Nature in the nature–nurture question?

Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.

Central nervous system?

The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.

Main role of the spinal cord?

It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.

Scores are 4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?

7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.

Nurture in the nature–nurture question?

Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.

Peripheral nervous system?

The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.

A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.

Reflex times are 180, 190, 210, 260, 410 milliseconds. What is the median?

210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.

The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.

Autonomic nervous system?

The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.

Evolutionary perspective on behavior?

It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.

Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?

It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.

Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?

They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.

Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?

A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.

Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.

Somatic nervous system?

The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.

They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.

Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?

An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.

Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?

Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.

Sympathetic nervous system?

The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.

Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?

The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.

They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.

Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?

The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.

Parasympathetic nervous system?

The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.

The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.

Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.

Adrenaline's behavioral role?

It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.

Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.

The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.

The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.

Leptin's role in eating?

It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.

Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.

Depolarization during an action potential?

Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.

Dopamine's major psychological functions?

Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.

A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.

A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.

The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.

Serotonin's major psychological functions?

Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.

Glutamate's major psychological functions?

It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.

A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.

It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.

A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.

Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.

A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.

All-or-none principle?

A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.

Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?

Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.

GABA's major psychological function?

It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.

Oxytocin's behavioral role?

It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.

A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.

AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review

Review all five AP® Psychology units with 705 independently written cards covering concepts, scenarios, research methods, data interpretation, and evidence-based reasoning.

Oleh Open Study Contributor

Tentang dek ini

Review all five units in the AP® Psychology course framework with 705 independently written English flashcards. The deck covers Biological Bases of Behavior, Cognition, Development and Learning, Social Psychology and Personality, and Mental and Physical Health. It supports all four science practices: Concept Application, Research Methods and Design, Data Interpretation, and Argumentation.

What the cards ask you to retrieve

Concept → meaning or function: recall a concise definition, mechanism, or distinction.
Scenario → concept: identify the idea that best explains a behavior, symptom pattern, or result.
Study description → method: identify a design, variable, sampling decision, ethical safeguard, limitation, or warranted conclusion.
Data representation → interpretation: read a compact table, distribution, graph pattern, statistic, or calculation and decide what the evidence shows.
Claim + evidence → reasoning: connect evidence to a defensible psychological explanation.

The order follows Units 1–5, keeps related material within the current or next topic, and introduces prerequisites and chronological steps first. Definition/application, foundation/claim, scenario, cue, and near-duplicate variants are separated by at least three unrelated cards. Explicit prerequisite and chronological sequences remain adjacent only when that progression helps learning.

What's deliberately left out

The deck doesn't mechanically reverse every definition, diagnose personal anecdotes, offer treatment advice, or use long essay prompts. It also leaves out detailed genetics, neuron labeling, out-of-scope theories, unlisted disorders, names-and-dates trivia, and exhaustive study permutations.

Check the official AP Psychology course page for authoritative requirements. Psychological facts and the course outline aren't claimed as original. The CC0 label applies only to the independently written prompts, answers, organization, metadata, ordering, and inherited generated cover, to the extent those rights exist.

This is an independent, unofficial study aid. It isn't affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or official material from College Board or the AP Program. AP® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. No College Board examination questions, scoring materials, curriculum text, source prose, logos, or trade dress were copied or adapted.

