What is the safe response to a swollen mobile-device battery?

Power the device off, disconnect external power, and isolate it for approved battery service. Don't charge, puncture, press, or keep using the battery.

Which RAM form factor is common in serviceable laptops?

A SO-DIMM. Match its DDR generation, capacity support, and other platform requirements before installation.

What should you confirm before replacing laptop keys or a keyboard?

Confirm the model's replaceable unit and service procedure. Some keys are individually serviceable; other designs require the keyboard or full top case.

What protects data during a laptop HDD or SSD replacement?

A verified backup and migration plan. Also match the replacement drive's interface, form factor, and supported capacity.

How should tiny antenna leads be handled during wireless-card service?

Label their positions, lift each connector straight up with the proper tool, and reconnect it to the marked terminal. Pulling the wire can damage the lead.

Which built-in laptop components commonly provide physical privacy or identity checks?

Components such as fingerprint or facial-recognition hardware and near-field credential readers. Their firmware, drivers, permissions, and enrollment must all support the feature.

Why does Wi-Fi antenna placement matter after a laptop repair?

Correct routing and terminal placement preserve signal quality. A pinched cable, loose connector, or swapped main/aux lead can weaken wireless performance.

A replacement laptop camera has no image. What should you check before replacing it again?

Check its internal cable, privacy shutter or switch, firmware detection, driver, and app permission. A hardware replacement won't fix a blocked camera setting.

A built-in mobile-device microphone is silent. What should you check first?

Check the selected input, mute state, app permission, and microphone opening. Then inspect the internal connection if every app fails.

Why disconnect the internal battery before replacing laptop RAM, storage, or a display assembly?

To remove standby power from the board and reduce short-circuit risk. Follow the model's shutdown and battery-disconnection procedure.

What should guide any field replacement inside a thin mobile device?

The manufacturer's service instructions, warranty terms, and ESD precautions. Adhesives, hidden cables, and replaceable assemblies vary by model.

How do USB-C, microUSB, and miniUSB differ?

They are different connector shapes. USB-C is reversible; microUSB and miniUSB are older keyed designs, and none of the shapes alone guarantees a data speed.

What can a laptop docking station add through one host connection?

Power, displays, networking, storage, and peripheral ports. The host, dock, cable, and software must support the promised features.

What must match for a stylus to support pressure or precision input?

The stylus technology and the device's digitizer. A generic capacitive stylus may act like a finger but can't add unsupported active-pen features.

Which connector is associated with many older Apple mobile devices?

Lightning. Match the cable to the actual model because newer Apple devices may use USB-C.

How do a headset, external speaker, and webcam extend a mobile workstation?

A headset adds private audio input/output, a speaker adds room audio, and a webcam adds video input. Select each one in the app after connecting it.

How do a trackpad, drawing pad, and trackpoint differ?

A trackpad senses finger gestures, a drawing pad captures pen input, and a trackpoint moves the pointer from a small keyboard-mounted stick.

What is NFC commonly used for on a mobile device?

Very short-range exchanges such as tap-to-pay, credential reading, or quick pairing. Its short working distance supports deliberate tap-style use.

How is a port replicator different from a full docking station?

A port replicator mainly exposes additional connectors; a dock commonly adds broader capabilities such as charging, displays, or networking. Verify the product's actual feature list.

Which connection is the usual choice for nearby mobile headsets and keyboards?

Bluetooth. It provides short-range wireless accessory links with relatively low power use.

What does mobile tethering or hotspot mode do?

It shares the device's internet connection with another client, commonly over Wi-Fi, USB, or Bluetooth. The carrier plan may limit tethering or data use.

How do 3G, 4G, and 5G relate on a mobile device?

They are cellular network generations. Newer generations can offer more capacity or lower latency, but the device, SIM or eSIM, plan, coverage, and local network determine service.

What is the practical difference between a SIM and an eSIM?

A SIM is a removable identity module; an eSIM stores a carrier profile in embedded hardware. Both associate the device with cellular service.

What sequence pairs a Bluetooth accessory safely?

Enable Bluetooth, put the accessory in pairing mode, select the intended device, confirm any PIN or code, and test the connection.

How do GPS and cellular location services complement each other?

GPS derives position from satellites, while cellular and nearby-network data can speed or assist location. App permission and device settings control access.

Which radios should you check when a phone has neither local Wi-Fi nor wide-area data?

Check Wi-Fi and cellular data separately, along with airplane mode. One radio can be disabled while the other remains available.

What should you verify when adding mail to a mobile device?

Verify the account, credentials, incoming and outgoing server settings, security method, and network access. A correct password can't repair a wrong server setting.

A phone can browse on Wi-Fi but not through its hotspot. What should you check?

Check that hotspot service is enabled, cellular data works, the plan permits tethering, and the client has the correct hotspot password.

How should you test a newly configured mobile connection?

Test the intended path and service: join the correct network or carrier, verify addressing or signal, then open the required app or destination.

What does mobile device management provide?

Central enrollment, device configuration, policy enforcement, corporate-app deployment, inventory, and approved remote actions.

How do corporate-owned and BYOD management profiles usually differ?

Corporate-owned devices normally allow broader organizational control; BYOD profiles should isolate managed work data and respect the user's personal data under policy.

What should be checked when calendar, contacts, or business mail stops synchronizing?

Check connectivity, account sign-in, sync scope, device time, storage, and service status before removing the account.

Why do data caps matter to mobile synchronization?

Large mail, cloud-storage, or app sync jobs can consume metered cellular data. Choose what syncs and whether Wi-Fi is required.

When is an MDM remote wipe appropriate?

When policy authorizes removal of protected data from a lost, stolen, retired, or reassigned device. Confirm the exact device and wipe scope first.

What is the point of separating corporate apps and data on a personal phone?

It lets the organization enforce work controls and remove managed data without treating the user's whole device as corporate property.

How do TCP and UDP differ?

TCP provides connection-oriented, ordered, acknowledged delivery; UDP sends low-overhead datagrams without built-in ordering or retransmission.

Which ports are associated with classic FTP?

TCP 21 carries control traffic, and TCP 20 is the traditional active-mode data port. FTP doesn't encrypt credentials or content by itself.

Which default port does SSH use, and what does it provide?

TCP 22. SSH provides encrypted remote command-line access and related secure services.

Which default port is traditionally used for SMTP server-to-server relay?

TCP 25. Mail clients commonly submit outgoing mail through a separate authenticated service.

Which port does DNS use?

Port 53: usually UDP for ordinary queries and TCP when the response or operation requires it.

Which ports carry DHCP client and server traffic?

UDP 68 for the client and UDP 67 for the server. A new client can broadcast before it has an address.

Which ports distinguish HTTP from HTTPS?

HTTP normally uses TCP 80; HTTPS normally uses TCP 443 and protects the session with TLS.

Which default port does POP3 use without TLS?

TCP 110. POP3 commonly downloads messages rather than synchronizing server-side folders like IMAP.

Which ports are associated with NetBIOS over TCP/IP?

Ports 137–139. Name service commonly uses 137, datagram service 138, and session service TCP 139.

Which default port does LDAP use?

Port 389, commonly TCP. LDAP provides directory queries and updates; protect credentials with an approved secure configuration.

Which default port does SMB/CIFS commonly use?

TCP 445. SMB commonly carries file and printer sharing.

Which default port does RDP use?

TCP 3389. RDP provides remote graphical access to a Windows system.

Which default port does Telnet use, and why is it avoided on untrusted networks?

TCP 23. Telnet sends remote-terminal traffic without SSH's encryption.

Which default port does IMAP use without TLS?

TCP 143. IMAP keeps mailbox state and folders synchronized on the server.

How do common 802.11 families map to Wi-Fi bands?

802.11b/g use 2.4 GHz; 802.11a/ac use 5 GHz; 802.11n can use 2.4 or 5 GHz; 802.11ax can use 2.4 or 5 GHz, with Wi-Fi 6E extending it to 6 GHz.

What is the tradeoff when selecting a wider Wi-Fi channel?

A wider channel can carry more data but occupies more spectrum and may overlap more neighbors. Use a width that clients, regulations, and local conditions support.

CompTIA A+ 220-1201 & 220-1202 Flashcards: Core 1 and Core 2

Review current CompTIA A+ V15 Core 1 and Core 2 objectives with original flashcards for hardware, networking, operating systems, security, commands, and troubleshooting.

Umbhali Open Study Contributor

Mayelana naleli qoqo

CompTIA A+ 220-1201 & 220-1202 Flashcards: Core 1 and Core 2

Review the current V15 knowledge behind both CompTIA A+ exams in one 520-card package: 270 cards for Core 1 and 250 for Core 2. The deck covers mobile devices, networking, hardware, virtualization, cloud concepts, operating systems, security, commands, software support, operational procedures, and troubleshooting.

What the cards practice

The cards connect technologies, components, protocols, commands, and common acronyms with their purposes and key behavior. Separate retrieval prompts also work in the useful opposite direction: a technician task or requirement points to the right tool, setting, command, connector, or protocol. Short support scenarios ask for a likely cause, the first useful check, or the next corrective action. Ordered workflows are practiced only when the order matters on the job.

The deck does not mechanically reverse every fact or turn every source bullet into a card. It leaves out low-value acronym production, giant list prompts, unstable click paths, advanced material beyond the V15 entry-level boundary, and near-duplicate wording made only to increase the count.

Learning order

Core 1 starts with mobile hardware and connections, then builds through networking, physical hardware, virtualization, and cloud concepts before applying them to hardware and network troubleshooting. Core 2 moves from operating-system foundations into tools, commands, configuration, security, software troubleshooting, and day-to-day support operations. Inside each topic, recognition comes before selection and short diagnosis. Related forward and reverse cards are kept apart so one prompt does not give away the next.

Labs and PBQs

Flashcards are useful for recall and compact scenario decisions. They do not reproduce hands-on labs, performance-based questions, live command output, or the pressure and ambiguity of the certification exams. Use a real machine, lab environment, and lawful practice tests alongside this deck for installation, configuration, repair, and PBQ-style work.

Scope, provenance, and reuse

The live CompTIA Core 1 and Core 2 V15 pages and the current version 4.0 objective PDFs were reviewed on September 1, 2026. Both PDFs were last modified on November 25, 2025. They were used only to check the exam version, domain boundaries, weighting, and technical scope. Common technical facts are explained in original language and organized for retrieval practice. Public overview pages from three study tools were compared only for structure and learner expectations; their cards, questions, examples, explanations, and course text were not drafting input.

The Common knowledge · CC0 1.0 label applies to the deck’s original prompts, answers, organization, metadata, and generated cover to the extent applicable rights exist. It does not claim ownership of technical facts, CompTIA names, or third-party source material.

This deck is independently authored and unofficial. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by CompTIA, Inc., and it uses no CompTIA logo or official trade dress.

No CompTIA exam questions, answers, performance-based questions, mark schemes, or objective wording were copied.

Current official requirements: Core 1 V15 (220-1201), Core 1 objectives PDF, Core 2 V15 (220-1202), and Core 2 objectives PDF.

