how does the filament’s role differ from the motor’s?
Jawapan
The microtubule supplies a track; kinesin or dynein supplies motor activity.
Kad 48
Soalan
What extra detail is needed to identify a cytoskeletal system described only as enabling cell movement?
Jawapan
The type of movement. Actin supports crawling; microtubules and dyneins support ciliary or flagellar motion.
Kad 49
Soalan
Is it accurate to say that microtubules have no role in animal-cell cytokinesis because the ring uses actin?
Jawapan
No. Microtubules also help coordinate cytokinesis, including positioning and organizing the division machinery.
Kad 50
Soalan
Is the cytoskeleton a permanent, unchanging scaffold?
Jawapan
No. Its filaments and networks can assemble, disassemble, and reorganize as the cell’s needs change.
50 kad
Cytoskeleton Flashcards: Fibers, Motors & Functions
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