Kad dalam dek ini

Kad 1
Soalan
Nature in the nature–nurture question?
Jawapan
Inherited biological influences on behavior and mental processes.
Kad 2
Soalan
Central nervous system?
Jawapan
The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate responses.
Kad 3
Soalan
Main role of the spinal cord?
Jawapan
It carries messages between brain and body and organizes some reflexes.
Kad 4
Soalan
Scores are 4, 6, 8, 10. What is the mean?
Jawapan
7, found by dividing the total of 28 by 4 scores.
Kad 5
Soalan
Nurture in the nature–nurture question?
Jawapan
Environmental influences, such as family, culture, education, and experience.
Kad 6
Soalan
Peripheral nervous system?
Jawapan
The nerves that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body.
Kad 7
Soalan
Reflex arc?
Jawapan
A rapid neural pathway that can produce a response through the spinal cord before conscious brain processing.
Kad 8
Soalan
Reflex times are 180, 190, 210, 260, 410 milliseconds. What is the median?
Jawapan
210 milliseconds, the middle score after ordering the five values.
Kad 9
Soalan
Heritability?
Jawapan
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic differences. It doesn't describe one person's trait.
Kad 10
Soalan
Autonomic nervous system?
Jawapan
The peripheral division that regulates involuntary functions of glands and internal organs.
Kad 11
Soalan
Evolutionary perspective on behavior?
Jawapan
It asks how natural selection may have favored psychological traits that helped survival or reproduction.
Kad 12
Soalan
Why is eugenics scientifically and ethically invalid?
Jawapan
It misuses heredity claims to rank people and justify coercion, while ignoring environmental influence, human rights, and the complexity of traits.
Kad 13
Soalan
Why isn't behavior explained by genes or environment alone?
Jawapan
They interact. A biological tendency can be strengthened, weakened, or redirected by experience.
Kad 14
Soalan
Researchers compare a trait across biological relatives who share different amounts of DNA. Which method is this?
Jawapan
A family study; twin comparisons are one example, but shared environments still limit causal conclusions.
Kad 15
Soalan
Natural selection?
Jawapan
Traits that support survival or reproduction can become more common across generations.
Kad 16
Soalan
Somatic nervous system?
Jawapan
The peripheral division that carries sensory information and controls voluntary skeletal-muscle movement.
Kad 17
Soalan
Sensory neurons?
Jawapan
They carry incoming information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system.
Kad 18
Soalan
Which design compares adoptees with both biological and adoptive relatives?
Jawapan
An adoption study, used to separate some hereditary and environmental similarities.
Kad 19
Soalan
Twins show a strong trait correlation. What keeps this result from proving genetic causation?
Jawapan
Correlation doesn't isolate genes from shared environments or other confounding variables.
Kad 20
Soalan
Sympathetic nervous system?
Jawapan
The autonomic division that mobilizes energy during challenge or threat.
Kad 21
Soalan
Evidence shows a genetic risk predicts an outcome only under chronic stress. Best claim?
Jawapan
The outcome reflects a gene–environment interaction, not a purely genetic effect.
Kad 22
Soalan
Motor neurons?
Jawapan
They carry outgoing commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
Kad 23
Soalan
Sleep duration and stress are correlated. What directionality problem limits a causal conclusion?
Jawapan
The result cannot show whether less sleep raises stress, stress reduces sleep, or both directions operate.
Kad 24
Soalan
Parasympathetic nervous system?
Jawapan
The autonomic division that calms the body and supports rest, digestion, and recovery.
Kad 25
Soalan
Resting potential?
Jawapan
The neuron's stable negative charge when it isn't firing, maintained by unequal ion concentrations across the membrane.
Kad 26
Soalan
Interneurons?
Jawapan
Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect other neurons.
Kad 27
Soalan
Adrenaline's behavioral role?
Jawapan
It helps mobilize the body during arousal and the fight-or-flight response.
Kad 28
Soalan
Frontal lobes?
Jawapan
Planning, judgment, impulse control, working memory, voluntary movement, and aspects of speech.
Kad 29
Soalan
Neural threshold?
Jawapan
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger an action potential.
Kad 30
Soalan
Corpus callosum?
Jawapan
The large fiber tract that carries information between the cerebral hemispheres.
Kad 31
Soalan
Leptin's role in eating?
Jawapan
It signals stored energy and helps reduce hunger.
Kad 32
Soalan
Temporal lobes?
Jawapan
Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, and object recognition.
Kad 33
Soalan
Depolarization during an action potential?
Jawapan
Positive ions enter the neuron, making the membrane charge less negative and then briefly positive.
Kad 34
Soalan
Dopamine's major psychological functions?
Jawapan
Movement, motivation, reward learning, attention, and reinforcement.
Kad 35
Soalan
Ghrelin's role in eating?
Jawapan
It helps stimulate hunger.
Kad 36
Soalan
Drug agonist?
Jawapan
A substance that increases a neurotransmitter's effect by activating its receptor or supporting its action.
Kad 37
Soalan
Action potential?
Jawapan
A brief electrical impulse that travels along a neuron after threshold is reached.
Kad 38
Soalan
Reuptake?
Jawapan
The sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitter from the synapse after release.
Kad 39
Soalan
Serotonin's major psychological functions?
Jawapan
Mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal regulation.
Kad 40
Soalan
Glutamate's major psychological functions?
Jawapan
It is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and supports learning and memory.
Kad 41
Soalan
Refractory period?
Jawapan
A short recovery interval after firing when the neuron resets and can't immediately produce another full action potential.
Kad 42
Soalan
Melatonin's role?
Jawapan
It helps regulate circadian timing and promotes sleepiness in darkness.
Kad 43
Soalan
Drug antagonist?
Jawapan
A substance that blocks or reduces a neurotransmitter's effect at its receptor.
Kad 44
Soalan
Stimulants?
Jawapan
Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity and alertness.
Kad 45
Soalan
Drug tolerance?
Jawapan
A reduced response after repeated use, so a larger dose may be needed for the same effect.
Kad 46
Soalan
Damage to myelin slows messages in the central nervous system. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Jawapan
Multiple sclerosis.
Kad 47
Soalan
All-or-none principle?
Jawapan
A neuron fires a full action potential once threshold is reached; stronger input changes firing rate, not impulse size.
Kad 48
Soalan
Norepinephrine's major psychological functions?
Jawapan
Alertness, arousal, attention, and the stress response.
Kad 49
Soalan
GABA's major psychological function?
Jawapan
It is the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter and reduces neural activity.
Kad 50
Soalan
Oxytocin's behavioral role?
Jawapan
It supports social bonding and also contributes to childbirth and lactation.
Kad 51
Soalan
Reuptake inhibitor?
Jawapan
A drug that keeps more neurotransmitter in the synapse by slowing reabsorption.
Kad 52
Soalan
Depressants?
Jawapan
Psychoactive drugs that reduce central nervous system activity.
Kad 53
Soalan
Drug withdrawal?
Jawapan
Physical or psychological symptoms that can appear when regular drug use is reduced or stopped.
Kad 54
Soalan
Antibodies disrupt acetylcholine receptors at muscles, causing weakness. Which disorder illustrates this problem?
Jawapan
Myasthenia gravis.
Kad 55
Soalan
Glial cells?
Jawapan
Cells that support, nourish, insulate, protect, and help regulate neurons and their connections.
Kad 56
Soalan
Endorphins?
Jawapan
Natural neurotransmitters that reduce pain and can produce pleasure.
Kad 57
Soalan
Substance P?
Jawapan
A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.
Kad 58
Soalan
Acetylcholine's major functions?
Jawapan
Muscle action, learning, memory, and attention.
Kad 59
Soalan
Opioids?
Jawapan
Drugs that bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and often producing relaxation or euphoria.
Kad 60
Soalan
Hallucinogens?
Jawapan
Drugs that alter perception and can produce sensory experiences without matching external input.
Kad 61
Soalan
Addiction?
Jawapan
Compulsive substance use or behavior that continues despite harmful consequences and is difficult to control.
Kad 62
Soalan
Parietal lobes?
Jawapan
Body-sense processing, spatial attention, and integrating sensory information.
Kad 63
Soalan
Consciousness?
Jawapan
Awareness of internal experiences and the surrounding environment.
Kad 64
Soalan
Circadian rhythm?
Jawapan
A roughly 24-hour biological cycle that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
Kad 65
Soalan
Damage causes slow, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Likely region?
Jawapan
Broca's area, usually in the left frontal lobe.
Kad 66
Soalan
Occipital lobes?
Jawapan
Primary cortical processing of visual information.
Kad 67
Soalan
What does split-brain research reveal?
Jawapan
When the corpus callosum is severed, the hemispheres can process some information independently.
Kad 68
Soalan
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate circadian rhythm?
Jawapan
It uses light information from the eyes to coordinate the body's roughly 24-hour clock.
Kad 69
Soalan
NREM-1 sleep?
Jawapan
The light transition into sleep, sometimes accompanied by hypnagogic sensations.
Kad 70
Soalan
Motor cortex?
Jawapan
A frontal-lobe strip that directs voluntary movement.
Kad 71
Soalan
Damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension. Likely region?
Jawapan
Wernicke's area, usually in the left temporal lobe.
Kad 72
Soalan
Brainstem's core function?
Jawapan
It supports basic survival functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord.
Kad 73
Soalan
NREM-2 sleep?
Jawapan
A light sleep stage marked by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
Kad 74
Soalan
Somatosensory cortex?
Jawapan
A parietal-lobe strip that registers touch and body-position information.
Kad 75
Soalan
Medulla's main functions?
Jawapan
It regulates vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
Kad 76
Soalan
Reticular activating system?
Jawapan
A brainstem network involved in alertness, arousal, and the sleep–wake cycle.
Kad 77
Soalan
NREM-3 sleep?
Jawapan
Deep slow-wave sleep, associated with physical restoration and difficult awakening.
Kad 78
Soalan
Cerebellum's main functions?
Jawapan
Balance, coordinated movement, procedural learning, and timing.
Kad 79
Soalan
Thalamus?
Jawapan
A relay that directs most sensory information to the cerebral cortex and helps regulate alertness.
Kad 80
Soalan
Hypothalamus?
Jawapan
It helps regulate homeostasis, hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, and endocrine activity.
Kad 81
Soalan
REM sleep?
Jawapan
A stage with vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, active brain patterns, and skeletal-muscle paralysis.
Kad 82
Soalan
Why is the pituitary called a master gland?
Jawapan
Its hormones influence other endocrine glands, under the hypothalamus's control.
Kad 83
Soalan
Amygdala?
Jawapan
A limbic structure involved in processing emotion, threat, and emotional learning.
Kad 84
Soalan
Hippocampus?
Jawapan
A limbic structure essential for forming new explicit memories and spatial memory.
Kad 85
Soalan
How does sleep change across a typical night?
Jawapan
NREM and REM repeat in cycles; REM periods generally lengthen toward morning.
Kad 86
Soalan
Contralateral brain control?
Jawapan
Each cerebral hemisphere mainly receives sensory input from and controls movement on the opposite side of the body.
Kad 87
Soalan
What does an EEG measure?
Jawapan
Electrical activity recorded from the scalp, with strong timing information but limited spatial precision.
Kad 88
Soalan
Reward-center activity?
Jawapan
Activity in neural reward pathways can reinforce behaviors that predict desirable outcomes.
Kad 89
Soalan
Neuroplasticity?
Jawapan
The nervous system's ability to change its organization or function through experience, learning, or injury.
Kad 90
Soalan
Which method shows brain activity changing during a task?
Jawapan
A functional brain-imaging method, such as fMRI or PET, rather than a structural scan alone.
Kad 91
Soalan
A patient loses a function after damage to one brain region. What is the cautious conclusion?
Jawapan
The region contributes to the function, but the behavior may depend on a wider network.
Kad 92
Soalan
Insomnia?
Jawapan
Persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep.
Kad 93
Soalan
How do wavelength and amplitude shape sound?
Jawapan
Wavelength relates to frequency and perceived pitch; amplitude relates to intensity and perceived loudness.
Kad 94
Soalan
Absolute threshold?
Jawapan
The minimum stimulation detected 50% of the time.
Kad 95
Soalan
Activation-synthesis view of dreams?