Amakhadi akuleli qoqo

Ikhadi 1
Umbuzo
What is the safe response to a swollen mobile-device battery?
Impendulo
Power the device off, disconnect external power, and isolate it for approved battery service. Don't charge, puncture, press, or keep using the battery.
Ikhadi 2
Umbuzo
Which RAM form factor is common in serviceable laptops?
Impendulo
A SO-DIMM. Match its DDR generation, capacity support, and other platform requirements before installation.
Ikhadi 3
Umbuzo
What should you confirm before replacing laptop keys or a keyboard?
Impendulo
Confirm the model's replaceable unit and service procedure. Some keys are individually serviceable; other designs require the keyboard or full top case.
Ikhadi 4
Umbuzo
What protects data during a laptop HDD or SSD replacement?
Impendulo
A verified backup and migration plan. Also match the replacement drive's interface, form factor, and supported capacity.
Ikhadi 5
Umbuzo
How should tiny antenna leads be handled during wireless-card service?
Impendulo
Label their positions, lift each connector straight up with the proper tool, and reconnect it to the marked terminal. Pulling the wire can damage the lead.
Ikhadi 6
Umbuzo
Which built-in laptop components commonly provide physical privacy or identity checks?
Impendulo
Components such as fingerprint or facial-recognition hardware and near-field credential readers. Their firmware, drivers, permissions, and enrollment must all support the feature.
Ikhadi 7
Umbuzo
Why does Wi-Fi antenna placement matter after a laptop repair?
Impendulo
Correct routing and terminal placement preserve signal quality. A pinched cable, loose connector, or swapped main/aux lead can weaken wireless performance.
Ikhadi 8
Umbuzo
A replacement laptop camera has no image. What should you check before replacing it again?
Impendulo
Check its internal cable, privacy shutter or switch, firmware detection, driver, and app permission. A hardware replacement won't fix a blocked camera setting.
Ikhadi 9
Umbuzo
A built-in mobile-device microphone is silent. What should you check first?
Impendulo
Check the selected input, mute state, app permission, and microphone opening. Then inspect the internal connection if every app fails.
Ikhadi 10
Umbuzo
Why disconnect the internal battery before replacing laptop RAM, storage, or a display assembly?
Impendulo
To remove standby power from the board and reduce short-circuit risk. Follow the model's shutdown and battery-disconnection procedure.
Ikhadi 11
Umbuzo
What should guide any field replacement inside a thin mobile device?
Impendulo
The manufacturer's service instructions, warranty terms, and ESD precautions. Adhesives, hidden cables, and replaceable assemblies vary by model.
Ikhadi 12
Umbuzo
How do USB-C, microUSB, and miniUSB differ?
Impendulo
They are different connector shapes. USB-C is reversible; microUSB and miniUSB are older keyed designs, and none of the shapes alone guarantees a data speed.
Ikhadi 13
Umbuzo
What can a laptop docking station add through one host connection?
Impendulo
Power, displays, networking, storage, and peripheral ports. The host, dock, cable, and software must support the promised features.
Ikhadi 14
Umbuzo
What must match for a stylus to support pressure or precision input?
Impendulo
The stylus technology and the device's digitizer. A generic capacitive stylus may act like a finger but can't add unsupported active-pen features.
Ikhadi 15
Umbuzo
Which connector is associated with many older Apple mobile devices?
Impendulo
Lightning. Match the cable to the actual model because newer Apple devices may use USB-C.
Ikhadi 16
Umbuzo
How do a headset, external speaker, and webcam extend a mobile workstation?
Impendulo
A headset adds private audio input/output, a speaker adds room audio, and a webcam adds video input. Select each one in the app after connecting it.
Ikhadi 17
Umbuzo
How do a trackpad, drawing pad, and trackpoint differ?
Impendulo
A trackpad senses finger gestures, a drawing pad captures pen input, and a trackpoint moves the pointer from a small keyboard-mounted stick.
Ikhadi 18
Umbuzo
What is NFC commonly used for on a mobile device?
Impendulo
Very short-range exchanges such as tap-to-pay, credential reading, or quick pairing. Its short working distance supports deliberate tap-style use.
Ikhadi 19
Umbuzo
How is a port replicator different from a full docking station?
Impendulo
A port replicator mainly exposes additional connectors; a dock commonly adds broader capabilities such as charging, displays, or networking. Verify the product's actual feature list.
Ikhadi 20
Umbuzo
Which connection is the usual choice for nearby mobile headsets and keyboards?
Impendulo
Bluetooth. It provides short-range wireless accessory links with relatively low power use.
Ikhadi 21
Umbuzo
What does mobile tethering or hotspot mode do?
Impendulo
It shares the device's internet connection with another client, commonly over Wi-Fi, USB, or Bluetooth. The carrier plan may limit tethering or data use.
Ikhadi 22
Umbuzo
How do 3G, 4G, and 5G relate on a mobile device?
Impendulo
They are cellular network generations. Newer generations can offer more capacity or lower latency, but the device, SIM or eSIM, plan, coverage, and local network determine service.
Ikhadi 23
Umbuzo
What is the practical difference between a SIM and an eSIM?
Impendulo
A SIM is a removable identity module; an eSIM stores a carrier profile in embedded hardware. Both associate the device with cellular service.
Ikhadi 24
Umbuzo
What sequence pairs a Bluetooth accessory safely?
Impendulo
Enable Bluetooth, put the accessory in pairing mode, select the intended device, confirm any PIN or code, and test the connection.
Ikhadi 25
Umbuzo
How do GPS and cellular location services complement each other?
Impendulo
GPS derives position from satellites, while cellular and nearby-network data can speed or assist location. App permission and device settings control access.
Ikhadi 26
Umbuzo
Which radios should you check when a phone has neither local Wi-Fi nor wide-area data?
Impendulo
Check Wi-Fi and cellular data separately, along with airplane mode. One radio can be disabled while the other remains available.
Ikhadi 27
Umbuzo
What should you verify when adding mail to a mobile device?
Impendulo
Verify the account, credentials, incoming and outgoing server settings, security method, and network access. A correct password can't repair a wrong server setting.
Ikhadi 28
Umbuzo
A phone can browse on Wi-Fi but not through its hotspot. What should you check?
Impendulo
Check that hotspot service is enabled, cellular data works, the plan permits tethering, and the client has the correct hotspot password.
Ikhadi 29
Umbuzo
How should you test a newly configured mobile connection?
Impendulo
Test the intended path and service: join the correct network or carrier, verify addressing or signal, then open the required app or destination.
Ikhadi 30
Umbuzo
What does mobile device management provide?
Impendulo
Central enrollment, device configuration, policy enforcement, corporate-app deployment, inventory, and approved remote actions.
Ikhadi 31
Umbuzo
How do corporate-owned and BYOD management profiles usually differ?
Impendulo
Corporate-owned devices normally allow broader organizational control; BYOD profiles should isolate managed work data and respect the user's personal data under policy.
Ikhadi 32
Umbuzo
What should be checked when calendar, contacts, or business mail stops synchronizing?
Impendulo
Check connectivity, account sign-in, sync scope, device time, storage, and service status before removing the account.
Ikhadi 33
Umbuzo
Why do data caps matter to mobile synchronization?
Impendulo
Large mail, cloud-storage, or app sync jobs can consume metered cellular data. Choose what syncs and whether Wi-Fi is required.
Ikhadi 34
Umbuzo
When is an MDM remote wipe appropriate?
Impendulo
When policy authorizes removal of protected data from a lost, stolen, retired, or reassigned device. Confirm the exact device and wipe scope first.
Ikhadi 35
Umbuzo
What is the point of separating corporate apps and data on a personal phone?
Impendulo
It lets the organization enforce work controls and remove managed data without treating the user's whole device as corporate property.
Ikhadi 36
Umbuzo
How do TCP and UDP differ?
Impendulo
TCP provides connection-oriented, ordered, acknowledged delivery; UDP sends low-overhead datagrams without built-in ordering or retransmission.
Ikhadi 37
Umbuzo
Which ports are associated with classic FTP?
Impendulo
TCP 21 carries control traffic, and TCP 20 is the traditional active-mode data port. FTP doesn't encrypt credentials or content by itself.
Ikhadi 38
Umbuzo
Which default port does SSH use, and what does it provide?
Impendulo
TCP 22. SSH provides encrypted remote command-line access and related secure services.
Ikhadi 39
Umbuzo
Which default port is traditionally used for SMTP server-to-server relay?
Impendulo
TCP 25. Mail clients commonly submit outgoing mail through a separate authenticated service.
Ikhadi 40
Umbuzo
Which port does DNS use?
Impendulo
Port 53: usually UDP for ordinary queries and TCP when the response or operation requires it.
Ikhadi 41
Umbuzo
Which ports carry DHCP client and server traffic?
Impendulo
UDP 68 for the client and UDP 67 for the server. A new client can broadcast before it has an address.
Ikhadi 42
Umbuzo
Which ports distinguish HTTP from HTTPS?
Impendulo
HTTP normally uses TCP 80; HTTPS normally uses TCP 443 and protects the session with TLS.
Ikhadi 43
Umbuzo
Which default port does POP3 use without TLS?
Impendulo
TCP 110. POP3 commonly downloads messages rather than synchronizing server-side folders like IMAP.
Ikhadi 44
Umbuzo
Which ports are associated with NetBIOS over TCP/IP?
Impendulo
Ports 137–139. Name service commonly uses 137, datagram service 138, and session service TCP 139.
Ikhadi 45
Umbuzo
Which default port does LDAP use?
Impendulo
Port 389, commonly TCP. LDAP provides directory queries and updates; protect credentials with an approved secure configuration.
Ikhadi 46
Umbuzo
Which default port does SMB/CIFS commonly use?
Impendulo
TCP 445. SMB commonly carries file and printer sharing.
Ikhadi 47
Umbuzo
Which default port does RDP use?
Impendulo
TCP 3389. RDP provides remote graphical access to a Windows system.
Ikhadi 48
Umbuzo
Which default port does Telnet use, and why is it avoided on untrusted networks?
Impendulo
TCP 23. Telnet sends remote-terminal traffic without SSH's encryption.
Ikhadi 49
Umbuzo
Which default port does IMAP use without TLS?
Impendulo
TCP 143. IMAP keeps mailbox state and folders synchronized on the server.
Ikhadi 50
Umbuzo
How do common 802.11 families map to Wi-Fi bands?
Impendulo
802.11b/g use 2.4 GHz; 802.11a/ac use 5 GHz; 802.11n can use 2.4 or 5 GHz; 802.11ax can use 2.4 or 5 GHz, with Wi-Fi 6E extending it to 6 GHz.
Ikhadi 51
Umbuzo
What is the tradeoff when selecting a wider Wi-Fi channel?
Impendulo
A wider channel can carry more data but occupies more spectrum and may overlap more neighbors. Use a width that clients, regulations, and local conditions support.
Ikhadi 52
Umbuzo
What networking role does Bluetooth fill?
Impendulo
Short-range personal-area links for accessories and nearby devices. It trades range and throughput for convenience and relatively low power use.
Ikhadi 53
Umbuzo
How do the 2.4, 5, and 6 GHz Wi-Fi bands generally differ?
Impendulo
2.4 GHz usually reaches farther but is crowded; 5 GHz offers more capacity with less wall penetration; 6 GHz adds clean spectrum for compatible devices but typically has the shortest reach.
Ikhadi 54
Umbuzo
How does NFC differ from general-purpose Wi-Fi?
Impendulo
NFC handles deliberate, very short-range exchanges; Wi-Fi provides a longer-range network connection with much higher throughput.
Ikhadi 55
Umbuzo
What should guide Wi-Fi channel selection?
Impendulo
Local regulations, a spectrum or Wi-Fi survey, channel width, band support, interference, and neighboring use. Choose from measured conditions, then retest where users work.
Ikhadi 56
Umbuzo
What is RFID used for?
Impendulo
Identifying or tracking tagged objects by radio. Readers can work with passive or powered tags at ranges set by the RFID system.
Ikhadi 57
Umbuzo
What distinguishes Wi-Fi 6E from ordinary Wi-Fi 6 operation?
Impendulo
Wi-Fi 6E permits compatible 802.11ax devices to use the 6 GHz band. Both the client and access point must support that band.
Ikhadi 58
Umbuzo
How do DNS and DHCP server roles differ?
Impendulo
DNS resolves names to records; DHCP leases IP configuration such as an address, mask, gateway, and DNS servers.
Ikhadi 59
Umbuzo
How do file and print servers centralize shared resources?
Impendulo
A file server hosts shared data and permissions; a print server manages printer queues, drivers, and access.
Ikhadi 60
Umbuzo
How do mail and web servers differ?
Impendulo
A mail server transfers or stores messages; a web server returns site or application content over HTTP or HTTPS.
Ikhadi 61
Umbuzo
Why would a network use both syslog and NTP servers?
Impendulo
Syslog centralizes event messages, while NTP aligns device clocks so those events have comparable timestamps.
Ikhadi 62
Umbuzo
How do AAA and database servers differ?
Impendulo
An AAA server handles authentication, authorization, and accounting; a database server stores and queries structured application data.
Ikhadi 63
Umbuzo
How do a spam gateway and a proxy serve different traffic?
Impendulo
A spam gateway filters mail flow; a proxy relays client requests and may enforce filtering, logging, or caching for supported services.
Ikhadi 64
Umbuzo
How do a UTM appliance and a load balancer differ?
Impendulo
A UTM combines gateway security controls; a load balancer distributes requests across service instances for capacity or availability.
Ikhadi 65
Umbuzo
Why do legacy and embedded network systems need cautious support planning?
Impendulo
They may have fixed software, limited interfaces, or long service lives. Isolate them, preserve required compatibility, and change them only within vendor and operational constraints.
Ikhadi 66
Umbuzo
What does SCADA monitor or control?
Impendulo
Industrial processes and equipment. Availability and physical safety requirements belong in every support decision.
Ikhadi 67
Umbuzo
Why are IoT devices often placed on a separate network?
Impendulo
Segmentation limits what an outdated or compromised device can reach and makes its traffic easier to manage.
Ikhadi 68
Umbuzo
Match DNS A, AAAA, CNAME, and MX records to their jobs.
Impendulo
A maps a hostname to IPv4, AAAA maps it to IPv6, CNAME aliases one hostname to another, and MX identifies a domain's mail exchangers.
Ikhadi 69
Umbuzo
How do a DHCP scope and exclusion differ?
Impendulo
The scope defines the address pool and options DHCP can offer; an exclusion removes selected addresses from automatic leasing.
Ikhadi 70
Umbuzo
What does a VLAN create on switched infrastructure?
Impendulo
A logical Layer 2 broadcast domain. It separates traffic without requiring a different physical switch for every segment.
Ikhadi 71
Umbuzo
What does a VPN protect?
Impendulo
Traffic across an untrusted network by creating an authenticated encrypted tunnel. Endpoint security and resource permissions still matter.
Ikhadi 72
Umbuzo
How do DNS TXT records support SPF, DKIM, and DMARC?
Impendulo
TXT records publish mail-policy data: SPF lists authorized senders, DKIM exposes keys for signature checks, and DMARC sets alignment policy and reporting.
Ikhadi 73
Umbuzo
How do a DHCP lease and reservation differ?
Impendulo
A lease is a time-limited address assignment; a reservation consistently offers a chosen address to a specific client, usually by MAC address.
Ikhadi 74
Umbuzo
How do access and trunk switch ports handle VLANs?
Impendulo
An access port normally carries one endpoint VLAN; a trunk carries tagged traffic for multiple VLANs.
Ikhadi 75
Umbuzo
When would you choose a site-to-site VPN instead of a client VPN?
Impendulo
Choose site-to-site for a persistent protected link between networks; choose a client VPN for an individual endpoint connecting remotely.
Ikhadi 76
Umbuzo
How do routers and Ethernet switches differ?
Impendulo
A router forwards packets between IP networks; a switch forwards local frames using learned MAC-address locations.
Ikhadi 77
Umbuzo
What does a wireless access point do?
Impendulo
It bridges compatible wireless clients onto a wired LAN. Routing, DHCP, and internet access may come from other devices.
Ikhadi 78
Umbuzo
What is a patch panel's role?
Impendulo
It passively terminates and organizes permanent cable runs. Patch cords connect those runs to active equipment such as switches.
Ikhadi 79
Umbuzo
What is a firewall's core job?
Impendulo
It permits or blocks traffic according to security rules. Logs help explain why expected traffic was accepted or denied.
Ikhadi 80
Umbuzo
How do managed and unmanaged switches differ?
Impendulo
A managed switch exposes configuration and monitoring such as VLANs; an unmanaged switch provides basic switching with little or no administration.
Ikhadi 81
Umbuzo
How can PoE be supplied, and what must match?
Impendulo
A PoE switch or injector can supply it. The source standard, powered device, cable, per-port state, and total power budget must be compatible.
Ikhadi 82
Umbuzo
Match cable modem, DSL modem, ONT, and NIC to their access roles.
Impendulo
Cable and DSL modems terminate coax and telephone-copper services; an ONT terminates provider fiber; a NIC connects the host and carries its physical MAC address.
Ikhadi 83
Umbuzo
How do private and public IPv4 addresses differ?
Impendulo
Private ranges are used inside networks and aren't routed on the public internet; a public address is globally routable when assigned. NAT often translates between them.
Ikhadi 84
Umbuzo
What does a 169.254.x.x IPv4 address usually indicate?
Impendulo
APIPA self-assignment after the host failed to obtain DHCP configuration. Check the link and path to DHCP.
Ikhadi 85
Umbuzo
When should a SOHO device use static rather than dynamic IP configuration?
Impendulo
Use static or reserved addressing when a predictable endpoint is required; use DHCP for ordinary clients that can accept leased settings.
Ikhadi 86
Umbuzo
What does an IPv4 subnet mask tell a host?
Impendulo
Which address bits identify the local network. The host uses it to decide whether to send directly or through a gateway.
Ikhadi 87
Umbuzo
How does IPv6 addressing differ from IPv4 addressing?
Impendulo
IPv6 uses 128-bit hexadecimal addresses; IPv4 uses 32-bit dotted-decimal addresses. Both still require correct local and routing configuration.
Ikhadi 88
Umbuzo
What does a default gateway provide?
Impendulo
The next hop for destinations outside the local subnet. It is normally the local router interface for that network.
Ikhadi 89
Umbuzo
How do fiber, cable, and DSL internet access differ?
Impendulo
Fiber carries light and offers high capacity; cable uses a shared coax access network; DSL carries broadband over telephone copper and depends strongly on line distance and quality.
Ikhadi 90
Umbuzo
How do PAN, LAN, and WLAN differ?
Impendulo
A PAN links one person's nearby devices, a LAN serves a local site, and a WLAN is the wireless form of a local-area network.
Ikhadi 91
Umbuzo
When are cellular, WISP, and satellite internet useful?
Impendulo
Cellular uses mobile coverage, a WISP uses a terrestrial provider radio link, and satellite reaches beyond many ground networks. Signal, latency, limits, and availability guide the choice.
Ikhadi 92
Umbuzo
How do MAN and WAN scopes differ?
Impendulo
A MAN links sites across a city or metropolitan area; a WAN spans larger geographic distances and joins multiple networks.
Ikhadi 93
Umbuzo
What is a storage area network?
Impendulo
A SAN is a dedicated network that presents shared block storage to servers. It is different from an ordinary user LAN or file share.
Ikhadi 94
Umbuzo
Which tools prepare and terminate a modular copper cable?
Impendulo
A cable stripper removes the jacket; a crimper attaches a compatible modular plug. Use the intended pinout, then test the cable.
Ikhadi 95
Umbuzo
How do a punchdown tool and cable tester support a permanent cable run?
Impendulo
The punchdown tool seats conductors into an IDC block; the tester checks continuity and wire-map faults after termination.
Ikhadi 96
Umbuzo
How do a toner probe and loopback plug answer different network questions?
Impendulo
A tone generator and probe identify a cable's far end; a loopback plug tests whether a port can transmit and receive through its own interface.
Ikhadi 97
Umbuzo
How do a Wi-Fi analyzer and network tap differ?
Impendulo
A Wi-Fi analyzer measures nearby wireless networks and channels; a network tap exposes a link's traffic to monitoring equipment without becoming the endpoint.
Ikhadi 98
Umbuzo
How do IPS, TN, and VA LCD panels generally differ?
Impendulo
IPS favors color consistency and viewing angles, TN favors fast response at low cost, and VA favors contrast. Actual panel quality still varies.
Ikhadi 99
Umbuzo
How do OLED and Mini-LED displays produce light?
Impendulo
OLED pixels emit their own light; Mini-LED is an LCD that uses many small backlight zones. OLED can show deep blacks, while Mini-LED can reach high brightness without organic pixels.
Ikhadi 100
Umbuzo
What does a touchscreen digitizer do?
Impendulo
It detects touch or compatible stylus position. The display creates the image; the digitizer reports input coordinates.
Ikhadi 101
Umbuzo
What does an inverter do in an older LCD backlight system?
Impendulo
It converts power for the fluorescent backlight. Modern LED-backlit panels use different driver electronics.
Ikhadi 102
Umbuzo
How do screen resolution and pixel density differ?
Impendulo
Resolution is the number of addressable pixels; pixel density is how tightly those pixels fit in a physical area. Both affect perceived detail.
Ikhadi 103
Umbuzo
What do refresh rate and color gamut describe?
Impendulo
Refresh rate is how often the image can update each second; color gamut is the range of colors the display can reproduce.
Ikhadi 104
Umbuzo
How do Cat 5e, Cat 6, and Cat 6A Ethernet cable capabilities compare?
Impendulo
Cat 5e commonly supports 1 Gb/s to 100 m; Cat 6 improves noise performance and can support 10 Gb/s on shorter runs; Cat 6A is designed for 10 Gb/s to 100 m.
Ikhadi 105
Umbuzo
How do HDMI and DisplayPort fit typical display setups?
Impendulo
Both carry digital video and audio. HDMI is common on TVs and consumer equipment; DisplayPort is common on PCs and monitors, with features set by the negotiated versions.
Ikhadi 106
Umbuzo
What is the practical difference between T568A and T568B terminations?
Impendulo
They place the green and orange pairs in different pin positions. Use one recognized scheme consistently at both plug and punchdown-block terminations for a normal straight-through run.
Ikhadi 107
Umbuzo
Which cable ratings suit EMI, outdoor burial, and air-handling spaces?
Impendulo
Unshielded twisted pair suits ordinary low-interference runs, shielded twisted pair helps with EMI, direct-burial cable resists outdoor moisture, and plenum-rated cable limits flame spread and smoke in plenum spaces.
Ikhadi 108
Umbuzo
Match RJ11, RJ45, and F-type connectors to common cabling.
Impendulo
RJ11 is commonly used for telephone wiring, the 8P8C connector called RJ45 for twisted-pair Ethernet, and F-type for threaded coax connections.
Ikhadi 109
Umbuzo
How do DVI and VGA differ?
Impendulo
DVI variants may carry digital video, analog video, or both; VGA carries analog video through a 15-pin D-sub connector.
Ikhadi 110
Umbuzo
How do single-mode and multimode fiber differ, and which connectors may terminate them?
Impendulo
Single-mode uses a small core for long links; multimode uses a larger core for shorter links. ST, SC, and LC are connector styles that must match the link hardware and fiber type.
Ikhadi 111
Umbuzo
What should you infer from USB 2.0, USB 3.x, microUSB, miniUSB, USB-C, and Lightning labels?
Impendulo
USB 2.0 and 3.x describe protocol capabilities. MicroUSB, miniUSB, and USB-C are USB connector families; Lightning is a separate Apple connector. Plug shape alone doesn't guarantee speed or video support.
Ikhadi 112
Umbuzo
How do SATA, eSATA, and Molex relate to storage connections?
Impendulo
SATA carries internal drive data, eSATA extends SATA to an external connector, and a Molex plug is a legacy power connector. Data and power paths are separate.
Ikhadi 113
Umbuzo
Which legacy peripheral link commonly uses a DB9 connector?
Impendulo
A serial connection such as RS-232. It sends data sequentially and is still used for some console and industrial equipment.
Ikhadi 114
Umbuzo
When does a cable adapter need active electronics?
Impendulo
When the source and destination use different signaling, not just different plug shapes. A passive adapter only changes compatible wiring; an active adapter converts the signal.
Ikhadi 115
Umbuzo
Where are DIMM and SO-DIMM modules normally used?
Impendulo
Full-size DIMMs normally fit desktop or server boards; shorter SO-DIMMs fit many laptops and compact systems.
Ikhadi 116
Umbuzo
Why doesn't every USB-C cable provide Thunderbolt or display output?
Impendulo
USB-C names the connector. Thunderbolt, USB speed, charging level, and video alternate modes require matching support from the port, cable, and device.
Ikhadi 117
Umbuzo
Can one DDR memory generation be installed in another generation's slot?
Impendulo
No. DDR generations use different electrical designs and keying, so the module must match the motherboard.
Ikhadi 118
Umbuzo
How does ECC RAM differ from non-ECC RAM?
Impendulo
ECC can detect and correct certain memory errors; non-ECC lacks that protection. The CPU and motherboard must support ECC.
Ikhadi 119
Umbuzo
What does a dual- or multi-channel memory configuration require?
Impendulo
Compatible modules installed in the motherboard's paired channel slots. The board manual identifies the correct population order.
Ikhadi 120
Umbuzo
What happens when compatible RAM modules have different rated speeds?
Impendulo
They normally operate at a mutually supported speed, often the slower module's rate. Platform and firmware limits can reduce it further.
Ikhadi 121
Umbuzo
What limits a system's usable RAM capacity?
Impendulo
The CPU memory controller, motherboard, firmware, operating system, and supported module layout. Check the platform documentation before buying modules.
Ikhadi 122
Umbuzo
How do RAID 0 and RAID 1 trade capacity for protection?
Impendulo
RAID 0 stripes data for capacity and performance but has no redundancy; RAID 1 mirrors data and can survive one member failure.
Ikhadi 123
Umbuzo
How do 2.5-inch and 3.5-inch HDDs, spindle speed, and workload affect a drive choice?
Impendulo
The bay and interface must fit the form factor; faster spindle speed can improve access but adds heat, noise, and power use. Workload and capacity still matter.
Ikhadi 124
Umbuzo
How do SATA SSDs and NVMe SSDs communicate?
Impendulo
A SATA SSD uses the SATA storage interface; an NVMe SSD uses PCIe for lower-latency flash access. The slot and firmware must support the selected signaling.
Ikhadi 125
Umbuzo
Which removable media suit portable files, camera storage, and optical archives?
Impendulo
USB flash drives suit general transfers, memory cards suit compact devices such as cameras, and optical discs require a drive that supports the disc format.
Ikhadi 126
Umbuzo
How do RAID 5 and RAID 6 differ?
Impendulo
RAID 5 needs at least three drives and tolerates one member failure; RAID 6 needs at least four and uses dual parity to tolerate two.
Ikhadi 127
Umbuzo
What distinguishes SAS from SATA storage?
Impendulo
SAS is an enterprise-oriented serial SCSI interface with features such as dual-port support; SATA is common in client storage. The drive and controller interface must match.
Ikhadi 128
Umbuzo
How do M.2 and mSATA differ?
Impendulo
M.2 is a keyed form-factor family that may carry SATA or PCIe/NVMe; mSATA is an older compact form factor that carries SATA signaling.
Ikhadi 129
Umbuzo
When is an SSD preferable to an HDD?
Impendulo
Choose an SSD for low-latency, shock-resistant storage; choose an HDD when low-cost bulk capacity matters more. Neither removes the need for backup.
Ikhadi 130
Umbuzo
How do ATX, microATX, and Mini-ITX motherboard form factors affect a build?
Impendulo
They differ in board size, mounting layout, and typical expansion capacity. The case, power supply, and required slots must fit the board.
Ikhadi 131
Umbuzo
Match common motherboard connectors to their jobs.
Impendulo
PCI and PCIe host expansion cards; SATA and eSATA carry storage data; M.2 hosts compact devices; headers connect case features; power connectors feed the board and CPU.
Ikhadi 132
Umbuzo
What does RAID 10 provide?
Impendulo
Striping across mirrored pairs, normally using at least four drives. It combines performance with redundancy, but surviving multiple failures depends on which members fail.
Ikhadi 133
Umbuzo
What must match before installing an AMD or Intel CPU?
Impendulo
The CPU socket, chipset, firmware, and thermal design must support that exact processor. Multisocket boards also require a supported processor combination.
Ikhadi 134
Umbuzo
Which UEFI settings commonly control startup and hardware access?
Impendulo
Boot order, removable-media boot, USB permissions, fan behavior, temperature monitoring, and virtualization support. Change only the setting required for the task.
Ikhadi 135
Umbuzo
How do Secure Boot, a boot password, and a firmware setup password differ?
Impendulo
Secure Boot verifies trusted boot software; a boot password challenges startup; a setup password restricts firmware changes.
Ikhadi 136
Umbuzo
How do x86, x64, and ARM CPU architectures affect compatibility?
Impendulo
They use different instruction-set families; x86 is 32-bit, x64 extends that family to 64-bit, and ARM uses a RISC design. The OS and applications need compatible builds.
Ikhadi 137
Umbuzo
What does adding CPU cores improve?
Impendulo
Parallel work when software can use the cores. Architecture, clock speed, cooling, memory, and workload still shape performance.
Ikhadi 138
Umbuzo
Match sound, video, capture, and network expansion cards to their jobs.
Impendulo
Sound cards handle audio I/O, video cards render graphics, capture cards ingest external media signals, and NICs add network connectivity.
Ikhadi 139
Umbuzo
How do a TPM and HSM support encryption differently?
Impendulo
A TPM is a system security chip for protected keys and platform measurements; an HSM is a dedicated device or service for controlled cryptographic key operations.
Ikhadi 140
Umbuzo
How do fans and heat sinks work together?
Impendulo
A heat sink spreads component heat across fins; fans move air across those fins and through the case.
Ikhadi 141
Umbuzo
Why are thermal paste or pads placed between a chip and cooler?
Impendulo
They fill microscopic gaps so heat transfers efficiently. Use the specified material and amount.
Ikhadi 142
Umbuzo
What extra components does liquid CPU cooling add to diagnosis?
Impendulo
A pump, coolant path, radiator, fans, tubing, and seals. Verify mounting, flow, airflow, and leaks.
Ikhadi 143
Umbuzo
What hardware and firmware support may a hypervisor require?
Impendulo
A compatible CPU virtualization feature enabled in UEFI, plus enough memory, storage, networking, and security controls for its guests.
Ikhadi 144
Umbuzo
What must be checked when a PSU can receive 110–120 VAC or 220–240 VAC?
Impendulo
Its input range and selector behavior. Use the local mains range and never guess with a manual voltage switch.
Ikhadi 145
Umbuzo
What do the 3.3 V, 5 V, and 12 V PSU rails typically power?
Impendulo
They supply different component circuits: 3.3 V and 5 V serve logic and peripherals, while 12 V commonly feeds CPU/GPU regulators, motors, and fans.
Ikhadi 146
Umbuzo
What does a 20+4-pin ATX connector power?
Impendulo
The motherboard's main input. The CPU normally needs a separate 4- or 8-pin EPS-style connection.
Ikhadi 147
Umbuzo
How should PSU wattage be chosen?
Impendulo
Add the system's realistic peak demand and sensible headroom, then confirm connector, rail, and quality requirements. A large wattage label alone doesn't prove suitability.
Ikhadi 148
Umbuzo
What is the advantage and main caution of a modular PSU?
Impendulo
Detachable cables reduce clutter, but only cables approved for that exact PSU should be used. Modular pinouts aren't universally interchangeable.
Ikhadi 149
Umbuzo
What does a redundant power supply provide?
Impendulo
Two or more power modules so one can fail without immediately stopping the system. Redundancy still needs correct capacity and monitoring.
Ikhadi 150
Umbuzo
Why does PSU efficiency matter?
Impendulo
Higher efficiency wastes less input power as heat at a given load. Efficiency certification doesn't replace checks for electrical quality, capacity, or connectors.
Ikhadi 151
Umbuzo
How does a laser printer create and fix an image?
Impendulo
It forms an electrostatic image, applies toner, and bonds the toner with a heated fuser. Toner, drum, transfer, and fuser parts all affect output.
Ikhadi 152
Umbuzo
What should be checked when unboxing and placing a multifunction printer?
Impendulo
Remove shipping locks, allow service clearance and ventilation, match power and network access, load supported media, and choose a stable location.
Ikhadi 153
Umbuzo
How do PCL and PostScript printer drivers differ?
Impendulo
PCL is common for fast office output and can vary by device; PostScript describes pages in a device-independent way that suits complex graphics. Use the printer's supported driver.
Ikhadi 154
Umbuzo
What should be verified when choosing USB, Ethernet, or Wi-Fi for a printer?
Impendulo