Jawapan
The brain builds a story while interpreting internally generated neural activity during sleep.
Kad 96
Soalan
Narcolepsy?
Jawapan
A disorder involving sudden sleep attacks and abnormal entry into REM sleep.
Kad 97
Soalan
Why can jet lag disrupt sleep?
Jawapan
The internal circadian clock is temporarily out of sync with the new light–dark schedule.
Kad 98
Soalan
Difference threshold?
Jawapan
The smallest change between stimuli detected 50% of the time.
Kad 99
Soalan
Consolidation view of dreams?
Jawapan
Dreaming may reflect the brain organizing and integrating recent memories.
Kad 100
Soalan
REM sleep behavior disorder?
Jawapan
Loss of normal REM muscle paralysis, allowing a person to act out dreams.
Kad 101
Soalan
Why can rotating shift work impair sleep?
Jawapan
Frequent schedule changes force the circadian system to keep readjusting.
Kad 102
Soalan
Weber's law?
Jawapan
The noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant proportion of the original intensity.
Kad 103
Soalan
Two supported functions of sleep?
Jawapan
Memory consolidation and restoration of resources used during waking activity.
Kad 104
Soalan
Sleep apnea?
Jawapan
Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep that fragment sleep and reduce oxygen.
Kad 105
Soalan
REM rebound?
Jawapan
A temporary increase in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.
Kad 106
Soalan
Signal detection theory?
Jawapan
Detection depends on stimulus strength plus expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
Kad 107
Soalan
Sensory transduction?
Jawapan
Sensory receptors convert physical energy into neural signals.
Kad 108
Soalan
Vestibular sense?
Jawapan
The sense of balance and head movement, supported by structures in the inner ear.
Kad 109
Soalan
Somnambulism?
Jawapan
Sleepwalking, which most often occurs during deep NREM sleep.
Kad 110
Soalan
Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Jawapan
The optic nerve leaves the retina at a point with no rods or cones.
Kad 111
Soalan
What begins visual transduction?
Jawapan
Retinal receptors convert light into neural signals that travel toward the brain.
Kad 112
Soalan
A sound reaches the left ear slightly earlier and louder than the right. Where will it seem to originate?
Jawapan
From the left, because the brain compares arrival-time and intensity differences between the ears.
Kad 113
Soalan
Why are taste and smell called chemical senses?
Jawapan
Their receptors respond to molecules from food or the air.
Kad 114
Soalan
Accommodation in vision?
Jawapan
The lens changes shape to focus near or distant objects on the retina.
Kad 115
Soalan
Cones?
Jawapan
Retinal receptors that support color vision and fine detail in brighter light.
Kad 116
Soalan
What begins auditory transduction?
Jawapan
Hair cells in the inner ear convert sound-driven vibration into neural signals.
Kad 117
Soalan
How does trichromatic processing explain color vision?
Jawapan
Three cone types respond most strongly to different wavelength ranges, and their combined activity produces color experience.
Kad 118
Soalan
How is smell unusual among the senses?
Jawapan
Olfactory signals reach cortical and limbic areas without first passing through the thalamic relay used by other senses.
Kad 119
Soalan
Kinesthesia?
Jawapan
The sense of body-part position and movement, based on signals from muscles, tendons, and joints.
Kad 120
Soalan
Place coding versus frequency coding in hearing?
Jawapan
Place coding links pitch to where the cochlea responds most; frequency coding links pitch to neural firing rate.
Kad 121
Soalan
Nearsightedness?
Jawapan
Nearby objects are clear, but distant images focus in front of the retina and look blurred.
Kad 122
Soalan
Pheromones?
Jawapan
Chemical signals released by one organism that can affect the behavior or physiology of others of the same species.
Kad 123
Soalan
Touch receptors for warmth and cold fire together strongly. What sensation can result?
Jawapan
A hot or burning sensation, showing that temperature experience combines receptor signals.
Kad 124
Soalan
Volley theory of pitch?
Jawapan
Groups of auditory neurons alternate firing so their combined rate can represent pitches too fast for one neuron alone.
Kad 125
Soalan
Farsightedness?
Jawapan
Distant vision is clearer, while nearby images tend to focus behind the retina and look blurred.
Kad 126
Soalan
Six taste qualities named in the course?
Jawapan
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and oleogustus (fat taste).
Kad 127
Soalan
Phantom-limb sensation?
Jawapan
Feeling pain, touch, or movement in a limb that is no longer present because the nervous system still represents it.
Kad 128
Soalan
Sensory interaction?
Jawapan
One sense changes how another is experienced, as smell influences flavor.
Kad 129
Soalan
What causes most color-vision deficiency?
Jawapan
One or more cone types are missing or function differently, reducing discrimination among some colors.
Kad 130
Soalan
Prosopagnosia?
Jawapan
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces despite otherwise usable vision.
Kad 131
Soalan
Rods?
Jawapan
Retinal receptors sensitive to dim light and peripheral movement, without color detail.
Kad 132
Soalan
How does opponent processing explain afterimages?
Jawapan
Color is coded in opposing pairs, so tiring one response can make its opponent briefly dominate.
Kad 133
Soalan
Conductive versus sensorineural hearing loss?
Jawapan
Conductive loss blocks sound transmission; sensorineural loss damages hair cells or auditory pathways.
Kad 134
Soalan
Nontasters, medium tasters, and supertasters?
Jawapan
Categories describing lower, typical, and unusually high sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness.
Kad 135
Soalan
What do the semicircular canals detect?
Jawapan
Rotational head movement, helping the vestibular system maintain balance.
Kad 136
Soalan
Synesthesia?
Jawapan
Stimulation of one sense consistently and automatically produces an additional sensory experience.
Kad 137
Soalan
Dichromatism versus monochromatism?
Jawapan
Dichromatism uses two functioning cone systems; monochromatism uses one or none, producing far less color discrimination.
Kad 138
Soalan
Blindsight?
Jawapan
Responding to visual information without consciously seeing it, usually after damage to primary visual cortex.
Kad 139
Soalan
Sensory adaptation?
Jawapan
Reduced sensitivity after constant, unchanging stimulation.
Kad 140
Soalan
Gate-control view of pain?
Jawapan
Spinal and brain processes can amplify or reduce pain signals before conscious experience.
Kad 141
Soalan
Bottom-up processing?
Jawapan
Building a perception from incoming sensory details.
Kad 142
Soalan
Concept?
Jawapan
A mental category used to group similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Kad 143
Soalan
Fixation in problem solving?
Jawapan
Getting stuck on one way of representing or solving a problem.
Kad 144
Soalan
Algorithm?
Jawapan
A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution when followed correctly, though it may be slow.
Kad 145
Soalan
Top-down processing?
Jawapan
Using expectations, context, and prior knowledge to interpret sensory input.
Kad 146
Soalan
Confirmation bias?
Jawapan
Seeking or interpreting evidence in ways that support an existing belief.
Kad 147
Soalan
Retinal disparity?
Jawapan
The difference between each eye's image; greater disparity usually signals a nearer object.
Kad 148
Soalan
Heuristic?
Jawapan
A quick rule of thumb that saves effort but can produce errors.
Kad 149
Soalan
Selective attention?
Jawapan
Focusing conscious awareness on one part of the available sensory input.
Kad 150
Soalan
Figure–ground organization?
Jawapan
Separating the object of attention from its background.
Kad 151
Soalan
Convergence as a depth cue?
Jawapan
The inward turning of the eyes increases as an object gets closer.
Kad 152
Soalan
Representativeness heuristic?
Jawapan
Judging category membership by resemblance to a prototype while neglecting other information.
Kad 153
Soalan
Missing a visible event while attention is elsewhere?
Jawapan
Inattentional blindness.
Kad 154
Soalan
Gestalt proximity principle?
Jawapan
Elements close together tend to be perceived as a group.
Kad 155
Soalan
Two familiar objects cast different-sized retinal images. Which looks farther away?
Jawapan
The one with the smaller retinal image, using the monocular cue of relative size.
Kad 156
Soalan
Cocktail-party effect?
Jawapan
The ability to focus on one conversation while still noticing personally important information in the background.
Kad 157
Soalan
Failing to notice an obvious change in a scene?
Jawapan
Change blindness.
Kad 158
Soalan
Gestalt similarity principle?
Jawapan
Elements that look alike tend to be grouped together.
Kad 159
Soalan
Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Which depth cue?
Jawapan
Linear perspective.
Kad 160
Soalan
Perceptual constancy?
Jawapan
Seeing an object's size, shape, or color as stable despite changing sensory images.
Kad 161
Soalan
Perceptual set?
Jawapan
A readiness to perceive something in a particular way because of expectations or context.
Kad 162
Soalan
Gestalt closure principle?
Jawapan
The mind fills gaps to perceive a complete object.
Kad 163
Soalan
One object blocks part of another. Which seems closer?
Jawapan
The blocking object, using interposition.
Kad 164
Soalan
Apparent motion?
Jawapan
The perception of movement created by rapidly presented stationary images or lights.
Kad 165
Soalan
Availability heuristic?
Jawapan
Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind.
Kad 166
Soalan
Divergent thinking?
Jawapan
Generating many varied, original possibilities.
Kad 167
Soalan
A hazy object appears farther away than a sharp object. Which depth cue?
Jawapan
Relative clarity.
Kad 168
Soalan
Prototype?
Jawapan
A mental image of the most typical example of a category.
Kad 169
Soalan
Ignoring how common an event is while focusing on a vivid description?
Jawapan
Base-rate neglect, often tied to the representativeness heuristic.
Kad 170
Soalan
Convergent thinking?
Jawapan
Narrowing possibilities to the single best answer.
Kad 171
Soalan
A textured surface looks denser and finer with distance. Which depth cue?
Jawapan
Texture gradient.
Kad 172
Soalan
Belief perseverance?
Jawapan
Holding a belief even after the evidence that created it has been discredited.
Kad 173
Soalan
Explicit memory?
Jawapan
Conscious memory for facts and experiences.
Kad 174
Soalan
Three stores in the multi-store model?
Jawapan
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Kad 175
Soalan
Seeing an object only in its usual role?
Jawapan
Functional fixedness.
Kad 176
Soalan
Mental set?
Jawapan
Using a familiar solution strategy even when a different approach would work better.
Kad 177
Soalan
Episodic memory?
Jawapan
Explicit memory for personally experienced events.
Kad 178
Soalan
Working memory?
Jawapan
A limited-capacity system that briefly holds and actively manipulates information.
Kad 179
Soalan
Insight?
Jawapan
A sudden realization of a problem's solution.
Kad 180
Soalan
Framing effect?
Jawapan
Choices change when the same information is worded or presented differently.
Kad 181
Soalan
Implicit memory?
Jawapan
Learning that affects behavior without deliberate conscious recall.
Kad 182
Soalan
Overconfidence bias?
Jawapan
Being more certain about one's judgments than accuracy warrants.
Kad 183
Soalan
Anchoring bias?
Jawapan
Relying too heavily on the first number or idea encountered.
Kad 184
Soalan
Schema in thinking?
Jawapan
A mental framework that organizes knowledge and guides interpretation.
Kad 185
Soalan
Procedural memory?
Jawapan
Implicit memory for skills and habits.
Kad 186
Soalan
Gambler's fallacy?
Jawapan
The mistaken belief that a random outcome becomes due after a streak, even when trials are independent.
Kad 187
Soalan
Sunk-cost fallacy?
Jawapan
Continuing because of past investment even when future costs outweigh future benefits.
Kad 188
Soalan
Executive functions?
Jawapan
Mental processes that support planning, inhibition, flexible switching, and goal-directed control.
Kad 189
Soalan
How can priming affect judgment?
Jawapan
Recent exposure can make related ideas more accessible and subtly shape a later response.
Kad 190
Soalan
Central executive in working memory?
Jawapan
The attention-control component that coordinates verbal and visual-spatial processing.
Kad 191
Soalan
Serial-position effect?
Jawapan
People tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.
Kad 192
Soalan
Semantic memory?
Jawapan
Explicit memory for facts, meanings, and general knowledge.
Kad 193
Soalan
Levels-of-processing principle?
Jawapan
Deeper semantic processing usually produces stronger memory than shallow structural or sound-based processing.
Kad 194
Soalan
Automatic processing?
Jawapan
Encoding information with little conscious effort, such as space, time, or well-practiced meanings.
Kad 195
Soalan
Maintenance rehearsal?
Jawapan