Verify the intended users, cable or signal path, addressing, security, firmware, and driver support. USB serves a local host; network links serve reachable clients.
Ikhadi 155
Umbuzo
Which parts and maintenance tasks are typical for an inkjet printer?
Impendulo
Ink cartridges, printheads, pickup rollers, and feeders. Clean or align printheads, replace approved cartridges, clear jams, and service feed parts as needed.
Ikhadi 156
Umbuzo
How do printer sharing and a print server differ?
Impendulo
A printer share exposes a queue from a host; a print server centralizes queues, drivers, permissions, and management for many clients.
Ikhadi 157
Umbuzo
Which settings commonly change a print job's physical output?
Impendulo
Duplex, portrait or landscape orientation, paper tray and size, and quality. The application, driver, and device settings must agree.
Ikhadi 158
Umbuzo
Which controls protect a public or shared printer?
Impendulo
User authentication or badging, secure print release, appropriate permissions, and audit logs. They reduce abandoned sensitive output and trace approved use.
Ikhadi 159
Umbuzo
How does a direct thermal printer work and what maintenance does it need?
Impendulo
Heat darkens special thermal paper. Replace the paper correctly, clean the heating element and feed path, and remove debris.
Ikhadi 160
Umbuzo
Where can a network multifunction device send scans?
Impendulo
Common destinations are email, an SMB file share, or an approved cloud service. Configure credentials, permissions, addressing, and encryption for the destination.
Ikhadi 161
Umbuzo
When should you use an ADF instead of a flatbed scanner?
Impendulo
Use the automatic document feeder for stacks of loose pages; use the flatbed for fragile, bound, thick, or single originals.
Ikhadi 162
Umbuzo
What does printer calibration correct?
Impendulo
Placement, density, alignment, or color registration. Run the maker's procedure after relevant part or image-quality changes.
Ikhadi 163
Umbuzo
Why does an impact printer suit multipart forms?
Impendulo
Pins strike an inked ribbon and physically transfer the mark through layered paper. The mechanism is noisy but can mark multiple copies.
Ikhadi 164
Umbuzo
What does a laser-printer maintenance kit commonly refresh?
Impendulo
Wear parts such as rollers and the fuser, as defined for that model. Replace depleted toner, install the kit at its service interval, calibrate when output shifts, and clean only through approved paths.
Ikhadi 165
Umbuzo
How do inkjet feed and printhead maintenance address different faults?
Impendulo
Roller and feeder service fixes paper movement; printhead cleaning or alignment fixes missing or misplaced ink. Use the symptom to choose the maintenance.
Ikhadi 166
Umbuzo
What is a virtual machine?
Impendulo
A software-defined computer with virtual CPU, memory, storage, and devices that runs a guest operating system on a host.
Ikhadi 167
Umbuzo
Where does a Type 1 hypervisor run?
Impendulo
Directly on the host hardware. This bare-metal design is common in servers and virtualization platforms.
Ikhadi 168
Umbuzo
Why use a VM as a sandbox or test environment?
Impendulo
It isolates a disposable environment from the main workload and makes repeatable testing easier. Isolation reduces risk but doesn't make untrusted code harmless.
Ikhadi 169
Umbuzo
Which VM resources must be sized against real host capacity?
Impendulo
vCPU, memory, storage space, and I/O. Overcommitting them can make several guests compete for the same hardware.
Ikhadi 170
Umbuzo
What does application virtualization do?
Impendulo
It packages, streams, or isolates an application from the base installation. It can simplify delivery or preserve some legacy applications without virtualizing a whole desktop.
Ikhadi 171
Umbuzo
Where does a Type 2 hypervisor run?
Impendulo
As an application on a host operating system. It is convenient for desktop labs, testing, and occasional guests.
Ikhadi 172
Umbuzo
Which security layers need attention on a virtualization host?
Impendulo
The host, hypervisor, management access, guest OSs, virtual networks, and images. Patch and isolate each layer according to its role.
Ikhadi 173
Umbuzo
What must be planned for VM networking?
Impendulo
Addressing, virtual switch or NAT mode, segmentation, bandwidth, and access controls. A guest still needs a deliberate path to required services.
Ikhadi 174
Umbuzo
What does VDI deliver?
Impendulo
Centrally hosted desktop sessions to remote clients. Compute and management stay in the data center or cloud rather than on each endpoint.
Ikhadi 175
Umbuzo
What must be planned for VM storage?
Impendulo
Capacity, performance, snapshots, backup, and failure location. A snapshot on the same datastore isn't a complete backup.
Ikhadi 176
Umbuzo
How does a container differ from a typical VM?
Impendulo
A container isolates an application while sharing the host kernel; a VM normally includes a full guest operating system.
Ikhadi 177
Umbuzo
How can virtualization support legacy or cross-platform workloads?
Impendulo
A compatible guest OS or virtualized application layer can preserve the required environment. CPU architecture, licenses, drivers, and hardware access still constrain compatibility.
Ikhadi 178
Umbuzo
What does a container image provide?
Impendulo
A repeatable application filesystem and configuration used to start containers. Running containers add temporary writable state unless storage is attached.
Ikhadi 179
Umbuzo
A virtualization option is unavailable. What should you verify?
Impendulo
Verify CPU and platform support, then enable the required virtualization feature in UEFI if policy allows. Also confirm that another hypervisor hasn't claimed it.
Ikhadi 180
Umbuzo
What defines a public cloud?
Impendulo
It is offered for open use by the general public and operated by a cloud provider. Its resources may be shared or dedicated, depending on the service.
Ikhadi 181
Umbuzo
What does IaaS provide?
Impendulo
Cloud compute, networking, and storage infrastructure. The customer usually manages the operating system, applications, identities, and data.
Ikhadi 182
Umbuzo
What is cloud elasticity?
Impendulo
The ability to add or remove resources as demand changes, automatically or on request.
Ikhadi 183
Umbuzo
What does metered cloud utilization measure?
Impendulo
Consumed resources such as compute time, storage, requests, or transferred data for reporting, limits, and billing.
Ikhadi 184
Umbuzo
What defines a private cloud?
Impendulo
Cloud infrastructure reserved for one organization. It can run on-site or be hosted and operated by a provider.
Ikhadi 185
Umbuzo
What does SaaS provide?
Impendulo
A complete provider-run application accessed as a service. The customer mainly manages users, settings, and data.
Ikhadi 186
Umbuzo
How do shared and dedicated cloud resources differ?
Impendulo
Shared resources serve multiple customers with logical isolation; dedicated resources are reserved for one customer. Either can appear in a provider's public-cloud offering.
Ikhadi 187
Umbuzo
What is high availability designed to reduce?
Impendulo
Service downtime from component or location failure through redundancy and failover.
Ikhadi 188
Umbuzo
What is a hybrid cloud?
Impendulo
A coordinated use of private-cloud and public-cloud environments, with workloads or data placed where their requirements fit.
Ikhadi 189
Umbuzo
What does PaaS provide?
Impendulo
A managed application platform and runtime. Developers deploy code while the provider manages more of the operating system and infrastructure.
Ikhadi 190
Umbuzo
What do cloud ingress and egress mean?
Impendulo
Ingress is data entering the cloud service; egress is data leaving it. Providers often meter them differently, and egress can create a notable cost.
Ikhadi 191
Umbuzo
What does cloud multitenancy mean?
Impendulo
Multiple customers use provider infrastructure while their workloads and data remain logically isolated.
Ikhadi 192
Umbuzo
What is a community cloud?
Impendulo
Cloud infrastructure reserved for organizations with shared requirements, such as a sector or policy need, rather than for unrestricted public use.
Ikhadi 193
Umbuzo
What does FaaS run?
Impendulo
Event-triggered functions without the customer managing servers directly. The provider manages the execution environment and scaling mechanics.
Ikhadi 194
Umbuzo
Does using a cloud service remove the customer's security duties?
Impendulo
No. Responsibility is shared: the provider protects its service layers, while the customer still manages assigned areas such as identities, settings, applications, and data.
Ikhadi 195
Umbuzo
What can happen when two offline devices edit the same cloud-synchronized file?
Impendulo
A synchronization conflict. Preserve both versions, let sync finish, compare the changes, and keep the intended content.
Ikhadi 196
Umbuzo
A PC stops at POST with a beep or status-light pattern. What should you do next?
Impendulo
Look up the exact pattern in the system or motherboard service documentation, then test the indicated component.
Ikhadi 197
Umbuzo
A desktop shows no lights or fan movement. Where should power diagnosis start?
Impendulo
At the outlet, power strip, cord, PSU input switch, and main internal power connections. Move from the source inward.
Ikhadi 198
Umbuzo
A PC shows a proprietary crash screen. What evidence should you collect first?
Impendulo
Record the stop code and recent hardware changes, then check memory, storage, drivers, temperature, and logs indicated by that code.
Ikhadi 199
Umbuzo
A PC powers on but the screen stays blank. What hardware checks come first?
Impendulo
Check display power and input, video cabling, GPU seating or power, and whether POST completes. Test one known-good display path at a time.
Ikhadi 200
Umbuzo
A computer is sluggish under ordinary work. Which hardware conditions should you check?
Impendulo
Check temperature and throttling, RAM pressure, storage health and free space, CPU load, and background I/O before replacing parts.
Ikhadi 201
Umbuzo
A PC becomes unstable as CPU temperature rises. What should you inspect?
Impendulo
Inspect fan operation, heat-sink mounting, thermal material, dust, filters, and case airflow. The CPU may throttle or shut down to protect itself.
Ikhadi 202
Umbuzo
You smell burning from a powered computer. What is the immediate action?
Impendulo
Shut it down and disconnect power. Don't keep testing until the damaged power or board component has been safely identified.
Ikhadi 203
Umbuzo
A PC shuts down randomly only during heavy GPU work. What should you test?
Impendulo
Test PSU capacity and condition, GPU power leads, temperature, and event logs. Peak load can expose weak power or cooling.
Ikhadi 204
Umbuzo
Applications crash randomly after new RAM is installed. What should you do?
Impendulo
Verify compatibility and slot placement, reseat the modules, and run a memory diagnostic. Test modules separately if needed.
Ikhadi 205
Umbuzo
A computer develops an unusual fan or grinding noise. What should you inspect?
Impendulo
Inspect fans, cables, pumps, drives, dust, and mounting points while the system is safely powered down when contact is possible.
Ikhadi 206
Umbuzo
What should you do after finding a swollen motherboard capacitor?
Impendulo
Disconnect power and replace the failed board or arrange qualified component service. Don't keep operating a board with a visibly failing capacitor.
Ikhadi 207
Umbuzo
A PC loses its date and time whenever it is unplugged. What is the likely cause?
Impendulo
A weak motherboard coin-cell battery. Replace it with the specified type and restore any lost firmware settings.
Ikhadi 208
Umbuzo
Firmware reports less RAM than is installed. What is the first corrective step?
Impendulo
Power down, follow ESD precautions, and reseat the modules in the recommended slots. Then test compatibility, sticks, and slots methodically.
Ikhadi 209
Umbuzo
A newly installed CPU isn't recognized even though it fits the socket. What should you verify?
Impendulo
Verify chipset and firmware support, CPU power, contact condition, seating, and cooling. Physical fit alone doesn't prove compatibility.
Ikhadi 210
Umbuzo
How can you isolate a motherboard, CPU, RAM, or PSU no-POST fault?
Impendulo
Reduce the system to minimum required hardware, confirm known-good power, and add components back one at a time.
Ikhadi 211
Umbuzo
A storage controller shows a warning LED or audible alarm. What should you do first?
Impendulo
Read the controller's exact status, preserve a current backup, and identify the affected drive or array before replacing anything.
Ikhadi 212
Umbuzo
A hard drive clicks or grinds while reads fail. What should you prioritize?
Impendulo
Stop unnecessary activity, preserve recoverable data, and replace the drive. Repeated testing can worsen a mechanical failure.
Ikhadi 213
Umbuzo
A PC reports no bootable device. Which checks come first?
Impendulo
Check firmware drive detection and boot order, then data and power connections. If the drive is detected, check its health before changing partitions.
Ikhadi 214
Umbuzo
Files are corrupt or missing after storage errors. What should you do?
Impendulo
Stop writes, preserve the affected media, restore from a verified backup when appropriate, and diagnose the drive, controller, memory, and filesystem cause.
Ikhadi 215
Umbuzo
A controller reports an array missing. What should you avoid?
Impendulo
Don't initialize or recreate it blindly. Check controller configuration, cabling, power, member detection, and the documented recovery path first.
Ikhadi 216
Umbuzo
A drive has unusually long read and write times. What should you inspect?
Impendulo
Inspect health data, errors, cable or link negotiation, free space, workload, temperature, and the storage interface.
Ikhadi 217
Umbuzo
What should you do after a S.M.A.R.T. failure warning?
Impendulo
Back up important data immediately and plan drive replacement. A health warning isn't something to clear and ignore.
Ikhadi 218
Umbuzo
Firmware sees a drive, but the operating system doesn't. What should you check?
Impendulo
Check OS storage management, drivers, bus support, partitions, and whether the disk is offline. Don't initialize a disk that may contain needed data.
Ikhadi 219
Umbuzo
A RAID array is degraded after a member fails. What is the safe response?
Impendulo
Confirm the failed member, verify backup, replace it through the controller's procedure, and monitor the rebuild. Don't remove a healthy member by guesswork.
Ikhadi 220
Umbuzo
What can cause low storage IOPS even when capacity is available?
Impendulo
A saturated or slow device, high queue depth, contention, thermal throttling, controller limits, or an unsuitable RAID layout.
Ikhadi 221
Umbuzo
A monitor reports no signal. What should you check first?
Impendulo
Check power, selected input, cable seating, adapter compatibility, and whether the computer is producing video.
Ikhadi 222
Umbuzo
A projector is dim or shuts down intermittently. What should you inspect?
Impendulo
Inspect the bulb or light source, filters, vents, temperature, brightness settings, room light, and service-life indicators.
Ikhadi 223
Umbuzo
Text looks fuzzy or the desktop doesn't fit the screen. Which settings should you verify?
Impendulo
Verify native resolution, scaling, aspect ratio, and any overscan setting. Then check cable and adapter quality.
Ikhadi 224
Umbuzo
How do display burn-in and a dead pixel differ?
Impendulo
Burn-in is persistent image retention across an area; a dead or stuck pixel is a fixed point defect. Confirm each with varied full-screen test images.
Ikhadi 225
Umbuzo
A display flashes or flickers at a new refresh rate. What should you check?
Impendulo
Check that the display, GPU, port, cable, resolution, and refresh rate combination is supported.
Ikhadi 226
Umbuzo
A projected image is trapezoidal or distorted. What should you adjust?
Impendulo
Correct projector position, angle, focus, and aspect ratio first; use keystone correction only as needed.
Ikhadi 227
Umbuzo
A monitor shows incorrect colors. How do you isolate the cause?
Impendulo
Check color settings and profiles, reseat or replace the cable, test another input or display, and inspect GPU output and drivers.
Ikhadi 228
Umbuzo
Video works over HDMI or DisplayPort, but audio doesn't. What should you check?
Impendulo
Check the OS playback device, application output, display volume, cable capability, and whether the adapter carries audio.
Ikhadi 229
Umbuzo
A laptop LCD shows a faint image only under a flashlight. Which area is likely failing?
Impendulo
The backlight or its power/driver path. The faint picture shows that image data still reaches the panel.
Ikhadi 230
Umbuzo
A phone battery drains much faster than usual. What should you check first?
Impendulo
Check battery health and recent screen, app, radio, and location use. Confirm the usage change before replacing hardware.
Ikhadi 231
Umbuzo
A phone has a broken screen but still receives notifications. What should guide the repair?
Impendulo
Back up accessible data, stop using sharp or exposed surfaces, and determine whether the glass, display, digitizer, or full assembly is replaceable.
Ikhadi 232
Umbuzo
A phone won't charge and its port looks damaged. What is the safe first test?
Impendulo
Inspect without metal tools, then try a known-good compatible cable and charger. Use wireless charging only if the device supports it and the battery is safe.
Ikhadi 233
Umbuzo
A phone has poor or no connectivity. What should you isolate?
Impendulo
Test Wi-Fi, cellular, and Bluetooth separately; check airplane mode, signal, account or SIM/eSIM state, and the specific network settings.
Ikhadi 234
Umbuzo
A battery is pushing a mobile-device case apart. What should you do?
Impendulo
Power it down, stop charging it, and arrange approved battery service. Don't press the case closed.
Ikhadi 235
Umbuzo
A mobile device gets wet. Why should you avoid powering or charging it?
Impendulo
Moisture can cause shorts and corrosion. Shut it down and follow the manufacturer's drying or service guidance.
Ikhadi 236
Umbuzo
Touch input drifts or misses one area. What should you check?
Impendulo
Check screen cleanliness and protectors, test calibration if supported, compare apps, and inspect the digitizer connection or damage.
Ikhadi 237
Umbuzo
A phone slows down and overheats during light use. What should you inspect?
Impendulo
Inspect battery health, storage pressure, updates, background apps, signal hunting, and possible malware. Stop use if heat is unsafe.
Ikhadi 238
Umbuzo
A mobile device shows pop-ups and heavy data use after an untrusted install. What should you suspect?
Impendulo
Malware or a harmful app. Disconnect as needed, preserve required evidence, remove it through the approved mobile-security process, and update the device.
Ikhadi 239
Umbuzo
A mobile device can't install a new application. What should you check?
Impendulo
Check free storage, OS and hardware compatibility, account or store access, network service, and MDM policy before bypassing any restriction.
Ikhadi 240
Umbuzo
An active stylus doesn't work, but finger touch does. What should you check?
Impendulo
Check stylus compatibility, charge or battery, pairing, tip, app support, and the device's active-digitizer settings.
Ikhadi 241
Umbuzo
Users report slow network speeds. What should you measure before changing hardware?
Impendulo
Measure negotiated link rate, throughput, utilization, errors, signal, channel use, and server or ISP performance to locate the bottleneck.
Ikhadi 242
Umbuzo
Wi-Fi disconnects intermittently in one area. What should you inspect?
Impendulo
Inspect signal strength, roaming, interference, channel plan, access-point placement, client drivers, and power-saving behavior.
Ikhadi 243
Umbuzo
A client reports limited connectivity. Which layers should you check in order?
Impendulo
Check physical or wireless link, IP address and mask, gateway, DHCP, DNS, and upstream reachability.
Ikhadi 244
Umbuzo
A user repeatedly fails network authentication. What should you verify?
Impendulo
Verify the account and credentials, time, certificate, authentication method, network policy, and whether the user or device is authorized.
Ikhadi 245
Umbuzo
Which tools help locate high latency?
Impendulo
Ping compares delay and loss; traceroute shows the path by hops. Test several destinations to separate a local, provider, and destination issue.
Ikhadi 246
Umbuzo
What signs point to external wireless interference?
Impendulo
Signal quality or throughput drops despite adequate strength, often near a device or at certain times. A spectrum or Wi-Fi analyzer helps confirm it.
Ikhadi 247
Umbuzo
A switch port repeatedly changes between up and down. What should you isolate?
Impendulo
Isolate the patch cable, wall run, endpoint NIC, and switch port. Review port logs and test the cable for a port-flapping cause.
Ikhadi 248
Umbuzo
A wired PC has no link light. Where should troubleshooting start?
Impendulo
At the cable, connector, NIC, and switch port. Changing IP settings can't repair a missing physical link.
Ikhadi 249
Umbuzo
VoIP sounds choppy even though average bandwidth is adequate. Which network condition should you measure?
Impendulo
Jitter, along with latency and packet loss. QoS and congestion control may help after the impaired path is identified.
Ikhadi 250
Umbuzo
Internet access drops for every local client, then returns. Where should you look?
Impendulo
Check the shared WAN path: the router's WAN link, modem or ONT, provider service, power, and logs. Independent failures across every local client at once are unlikely.
Ikhadi 251
Umbuzo
A host can reach an internet IP but not a website name. What is the likely fault?
Impendulo
DNS resolution. Check the configured resolver and test a direct lookup.
Ikhadi 252
Umbuzo
A PC receives a 169.254.x.x address. What should you test next?
Impendulo
Test its link and the path to DHCP. The APIPA address shows that normal lease configuration failed.
Ikhadi 253
Umbuzo
Two hosts report an address conflict. What should you inspect?
Impendulo
Inspect static assignments, DHCP reservations, and the lease scope for a duplicate IP address.
Ikhadi 254
Umbuzo
A PC on a new switch port can't reach its department resources. What should you verify?
Impendulo
Verify the access VLAN, then its routing and policy. A good physical link on the wrong VLAN still provides the wrong network access.
Ikhadi 255
Umbuzo
A PoE camera has network pairs but no power. What should you check?
Impendulo
Check the injector or switch standard, port state, total power budget, cable quality, and camera power requirement.
Ikhadi 256
Umbuzo
Only one PC lacks network access while nearby systems work. What should you compare?
Impendulo
Compare its link, IP settings, DNS, authentication, proxy or VPN state, and local firewall with a working peer.
Ikhadi 257
Umbuzo
A printed page has a line in the same place every time. What should you inspect?
Impendulo
Inspect the cartridge, printhead, drum, scanner glass, and approved cleaning path for contamination or damage, based on printer type.
Ikhadi 258
Umbuzo
A printer produces garbled characters. What should you verify?
Impendulo
Verify the driver and print language, cable or network path, firmware, and source document. Cancel the bad job before retrying.
Ikhadi 259
Umbuzo
A printer reports a paper jam. What is the safe response?
Impendulo
Stop the job, follow the documented paper path, remove paper in the specified direction, and check for scraps or damaged rollers.
Ikhadi 260
Umbuzo
Several print jobs remain pending after the printer recovers. What should you do?
Impendulo
Cancel failed jobs as appropriate, verify printer status and connectivity, restart the print service if needed, then send one small test page.
amakhadi angu-520
CompTIA A+ 220-1201 & 220-1202 Flashcards: Core 1 and Core 2
Funda leli qoqo mahhala
I-Nibomo iyavuleka ukuze uqale ukufunda.
Ikhadi 261
Umbuzo
Printed pages are uniformly faded. What should you check?
Impendulo
Check toner or ink level, density or quality settings, cartridge condition, and the correct media setting.
Ikhadi 262
Umbuzo
A printer makes a grinding noise. What should you do?
Impendulo
Stop the job and inspect for jammed media, foreign objects, damaged gears, or a misseated cartridge or maintenance part.
Ikhadi 263
Umbuzo
Paper won't feed or several sheets feed together. Which parts should you inspect?
Impendulo
Inspect pickup rollers, the separation pad, feeder, paper condition, tray guides, and load limit.
Ikhadi 264
Umbuzo
A document prints in the wrong orientation. What should you check?
Impendulo
Check portrait or landscape settings in the application and driver, then confirm paper size and any device default.
Ikhadi 265
Umbuzo
What commonly causes speckles across printed pages?
Impendulo
Loose toner, ink contamination, a dirty print path, or a damaged cartridge or drum. Use the printer type and repeating pattern to narrow it.
Ikhadi 266
Umbuzo
A finisher won't staple or punch pages. What should you inspect?
Impendulo
Inspect the staple cartridge or jam, punch waste bin, finisher seating, supported paper, and driver job settings.
Ikhadi 267
Umbuzo
A printer doesn't recognize a loaded tray. What should you check?
Impendulo
Check tray seating, paper guides and size sensors, media settings, firmware, and driver configuration.
Ikhadi 268
Umbuzo
A network printer shows Ready but clients can't reach it. What should you test?
Impendulo
Test its link, IP configuration, address conflict, VLAN and routing path, print port, and firewall access.
Ikhadi 269
Umbuzo
A laser page shows a repeated faint image. Which area should you inspect?
Impendulo
Inspect the imaging drum and fuser for ghosting. The repeat distance can help the service guide identify the rotating part.
Ikhadi 270
Umbuzo
A print queue is frozen and won't process a test page. What should you do?
Impendulo
Clear the blocked job safely, restart the spooler or print service, verify disk and printer connectivity, then submit one small test.
Ikhadi 271
Umbuzo
Which desktop OS is the usual choice for broad business software and Active Directory integration?
Impendulo
Windows. It has the widest support for common business applications and native integration with Microsoft domain services.
Ikhadi 272
Umbuzo
When is a clean OS installation preferable to an in-place upgrade?
Impendulo
Choose a clean install when you need a fresh system or the existing installation is unreliable. It removes installed apps and settings, so back up user data first.
Ikhadi 273
Umbuzo
Which Windows command lists files and folders in the current directory?
Impendulo
dir. Use cd when you need to change the current directory.
Ikhadi 274
Umbuzo
Which Windows tool gives a quick view of running processes, startup apps, users, services, and performance?
Impendulo
Task Manager. It is the first stop for a quick process or resource check.
Ikhadi 275
Umbuzo
What should you check before moving a user between desktop or mobile operating systems?
Impendulo
Check application, peripheral, file-format, and account compatibility first. A supported OS is still a bad fit if the user's required tools or data won't work on it.
Ikhadi 276
Umbuzo
How should you choose between a public and private Windows network profile?
Impendulo
Use Public on untrusted networks and Private only on trusted local networks. The profile changes discovery and firewall behavior.
Ikhadi 277
Umbuzo
Which Windows command shows the current IP configuration?
Impendulo
ipconfig. Add /all when you need details such as DHCP, DNS, gateway, and adapter addresses.
Ikhadi 278
Umbuzo
What is the main benefit of deploying an OS image?
Impendulo
It applies a prepared, consistent system build to multiple devices. The image still needs compatible drivers, licensing, and post-deployment updates.
Ikhadi 279
Umbuzo
Which console should you open to investigate recorded application, security, or system errors?
Impendulo
Event Viewer. Filter by the relevant time, source, and event level instead of treating every warning as the cause.
Ikhadi 280
Umbuzo
Which Windows file system supports permissions, encryption, compression, and large local volumes?
Impendulo
NTFS. It is the standard Windows file system when you need access controls and other full desktop features.
Ikhadi 281
Umbuzo
Which Windows edition fits a basic home PC that does not need business management features?
Impendulo
Windows Home. It covers normal consumer use but lacks several business features found in Pro and Enterprise.
Ikhadi 282
Umbuzo
What do the common macOS application forms .dmg, .pkg, and .app represent?
Impendulo
A .dmg is a mountable disk image, a .pkg runs an installer, and an .app is an application bundle. Remove software with its supported process, especially when it installed system components.
Ikhadi 283
Umbuzo
Which boot approach lets a technician start an installer delivered by a deployment server?
Impendulo
Network boot, commonly PXE. The client firmware and network must support it, and the deployment service must be reachable.
Ikhadi 284
Umbuzo
Which command is the quickest basic test of IP reachability to another host?
Impendulo
ping. A failed ping is only a clue because the host or firewall may block echo traffic.
Ikhadi 285
Umbuzo
Which Windows tool creates partitions, assigns drive letters, and initializes disks?
Impendulo
Disk Management. Confirm the disk and volume before making changes because some operations can destroy data.
Ikhadi 286
Umbuzo
What is safer than disabling Windows Firewall when one application is blocked?
Impendulo
Create the narrowest required application or port exception. Keep the firewall enabled and limit the rule to the needed profiles and traffic.
Ikhadi 287
Umbuzo
What should you compare before installing a demanding application?
Impendulo
Compare its OS, CPU, RAM, storage, graphics, VRAM, and peripheral requirements with the device. Check both minimum and practical workload needs.
Ikhadi 288
Umbuzo
Which Windows edition is the usual minimum for joining a business domain and hosting Remote Desktop?
Impendulo
Windows Pro. It also adds business features such as BitLocker management and Local Group Policy.
Ikhadi 289
Umbuzo
Which Windows command queries DNS records for a name?
Impendulo
nslookup. It helps distinguish name-resolution trouble from basic network reachability.
Ikhadi 290
Umbuzo
Which macOS feature creates versioned backups for normal file and system recovery?
Impendulo
Time Machine. Confirm the backup destination is available and test that needed files can actually be restored.
Ikhadi 291
Umbuzo
What makes zero-touch deployment different from a normal remote installation?
Impendulo
Zero-touch deployment minimizes hands-on setup after the device starts. Policies, applications, and identity configuration are applied automatically.
Ikhadi 292
Umbuzo
When is exFAT usually a better removable-drive format than FAT32?
Impendulo
Use exFAT when the drive must move between modern operating systems and hold files larger than FAT32's 4 GB per-file limit.
Ikhadi 293
Umbuzo
Which values must be correct in a manual IPv4 client configuration?
Impendulo
The IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server settings must fit the network. A wrong value can break local or internet access.
Ikhadi 294
Umbuzo
How do FileVault and Keychain serve different security jobs on macOS?
Impendulo
FileVault encrypts the startup disk; Keychain stores passwords, certificates, and keys. Neither replaces good account security or backups.
Ikhadi 295
Umbuzo
What should you verify before booting an installer from USB media?
Impendulo
Verify the media is trusted and bootable, then select the correct temporary boot device. Also confirm the firmware mode matches the planned partition style.
Ikhadi 296
Umbuzo
Which Windows console is best for checking a device's driver status or hardware error code?
Impendulo
Device Manager. It shows detected hardware, driver details, disabled devices, and device error codes.
Ikhadi 297
Umbuzo
When is Windows Enterprise a better fit than Pro?
Impendulo
Use Enterprise for centrally managed organizations that need its additional security, deployment, and control features. It is licensed for organizational use rather than a typical retail PC.
Ikhadi 298
Umbuzo
How does a domain differ from a workgroup for Windows client management?
Impendulo
A domain provides centralized identity and policy; a workgroup manages accounts separately on each PC. Shared resources must match the chosen model.
Ikhadi 299
Umbuzo
Which command shows active network connections and listening ports on Windows?
Impendulo
netstat. Use its documented options to include process IDs or numeric addresses when needed.
Ikhadi 300
Umbuzo
Which Windows tool runs a program or script on a trigger or schedule?
Impendulo
Task Scheduler. Use it for defined triggers such as a time, startup, sign-in, or event.
Ikhadi 301
Umbuzo
What must be assigned before a user can legally use many cloud productivity apps?
Impendulo
The correct service license. Installation alone does not grant an account access to licensed features.
Ikhadi 302
Umbuzo
What do /Applications, /Users, /Library, and /System hold on macOS?
Impendulo
They hold installed apps, user home folders, shared support data, and protected system components, respectively. A user's own Library sits inside that user's home folder.
Ikhadi 303
Umbuzo
What path format directly identifies a Windows network share?
Impendulo
A UNC path such as \\server\share. A mapped drive gives that share a drive letter for convenience.
Ikhadi 304
Umbuzo
Why can a 32-bit-only dependency block an otherwise capable 64-bit system?
Impendulo
The application may rely on an unsupported 32-bit component or driver. Confirm the complete dependency chain, not just the CPU architecture.