Repeating information to keep it active, usually without adding much meaning.
Kad 196
Soalan
Prospective memory?
Jawapan
Remembering to carry out an intended action in the future.
Kad 197
Soalan
Primacy effect?
Jawapan
Better memory for early list items, often because they receive more rehearsal.
Kad 198
Soalan
Long-term memory?
Jawapan
A relatively durable, large-capacity store of knowledge, experiences, and skills.
Kad 199
Soalan
Highly superior autobiographical memory?
Jawapan
An unusual ability to recall extensive personal events and dates with exceptional accuracy.
Kad 200
Soalan
Effortful processing?
Jawapan
Encoding that requires attention and deliberate work.
Kad 201
Soalan
Elaborative rehearsal?
Jawapan
Linking new information to meaning, examples, or existing knowledge.
Kad 202
Soalan
Memory consolidation?
Jawapan
The process that stabilizes a memory after learning.
Kad 203
Soalan
Recency effect?
Jawapan
Better immediate memory for the last list items because they remain active.
Kad 204
Soalan
Spacing effect?
Jawapan
Learning lasts longer when study is distributed over time rather than massed into one session.
Kad 205
Soalan
Testing effect?
Jawapan
Actively retrieving information improves later memory more than rereading alone.
Kad 206
Soalan
Chunking?
Jawapan
Organizing separate pieces of information into meaningful units.
Kad 207
Soalan
Mnemonic?
Jawapan
A structured memory aid that links material to an image, phrase, location, or pattern.
Kad 208
Soalan
Why organize material into a hierarchy?
Jawapan
Grouping broad ideas above narrower details makes relationships easier to encode and retrieve.
Kad 209
Soalan
How can a schema help encoding?
Jawapan
It supplies an existing framework that organizes and connects new information.
Kad 210
Soalan
Students reread or practice retrieval, then take the same delayed test. What are the independent and dependent variables?
Jawapan
The study method is independent; delayed-test performance is dependent.
Kad 211
Soalan
Iconic memory?
Jawapan
A very brief visual sensory memory.
Kad 212
Soalan
Recall?
Jawapan
Retrieving information with few external cues, as in an essay question.
Kad 213
Soalan
Retrieval cue?
Jawapan
A stimulus linked to a memory that helps bring it to awareness.
Kad 214
Soalan
Encoding-specificity principle?
Jawapan
Retrieval improves when cues at recall match cues present during encoding.
Kad 215
Soalan
Context-dependent memory?
Jawapan
Recall can improve in the same external environment where learning occurred.
Kad 216
Soalan
Does the hippocampus permanently store every explicit memory?
Jawapan
No. It helps form and consolidate new explicit memories, which later depend on distributed cortical networks.
Kad 217
Soalan
Echoic memory?
Jawapan
A brief auditory sensory memory that lasts longer than iconic memory.
Kad 218
Soalan
Anterograde amnesia?
Jawapan
Difficulty forming new long-term explicit memories after the onset of damage or illness.
Kad 219
Soalan
Phonological loop?
Jawapan
The working-memory component that briefly holds and rehearses verbal or sound information.
Kad 220
Soalan
Cerebellum's memory role?
Jawapan
It supports procedural learning and some classically conditioned responses.
Kad 221
Soalan
Why is short-term memory described as limited?
Jawapan
It can hold only a small amount of information without rehearsal or chunking.
Kad 222
Soalan
Retrograde amnesia?
Jawapan
Loss of memories formed before the onset of damage or illness.
Kad 223
Soalan
Why are events tied to your own life often easier to remember?
Jawapan
The self-reference effect makes information connected to oneself more memorable.
Kad 224
Soalan
How can the amygdala affect memory?
Jawapan
Emotional arousal can strengthen consolidation of emotionally significant events.
Kad 225
Soalan
Visuospatial sketchpad?
Jawapan
The working-memory component that holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
Kad 226
Soalan
Long-term potentiation?
Jawapan
A lasting increase in synaptic efficiency after repeated activation, associated with learning and memory.
Kad 227
Soalan
Infantile amnesia?
Jawapan
The typical inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years of life.
Kad 228
Soalan
Alzheimer's disease?
Jawapan
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, reasoning, and daily functioning.
Kad 229
Soalan
Scores are 2, 4, 4, 7, 9. What are the mode and range?
Jawapan
The mode is 4, and the range is 7 because 9 - 2 = 7.
Kad 230
Soalan
Recognition?
Jawapan
Identifying previously learned information, as in selecting a familiar answer.
Kad 231
Soalan
Why is memory called reconstructive?
Jawapan
Recall rebuilds an event from stored details, schemas, expectations, and later information.
Kad 232
Soalan
Storage decay?
Jawapan
A memory trace weakens over time, especially when it isn't used.
Kad 233
Soalan
State-dependent memory?
Jawapan
Recall can improve when a person's internal state matches the state during learning.
Kad 234
Soalan
Relearning?
Jawapan
Measuring memory by how much faster material is learned again.
Kad 235
Soalan
Misinformation effect?
Jawapan
Misleading information after an event changes memory of the event.
Kad 236
Soalan
A student recalls more in the original classroom. What claim is supported?
Jawapan
Matching environmental cues can aid retrieval; the setting didn't necessarily improve storage.
Kad 237
Soalan
Mood-congruent memory?
Jawapan
A current mood makes similarly toned memories easier to retrieve.
Kad 238
Soalan
Priming?
Jawapan
Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences the response to a later stimulus.
Kad 239
Soalan
Tip-of-the-tongue state?
Jawapan
A temporary retrieval failure accompanied by a feeling that the answer is known.
Kad 240
Soalan
Why does retrieval practice strengthen memory?
Jawapan
Each successful retrieval reinforces access routes and reveals what still needs study.
Kad 241
Soalan
Class A scores cluster near 80; Class B has the same mean but scores spread from 50 to 100. Which class has the larger standard deviation?
Jawapan
Class B, because its scores vary farther from the mean.
Kad 242
Soalan
Metacognition?
Jawapan
Monitoring and regulating one's own thinking and learning.
Kad 243
Soalan
Source amnesia?
Jawapan
Remembering information but misremembering where it came from.
Kad 244
Soalan
Test standardization?
Jawapan
Administering a test consistently and establishing norms from a representative sample.
Kad 245
Soalan
Reliability?
Jawapan
The consistency of a measurement across time, items, or scorers.
Kad 246
Soalan
Stereotype threat?
Jawapan
Concern about confirming a negative group stereotype can interfere with performance.
Kad 247
Soalan
General intelligence, or g?
Jawapan
A broad mental ability proposed to contribute to performance across many cognitive tasks.
Kad 248
Soalan
Encoding failure?
Jawapan
Information never entered memory well enough to be stored, often because attention was weak.
Kad 249
Soalan
Validity?
Jawapan
The extent to which evidence supports the interpretation and use of a test score.
Kad 250
Soalan
Proactive interference?
Jawapan
Older learning disrupts recall of newer information.
Kad 251
Soalan
Imagination inflation?
Jawapan
Repeatedly imagining an event increases confidence that it really happened.
Kad 252
Soalan
A forgetting curve drops sharply soon after learning, then flattens. What does this pattern show?
Jawapan
Forgetting is fastest soon after learning and slows over time.
Kad 253
Soalan
Retrieval failure?
Jawapan
Stored information is temporarily inaccessible because effective cues are missing.
Kad 254
Soalan
Retroactive interference?
Jawapan
Newer learning disrupts recall of older information.
Kad 255
Soalan
A confident witness recalls a detail introduced after the event. Best conclusion?
Jawapan
Confidence doesn't guarantee accuracy; post-event misinformation may have altered the memory.
Kad 256
Soalan
Repression in psychodynamic theory?
Jawapan
The proposed unconscious blocking of distressing memories or impulses from awareness.
Kad 257
Soalan
Flashbulb memory?
Jawapan
A vivid memory for learning about an emotional event; confidence can remain high even when details change.
Kad 258
Soalan
A study defines memory accuracy as the number of 20 words recalled after 24 hours. What design element is this?
Jawapan
An operational definition of memory accuracy.
Kad 259
Soalan
A score is at the 84th percentile. What does that mean?
Jawapan
It is equal to or higher than about 84% of scores in the reference group.
Kad 260
Soalan
Stereotype lift?
Jawapan
A performance boost that can occur when a negative stereotype targets another group, making one's own group seem comparatively advantaged.
Kad 261
Soalan
Achievement test?
Jawapan
An assessment of knowledge or skills already learned.
Kad 262
Soalan
Construct validity?
Jawapan
How well evidence shows that a test measures the psychological construct it claims to measure.
Kad 263
Soalan
Test–retest reliability?
Jawapan
Consistency of scores when the same assessment is administered to the same people at different times.
Kad 264
Soalan
Why can't historical group differences on intelligence tests justify discriminatory policy?
Jawapan
Scores reflect testing conditions and social opportunity as well as measured ability; group averages don't define individuals or prove biological causation.
Kad 265
Soalan
Multiple-abilities view of intelligence?
Jawapan
Intelligence includes several partly distinct abilities rather than one general capacity alone.
Kad 266
Soalan
Aptitude test?
Jawapan
An assessment intended to predict capacity to learn or perform in the future.
Kad 267
Soalan
Traditional IQ formula?
Jawapan
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Modern tests use age-based norms instead.
Kad 268
Soalan
Predictive validity?
Jawapan
How well a test score forecasts a relevant later outcome.
Kad 269
Soalan
What does a normal score distribution look like?
Jawapan
Most scores cluster near the mean, with fewer scores toward either extreme.
Kad 270
Soalan
Split-half reliability?
Jawapan
Consistency between two comparable halves of the same assessment.
Kad 271
Soalan
Two groups have different average test scores. What conclusion is not justified?
Jawapan
That every member differs or that biology caused the gap; within-group variation and social conditions matter.
Kad 272
Soalan
Flynn effect?
Jawapan
Average intelligence-test scores have risen across generations in many populations, pointing to environmental influence.
Kad 273
Soalan
A student treats mistakes as information and changes study strategies. Which mindset does this show?
Jawapan
A growth mindset; a fixed mindset treats ability as largely unchangeable.
Kad 274
Soalan
Continuous versus stage development?
Jawapan
Continuous views emphasize gradual change; stage views describe distinct qualitative shifts.
Kad 275
Soalan
How can prenatal environment affect later development?
Jawapan
Nutrition, stress, illness, and substance exposure can influence physical and neural development before birth.
Kad 276
Soalan
Teratogen?
Jawapan
An environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development, with effects depending on dose, timing, and susceptibility.
Kad 277
Soalan
Maturation?
Jawapan
Biologically guided growth processes that unfold in a generally predictable sequence.
Kad 278
Soalan
Stability–change question in development?
Jawapan
It asks which traits persist across life and which change with age or experience.
Kad 279
Soalan
A researcher predicts that students who sleep at least eight hours will recall more words than students who sleep less. Why is this hypothesis falsifiable?
Jawapan
The groups and recall outcome can be measured, so evidence could show that the predicted difference does not occur.
Kad 280
Soalan
Which method best tests whether a new study routine causes higher quiz scores?
Jawapan
An experiment that manipulates the routine and randomly assigns participants, because it can support a causal conclusion.
Kad 281
Soalan
Why do motor milestones follow a common order but different timing?
Jawapan
Maturation shapes the sequence, while biology and experience influence pace.
Kad 282
Soalan
Fine versus gross motor skills?
Jawapan
Fine skills use small, precise movements; gross skills use larger muscle groups and whole-body movement.
Kad 283
Soalan
Why are infant reflexes useful to researchers?
Jawapan
Their presence and change can indicate early nervous-system development.
Kad 284
Soalan
What did the visual-cliff procedure test?
Jawapan
It tested whether infants would cross an apparent drop, providing evidence about depth perception and the influence of locomotor experience.
Kad 285
Soalan
Puberty?
Jawapan
The period of sexual maturation driven by hormonal and physical changes.
Kad 286
Soalan
Sensitive period?
Jawapan
A developmental window when experience has an especially strong effect, though learning may remain possible later.
Kad 287
Soalan
What physical pattern commonly marks the start of adolescence?
Jawapan