Ikhadi 305
Umbuzo
Which file systems are common on Linux desktops and servers?
Impendulo
ext4 and XFS. Both are Linux-native choices; support for features and repair tools depends on the distribution and workload.
Ikhadi 306
Umbuzo
What workload is Windows Pro for Workstations aimed at?
Impendulo
High-end professional hardware and demanding workloads. It adds support intended for workstation-class processors, memory, and storage features.
Ikhadi 307
Umbuzo
Why synchronize identity between an organization and a cloud productivity service?
Impendulo
It keeps user accounts and access aligned with the organization's identity source. Provisioning and removal can then follow the user's lifecycle.
Ikhadi 308
Umbuzo
When should you try a repair installation or recovery environment?
Impendulo
Use it when the current OS is damaged but preserving the installation is still reasonable. Back up recoverable data before making larger changes.
Ikhadi 309
Umbuzo
Which Windows command traces the router hops toward a destination?
Impendulo
tracert. Use pathping when you also need sampled latency and loss information across the route.
Ikhadi 310
Umbuzo
Why should mobile apps come from the platform's trusted store or an approved enterprise source?
Impendulo
Trusted sources provide stronger publisher, signing, and review checks. Sideloading from an unknown source raises the risk of a malicious or altered app.
Ikhadi 311
Umbuzo
What is distinctive about a Windows N edition?
Impendulo
It omits certain built-in media technologies. An application that depends on those components may need Microsoft's media feature package.
Ikhadi 312
Umbuzo
Which partition style is the normal choice for a modern UEFI system?
Impendulo
GPT. It supports modern UEFI booting, large disks, and more partitions than legacy MBR.
Ikhadi 313
Umbuzo
What should you confirm when setting up a cloud storage sync folder?
Impendulo
Confirm the account, selected folders, local disk impact, sharing rules, and whether files remain available offline.
Ikhadi 314
Umbuzo
When does a dedicated GPU matter more than integrated graphics?
Impendulo
It matters when the application requires more graphics performance or dedicated VRAM than the integrated GPU can provide.
Ikhadi 315
Umbuzo
How do chmod and chown differ on Linux?
Impendulo
chmod changes permission bits; chown changes file ownership. Verify the target and use elevated rights only when required.
Ikhadi 316
Umbuzo
Which command checks a Windows volume's file-system structure for errors?
Impendulo
chkdsk. Review its options before requesting repairs because a repair may need exclusive access or a restart.
Ikhadi 317
Umbuzo
What is the difference between partitioning and formatting a drive?
Impendulo
Partitioning defines logical regions on the drive; formatting creates a file system inside a partition. Both can affect existing data, so confirm the target first.
Ikhadi 318
Umbuzo
What does a client VPN connection provide?
Impendulo
It creates an encrypted path to a remote private network. The user still needs valid authentication and authorization for its resources.
Ikhadi 319
Umbuzo
Which Linux package managers are common on Debian-based and Fedora-based systems?
Impendulo
apt is common on Debian and Ubuntu; dnf is common on Fedora and related systems. Use authorized sudo elevation for administrative package changes instead of routine root login.
Ikhadi 320
Umbuzo
When should you use Performance Monitor instead of only Task Manager?
Impendulo
Use Performance Monitor when you need counters collected over time. Task Manager is better for a quick live snapshot.
Ikhadi 321
Umbuzo
Which Windows command-line tool manages disks, partitions, and volumes?
Impendulo
diskpart. Select and verify the exact disk before any destructive command.
Ikhadi 322
Umbuzo
Which firmware and security components are central to Windows 11 hardware eligibility?
Impendulo
UEFI with Secure Boot capability and a supported TPM 2.0 are central requirements. The processor, RAM, and storage must also meet Microsoft's current requirements.
Ikhadi 323
Umbuzo
What should you verify before a mobile OS upgrade?
Impendulo
Check device support, free storage, battery or power, network access, app compatibility, and a current backup.
Ikhadi 324
Umbuzo
Why mark a Windows connection as metered?
Impendulo
It tells Windows to limit some background transfers on a connection with a data cap or high cost. Updates and cloud sync may behave differently.
Ikhadi 325
Umbuzo
Which file system is designed for current Apple storage devices?
Impendulo
APFS. It is Apple's modern file system for macOS and other Apple platforms.
Ikhadi 326
Umbuzo
Which Linux commands distinguish free filesystem space from a directory's space use?
Impendulo
df reports filesystem free space; du estimates space used by files and directories. Use both when tracking down a full disk.
Ikhadi 327
Umbuzo
What belongs in an OS upgrade preflight check?
Impendulo
Back up user data and settings, then verify hardware, applications, drivers, storage, licensing, and the supported upgrade path.
Ikhadi 328
Umbuzo
Why should Windows show known file extensions during support work?
Impendulo
Visible extensions make file types easier to verify and help expose misleading names such as invoice.pdf.exe.
Ikhadi 329
Umbuzo
What is the safest source for an application installer?
Impendulo
Use the vendor's trusted store or official download channel. Verify the publisher, signature, or published hash when available.
Ikhadi 330
Umbuzo
Which Windows command is built for reliable folder copying with restart and mirror options?
Impendulo
robocopy. Treat mirror or purge options carefully because they can delete destination files that are absent from the source.
Ikhadi 331
Umbuzo
Why should you verify the supported Windows edition upgrade path before starting?
Impendulo
Not every source edition can upgrade directly to every target edition. An unsupported path may require a clean install instead.
Ikhadi 332
Umbuzo
Which Windows tool helps isolate startup problems by controlling boot and service options?
Impendulo
System Configuration (msconfig). Use selective startup for diagnosis, then restore the intended configuration after testing.
Ikhadi 333
Umbuzo
What should a technician test before rolling out cloud videoconferencing?
Impendulo
Test supported devices, camera and microphone permissions, network capacity, sign-in, and any organization policy.
Ikhadi 334
Umbuzo
What does an operating system reaching end of life mean for support?
Impendulo
The vendor no longer provides normal support or security updates. Plan a supported upgrade or replacement instead of treating the old system as safe indefinitely.
Ikhadi 335
Umbuzo
Which Windows command checks protected system files and replaces damaged copies?
Impendulo
sfc /scannow. Run it from an elevated terminal and review the result before deciding the next repair step.
Ikhadi 336
Umbuzo
What is the purpose of a Microsoft Management Console snap-in?
Impendulo
It adds a focused administrative tool to an MMC console. Event Viewer, Local Users and Groups, and Certificate Manager are common examples.
Ikhadi 337
Umbuzo
What is the purpose of a mobile configuration profile?
Impendulo
It applies managed settings such as accounts, certificates, restrictions, and security rules. Install profiles only from an authorized administrator or trusted provider.
Ikhadi 338
Umbuzo
What is ReFS mainly designed to improve on supported Windows systems?
Impendulo
Storage resilience and data integrity. ReFS is useful for supported data workloads, but it is not a universal replacement for an NTFS Windows boot volume.
Ikhadi 339
Umbuzo
Why pilot a business application before a broad rollout?
Impendulo
A pilot exposes device, network, workflow, licensing, and compatibility effects on a small group before they reach everyone.
Ikhadi 340
Umbuzo
Why check sharing permissions before moving a document into a collaboration workspace?
Impendulo
The move may change who can read or edit it. Confirm the intended audience, link settings, ownership, and version history.
Ikhadi 341
Umbuzo
Which physical control stops a vehicle from driving close to a protected entrance?
Impendulo
Bollards. They create a physical barrier while still allowing pedestrian access.
Ikhadi 342
Umbuzo
What is the main sign that a message may be phishing?
Impendulo
It tries to push you into revealing data, opening a file, or following a link under false pretenses. Verify the request through a known channel.
Ikhadi 343
Umbuzo
What protects workstation data if a powered-off drive is stolen?
Impendulo
Data-at-rest encryption, such as BitLocker or FileVault. Store recovery keys through an approved process.
Ikhadi 344
Umbuzo
What is the first step in a suspected malware case?
Impendulo
Investigate and verify the symptoms. Record what happened and rule out ordinary faults before declaring the system infected.
Ikhadi 345
Umbuzo
What is the purpose of an access control vestibule?
Impendulo
It allows one controlled door to close before the next opens. This reduces tailgating into a secure area.
Ikhadi 346
Umbuzo
How do spear phishing and whaling differ from broad phishing?
Impendulo
Spear phishing targets a specific person or group; whaling targets senior or high-value people. Both use tailored context to appear credible.
Ikhadi 347
Umbuzo
Which password properties matter most for normal user accounts?
Impendulo
Use long, unique passwords and store them in an approved password manager. Complexity and expiration rules should follow current organization policy.
Ikhadi 348
Umbuzo
Why is a normal format not enough before transferring a drive with sensitive data?
Impendulo
A standard format mainly rebuilds file-system structures and may leave recoverable data. Use an approved wipe, secure erase, encryption-key destruction, or physical destruction method.
Ikhadi 349
Umbuzo
What makes a Trojan different from a computer virus?
Impendulo
A Trojan pretends to be legitimate so the user installs or runs it. A virus attaches its code to a host file or boot area and replicates when that code runs.
Ikhadi 350
Umbuzo
Why combine a badge reader with a biometric check at a sensitive door?
Impendulo
The combination verifies something the person has and something they are. It is stronger than either factor alone.
Ikhadi 351
Umbuzo
What does a BIOS or UEFI password protect?
Impendulo
It limits unauthorized firmware changes or startup access. It does not encrypt files on the drive.
Ikhadi 352
Umbuzo
Which phishing names apply to voice calls, text messages, and malicious QR codes?
Impendulo
Vishing uses voice, smishing uses SMS or messaging, and QR phishing uses a code to hide the destination. Verify the request before acting.
Ikhadi 353
Umbuzo
What should you do once a malware infection is reasonably confirmed?
Impendulo
Quarantine the device from networks and shared storage. Preserve any evidence required by policy while limiting further spread.
Ikhadi 354
Umbuzo
Which malware hides deeply in a system to preserve privileged access?
Impendulo
A rootkit. Because it can conceal processes or changes, trusted offline scanning or reimaging may be required.
Ikhadi 355
Umbuzo
What simple action protects an unattended signed-in workstation?
Impendulo
Lock the screen. Use an automatic timeout as a backup, and log off when the session is no longer needed.
Ikhadi 356
Umbuzo
What do cameras, guards, alarms, lighting, and motion sensors contribute to physical security?
Impendulo
They deter, detect, record, or respond to unauthorized activity. They work best as layers rather than a single control.
Ikhadi 357
Umbuzo
What attack occurs when someone watches a user enter sensitive information?
Impendulo
Shoulder surfing. Privacy screens, careful positioning, and awareness reduce the risk.
Ikhadi 358
Umbuzo
How should you verify a browser download before running it?
Impendulo
Use a trusted source, confirm the publisher or signature, and compare a published hash when available. A matching hash proves integrity, not that the publisher is trustworthy.
Ikhadi 359
Umbuzo
What does a computer virus need in order to spread?
Impendulo
A virus attaches to a host file or boot area and spreads when that infected code runs. A boot-sector virus targets startup data.
Ikhadi 360
Umbuzo
When is a secure erase preferable to physical destruction?
Impendulo
Use a verified secure erase when the storage device will be reused and the method fits its media type. Validate the result before reassignment.
Ikhadi 361
Umbuzo
How does tailgating differ from impersonation?
Impendulo
Tailgating follows an authorized person into a restricted area; impersonation claims a false identity to gain trust or access.
Ikhadi 362
Umbuzo
What does the principle of least privilege require?
Impendulo
Give an account only the access needed for its current job, for only as long as needed. Review and remove unnecessary rights.
Ikhadi 363
Umbuzo
What does spoofing change to make a message, host, or caller look trusted?
Impendulo
It forges identifying information such as an address, name, number, or source. Verify identity through a separate trusted signal.
Ikhadi 364
Umbuzo
Which Wi-Fi security protocol is the preferred modern choice when all devices support it?
Impendulo
WPA3. Use its strongest supported mode and a strong credential or enterprise authentication.
Ikhadi 365
Umbuzo
How does a DDoS attack differ from a DoS attack?
Impendulo
A DDoS attack uses many distributed sources; a DoS attack may come from one source. Both aim to exhaust availability.
Ikhadi 366
Umbuzo
What assumption drives a Zero Trust access decision?
Impendulo
No user, device, or network location is trusted automatically. Verify identity, device state, context, and authorization for each access decision.
Ikhadi 367
Umbuzo
Which physical methods make a hard drive unusable?
Impendulo
Approved shredding or drilling can destroy the platters and mechanism. Follow safety, environmental, and evidence-handling rules.
Ikhadi 368
Umbuzo
How do account lockout and account expiration solve different problems?
Impendulo
Lockout slows repeated failed sign-ins; expiration ends access after a defined date. Set both according to business policy.
Ikhadi 369
Umbuzo
Which malware categories secretly monitor a user's activity?
Impendulo
Spyware collects activity or data; a keylogger records input; stalkerware is used for covert surveillance of a person.
Ikhadi 370
Umbuzo
What wireless threat presents a convincing fake access point?
Impendulo
An evil twin. Users may connect to it because its network name resembles a trusted one.
Ikhadi 371
Umbuzo
What are the first security changes on a new SOHO router?
Impendulo
Change default administrator credentials, update firmware, and save a known-good configuration. Use a unique management password.
Ikhadi 372
Umbuzo
What should you do when a browser reports an invalid certificate on a sensitive site?
Impendulo
Stop and verify the address, system time, and certificate details. Do not bypass the warning for sign-in or payment data.
Ikhadi 373
Umbuzo
What does an access control list decide?
Impendulo
An ACL states which identities or traffic are allowed or denied on a resource. Keep entries specific and review inherited rules.
Ikhadi 374
Umbuzo
Which malware blocks access to data and demands payment?
Impendulo
Ransomware. Isolate the device quickly and recover from known-good backups rather than assuming payment will restore data.
Ikhadi 375
Umbuzo
How should router management access be exposed?
Impendulo
Allow it only from trusted interfaces and secure protocols, ideally from the local network. Place the router where unauthorized people cannot reset or replace it.
Ikhadi 376
Umbuzo
How should Windows restore points be handled during an approved malware-removal workflow?
Impendulo
Temporarily disable System Restore when the procedure calls for it, then re-enable it and create a clean restore point after remediation.
Ikhadi 377
Umbuzo
Which built-in accounts or credentials should be changed or disabled during setup?
Impendulo
Disable the guest account when unused and replace default administrator names or passwords where policy requires it. Never leave vendor defaults active.
Ikhadi 378
Umbuzo
What happens in an on-path attack?
Impendulo
The attacker positions themselves between communicating parties to observe or alter traffic. Strong certificate validation and encryption help prevent it.
Ikhadi 379
Umbuzo
How do browser patches and extension controls work together?
Impendulo
Patches fix browser flaws; extension controls reduce code from untrusted add-ons. Keep only approved, necessary extensions.
Ikhadi 380
Umbuzo
How should a guest wireless network be separated from trusted devices?
Impendulo
Use a separate guest network with strong encryption and client isolation. Do not grant it access to internal files or management interfaces.
Ikhadi 381
Umbuzo