A puberty-related growth spurt, with rapid increases in height and weight.
Kad 288
Soalan
Primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
Jawapan
Primary characteristics are reproductive organs and functions; secondary characteristics are puberty-related traits not directly required for reproduction.
Kad 289
Soalan
Which method best measures the relationship between adolescents' sleep duration and mood without assigning sleep schedules?
Jawapan
A correlational study, because both variables are measured rather than manipulated.
Kad 290
Soalan
Older adults score lower than younger adults in one same-time comparison. Which design and alternative explanation limit an aging claim?
Jawapan
The study is cross-sectional, and a cohort effect could explain the difference because the age groups grew up under different conditions.
Kad 291
Soalan
Researchers test the same people yearly from ages 10 to 20. Which design is this, and what participant-loss risk should they track?
Jawapan
A longitudinal design; attrition can bias the results if those who leave differ from those who remain.
Kad 292
Soalan
Menarche?
Jawapan
The first menstrual period.
Kad 293
Soalan
Which method allows an intensive investigation of one person with an exceptionally rare developmental condition?
Jawapan
A case study, which provides depth but may not generalize to a wider population.
Kad 294
Soalan
About what percentage of scores in a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation of the mean?
Jawapan
About 68%.
Kad 295
Soalan
A prenatal exposure correlates with later difficulty. What limits a causal claim?
Jawapan
Other parental, health, and environmental variables may account for the association.
Kad 296
Soalan
Spermarche?
Jawapan
The first ejaculation.
Kad 297
Soalan
Which method combines results from many studies to estimate an overall effect?
Jawapan
A meta-analysis, which statistically synthesizes findings across studies.
Kad 298
Soalan
Imprinting?
Jawapan
A rapid form of early learning in which some young animals form an attachment during a sensitive period.
Kad 299
Soalan
Why can adolescent risk-taking increase?
Jawapan
Reward systems develop earlier than the prefrontal control systems used for planning and inhibition.
Kad 300
Soalan
Menopause?
Jawapan
The natural end of menstrual cycles, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without menstruation.
Kad 301
Soalan
Which method records children's playground behavior without directing or changing it?
Jawapan
Naturalistic observation.
Kad 302
Soalan
How do mobility, flexibility, and reaction time typically change across later adulthood?
Jawapan
They tend to decline gradually, although health, activity, and individual differences affect the pace.
Kad 303
Soalan
Gender identity?
Jawapan
A person's internal sense of their gender.
Kad 304
Soalan
Gender role?
Jawapan
A culture's expectations for behavior associated with gender.
Kad 305
Soalan
Sex versus gender?
Jawapan
Sex refers to biological traits; gender refers to identities, roles, and social meanings.
Kad 306
Soalan
Common sensory change in later adulthood?
Jawapan
Vision and hearing sensitivity often decline, though the degree varies widely.
Kad 307
Soalan
Sexual orientation?
Jawapan
A pattern of romantic or sexual attraction; it is distinct from gender identity.
Kad 308
Soalan
Gender schema?
Jawapan
A mental framework that organizes information and expectations about gender.
Kad 309
Soalan
Best broad view of gender development?
Jawapan
Biological, cognitive, social, and cultural influences interact.
Kad 310
Soalan
Does normal aging cause uniform cognitive decline?
Jawapan
No. Processing speed may slow, while knowledge and expertise can remain stable or grow.
Kad 311
Soalan
Why shouldn't variation in gender identity or sexual orientation be treated as a disorder?
Jawapan
Variation alone isn't evidence of dysfunction; distress often reflects stigma or discrimination rather than identity.
Kad 312
Soalan
Schema in cognitive development?
Jawapan
A mental framework used to organize and interpret experience.
Kad 313
Soalan
Sensorimotor stage?
Jawapan
Infants learn through sensory experience and action and develop object permanence.
Kad 314
Soalan
Preoperational stage?
Jawapan
Young children use symbols and language but often lack conservation and show egocentric thinking.
Kad 315
Soalan
Assimilation?
Jawapan
Fitting new information into an existing schema.
Kad 316
Soalan
A learner cannot solve a puzzle alone but succeeds with a teacher's hints. Where is the task?
Jawapan
In the learner's zone of proximal development.
Kad 317
Soalan
Animism in preoperational thought?
Jawapan
Attributing life, feelings, or intentions to inanimate objects.
Kad 318
Soalan
Concrete operational stage?
Jawapan
Children reason logically about concrete events and understand conservation.
Kad 319
Soalan
Accommodation?
Jawapan
Changing a schema when new information doesn't fit it.
Kad 320
Soalan
Reversibility in cognitive development?
Jawapan
Understanding that an operation can be mentally undone, a skill associated with concrete operational thought.
Kad 321
Soalan
How can social learning shape gender expression?
Jawapan
People observe models and receive reinforcement or punishment for gender-related behavior.
Kad 322
Soalan
A child calls a zebra a horse because it fits an existing animal schema. Which process?
Jawapan
Assimilation.
Kad 323
Soalan
Language?
Jawapan
A shared, rule-governed system of symbols used to communicate and generate ideas.
Kad 324
Soalan
Cooing stage?
Jawapan
Early vowel-like sounds that typically appear before babbling.
Kad 325
Soalan
Babbling stage?
Jawapan
Infants produce repeated speech-like sounds before meaningful words.
Kad 326
Soalan
One-word stage?
Jawapan
A child uses single words to express whole ideas.
Kad 327
Soalan
Grammar?
Jawapan
A language's system of rules for combining and interpreting symbols.
Kad 328
Soalan
A child assumes everyone can see the picture visible only from the child's side of a model. Which limitation does this show?
Jawapan
Egocentrism: difficulty taking another person's visual perspective.
Kad 329
Soalan
Crystallized intelligence across adulthood?
Jawapan
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills often remain stable or increase.
Kad 330
Soalan
A child revises an animal schema after learning that zebras aren't horses. Which process?
Jawapan
Accommodation.
Kad 331
Soalan
A teacher first models each step, then removes hints as the learner improves. What support strategy is this?
Jawapan
Scaffolding.
Kad 332
Soalan
A child predicts that someone will search where that person last saw a toy, not where the toy really is. Which ability does this show?
Jawapan
Theory of mind: recognizing that another person can hold a different belief.
Kad 333
Soalan
Fluid intelligence across adulthood?
Jawapan
Speedy reasoning with novel problems often peaks earlier and may decline gradually.
Kad 334
Soalan
An infant searches for a toy after it is covered by a cloth. Which ability does this show?
Jawapan
Object permanence: understanding that the toy still exists when it cannot be seen.
Kad 335
Soalan
Water is poured from a short glass into a taller, narrower glass, and a child says there is more water. Which concept is missing?
Jawapan
Conservation: understanding that quantity remains the same despite a change in appearance.
Kad 336
Soalan
Formal operational stage?
Jawapan
Adolescents and adults can reason abstractly and test hypothetical possibilities.
Kad 337
Soalan
Dementia?
Jawapan
A broad syndrome involving cognitive decline that interferes with daily life; it is not an inevitable part of normal aging.
Kad 338
Soalan
Phoneme?
Jawapan
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
Kad 339
Soalan
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems view?
Jawapan
Development reflects interactions between a person and nested social environments over time.
Kad 340
Soalan
Temperament?
Jawapan
Early, biologically influenced patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.
Kad 341
Soalan
Attachment?
Jawapan
An enduring emotional bond that supports proximity and security.
Kad 342
Soalan
Erikson's infancy conflict?
Jawapan
Trust versus mistrust: dependable care supports a basic sense of security.
Kad 343
Soalan
Microsystem?
Jawapan
Immediate settings and relationships, such as family, school, peers, and work.
Kad 344
Soalan
Erikson's toddler conflict?
Jawapan
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: supported self-control builds independence.
Kad 345
Soalan
Erikson's early-childhood conflict?
Jawapan
Initiative versus guilt: directing activities and plans supports purpose.
Kad 346
Soalan
Erikson's school-age conflict?
Jawapan
Industry versus inferiority: mastering valued skills supports competence.
Kad 347
Soalan
Mesosystem?
Jawapan
Connections among a person's microsystems, such as communication between family and school.
Kad 348
Soalan
Erikson's adolescent conflict?
Jawapan
Identity versus role confusion: exploring and integrating roles supports identity.
Kad 349
Soalan
Erikson's young-adult conflict?
Jawapan
Intimacy versus isolation: forming close, committed relationships.
Kad 350
Soalan
Erikson's middle-adult conflict?
Jawapan
Generativity versus stagnation: contributing to others and the next generation.
Kad 351
Soalan
Exosystem?
Jawapan
Settings that affect a person indirectly, such as a caregiver's workplace.
Kad 352
Soalan
Morpheme?
Jawapan
The smallest unit that carries meaning.
Kad 353
Soalan
Telegraphic speech?
Jawapan
Early short phrases that contain essential words while omitting smaller grammatical words.
705 kad
AP Psychology Flashcards: Complete 5-Unit Course Review
Ulang kaji dek ini secara percuma
Nibomo akan dibuka supaya anda boleh mula mengulang kaji.
Kad 354
Soalan
How do nonverbal gestures support language development?
Jawapan
Pointing, gaze, expression, and movement communicate meaning before and alongside spoken words.
Kad 355
Soalan
Macrosystem?
Jawapan
The wider culture, values, laws, customs, and economic conditions surrounding development.
Kad 356
Soalan
Semantics?
Jawapan
The meanings of words and sentences.
Kad 357
Soalan
A child says “goed” after learning the usual past-tense pattern. What is this?
Jawapan
Overgeneralization: applying a language rule where an exception is required.
Kad 358
Soalan
What does a sensitive period for language imply?
Jawapan
Early exposure supports fluent development, though later learning remains possible.
Kad 359
Soalan
Does language completely determine thought?
Jawapan
No. Language can shape attention and categorization, but thought also occurs without words.
Kad 360
Soalan
Syntax?
Jawapan
Rules for arranging words into phrases and sentences.
Kad 361
Soalan
A child explores while a caregiver is present, seeks contact at reunion, and is readily comforted. Which attachment pattern fits?
Jawapan
Secure attachment.
Kad 362
Soalan
How does the behavioral perspective explain behavior?
Jawapan
It focuses on observable behavior learned through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and environmental cues.
Kad 363
Soalan
Authoritative parenting?
Jawapan
High warmth with clear, consistent expectations and age-appropriate autonomy.
Kad 364
Soalan
Identity achievement?
Jawapan
A person makes commitments after meaningful exploration.
Kad 365
Soalan
Avoidant attachment pattern?
Jawapan
The child shows little contact-seeking and tends to avoid or ignore the caregiver at reunion.
Kad 366
Soalan
Classical conditioning?
Jawapan
Learning that one stimulus predicts another, so a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
Kad 367
Soalan
Unconditioned stimulus?
Jawapan
A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior learning.
Kad 368
Soalan
Unconditioned response?
Jawapan
The unlearned response naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
Kad 369
Soalan
Conditioned stimulus?
Jawapan
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after association.
Kad 370
Soalan
Conditioned response?
Jawapan
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
Kad 371
Soalan
Acquisition in classical conditioning?
Jawapan
The initial learning period when the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
Kad 372
Soalan
During acquisition, when should the conditioned stimulus usually appear relative to the unconditioned stimulus?
Jawapan
The conditioned stimulus should appear shortly before the unconditioned stimulus so it predicts what comes next.
Kad 373
Soalan
Authoritarian parenting?
Jawapan
Low warmth with strict control and little discussion.
Kad 374
Soalan
Identity diffusion?
Jawapan
A person has neither actively explored alternatives nor made firm commitments.
Kad 375
Soalan
Extinction in classical conditioning?
Jawapan
The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus repeatedly appears without the unconditioned stimulus.
Kad 376
Soalan
Anxious-resistant attachment pattern?
Jawapan
The child seeks contact but remains distressed or resists comfort at reunion.