Why disable AutoRun and unused services?
Impendulo
They remove automatic execution paths and unnecessary attack surface. Confirm a service is not required before disabling it.
Ikhadi 382
Umbuzo
Which storage media can degaussing sanitize?
Impendulo
Magnetic media such as compatible hard drives and tapes, but only with an approved degausser rated for that exact medium. Flash storage such as SSDs cannot be sanitized this way. A drive becoming unusable does not prove its data was sanitized; follow and validate the approved procedure.
Ikhadi 383
Umbuzo
Why update anti-malware tools before the main removal scan?
Impendulo
Current definitions and engines can recognize newer threats. Scan in a safer environment, such as Safe Mode or approved recovery media, when appropriate.
Ikhadi 384
Umbuzo
What makes authentication multifactor?
Impendulo
It uses factors from at least two different categories, such as a password plus a hardware token or biometric. Two passwords are still one factor type.
Ikhadi 385
Umbuzo
Which encryption choice is appropriate for a WPA2 network?
Impendulo
AES-based CCMP. Avoid selecting older TKIP just to keep obsolete clients connected.
Ikhadi 386
Umbuzo
What is the basic endpoint patching sequence?
Impendulo
Inventory supported systems, deploy tested OS and application updates, verify success, and remediate failures. Endpoint security definitions need updates too.
Ikhadi 387
Umbuzo
Why should daily work use a standard account instead of an administrator account?
Impendulo
A standard account limits what mistakes or malware can change. Elevate only the specific approved task through UAC or Run as administrator.
Ikhadi 388
Umbuzo
When is reimaging safer than continuing to clean an infected PC?
Impendulo
Reimage when trust cannot be restored, the malware is deeply embedded, or policy requires a known-good build. Restore only verified clean data.
Ikhadi 389
Umbuzo
Why is TKIP a poor choice for a new wireless network?
Impendulo
TKIP is a legacy protocol with known security limits. Replace incompatible clients and use WPA2-AES or WPA3.
Ikhadi 390
Umbuzo
When is incineration an acceptable data-destruction method?
Impendulo
Only through an authorized facility that can handle the material safely and meet legal and environmental requirements.
Ikhadi 391
Umbuzo
What does private browsing protect on a shared computer?
Impendulo
It reduces local history and cookie retention after the session. It does not hide activity from the network or service, so sign out and clear sensitive data as policy requires.
Ikhadi 392
Umbuzo
How does a dictionary attack differ from a general brute-force attack?
Impendulo
A dictionary attack tries likely words and known password patterns; brute force systematically tries possibilities. Long, unique passwords and rate limits make both harder.
Ikhadi 393
Umbuzo
How do SSO and SAML commonly work together?
Impendulo
SSO lets one sign-in reach multiple services; SAML can carry trusted authentication claims between an identity provider and a service.
Ikhadi 394
Umbuzo
Why disable UPnP and unused inbound ports when they are not required?
Impendulo
They can create unnecessary paths into the network. Open only the specific service and source access the business needs.
Ikhadi 395
Umbuzo
What symptom often points to an unauthorized cryptominer?
Impendulo
Unexplained sustained CPU or GPU use, heat, fan noise, or power consumption. Confirm the process before removal.
Ikhadi 396
Umbuzo
What should an outsourced destruction vendor provide?
Impendulo
A traceable certificate of destruction or recycling tied to the assets. Confirm the vendor and chain of custody before release.
Ikhadi 397
Umbuzo
When is just-in-time privileged access safer than a standing admin account?
Impendulo
It grants elevated rights only for an approved task and limited time. Privileged access management can control and record that elevation.
Ikhadi 398
Umbuzo
What follow-up checks belong after malware removal?
Impendulo
Run updated scans, patch the system, schedule ongoing scans and updates, and verify normal behavior before reconnecting fully.
Ikhadi 399
Umbuzo
Which input flaws commonly enable SQL injection and cross-site scripting?
Impendulo
SQL injection reaches a database through unsafe query input; XSS injects script into content a browser renders. Use parameterized queries for SQL and context-aware output encoding for browser content.
Ikhadi 400
Umbuzo
Which mobile controls help after a managed phone is lost?
Impendulo
A locator, remote lock or wipe, device encryption, and a current remote backup. Test enrollment before the device disappears.
Ikhadi 401
Umbuzo
Which control is designed to detect or block sensitive data from leaving approved boundaries?
Impendulo
Data loss prevention, or DLP. It applies rules to data in use, in motion, or at rest according to policy.
Ikhadi 402
Umbuzo
When is port forwarding appropriate on a small network?
Impendulo
Use it only for an approved service that must receive inbound traffic. Prefer a screened subnet or other isolation for exposed systems, and document the narrow rule.
Ikhadi 403
Umbuzo
Why can fileless malware be hard to detect?
Impendulo
It relies heavily on memory and legitimate system tools instead of leaving a normal executable on disk. Behavior monitoring is especially useful.
Ikhadi 404
Umbuzo
Why are unpatched, end-of-life, or unmanaged BYOD systems a security risk?
Impendulo
They may lack current fixes, controls, or visibility. Enforce support and access policy instead of assuming a connected device is safe.
Ikhadi 405
Umbuzo
What must guide disposal of batteries, storage devices, and electronics?
Impendulo
Applicable data-retention, privacy, environmental, and recycling rules. Record asset disposition according to policy.
Ikhadi 406
Umbuzo
What should an email security gateway do before a message reaches the user?
Impendulo
Filter suspicious senders, links, attachments, and spoofing signals. Users should still verify unusual requests through a known channel.
Ikhadi 407
Umbuzo
Which service commonly provides centralized authentication for enterprise Wi-Fi?
Impendulo
RADIUS. It validates users or devices against a central identity source; TACACS+ is more commonly associated with network-device administration.
Ikhadi 408
Umbuzo
How does MDM reduce risk on BYOD and corporate-owned mobile devices?
Impendulo
MDM applies profiles, screen-lock rules, updates, app controls, and remote actions. The policy should clearly separate company requirements from personal privacy.
Ikhadi 409
Umbuzo
How does a potentially unwanted program differ from clearly malicious malware?
Impendulo
A PUP may be installed with nominal consent but still adds unwanted behavior, such as aggressive ads or browser changes. Remove it through approved tools and review bundled installers.
Ikhadi 410
Umbuzo
What should the technician explain to the user after a malware incident?
Impendulo
Explain the likely entry point and practical prevention steps, such as safer links, trusted downloads, updates, and prompt reporting.
Ikhadi 411
Umbuzo
What is the first useful action after a Windows blue-screen crash?
Impendulo
Record the stop code and recent changes, then check relevant logs and dumps. Do not replace hardware from the blue screen alone.
Ikhadi 412
Umbuzo
What should you try first when one mobile app will not launch?
Impendulo
Force-close the app, reopen it, and check for an update. If the problem persists, restart the device and verify the app still supports the OS.
Ikhadi 413
Umbuzo
What should you do after finding an unapproved app already installed on a managed phone?
Impendulo
Document it and follow policy to block or remove it through the approved mobile-management process. Do not open it for testing; if compromise is plausible, contain the phone and escalate before wiping evidence.
Ikhadi 414
Umbuzo
What should you do if a possibly infected PC suddenly cannot reach the network?
Impendulo
Check ordinary link and IP status, but keep the PC isolated if compromise is plausible. Do not weaken the firewall just to restore access.
Ikhadi 415
Umbuzo
Where should you start when Windows feels broadly slow?
Impendulo
Check Task Manager for CPU, memory, disk, and startup pressure. Correlate the bottleneck with recent apps, updates, storage, and temperature.
Ikhadi 416
Umbuzo
How should you handle a mobile app that repeatedly crashes while in use?
Impendulo
Reproduce the trigger, free needed resources, update the app and OS, and clear supported app cache or reinstall after protecting its data.
Ikhadi 417
Umbuzo
Why should developer mode be disabled on a normal user's mobile device?
Impendulo
It can expose debugging, installation, or control paths that normal operation does not need. Enable it only for an authorized task and turn it off afterward.
Ikhadi 418
Umbuzo
What do unfamiliar security alerts on the Windows desktop require?
Impendulo
Verify which installed product or process created them. Capture the message and avoid clicking it until its source is trusted.
Ikhadi 419
Umbuzo
What should you try when Windows reaches recovery but not the normal desktop?
Impendulo
Use Startup Repair or Safe Mode to isolate the boot problem. Back up accessible data before risky repair steps.
Ikhadi 420
Umbuzo
What commonly blocks a mobile app update?
Impendulo
Low storage, poor connectivity, account or store issues, device policy, or OS incompatibility. Read the exact store error before changing settings.
Ikhadi 421
Umbuzo
What security boundary changes when a phone is rooted or jailbroken?
Impendulo
Platform protections and app isolation may be bypassed. Treat the device as noncompliant and restore it through an approved process.
Ikhadi 422
Umbuzo
How can you recognize a fake antivirus warning?
Impendulo
It often uses urgent claims, an unfamiliar brand, or a demand to click, call, or pay. Open the approved security tool directly instead of using the alert.
Ikhadi 423
Umbuzo
What does a firmware message saying no operating system was found suggest checking first?
Impendulo
Check whether the system drive is detected and first in the intended boot order. Then inspect its connection, partition, and boot data.
Ikhadi 424
Umbuzo
What should you verify when a mobile app will not install?
Impendulo
Verify the source, device and OS compatibility, free storage, account licensing, and management policy.
Ikhadi 425
Umbuzo
What clues suggest a mobile app is spoofing a legitimate one?
Impendulo
A mismatched publisher, unusual icon or name, excessive permissions, unexpected sign-in, or an unofficial source. Verify the real listing before entering credentials.
Ikhadi 426
Umbuzo
What can unexplained renamed or missing personal files indicate?
Impendulo
Malware, ransomware, account misuse, sync trouble, or storage failure are possible. Isolate the scope and preserve evidence before recovery attempts.
Ikhadi 427
Umbuzo
What evidence helps separate thermal shutdowns from power failures?
Impendulo
Review temperatures, fan operation, vents, power events, and whether the failure follows load. Test one likely cause at a time.
Ikhadi 428
Umbuzo
Where should you start with a generally slow phone or tablet?
Impendulo
Check free storage, active downloads, background apps, battery condition, and pending updates. Restart before considering a reset.
Ikhadi 429
Umbuzo
What should unexplained high mobile network traffic make you inspect?
Impendulo
Inspect per-app data use, recent installations, cloud sync, hotspots, and management alerts. Isolate the device if malicious traffic is plausible.
Ikhadi 430
Umbuzo
What does sudden inability to open many files suggest checking?
Impendulo
Check extensions, ransom notes, permissions, storage health, and backup status. Widespread encryption may indicate ransomware.
Ikhadi 431
Umbuzo
What should you inspect when a Windows service will not start?
Impendulo
Check its startup type, dependencies, logon account, permissions, and Event Viewer message. Fix the recorded cause rather than repeatedly forcing a start.
Ikhadi 432
Umbuzo
A mobile OS update downloads but fails verification or installation. What should you try before resetting the device?
Impendulo
Record the exact error and check free storage first. Then use the OS vendor's supported controls to remove the incomplete update and download a fresh copy with reliable power and a stable network connection; use recovery only if the normal updater still fails.
Ikhadi 433
Umbuzo
How can security trouble cause degraded mobile response time?
Impendulo
A malicious or unwanted app may consume CPU, storage, or network resources. Compare resource use with recent apps before removing anything.
Ikhadi 434
Umbuzo
Where should you investigate unwanted Windows notifications?
Impendulo
Check notification settings, browser site permissions, startup apps, and recently installed software. Remove the source rather than only muting the symptom.
Ikhadi 435
Umbuzo
How should you isolate an application that keeps crashing?
Impendulo
Confirm the scope, reproduce it, check logs, update the app, and test its plug-ins or profile. Reinstall only after preserving needed settings and data.
Ikhadi 436
Umbuzo
How do you find the likely cause of sudden mobile battery drain?
Impendulo
Review battery usage by app and system feature, then compare with recent updates, signal conditions, screen use, and battery health.
Ikhadi 437
Umbuzo
What should you check after an unexpected mobile data-limit notification?
Impendulo
Review per-app usage and the billing period, then inspect background sync, hotspot use, updates, and unknown apps.
Ikhadi 438
Umbuzo
Why can repeated OS update failures be a security clue?
Impendulo
Malware may block updates, though storage, network, or service faults are also common. Investigate the exact error and other symptoms before deciding.
Ikhadi 439
Umbuzo
What should a low-memory warning lead you to inspect?
Impendulo
Inspect memory pressure, runaway processes, page-file health, and workload requirements. Closing one app may help briefly but does not explain repeated warnings.
Ikhadi 440
Umbuzo
What is a useful first isolation step for random mobile reboots?
Impendulo
Remove or disable the most recent app or configuration change, update the OS, and check storage and temperature. Back up before a reset.
Ikhadi 441
Umbuzo
What security setting can cause limited mobile internet access even with a good signal?
Impendulo
A bad VPN, proxy, DNS, content-filtering, or management profile can restrict traffic. Compare the configuration with approved policy.
Ikhadi 442
Umbuzo
What is a useful first check for random browser pop-ups?
Impendulo
Inspect site-notification permissions, extensions, startup pages, and recently installed software. Do not click inside the pop-up.
Ikhadi 443
Umbuzo
What is a sensible first response to a USB controller resource warning?
Impendulo
Disconnect nonessential USB devices, remove unpowered hubs, and check Device Manager. Then update the controller or chipset driver if the evidence supports it.
Ikhadi 444
Umbuzo
What is the normal first fix for a Bluetooth pairing problem?
Impendulo
Confirm both devices are discoverable and compatible, then forget the old pairing and pair again. Check distance, battery, and interference.
Ikhadi 445
Umbuzo
What should you do if normal connectivity checks pass but a phone still has no internet after a suspicious app install?
Impendulo
Isolate the phone, remove or quarantine the suspicious app through the approved process, and inspect VPN, proxy, DNS, and profile changes.
Ikhadi 446
Umbuzo
When does a browser certificate warning point to more than a bad website?
Impendulo
Warnings across several known-good sites can indicate wrong system time, interception, a proxy, or a trust-store problem. Compare on a trusted network and device.
Ikhadi 447
Umbuzo
What should you do when instability begins right after a driver update?
Impendulo
Roll back or replace that driver with a known-good supported version. Confirm stability before changing another component.
Ikhadi 448
Umbuzo
What should you check when one phone cannot join a known Wi-Fi network?
Impendulo
Confirm the network and password, toggle Wi-Fi, forget and rejoin the network, then compare with another device before resetting network settings.
Ikhadi 449
Umbuzo
What commonly causes a sudden flood of ads across a mobile device?
Impendulo
Adware or a PUP is likely, especially after a recent install. Identify the responsible app instead of tapping the ads.
Ikhadi 450
Umbuzo
What settings should you inspect when browser searches redirect unexpectedly?
Impendulo
Inspect the default search provider, home page, extensions, proxy, DNS, and hosts file. Record unauthorized changes before correcting them.
Ikhadi 451
Umbuzo
How can you test whether a slow Windows sign-in is tied to one user profile?
Impendulo
Sign in with a known-good local profile and compare. Then inspect profile corruption, startup items, scripts, and redirected resources.