Kad 377
Soalan
Permissive parenting?
Jawapan
High warmth with few demands or limits.
Kad 378
Soalan
Parallel play?
Jawapan
Young children play beside one another with similar materials but little direct coordination.
Kad 379
Soalan
Imaginary audience?
Jawapan
An adolescent's belief that other people are constantly noticing and evaluating them.
Kad 380
Soalan
Identity foreclosure?
Jawapan
A person commits without exploring alternatives, often adopting others' expectations.
Kad 381
Soalan
Disorganized attachment pattern?
Jawapan
The child shows contradictory, confused, or fearful behavior without a consistent reunion strategy.
Kad 382
Soalan
Neglectful parenting?
Jawapan
Low warmth and low control or involvement.
Kad 383
Soalan
Chronosystem?
Jawapan
Life transitions and historical changes that alter development over time.
Kad 384
Soalan
Why is pretend play developmentally useful?
Jawapan
It lets children practice symbols, roles, perspective-taking, and social rules.
Kad 385
Soalan
Personal fable?
Jawapan
An adolescent's sense that their experiences are unique and that ordinary risks may not apply to them.
Kad 386
Soalan
Identity moratorium?
Jawapan
A person is actively exploring alternatives without yet making a stable commitment.
Kad 387
Soalan
Best claim about adverse childhood experiences?
Jawapan
They can raise later health and relationship risks, but they don't determine an individual's outcome.
Kad 388
Soalan
Separation anxiety in infancy?
Jawapan
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; it is common during part of typical development.
Kad 389
Soalan
What did infant-monkey research suggest about attachment?
Jawapan
Comforting physical contact can be a stronger attachment cue than food alone.
Kad 390
Soalan
Which research method does the Strange Situation use to assess attachment behavior?
Jawapan
Structured observation: researchers record behavior during standardized separations and reunions.
Kad 391
Soalan
Emerging adulthood?
Jawapan
A transitional period, often from the late teens through the twenties, marked by identity exploration and changing roles.
Kad 392
Soalan
Social clock?
Jawapan
Culturally shaped expectations about when major life events should occur.
Kad 393
Soalan
Erikson's later-adult conflict?
Jawapan
Integrity versus despair: evaluating life with acceptance rather than regret.
Kad 394
Soalan
Possible selves?
Jawapan
Mental images of who a person might become, hopes to become, or fears becoming.
Kad 395
Soalan
Stimulus generalization?
Jawapan
Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also trigger the conditioned response.
Kad 396
Soalan
Operant conditioning?
Jawapan
Learning in which consequences change the future frequency of voluntary behavior.
Kad 397
Soalan
Law of effect?
Jawapan
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become less likely.
Kad 398
Soalan
Spontaneous recovery?
Jawapan
An extinguished conditioned response briefly returns after a rest period.
Kad 399
Soalan
Stimulus discrimination?
Jawapan
Learning to respond differently to the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
Kad 400
Soalan
Reinforcement?
Jawapan
Any consequence that increases a behavior.
Kad 401
Soalan
Higher-order conditioning?
Jawapan
An established conditioned stimulus helps a new neutral stimulus become conditioned without direct pairing with the original unconditioned stimulus.
Kad 402
Soalan
Counterconditioning?
Jawapan
Replacing an unwanted conditioned response by pairing the trigger with a new, incompatible response.
Kad 403
Soalan
Habituation?
Jawapan
A reduced response after repeated exposure to a harmless, unchanged stimulus.
Kad 404
Soalan
Punishment?
Jawapan
Any consequence that decreases a behavior.
Kad 405
Soalan
Partial reinforcement?
Jawapan
Reinforcing only some responses; learning is slower, but behavior resists extinction.
Kad 406
Soalan
Why can taste aversion form after one delayed pairing?
Jawapan
Biological preparedness makes certain food–illness associations especially easy to learn.
Kad 407
Soalan
Most conditioning trials take 2–6 attempts, but one participant needs 24. What shape will the trial-count distribution likely have?
Jawapan
It will be right-skewed because the unusually high value stretches the upper tail.
Kad 408
Soalan
Participants may encounter distressing images in a learning study. What must an institutional review board evaluate before approval?
Jawapan
Whether the scientific value justifies the risks and whether safeguards reduce those risks to an acceptable level.
Kad 409
Soalan
Fixed-ratio schedule?
Jawapan
Reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
Kad 410
Soalan
Observational learning?
Jawapan
Learning by watching others and the consequences they receive.
Kad 411
Soalan
A teacher adds praise after completed homework, and homework completion increases. Which consequence is this?
Jawapan
Positive reinforcement.
Kad 412
Soalan
Primary reinforcer?
Jawapan
A naturally rewarding stimulus tied to biological needs, such as food when hungry.
Kad 413
Soalan
Variable-ratio schedule?
Jawapan
Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses, producing persistent responding.
Kad 414
Soalan
Modeling?
Jawapan
Performing a behavior after observing it in another person.
Kad 415
Soalan
Which response pattern is typical of a fixed-ratio schedule?
Jawapan
A high response rate followed by a brief pause after each reward.
Kad 416
Soalan
Fastening a seat belt stops an unpleasant alarm, making future fastening more likely. Which consequence is this?
Jawapan
Negative reinforcement.
Kad 417
Soalan
Conditioned reinforcer?
Jawapan
A learned reward that gains value through association, such as money or praise.
Kad 418
Soalan
A child sees a classmate praised for sharing and then shares more often. Which process may explain the change?
Jawapan
Vicarious reinforcement.
Kad 419
Soalan
Fixed-interval schedule?
Jawapan
The first response after a set amount of time is reinforced.
Kad 420
Soalan
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-ratio schedule?
Jawapan
A high, steady response rate with little or no pause after rewards.
Kad 421
Soalan
A driver receives a fine, and speeding decreases. Which consequence is this?
Jawapan
Positive punishment.
Kad 422
Soalan
Shaping?
Jawapan
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.
Kad 423
Soalan
Extinction in operant conditioning?
Jawapan
A behavior weakens when it no longer produces reinforcement.
Kad 424
Soalan
Variable-interval schedule?
Jawapan
The first response after an unpredictable amount of time is reinforced.
Kad 425
Soalan
A teenager loses gaming access, and missed curfews decrease. Which consequence is this?
Jawapan
Negative punishment.
Kad 426
Soalan
Learned helplessness?
Jawapan
After repeated uncontrollable negative events, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape becomes possible.
Kad 427
Soalan
Continuous reinforcement?
Jawapan
Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior; learning is fast, but extinction is also fast.
Kad 428
Soalan
A response record rises slowly after each reward, then accelerates as the next fixed time approaches. Which schedule produced this scalloped pattern?
Jawapan
A fixed-interval schedule.
Kad 429
Soalan
Discriminative stimulus?
Jawapan
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be reinforced.
Kad 430
Soalan
Operant generalization versus discrimination?
Jawapan
Generalization spreads a learned response to similar cues; discrimination limits it to cues that signal reinforcement.
Kad 431
Soalan
Instinctive drift?
Jawapan
A learned behavior shifts toward an animal's biologically predisposed behavior.
Kad 432
Soalan
Which response pattern is typical of a variable-interval schedule?
Jawapan
A steady, moderate response rate because reinforcement can become available at unpredictable times.
Kad 433
Soalan
How can superstitious behavior develop through operant conditioning?
Jawapan
A coincidental reward can reinforce a behavior that didn't actually cause the outcome.
Kad 434
Soalan
How does similarity to a model affect observational learning?
Jawapan
Observers are often more likely to attend to and imitate models they see as similar or relevant.
Kad 435
Soalan
Vicarious conditioning?
Jawapan
Learning an emotional response by observing another person's reaction to a stimulus.
Kad 436
Soalan
A rat makes 12, 13, 11, and 12 responses in four equal time blocks, with rewards delivered at unpredictable times. Which schedule best fits this steady pattern?
Jawapan
A variable-interval schedule.
Kad 437
Soalan
Children imitate a rewarded model more than a punished model. Supported claim?
Jawapan
Observed consequences can influence whether learned behavior is performed.
Kad 438
Soalan
Why randomly assign children to watch either an aggressive or a calm model?
Jawapan
Random assignment helps balance preexisting differences between groups, strengthening a causal inference about the model's effect.
Kad 439
Soalan
Latent learning?
Jawapan
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and appears later when there is an incentive.
Kad 440
Soalan
Cognitive map?
Jawapan
A mental representation of the layout of an environment.
Kad 441
Soalan
Insight learning?
Jawapan
A sudden cognitive solution without visible trial-and-error steps.
Kad 442
Soalan
Biological preparedness?
Jawapan
An evolved readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.
Kad 443
Soalan
What can mirror-neuron activity show?
Jawapan
Some neural systems respond during both action and observation, though this alone doesn't explain all imitation or empathy.
Kad 444
Soalan
Attribution?
Jawapan
An explanation for the cause of a person's behavior or an event.
Kad 445
Soalan
Attitude?
Jawapan
An evaluation of a person, object, issue, or behavior, involving beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies.
Kad 446
Soalan
Upward social comparison?
Jawapan
Comparing oneself with someone doing better, which can inspire improvement or reduce satisfaction.
Kad 447
Soalan
Optimistic explanatory style?
Jawapan
Explaining setbacks as temporary, specific, and changeable rather than permanent and global.
Kad 448
Soalan
Situational attribution?
Jawapan
Explaining behavior through external circumstances or social context.
Kad 449
Soalan
A person who values health keeps vaping and feels pressure to change either the behavior or the belief. What is this discomfort?
Jawapan
Cognitive dissonance.
Kad 450
Soalan
Downward social comparison?
Jawapan
Comparing oneself with someone doing worse, which can protect self-evaluation.
Kad 451
Soalan
Internal locus of control?
Jawapan
The belief that one's actions strongly influence outcomes.
Kad 452
Soalan
Dispositional attribution?
Jawapan
Explaining behavior through internal traits, motives, or abilities.
Kad 453
Soalan
Pessimistic explanatory style?
Jawapan
Explaining setbacks as lasting, widespread, and rooted in personal failure.
Kad 454
Soalan
Relative deprivation?
Jawapan
Feeling disadvantaged by comparing one's situation with the situation one believes others have.
Kad 455
Soalan
External locus of control?
Jawapan
The belief that outcomes mainly depend on luck, fate, or powerful outside forces.
Kad 456
Soalan
Fundamental attribution error?
Jawapan
Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining someone else's behavior.
Kad 457
Soalan
Halo effect?
Jawapan
One favorable trait shapes an overly positive overall judgment of a person.
Kad 458
Soalan
Self-fulfilling prophecy?
Jawapan
An expectation changes behavior in ways that help make the expected outcome occur.
Kad 459
Soalan
Mere-exposure effect?
Jawapan
Repeated exposure to a neutral stimulus can increase liking.
Kad 460
Soalan
A person blames their own lateness on traffic but another person's lateness on carelessness. Which attribution pattern is this?
Jawapan
The actor–observer difference.
Kad 461
Soalan
A voter compares evidence and checks the logic of a policy argument. Which persuasion route is being used?
Jawapan
The central route.
Kad 462
Soalan
Effort justification?
Jawapan
Valuing an outcome more after investing substantial effort in it, which reduces dissonance.
Kad 463
Soalan
Stereotype?
Jawapan
A generalized belief about members of a group.
Kad 464
Soalan
A student credits skill for an A but blames an unfair test for an F. Which bias does this show?
Jawapan
Self-serving bias.
Kad 465
Soalan
A shopper favors an unfamiliar product because a popular celebrity endorses it. Which persuasion route is being used?
Jawapan
The peripheral route.
Kad 466
Soalan
Someone praises a dull task for a tiny reward, then reports liking it more. Which dissonance principle fits?
Jawapan
Insufficient justification: the small reward provides too little external explanation, so attitude change reduces dissonance.
Kad 467
Soalan
Prejudice?
Jawapan
An unjustified attitude or emotional response toward a group and its members.
Kad 468
Soalan
The same 40 workers complete equal-length tasks under both workloads:

Workload Errors

Low 2

High 8

Which attribution is better supported?
Jawapan
A situational attribution is better supported: with the same workers and equal exposure, the high-workload condition has more errors, though the table alone doesn't prove causation.
Kad 469
Soalan
Why does source credibility affect persuasion?
Jawapan
People are more likely to accept a message from a source seen as knowledgeable and trustworthy.
Kad 470
Soalan
Conformity?
Jawapan
Adjusting behavior or beliefs to match a group.
Kad 471
Soalan
Several witnesses each wait for someone else to help during an emergency. Which effect is this?
Jawapan
The bystander effect.
Kad 472
Soalan
Diffusion of responsibility?
Jawapan
Each person feels less personally responsible when others are available to act.
Kad 473
Soalan
How can taking on a role affect attitude?
Jawapan
Repeated role-consistent behavior can gradually shift beliefs and self-perception.
Kad 474
Soalan
In-group bias?
Jawapan
Favoring one's own group over other groups.
Kad 475
Soalan
After agreeing to display a small safety sticker, a resident later agrees to place a large sign. Which technique is this?
Jawapan
The foot-in-the-door technique.
Kad 476
Soalan
A researcher recruits the first 60 students leaving one school cafeteria. What sampling method is this, and what is the main limit?
Jawapan
Convenience sampling; the sample may not represent the school's students or a broader population as well as a random sample would.
Kad 477
Soalan
When do attitudes best predict behavior?
Jawapan
When the attitude is specific, accessible, personally important, and social pressure is limited.
Kad 478
Soalan
Discrimination?
Jawapan
Unjustified behavior toward people because of group membership.
Kad 479
Soalan
Out-group homogeneity effect?
Jawapan
Perceiving members of another group as more alike than members of one's own group.
Kad 480
Soalan
After refusing an extreme request, a person agrees to a smaller related request. Which technique is this?
Jawapan
The door-in-the-face technique.
Kad 481
Soalan
A study finds r = +0.72 between attention to message evidence and attitude change. What does the coefficient show?
Jawapan
A strong positive association: greater attention tends to accompany greater attitude change, but the correlation does not establish causation.
Kad 482
Soalan
Persuasion ratings cluster near 2 and 9 on a 10-point scale, with few scores near 5. What distribution shape does this suggest?
Jawapan
A bimodal distribution, with two distinct peaks.
Kad 483
Soalan
Just-world belief?
Jawapan
The assumption that people generally get what they deserve, which can encourage victim blaming.
Kad 484
Soalan
Implicit attitude?
Jawapan
An automatic evaluation that can affect responses without deliberate awareness.
Kad 485
Soalan
Ethnocentrism?
Jawapan
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and treating one's own as superior.
Kad 486
Soalan
How do confirmation bias and belief perseverance maintain an attitude?
Jawapan
People may favor supporting evidence and retain the belief even after its original support is discredited.
Kad 487
Soalan
Normative social influence?
Jawapan
Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection.
Kad 488
Soalan
Psychodynamic view of personality?
Jawapan
Unconscious conflicts and motives influence personality and behavior.
Kad 489
Soalan
Norm of reciprocity?
Jawapan
The expectation that people should return help or favors.
Kad 490
Soalan
Individualism?
Jawapan
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to personal goals, autonomy, and individual identity.
Kad 491
Soalan
Informational social influence?
Jawapan
Conforming because the group is treated as a source of accurate information.
Kad 492
Soalan
Id?
Jawapan
The psychodynamic component driven by immediate gratification and the pleasure principle.
Kad 493
Soalan
Altruism?
Jawapan
Helping intended to benefit another person without requiring a personal reward.
Kad 494
Soalan
Social norm?
Jawapan
A group's shared expectation about acceptable behavior.
Kad 495
Soalan
What tends to increase conformity?
Jawapan
Unanimity, group size up to a point, public responses, ambiguity, and group importance.
Kad 496
Soalan
Ego?
Jawapan
The psychodynamic component that manages reality and balances competing demands.
Kad 497
Soalan
A skilled runner improves before a crowd, but a beginner makes more errors. Which group effect fits?
Jawapan
Social facilitation: an audience strengthens the dominant response.
Kad 498
Soalan
Collectivism?
Jawapan
A cultural orientation that gives greater priority to group goals, interdependence, and shared identity.
Kad 499
Soalan
Obedience?
Jawapan
Changing behavior in response to a direct command from an authority.
Kad 500
Soalan
Superego?
Jawapan
The psychodynamic component representing internalized moral standards.
Kad 501
Soalan
A person continues acting as if a painful diagnosis cannot be real despite clear evidence. Which defense mechanism fits?
Jawapan
Denial.
Kad 502
Soalan
Social-responsibility norm?
Jawapan
The expectation that people should help those who depend on them or need assistance.
Kad 503
Soalan
How does proximity affect attraction?
Jawapan
Frequent contact creates opportunities for familiarity and relationship development.
Kad 504
Soalan
What tends to increase obedience?
Jawapan
A legitimate nearby authority, gradual escalation, institutional support, and distance from the affected person.
Kad 505
Soalan
After an argument with a supervisor, an employee snaps at a roommate. Which defense mechanism fits?
Jawapan
Displacement.
Kad 506
Soalan
Social loafing?
Jawapan
Exerting less effort when individual contributions to a group task aren't identifiable.
Kad 507
Soalan
Multiculturalism?
Jawapan
Recognizing and supporting distinct cultural identities within a shared society or institution.
Kad 508
Soalan
How does similarity affect attraction?
Jawapan
Shared attitudes, values, and interests often increase liking.
Kad 509
Soalan
A person who feels hostile insists that everyone else is hostile toward them. Which defense mechanism fits?
Jawapan
Projection.
Kad 510
Soalan
Helping falls as group size rises. Best explanation?
Jawapan
Responsibility diffuses across more bystanders; the result doesn't show that groups eliminate empathy.
Kad 511
Soalan
Deindividuation?
Jawapan
Reduced self-awareness and restraint in an anonymous or arousing group setting.
Kad 512
Soalan
Group polarization?
Jawapan
Discussion strengthens the group's initial average tendency.
Kad 513
Soalan
After being rejected, an applicant says the opportunity was worthless anyway. Which defense mechanism fits?
Jawapan
Rationalization.
Kad 514
Soalan
A cohesive team ignores warnings and pressures doubters to preserve agreement. Which process is this?
Jawapan
Groupthink.
Kad 515
Soalan
Pluralistic ignorance?
Jawapan
People privately reject a norm or perceive danger but assume others' calm behavior means it is accepted or safe.
Kad 516
Soalan
Social trap?
Jawapan
Individuals pursue short-term self-interest that produces a worse long-term outcome for everyone.
Kad 517
Soalan
Reaction formation?
Jawapan
Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse.
Kad 518
Soalan
Superordinate goal?
Jawapan
A shared goal that competing groups can reach only through cooperation.
Kad 519
Soalan
False-consensus effect?
Jawapan
Overestimating how widely other people share one's beliefs or behavior.
Kad 520
Soalan
Industrial-organizational psychology?
Jawapan
Applying psychological science to work, organizations, hiring, performance, and employee well-being.
Kad 521
Soalan
Repression?
Jawapan
Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts or impulses from awareness.
Kad 522
Soalan
Burnout?
Jawapan
Work-related exhaustion, detachment or cynicism, and reduced sense of effectiveness after chronic stress.
Kad 523
Soalan
Unconditional positive regard?
Jawapan
Acceptance and respect that aren't dependent on meeting another person's conditions.
Kad 524
Soalan
Trait?
Jawapan
A relatively stable tendency to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
Kad 525
Soalan
Regression as a defense mechanism?
Jawapan
Reverting to an earlier pattern of behavior when facing stress or conflict.
Kad 526
Soalan
Reciprocal determinism?
Jawapan
Behavior, personal factors, and environment influence one another.
Kad 527
Soalan
Self-efficacy?
Jawapan
Belief in one's ability to perform a specific task or meet a challenge.
Kad 528
Soalan
Self-concept in humanistic theory?
Jawapan
A person's organized understanding of who they are.
Kad 529
Soalan
Sublimation as a defense mechanism?
Jawapan
Redirecting an unacceptable impulse into a socially valued activity.
Kad 530
Soalan
A person seeks novel ideas, art, and unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Jawapan
Openness.
Kad 531
Soalan
Personality inventory?
Jawapan
A standardized self-report questionnaire used to measure traits or patterns.
Kad 532
Soalan
Self-actualizing tendency?
Jawapan
The humanistic idea that people are motivated to grow and fulfill their capacities.
Kad 533
Soalan
Self-esteem?
Jawapan
A person's overall evaluation of their worth or value.
Kad 534
Soalan
Instinct in motivation research?
Jawapan
An innate, typically fixed behavior pattern in nonhuman animals; this framework doesn't classify human motivation as instinctual.
Kad 535
Soalan
A person plans carefully, meets deadlines, and follows through. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Jawapan
Conscientiousness.
Kad 536
Soalan
Projective test?
Jawapan
An ambiguous stimulus used to invite responses thought to reflect inner themes; reliability and validity can be limited.
Kad 537
Soalan
How does factor analysis help trait research?
Jawapan
It identifies clusters of correlated behaviors or questionnaire items that may reflect broader traits.
Kad 538
Soalan
Drive-reduction theory?
Jawapan
A physiological need creates arousal that motivates behavior to restore balance.
Kad 539
Soalan
A person is sociable, assertive, and energized by group interaction. Which Big Five trait is most evident?
Jawapan
Extraversion.
Kad 540
Soalan
Person–situation debate?
Jawapan
It asks how much behavior reflects stable traits versus changing contexts.
Kad 541
Soalan
A training study reports Cohen's d = 0.65 for improvement in self-efficacy. What does this statistic describe?
Jawapan
The standardized size of the group difference; 0.65 is commonly interpreted as a moderate effect, not proof that the result will matter equally in every setting.
Kad 542
Soalan
Homeostasis?
Jawapan
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state.
Kad 543
Soalan
Incentive theory?
Jawapan
External rewards or goals pull behavior toward them.
Kad 544
Soalan
Big Five agreeableness?
Jawapan
Compassion, trust, and cooperativeness.
Kad 545
Soalan
A student retakes a questionnaire after an unusually low self-efficacy score and scores closer to their usual level. What statistical tendency may explain part of the change?
Jawapan
Regression toward the mean: an extreme score is often followed by a less extreme score because temporary influences are unlikely to repeat exactly.
Kad 546
Soalan
A student must choose between two appealing internships. Which motivational conflict is this?
Jawapan
An approach–approach conflict.
Kad 547
Soalan
Arousal theory of motivation?
Jawapan
People seek a personally suitable level of stimulation.
Kad 548
Soalan
Big Five emotional stability?
Jawapan
A tendency toward calm and resilience; it is the inverse of neuroticism.
Kad 549
Soalan
What regulates hunger?
Jawapan
Biological signals such as ghrelin and leptin interact with learning, culture, stress, and food cues.
Kad 550
Soalan
Three broad components of emotion?
Jawapan
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience or appraisal.
Kad 551
Soalan
Self-determination theory?
Jawapan
Motivation grows when autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported.
Kad 552
Soalan
Emotion regulation?
Jawapan
Processes used to influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are expressed.
Kad 553
Soalan
Sensation-seeking?
Jawapan
A tendency to pursue novel, varied, or intense experiences, sometimes despite risk.
Kad 554
Soalan
Cognitive appraisal in emotion?
Jawapan
Interpreting what an event means for one's goals, safety, or well-being.
Kad 555
Soalan
Intrinsic motivation?
Jawapan
Doing an activity for its own interest or satisfaction.
Kad 556
Soalan
Display rules?
Jawapan
Cultural norms that shape when and how emotions are expressed.
Kad 557
Soalan
Arousal and performance relationship?
Jawapan
Moderate arousal often supports difficult tasks, while higher arousal can help simple or well-learned tasks.
Kad 558
Soalan
A promotion offers higher pay but requires an unwanted move. Which motivational conflict is this?
Jawapan
An approach–avoidance conflict.
Kad 559
Soalan
Extrinsic motivation?
Jawapan
Doing an activity for an external reward or to avoid punishment.
Kad 560
Soalan
Achievement motivation?
Jawapan
The drive to meet standards, master tasks, and pursue success.
Kad 561
Soalan
Four sensation-seeking dimensions?
Jawapan
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
Kad 562
Soalan
A person must either pay a fine or complete an unpleasant course. Which motivational conflict is this?
Jawapan
An avoidance–avoidance conflict.
Kad 563
Soalan
Overjustification effect?
Jawapan
Expected external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest in an activity already enjoyed.
Kad 564
Soalan
Belongingness motivation?
Jawapan
The drive to form and maintain stable, positive relationships with other people.
Kad 565
Soalan
Study time changed after students chose their own topic:

Condition Mean minutes

Assigned topic 34

Chosen topic 47

What is the observed mean difference?
Jawapan
13 minutes more in the chosen-topic condition; the table alone does not show whether the difference is statistically significant.
Kad 566
Soalan
Facial-feedback effect?
Jawapan
Facial expressions can influence the emotion a person experiences.
Kad 567
Soalan
Can bodily arousal occur before conscious interpretation?
Jawapan
Yes. Some emotional responses begin quickly, while later appraisal shapes the experience.
Kad 568
Soalan
A speaker reframes a racing heart as readiness rather than danger. Which emotion-regulation strategy is this?
Jawapan
Cognitive reappraisal.
Kad 569
Soalan
Broaden-and-build view?
Jawapan
Positive emotion can widen attention and action possibilities, helping build lasting resources.
Kad 570
Soalan
Which emotions often appear across cultures?
Jawapan
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear, though findings on universality are mixed.
Kad 571
Soalan
How can the same arousal become different emotions?
Jawapan
Context and cognitive interpretation can label similar physiological arousal differently.
Kad 572
Soalan
Expressive suppression?
Jawapan
Inhibiting the outward display of emotion after it has arisen.
Kad 573
Soalan
How does acute stress affect the body?
Jawapan
It activates sympathetic and hormonal responses that mobilize energy for immediate demands.
Kad 574
Soalan
Cultures differ in public emotional expression. What shouldn't be concluded?
Jawapan
That people in one culture don't experience the emotion; display rules can alter expression.
Kad 575
Soalan
In a medication study, neither participants nor outcome raters know who receives the active drug or an inactive pill. What two safeguards are present?
Jawapan
A placebo control and double-blinding, which reduce expectancy effects and observer bias.
Kad 576
Soalan
A scatterplot rises from lower left to upper right, with points close to a line. What relationship does it show?
Jawapan
A strong positive correlation: higher values of one variable tend to occur with higher values of the other.
Kad 577
Soalan
Health psychology?
Jawapan
The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
Kad 578
Soalan
Positive psychology?
Jawapan
The scientific study of strengths, well-being, and conditions that help people and communities thrive.
Kad 579
Soalan
Stress?
Jawapan
The process of appraising and responding to events viewed as threatening or demanding.
Kad 580
Soalan
A study records stress ratings from 1 to 10 and also collects open-ended descriptions. Which data are quantitative and which are qualitative?
Jawapan
The numeric ratings are quantitative; the written descriptions are qualitative.
Kad 581
Soalan
Why do sleep, exercise, and nutrition matter to health psychology?
Jawapan
They are behaviors that interact with stress and biology to influence health outcomes.
Kad 582
Soalan
Resilience?
Jawapan
Adapting or recovering after adversity; it is a process, not a guarantee of being unaffected.
Kad 583
Soalan
Stressor?
Jawapan
An event or condition that challenges a person's ability to cope.
Kad 584
Soalan
General adaptation syndrome?
Jawapan
A three-phase pattern of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion under prolonged stress.
Kad 585
Soalan
A worker makes a schedule and asks for resources to reduce a controllable workload. Which coping approach is this?
Jawapan
Problem-focused coping.
Kad 586
Soalan
A stress study uses nonhuman animals. What ethical duties apply?
Jawapan
Researchers need scientific justification, humane care, the least possible pain and distress, and oversight by an institutional animal care and use committee.
Kad 587
Soalan
A student first judges whether an upcoming exam threatens an important goal. Which appraisal is this?
Jawapan
Primary appraisal.
Kad 588
Soalan
What happens during the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?
Jawapan
A fight, flight, or freeze response mobilizes resources when the stressor is first encountered.
Kad 589
Soalan
How can major trauma and daily hassles both create stress?
Jawapan
One can overwhelm through intensity, while repeated smaller demands can accumulate over time.
Kad 590
Soalan
A person uses breathing and social support to manage feelings about an unchangeable loss. Which coping approach is this?
Jawapan
Emotion-focused coping.
Kad 591
Soalan
The student next considers available study time, tutoring, and coping options. Which appraisal is this?
Jawapan
Secondary appraisal.
Kad 592
Soalan
Why can prolonged exhaustion increase illness risk?
Jawapan
Stress resources are depleted, and sustained physiological activation can weaken health and immune function.
Kad 593
Soalan
Adverse childhood experiences?
Jawapan
Potentially traumatic childhood conditions linked with higher later health risks, without determining any one person's outcome.
Kad 594
Soalan
How can social support protect health?
Jawapan
It provides practical help, belonging, perspective, and a buffer against stress.
Kad 595
Soalan
Eustress versus distress?
Jawapan
Eustress is experienced as motivating or manageable; distress is experienced as harmful or overwhelming.
Kad 596
Soalan
Tend-and-befriend response?
Jawapan
Coping with stress by caring for needs and seeking supportive connection, a pattern observed especially among women.
Kad 597
Soalan
Two interviewees say, “After the setback, I adjusted my plan” and “I recovered and kept working toward my goal.” Which well-being concept appears in both qualitative responses?
Jawapan
Resilience; both accounts describe adapting or recovering after adversity.
Kad 598
Soalan
Biofeedback?
Jawapan
Using real-time information about bodily activity to learn voluntary regulation of that activity.
Kad 599
Soalan
How does perceived control affect stress?
Jawapan
A sense of control often reduces stress, while uncontrollability can intensify it.
Kad 600
Soalan
Psychoneuroimmunology?
Jawapan
The study of interactions among psychological processes, the nervous system, hormones, and immune function.
Kad 601
Soalan
Subjective well-being?
Jawapan
A person's life satisfaction together with the balance of positive and negative emotion.
Kad 602
Soalan
Psychological disorder?
Jawapan
A clinically significant disturbance in thought, emotion, or behavior that causes distress or impairment.
Kad 603
Soalan
How can gratitude practice affect well-being?
Jawapan
Regularly noticing valued experiences can increase positive emotion for some people, though effects vary.
Kad 604
Soalan
A school survey samples 120 students from a population of 1,800 enrolled students. What are the sample and population?
Jawapan
The 120 respondents are the sample; all 1,800 enrolled students are the target population.
Kad 605
Soalan
Signature strengths?
Jawapan
Character strengths that are especially central and natural to a person and can be used deliberately.
Kad 606
Soalan
Biopsychosocial model?
Jawapan
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact in health and disorder.
Kad 607
Soalan
Six broad virtue categories in positive psychology?
Jawapan
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
Kad 608
Soalan
Posttraumatic growth?
Jawapan
Positive psychological change that can develop through struggling with trauma or major stress; it doesn't erase harm.
Kad 609
Soalan
An optional well-being survey is completed mostly by students who already attend wellness clubs. How does this affect generalizability?
Jawapan
Self-selection creates sampling bias, so the results may not generalize to students with different interests or experiences.
Kad 610
Soalan
A survey asks people to report how often they exercise. What limitation should the researcher consider?
Jawapan
Self-report can be distorted by inaccurate memory, question wording, or socially desirable answers.
Kad 611
Soalan
A treatment comparison reports p = .03 with a preset alpha of .05. Is the result statistically significant?
Jawapan
Yes. Because .03 is below .05, the result is statistically significant, though that does not show the effect is large or important.
Kad 612
Soalan
A striking well-being result appears in one small study. What should happen before confidence grows?
Jawapan
Independent replication and critical peer review should test whether the finding is reliable and the methods support the claim.
Kad 613
Soalan
Biological explanation of disorder?
Jawapan
It focuses on genetic, neural, hormonal, or other physiological factors.
Kad 614
Soalan
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Jawapan
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning.
Kad 615
Soalan
Purpose of the DSM?
Jawapan
It supplies shared diagnostic categories and criteria for communication, research, and treatment planning.
Kad 616
Soalan
What must informed consent explain before people join a psychology study?
Jawapan
The study's general nature, foreseeable risks and benefits, confidentiality limits, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw. Research with minors also generally requires guardian permission and the child's assent.
Kad 617
Soalan
Behavioral explanation of disorder?
Jawapan
It focuses on maladaptive responses learned through conditioning or observation.
Kad 618
Soalan
Autism spectrum disorder?
Jawapan
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior, with varied support needs.
Kad 619
Soalan
Schizophrenia's broad symptom areas?
Jawapan
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought or speech, disorganized movement, and negative symptoms.
Kad 620
Soalan
Major depressive disorder?
Jawapan
A sustained depressive episode with mood, cognitive, physical, and motivational changes that impair functioning.
Kad 621
Soalan
Specific phobia?
Jawapan
Intense, persistent fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance or distress.
Kad 622
Soalan
Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Jawapan
Obsessions, compulsions, or both consume time or cause significant distress or impairment.
Kad 623
Soalan
Dissociative amnesia?
Jawapan
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually related to trauma or stress, beyond ordinary forgetting.
Kad 624
Soalan
Bipolar I disorder?
Jawapan
A bipolar disorder defined by at least one full manic episode, often with depressive episodes.
Kad 625
Soalan
Posttraumatic stress disorder?
Jawapan
Persistent intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or thinking, and heightened arousal after trauma exposure.
Kad 626
Soalan
Anorexia nervosa?
Jawapan
Persistent energy restriction, significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body experience.
Kad 627
Soalan
Cognitive explanation of disorder?
Jawapan
It focuses on maladaptive beliefs, interpretations, and thinking patterns.
Kad 628
Soalan
Bipolar II disorder?
Jawapan
A bipolar disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes without a full manic episode.
Kad 629
Soalan
Purpose of the ICD?
Jawapan
The World Health Organization's classification system supplies internationally used codes and categories for health conditions, including mental disorders.
Kad 630
Soalan
Bulimia nervosa?
Jawapan
Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, with self-evaluation strongly influenced by body shape or weight.
Kad 631
Soalan
What broadly defines a personality disorder pattern?
Jawapan
An enduring, inflexible pattern that departs from cultural expectations, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment.
Kad 632
Soalan
Ataque de nervios?
Jawapan
A culture-related syndrome, described especially in some Latin American and Caribbean communities, involving an acute episode of intense emotional distress and loss of control.
Kad 633
Soalan
Psychodynamic explanation of disorder?
Jawapan
It focuses on unconscious conflicts and early relationships.
Kad 634
Soalan
Three considerations when identifying a psychological disorder?
Jawapan
Dysfunction, experienced distress, and deviation from social norms, interpreted with cultural context.
Kad 635
Soalan
When may deception be ethically considered in research, and what must follow?
Jawapan
Only when justified, minimal-risk, and not replaceable by a practical alternative; researchers must debrief participants promptly and explain the deception.
Kad 636
Soalan
Comorbidity?
Jawapan
The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.
Kad 637
Soalan
Humanistic explanation of distress?
Jawapan
It focuses on blocked growth, incongruence, and conditions of worth.
Kad 638
Soalan
Confidential versus anonymous research data?
Jawapan
Confidential data can be linked to identities but are protected; anonymous data are collected without identifying links.
Kad 639
Soalan
Stigma around mental disorder?
Jawapan
Negative stereotypes and discrimination that can increase distress and discourage help-seeking.
Kad 640
Soalan
Why must diagnosis consider culture?
Jawapan
Norms affect how distress is expressed and interpreted, so behavior can't be judged outside its context.
Kad 641
Soalan
Sociocultural explanation of disorder?
Jawapan
It focuses on social roles, inequality, relationships, discrimination, and cultural context.
Kad 642
Soalan
Two clinicians independently use the same criteria. What quality is being checked?
Jawapan
Interrater reliability.
Kad 643
Soalan
A category improves communication but overlaps another category. Balanced conclusion?
Jawapan
Classification is useful, but boundaries and comorbidity limit the idea of perfectly separate disorders.
Kad 644
Soalan
Best account of neurodevelopmental-disorder causes?
Jawapan
Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors may interact; no single cause explains every case.
Kad 645
Soalan
Evolutionary explanation of disorder?
Jawapan
It asks whether a behavior or mental process reflects an adaptation, mismatch, or cost related to survival and reproduction.
Kad 646
Soalan
Delusion?
Jawapan
A firmly held false belief that persists despite strong contrary evidence and isn't explained by cultural context.
Kad 647
Soalan
Agoraphobia?
Jawapan
Intense fear of situations where escape or help may feel difficult, such as crowds, transit, open spaces, or being outside alone.
Kad 648
Soalan
Best account of schizophrenia risk?
Jawapan
Biological vulnerability, including genetic and neural factors, interacts with prenatal and later environmental stressors.
Kad 649
Soalan
Eclectic approach to disorder?
Jawapan
Using ideas or treatments from more than one psychological perspective when evidence and client needs support them.
Kad 650
Soalan
Hallucination?
Jawapan
A sensory perception without a matching external stimulus.
Kad 651
Soalan
Panic disorder?
Jawapan
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by continuing concern or behavior change related to more attacks.
Kad 652
Soalan
Best account of depressive-disorder causes?
Jawapan
Biological vulnerability can interact with learning, cognition, relationships, culture, and stressful events.
Kad 653
Soalan
Two people face the same stressor, but the person with greater underlying vulnerability develops symptoms. Which model fits?
Jawapan
The diathesis–stress model.
Kad 654
Soalan
Cluster A personality disorders?
Jawapan
The odd or eccentric cluster: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
Kad 655
Soalan
What do psychotherapy meta-analyses generally find?
Jawapan
Psychotherapy is effective on average, while outcomes vary by problem, method, therapist, and client.
Kad 656
Soalan
Evidence-based treatment?
Jawapan
Using the best research evidence together with clinical expertise and the client's needs, culture, and preferences.
Kad 657
Soalan
Therapeutic alliance?
Jawapan
A collaborative, trusting relationship in which client and therapist agree on goals and work.
Kad 658
Soalan
Cultural humility in therapy?
Jawapan
Ongoing self-reflection, respect, and willingness to learn from the client's cultural experience.
Kad 659
Soalan
Deinstitutionalization?
Jawapan
Moving many people from long-term psychiatric hospitals toward community-based care, aided partly by medication.
Kad 660
Soalan
A client safely approaches a feared situation in planned steps instead of avoiding it. Which treatment method is this?
Jawapan
Exposure therapy.
Kad 661
Soalan
Nonmaleficence in therapy?
Jawapan
Avoiding or minimizing harm.
Kad 662
Soalan
Four medication categories in the course?
Jawapan
Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, and antipsychotic medications.
Kad 663
Soalan
Depressive cognitive triad?
Jawapan
Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
Kad 664
Soalan
Applied behavior analysis?
Jawapan
Using measured learning principles to change socially significant behavior.
Kad 665
Soalan
Psychosurgery?
Jawapan
Rare invasive treatment that alters brain tissue; modern use is tightly limited because effects can be irreversible.
Kad 666
Soalan
Free association?
Jawapan
A psychodynamic technique in which a client says whatever comes to mind to explore unconscious themes.
Kad 667
Soalan
A client examines evidence for an automatic thought and develops a more accurate alternative. Which technique is this?
Jawapan
Cognitive restructuring.
Kad 668
Soalan
One advantage of group therapy?
Jawapan
Members can receive support, feedback, and practice with others while learning they aren't alone.
Kad 669
Soalan
Lobotomy?
Jawapan
An obsolete form of psychosurgery that cut frontal-lobe connections and often caused severe, irreversible harm.
Kad 670
Soalan
Best account of bipolar-disorder causes?
Jawapan
Biological and genetic influences are important, while stress and social context can affect episodes.
Kad 671
Soalan
Cognitive-behavioral therapy?
Jawapan
Treatment that changes maladaptive thinking and behavior together.
Kad 672
Soalan
Disorganized speech in schizophrenia?
Jawapan
Speech becomes difficult to follow because ideas or words are connected in disordered ways.
Kad 673
Soalan
Social anxiety disorder?
Jawapan
Intense fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social situations.
Kad 674
Soalan
Best account of obsessive-compulsive-disorder causes?
Jawapan
Biological factors and learned relief from compulsions can combine with maladaptive beliefs.
Kad 675
Soalan
Rational-emotive behavior therapy?
Jawapan
A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges rigid, irrational beliefs and builds more workable alternatives.
Kad 676
Soalan
Dissociative fugue?
Jawapan
Dissociative amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or confusion about identity.
Kad 677
Soalan
Cluster B personality disorders?
Jawapan
The dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
Kad 678
Soalan
Best account of anxiety-disorder causes?
Jawapan
Biological vulnerability, learned fear, avoidance, and maladaptive interpretation can interact.
Kad 679
Soalan
Catatonia?
Jawapan
Markedly disordered movement, which can include unusual excitement or profound lack of movement.
Kad 680
Soalan
Manic episode?
Jawapan
A distinct period of unusually elevated or irritable mood and increased energy severe enough to cause major impairment or require hospitalization.
Kad 681
Soalan
Dissociative identity disorder?
Jawapan
Disruption of identity involving distinct personality states and gaps in autobiographical memory.
Kad 682
Soalan
Best account of feeding and eating disorder causes?
Jawapan
Biological, cognitive, behavioral, family, social, and cultural factors can interact.
Kad 683
Soalan
Cluster C personality disorders?
Jawapan
The anxious or fearful cluster: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Kad 684
Soalan
Taijin kyofusho?
Jawapan
A culture-related syndrome described in Japan involving intense fear that one's appearance, gaze, odor, or behavior will offend or embarrass other people.
Kad 685
Soalan
Negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Jawapan
A reduction in a typical function, such as emotional expression, speech, motivation, or movement.
Kad 686
Soalan
What experiences are often linked with dissociative disorders?
Jawapan
Severe trauma or stress, though diagnosis requires careful assessment and isn't inferred from trauma alone.
Kad 687
Soalan
Hypomanic episode?
Jawapan
A noticeable period of elevated or irritable mood and increased energy that is less severe and impairing than mania.
Kad 688
Soalan
Generalized anxiety disorder?
Jawapan
Persistent, hard-to-control anxiety and worry across several areas of life.
Kad 689
Soalan
Hoarding disorder?
Jawapan
Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, producing clutter that impairs the use of living spaces.
Kad 690
Soalan
Best account of personality-disorder causes?
Jawapan
Biological dispositions and long-term social, cultural, learning, and cognitive influences can interact.
Kad 691
Soalan
Why can't one symptom establish a disorder?
Jawapan
Diagnosis depends on a broader pattern, duration, distress or impairment, context, and alternative explanations.
Kad 692
Soalan
Persistent depressive disorder?
Jawapan
A chronic depressed mood with related symptoms lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents.
Kad 693
Soalan
Fidelity in therapy ethics?
Jawapan
Maintaining trust, responsibility, and professional commitments.
Kad 694
Soalan
Systematic desensitization?
Jawapan
Gradual exposure to a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation or another incompatible response.
Kad 695
Soalan
Dream interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
Jawapan
Exploring possible personal meanings and unconscious themes in dreams, not treating dreams as objective facts.
Kad 696
Soalan
Dialectical behavior therapy?
Jawapan
A cognitive-behavioral approach that builds mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and relationship skills.
Kad 697
Soalan
Integrity in therapy ethics?
Jawapan
Being honest and accurate in professional work.
Kad 698
Soalan
Aversion therapy?
Jawapan
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the behavior.
Kad 699
Soalan
Tardive dyskinesia?
Jawapan
A movement disorder that can occur as a serious side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication.
Kad 700
Soalan
ECT versus TMS?
Jawapan
ECT induces a controlled seizure under anesthesia; TMS uses magnetic pulses without surgery. Both can treat selected conditions.
Kad 701
Soalan
Respect for rights and dignity?
Jawapan
Protecting autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and fair treatment.
Kad 702
Soalan
A clinic awards points for target behaviors, and clients exchange the points for privileges. Which method is this?
Jawapan
A token economy.
Kad 703
Soalan
A therapist emphasizes empathy, genuineness, active listening, and unconditional positive regard. Which approach is this?
Jawapan
Person-centered therapy.
Kad 704
Soalan
What can hypnosis treat, and what can't it reliably do?
Jawapan
It can help some pain and anxiety; it can't reliably recover accurate memories or produce true age regression.
Kad 705
Soalan
Medication and psychotherapy outperform either alone for some conditions. Best conclusion?
Jawapan
Combined treatment can be useful for some clients, but the best plan depends on the condition and individual evidence.

Workload	Errors
Low	2
High	8

Condition	Mean minutes
Assigned topic	34
Chosen topic	47

705 kad