Ikhadi 452
Umbuzo
What should you check when NFC works only intermittently?
Impendulo
Confirm NFC is enabled, unlock the device if required, align the NFC areas closely, and remove a case that may block the signal.
Ikhadi 453
Umbuzo
How should you respond to a mobile pop-up claiming the device is infected?
Impendulo
Treat it as a likely fake security warning. Do not tap its button; close the source, inspect recent apps or browser data, and scan with approved tools.
Ikhadi 454
Umbuzo
What should you compare when mobile data fails but Wi-Fi works?
Impendulo
Check airplane mode, cellular enablement, signal, data limits, SIM or eSIM state, carrier settings, and any provider outage.
Ikhadi 455
Umbuzo
What is the priority when personal files appear to have leaked from a mobile device?
Impendulo
Contain the device and affected accounts, preserve relevant evidence, and follow the incident process. Revoke exposed sessions or credentials from a trusted device.
Ikhadi 456
Umbuzo
Why might a mobile screen refuse to rotate?
Impendulo
Rotation lock may be enabled, the app may not support that orientation, or a motion sensor may be stuck. Check the setting before hardware diagnosis.
Ikhadi 457
Umbuzo
What can unexpected mobile actions, permission prompts, or settings changes indicate?
Impendulo
An unauthorized or compromised app may be acting on the device. Review recent installs, permissions, profiles, and account activity.
Ikhadi 458
Umbuzo
What makes a browser extension suspicious?
Impendulo
An unknown publisher, broad permissions, forced installation, hidden controls, or behavior unrelated to its stated job. Remove it through policy and inspect related changes.
Ikhadi 459
Umbuzo
What should you verify when a Windows update repeatedly fails?
Impendulo
Check free space, restart state, network access, update history, and the specific error. Apply the vendor's targeted repair steps for that code.
Ikhadi 460
Umbuzo
When should you reset a mobile device during troubleshooting?
Impendulo
Reset only after narrower fixes fail and a current backup exists. Confirm account credentials and management enrollment needed for recovery.
Ikhadi 461
Umbuzo
What causes system time to drift repeatedly after shutdown?
Impendulo
A failing CMOS battery is one possibility; a bad time source or synchronization setting is another. Check when the drift occurs before replacing anything.
Ikhadi 462
Umbuzo
What PC settings can malware alter to reroute traffic?
Impendulo
Proxy, DNS, browser, and hosts-file settings are common targets. Compare them with the approved network configuration.
Ikhadi 463
Umbuzo
How can a clean boot help with a Windows startup problem?
Impendulo
It starts Windows with a reduced set of nonessential services and startup items. Re-enable items in groups to identify the conflict.
Ikhadi 464
Umbuzo
How should you troubleshoot a browser that has become much slower than the rest of the PC?
Impendulo
Test without unneeded extensions, clear only appropriate cache data, check browser tasks, and compare a clean profile. Scan if the behavior is suspicious.
Ikhadi 465
Umbuzo
What is the safest next step when several mobile security symptoms appear together?
Impendulo
Disconnect or contain the device, document the symptoms, and escalate through the approved security process. Avoid wiping evidence unless the response plan authorizes it.
Ikhadi 466
Umbuzo
Which details belong at the start of a support ticket?
Impendulo
Record the user, device, contact method, affected service, and a clear issue description. Add the time and business impact when relevant.
Ikhadi 467
Umbuzo
When is sfc /scannow a useful Windows repair step?
Impendulo
Use it when protected system files may be damaged. Run it elevated and follow the result instead of assuming it fixes every boot or application fault.
Ikhadi 468
Umbuzo
What should you do before running a repair that may change a failing Windows disk?
Impendulo
Protect recoverable data first, then check drive health and file-system evidence. A repair tool is not a substitute for replacing failing storage.
Ikhadi 469
Umbuzo
What is the right overall response to convincing PC security symptoms?
Impendulo
Contain the system, document evidence, follow the malware or incident procedure, and restore trust with approved tools or a known-good image.
Ikhadi 470
Umbuzo
What does a full backup contain?
Impendulo
A full backup copies all selected data in that backup set. It is simple to restore but usually takes the most time and space to create.
Ikhadi 471
Umbuzo
Where should a technician look for handling and disposal guidance for a chemical product?
Impendulo
Use its current Safety Data Sheet and local policy. Follow the listed protective, spill, storage, and disposal instructions.
Ikhadi 472
Umbuzo
What should a change request state before technical planning begins?
Impendulo
State the purpose, scope, change type, affected systems, owner, and desired date. A clear request makes impact and approval review possible.
Ikhadi 473
Umbuzo
What does active listening look like in a support conversation?
Impendulo
Let the customer finish, ask focused questions, and restate the problem to confirm understanding. Avoid interrupting or jumping to a diagnosis.
Ikhadi 474
Umbuzo
What does chain of custody record during an incident?
Impendulo
It records who collected, handled, transferred, stored, and accessed evidence, with dates and purpose. This supports integrity and accountability.
Ikhadi 475
Umbuzo
What makes a ticket issue description useful to another technician?
Impendulo
It states expected and actual behavior, exact symptoms, scope, timing, and reproducible steps without guesses presented as facts.
Ikhadi 476
Umbuzo
What does an incremental backup copy?
Impendulo
It copies data changed since the most recent backup of any type. Backup runs are small, but recovery may need the last full plus every later incremental.
Ikhadi 477
Umbuzo
How should a technician respond to an angry customer?
Impendulo
Stay calm, acknowledge the impact, clarify the facts, and explain realistic next steps. Do not argue, blame, or dismiss the concern.
Ikhadi 478
Umbuzo
Why does order of volatility matter when collecting incident evidence?
Impendulo
More temporary data can disappear first. Follow the response plan to capture volatile information before less volatile storage when authorized.
Ikhadi 479
Umbuzo
Which script type is native to traditional Windows batch command processing?
Impendulo
A .bat file. VBScript uses .vbs for older Windows automation; review either script before running it with elevated rights.
Ikhadi 480
Umbuzo
How do ventilation and dust control affect equipment reliability?
Impendulo
Clear airflow removes heat; controlled dust cleanup prevents blocked vents and conductive buildup. Use equipment-safe compressed air or vacuums.
Ikhadi 481
Umbuzo
How should severity and escalation be recorded?
Impendulo
Tie severity to impact and urgency, then use the defined escalation level. Do not inflate it just to move the ticket faster.
Ikhadi 482
Umbuzo
Why create a forensic copy instead of investigating the original drive directly?
Impendulo
A verified copy preserves the original evidence and lets analysis proceed with less risk of alteration. Follow authorization and incident policy.
Ikhadi 483
Umbuzo
When is RDP a suitable remote-access choice?
Impendulo
Use RDP for an authorized Windows desktop session over a protected path. Limit exposed services, require strong authentication, and follow session policy.
Ikhadi 484
Umbuzo
How should an ESD strap be used during internal PC work?
Impendulo
Attach it to an approved ground point while working on powered-down equipment. Pair it with an ESD-safe work surface when available.
Ikhadi 485
Umbuzo
What protection does a UPS add beyond a surge suppressor?
Impendulo
A UPS provides temporary battery power and usually power conditioning, giving equipment time to ride through a brief outage or shut down safely.
Ikhadi 486
Umbuzo
What should progress and resolution notes contain?
Impendulo
Record tests, results, changes, timestamps, and the confirmed outcome. Another technician should be able to continue without repeating work.
Ikhadi 487
Umbuzo
Which data categories usually require stricter handling and retention rules?
Impendulo
Payment data, government identifiers, personally identifiable information, and healthcare data. Apply the relevant law, contract, and business policy.
Ikhadi 488
Umbuzo
Which support tasks can AI assist without making the final decision?
Impendulo
AI can help summarize tickets, draft user instructions, search approved knowledge, or suggest diagnostic paths. A technician must verify the result.
Ikhadi 489
Umbuzo
What is the first electrical-safety step before repairing a PC?
Impendulo
Shut it down and disconnect power. Follow the device's service procedure because some components can retain hazardous energy.
Ikhadi 490
Umbuzo
How do SSH and VNC differ for remote support?
Impendulo
SSH provides an encrypted command-line session; VNC shares a graphical desktop and needs its own secure transport and authentication configuration.
Ikhadi 491
Umbuzo
How should a technician set expectations for a repair?
Impendulo
Give a realistic timeline, explain options and dependencies, and send status updates when the estimate changes.
Ikhadi 492
Umbuzo
Which script type gives Windows administrators structured access to system management?
Impendulo
A PowerShell .ps1 script. Execution policy is not a malware boundary, so verify the source, signature, and contents.
Ikhadi 493
Umbuzo
What does a differential backup copy?
Impendulo
It copies data changed since the last full backup. Recovery normally needs the last full and the latest differential.
Ikhadi 494
Umbuzo
Why do change plans need both a backup plan and a rollback plan?
Impendulo
The backup protects data; the rollback returns the service to its prior state if the change fails. Define triggers and responsible staff before implementation.
Ikhadi 495
Umbuzo
How should loose components be handled and stored?
Impendulo
Hold boards by the edges, avoid contacts, and place them in antistatic packaging on an ESD-safe surface.
Ikhadi 496
Umbuzo
Why monitor both temperature and humidity in an equipment room?
Impendulo
Excess heat shortens component life; very low humidity raises static risk, while high humidity can cause condensation or corrosion.
Ikhadi 497
Umbuzo
What is a synthetic full backup?
Impendulo
It combines a previous full backup with later backup data to create a new full on the backup system. The source does not need to resend every file.
Ikhadi 498
Umbuzo
How do an asset tag and a CMDB serve different support needs?
Impendulo
The asset tag identifies the physical item; the CMDB records its configuration and relationships. Keep assignment, warranty, and licensing data current.
Ikhadi 499
Umbuzo
What should a technician verify before installing licensed software?
Impendulo
Verify a valid license, permitted user or device scope, and any EULA or DRM limits. Personal, corporate, perpetual, and open-source licenses grant different rights.
Ikhadi 500
Umbuzo
Which script type is commonly used for shell automation on Linux and macOS?
Impendulo
A .sh shell script. Its interpreter, permissions, quoting, and environment determine how it runs.
Ikhadi 501
Umbuzo
How do GFS rotation and the 3-2-1 backup rule differ?
Impendulo
GFS rotates daily, weekly, and monthly backup generations. The 3-2-1 rule keeps three copies on two different media/storage types, with one copy offsite. GFS organizes retention over time; 3-2-1 spreads copies across storage locations and failure modes.
Ikhadi 502
Umbuzo
Which personal protective steps matter for lifting or dusty repair work?
Impendulo
Use safe lifting technique and get help for heavy equipment; wear approved eye or breathing protection when the task creates those hazards.
Ikhadi 503
Umbuzo
What does a VPN add to a remote-management session?
Impendulo
It creates an encrypted network path to private resources. The remote tool still needs secure configuration, authentication, and least-privilege access.
Ikhadi 504
Umbuzo
What policy questions should come before using AI at work?
Impendulo
Check approved tools, allowed data, required disclosure, ownership rules, and whether the task permits AI assistance. Do not assume a public tool is approved.
Ikhadi 505
Umbuzo
Why should a technician avoid jargon when speaking with a customer?
Impendulo
Plain language helps the customer understand choices and give informed answers. Use a technical term only when it adds clarity, then explain it.
Ikhadi 506
Umbuzo
What is the value of sandbox testing and peer review before a change?
Impendulo
They expose technical mistakes and unexpected impact away from production. Record results and remaining risk.
Ikhadi 507
Umbuzo
What are practical entry-level uses for scripts in support work?
Impendulo
Scripts can collect information, remap drives, install approved apps, start updates, restart systems, or run backups consistently. Python .py and JavaScript .js files are common choices when the environment supports them.
Ikhadi 508
Umbuzo
What is the benefit and main risk of an RMM platform?
Impendulo
RMM can monitor and manage many endpoints centrally; compromise or misuse can reach many endpoints too. Protect the console with strong access controls, logging, and updates.
Ikhadi 509
Umbuzo
How should a technician handle a confident AI answer?
Impendulo
Verify it against trusted evidence. AI can hallucinate, carry bias, miss context, or present outdated information fluently.
Ikhadi 510
Umbuzo
How do surges, brownouts, and blackouts differ?
Impendulo
A surge is excess voltage, a brownout is reduced voltage, and a blackout is a loss of power. Match surge protection and UPS capacity to the equipment.
Ikhadi 511
Umbuzo
What must you review before running an unfamiliar support script?
Impendulo
Review its source, inputs, privileges, target systems, resource use, network actions, error handling, and rollback. A script can spread malware or change many systems quickly.
Ikhadi 512
Umbuzo
How do an NDA and an acceptable use policy serve different purposes?
Impendulo
An NDA restricts disclosure of protected information; an AUP defines permitted use of systems and data. Follow both along with incident and compliance rules.
Ikhadi 513
Umbuzo
When should a normal change wait even if the technical work is ready?
Impendulo
Wait for required approval and an allowed maintenance window. Respect change freezes unless the approved emergency process applies.
Ikhadi 514
Umbuzo
Which support document should guide a repeatable task with an agreed method?
Impendulo
Use the relevant SOP or checklist. Consult the SLA for service commitments and the knowledge base for reusable diagnosis or resolution guidance.
Ikhadi 515
Umbuzo
What should a technician do if arriving late is unavoidable?
Impendulo
Contact the customer promptly, give an honest revised time, and keep the new commitment. Document service provided and follow up as promised.
Ikhadi 516
Umbuzo
What safety problems does good cable management prevent?
Impendulo
It reduces trip hazards, blocked airflow, connector strain, and accidental disconnection. Keep cables clear of heat and emergency access.
Ikhadi 517
Umbuzo
How do you know a backup is usable?
Impendulo
Test restores on a defined schedule. Verify data integrity and practice both overwrite recovery and recovery to an alternative location.
Ikhadi 518
Umbuzo
What closes a well-managed change?
Impendulo
Verify the implementation, obtain required user acceptance, update documentation, and review the outcome. Trigger rollback if the defined failure criteria occur.
Ikhadi 519
Umbuzo
How should a technician handle private material visible on a customer's device?
Impendulo
View only what the task requires, avoid copying or discussing it, and follow privacy policy. Maintain professional appearance and conduct in the customer's environment.
Ikhadi 520
Umbuzo
What data boundary applies when prompting a public AI service?
Impendulo
Never send credentials or secrets to a public AI service. Keep private customer data, regulated data, proprietary code, and incident evidence out as well. An approved enterprise AI service is a separate case: use it only under the organization's data policy and contractual controls, and still never paste credentials or secrets.

A generic laptop and computer repair tools arranged on a dark technical workbench with abstract network lights.

amakhadi angu-520

CompTIA A+ 220-1201 & 220-1202 Flashcards: Core 1 and Core 2

Funda leli qoqo mahhala

I-Nibomo iyavuleka ukuze uqale ukufunda.

Mayelana naleli qoqo

CompTIA A+ 220-1201 & 220-1202 Flashcards: Core 1 and Core 2

What the cards practice

Learning order

Labs and PBQs

Scope, provenance, and reuse

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